How Humans Domesticated Just About Everything | Compilation
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- Опубліковано 14 лют 2023
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You have domestication to thank for some of your favorite foods, furry friends, and even a mode of transportation. But did we domesticate ourselves, too?
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Original Episodes:
Kale, Cauliflower, And Brussel Sprouts Are the Same Species
• Kale, Cauliflower, and...
The Truth About Johnny Appleseed And Apple Genetics
• The Truth About Johnny...
Where Do Domestic Cats Come From?
• Why We Have Cats as Pe...
3 Weird Things That Domestication Did to Dogs
• 3 Weird Things That Do...
Why Do We Ride Horses But Not Zebras?
• Why Don't Humans Ride ...
The Future of Human Evolution
• The Future of Human Ev...
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the apple you eat is as natural as a poptart
@@marsfreelander5969 bb😅😅😊😊😊😅😊😅😊😊😊m
@@marsfreelander59690C1 cm 110
@@NM-iq2no gdfhhfhfhfhffhhfhf
We should've domesticated bears
Agreed
There's still time ⏲️ 🙂
Seeing eye bears for the disabled.
Yayusss 💯
They're called racoons
My parents have an apple tree growing in their garden that produces wide, lumpy, almost flat green apples with flesh so firm you cannot bite into them. When cooked/baked the chunks hold their shape and are soft and tender.
We theorise that these apples have a high pectin content, I always wanted to cultivate them and sell them as baking apples. But they are so ugly I don’t think anyone would want to buy them 😂
Oh and they taste delicious, perfectly tart and sweet once cooked but inedible when raw.
No harm in giving it a try
You should try grafting a small limb onto a regular apple tree or even another tree.
If I'm remembering right all good to eat apples are just clones of the original good to eat tree.
But if you try to cultivate the seeds they could come out completely differently & be inedible.
Seriously it's not necessarily all that hard. I'm sure it's on UA-cam in tons of places. Plus if you got them going I bet you could sell them later on. But even just a few would be cool.
Personally I'd prefer a much uglier fruit that tastes great over the pretty bland tasting things we have now.
It's why a lot of people are going back to growing heirloom seeds/plants/animals again.
Might be other local folks who'd even do the work for you if you just don't want too do it. I'd offer but uh I kind of killed my spider plant.
Or you could become a guerilla gardener & plant it around town in random spots. Wear a his vis vest & nobody pays any attention at all.
They have a lot of resistant starch. Very much like potatoes--near inedible raw, tender and tasty when cooked
Sell the pie first, then you can sell the apple.
Most apples you see in store is for consuming directly, varieties like granny smith is a bit to tart and hard for eating raw but good in pies. My parents have a rare variety that is yellow and grainy that isn't suitable for eating or baking but is great for apple sauce.
Sounds like plantain vs normal banana
Horses and cows are actually twice the size now as in the Bronze age and much more docile. Ponies are not midget horses, horses are giant ponies!
@@God-ch8lq Healthier? Who said domestic breeds are unhealthy? As long as they ain't inbred like most PETA goons.
Now that's a fun fact, unlike the fact that only 10% of whale sperm gets into the female
Damn, guess us ponies are just better than.
No mention of the mighty Aurochs?
What did cows descend from? I know about the horses, but relatives of the cow like the ox species or the arochs were and are HUGE.
And now I know why Brussels sprouts look like miniature cabbages.
Cool ...me too, lol
And the leaves are edible and taste like kale.
no mate its cabbages that look like big brussels sprouts. :)
I hate em but Like cabbage
And broccoli and cauliflower looks alike.
Now I'm wondering if that shiny red apple in the story of Snow White was actually just a bland red delicious apple, and there was no poison needed to make her faint from shock...
LOL!!!
It doesn´t have to! My parents had an apple tree that produced dark red, beautiful, jucy, sweet apples. They were so delicious but I´ve never seen anything like them in store.
I do love the Silver Fox experiment and how it impacted our understanding of domestication/selection
But there were problems with that experiment. One was that they started with fur foxes, so there were generations of selections before the experiment started.
Is that the project from Novosibirsk? Where they domesticated bears as well in the times of CCCP?
@@tiffanysandmeier4753I dont think fur foxes were bred for friendliness
It really is interesting and very useful, also backed up the point about the ears
I like the theory that the reason the Amazon has as many edible and medicinal plants as it does, is because it was originally carefully cultivated a few thousand years ago
Wow! Yes!
That’s a theory endossed by many south american archeologists, like Eduardo goés neves, and there’s evidence that suggests that really was the case!
Archeologists have discovered that the Amazon region was densely populated throughout this long period. Fragments of artifacts found beneath supposedly virgin forests, geoglyphs and black soil [terra preta] are important signs of this substantial human presence in the region.”
The archeological finds include fragments of sophisticated pottery that can be favorably compared to the artifacts left behind by other pre-Colombian societies. Hundreds of geoglyphs - geometrical features drawn on the ground by rearrangement of sediments or removal of surface soil or rock - have been identified in three Brazilian states (Amazonas, Rondônia and Acre) and in Bolivia. Black soil was produced by these ancient communities. The areas in which it is found are the most fertile in the Amazon, whose original soil is naturally infertile.
“In the Amazon there’s very little rock of the kind seen in other parts of South America, and stone archeological structures are extremely rare. However, these other signs I mentioned can give us an idea of what its ancient societies were like
Another significant sign of the presence of human communities is provided by the composition of the Amazon’s plant cover. The biome has some 16,000 known tree species, but half of all the trees in the region represent only 227 species, or 1.4%. This species hyperdominance is largely due to past human management. “The idea that the Amazon Rainforest is pristine and untouched is very widely held but quite mistaken. It is the product of human action, human management to create the tree composition that exists in the present,” Neves said.
The tree species that became hyperdominant through management include some of the most important from the economic and social standpoint, such as assai, cacao, Brazil nut, rubber and cupuassu.
The discovery of the role played by forest management has not only revolutionized scholars’ understanding of the Amazon but has also cast doubt on the usefulness of rigid historiographical categories such as Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic. “It used to be said that the Indigenous populations of Amazonia hadn’t completed their transition to the Neolithic owing to their reliance on non-domesticated species such as assai and Brazil nut. We now know these plants weren’t domesticated because there was no need. Cassava and cacao were domesticated, but assai and Brazil nut were plentiful and growing all around in the forest. Management was sufficient to maintain the abundance,” Neves said.
It's interesting that wild dogs all basically look the same, while domesticated dogs are all sorts of sizes and shapes. But domesticated cats all look the same, but wild cats are of all shapes and sizes (ocelot to cougar to leopards, etc).
You're thinking of maybe dingos and coyotes.... But painted dogs in Africa vs wolves look very different.... Also, foxes are canines, they look very different.....
Vet here - domestic cats have a broader variety than you might think. Look up Maine coons, munchkin cats, sphinx cats, and ragdolls, Siamese and Persians. The differences in size are smaller than the size difference between dog breeds, but there's still a LOT of variety.
@@ewetn1 Yes -- but foxes can't breed with other canines because their chromosome counts don't match
@@ewetn1 and dingos are descendent of domestic dogs.
There just aren't nearly as many species of wild canine, compared to the pool of wild felines, and domestic ones have been toyed with by humans for much longer than cats- not to mention how many different situations dogs have been bred to specialize in. Sheep herding, hunting foxes, hunting weasels, pulling sleds, fighting each other, sitting in purses, or being showed off at beauty pageants.
But domestic cats still are more diverse than their wild relatives. The specialized wild species, that are dramatically unique, are noticable because of how specific their variants are. Domestic cats don't have reasons to specialize, so their genes change based on what humans force them to have or choose to let them have. Their relatively uniform size is because people wanted to keep them small.
@@netgnostic1627 most species of cats can't breed with each other, and those that can normally can't continue more than one to two generations. Raccoons cannot breed with cheetahs (I have been informed Raccoons are not actually felines, but the fact is still true), lions and tigers can only create sterile hybrid males and females that have weak constitutions. You can't breed two ligers or li-ligers. All domestic dogs can be bred (the morality of combining some breeds may be questionable), and all domestic cats can be bred with other domestic cats.
The apple segment was particularly fascinating and well explained. But after learning that Johnny Appleseed was a real person, I now wonder how he managed to s=cash in on his plantings - I mean presumably he wouldn't have stuck around for 10 years waiting for them to mature. And if he came back 10 years later, what was to prevent others from claiming the tree as their own? And did he have maps and timetables to aid in his finding the literal fruits of his labor a decade later?
He was a traveling missionary. Hes buried in Fort Wayne indiana.
He sold the seedlings and also lived very simply, traveling and relying on the kindness of the communities he visited.
@@victoriaeads6126 He was a businessman planting apple nurseries. He traveled around and back, harvesting the crops after years of growth, selling shares in them, and ultimately buying the land they grew on. He WAS religious but he was also a shrewd businessman and became pretty well off. He dressed in rags because of choice, not need.
So to understand why he did what he did, you have to understand a little bit about settling laws in the northwest territory. Basically: if you're the first to work the land i.e. plant a nursery, its yours. You own it, no questions asked. So what Johnny appleseed would do is plant the nursery, not orchards, fence it in, then give it to a local to take care of who then would sell shares of the tree futures. Hed return to each orchard after a couple years and sell the seedlings(very small tree). Another thing is he lived an extremely ascetic lifestyle as prescribed by his faith, so he didn't need a whole lot of money. After his death, all the land was bequeathed to his sister, who was then able to make a pretty penny off the land.
Tasting History with Max Miller has a really good video on Johnny Appleseed.
Funfact: kale is also very commonly named in Germany.
Brussel sprouts are called Rosenkohl (Rose kale), cauliflower is called Blumenkohl (Flower kale), Kohlrabi you already mentioned, kale is called Grünkohl (green kale) and white cabbage is called Weißkohl, so the same.
I mean .. German is kinda lazy :D
...which explains a LOT about how the German language got the way it is! 🤣
It has been my experience here in South-West Ontario (Can.), that the site for any old abandoned farm will almost always yield 3 plants - periwinkle, French Lilacs and at least one ancient apple tree.
In Virginia, you often find wild mustard (but that's everywhere because its seeds are spread by wind), daffodils, and mints on old farmsteads. There's a foundation of an old farm springhouse (probably @ 1600s ish) right down the lane from my home where non-native irises flower every spring. People love bringing plants with them when they travel, for better or worse.
Crape Myrtle, Oleander, and Iris are the "indestructible" indicators of abandoned farmsteads here in S-C Texas. The latter two are poisonous, but the Indian native Crape Myrtles are just tenacious.
Oh my! Yum!
Heart warming non-science related fact: Johnny Appleseed’s home town nearly lost it’s last apple orchard when the city bought the land with plans for development but elementary school kids from across the country wrote in to protest and it worked! The city opted to instead invest back into the orchard where it continues to run to this day.
The thing about Johnny Apple Seed is that it honestly didn't matter all that much to him what kinds of apples happened to grow, as they weren't meant for eating, but instead for making cider, apple jack, and brandy. While tastier apples do produce better versions of all of these products, an inferior cider at the time was still more than capable of selling.
I'm surprised computer technology hasn't advanced further in web routing. But then again who needs Apple CIDR with a big MAC?
It's noteworthy what is left out of these essays. The apple trees were, indeed, used for cidermaking but also as a condition of securing property ownership for early settlers since an orchard was a sign of improving the land
Because safe water was rare. That's why throughout civilization, wine was the drink of choice.
@@Gertyutz It has always been about the alcohol. which is a likely instigator of agriculture and thereby civilization. Sound notions of hygiene and their routine application came much later
@@Gertyutzthat is said time and time again, but sadly is not exactly true. You'd need the same clean water you could drink in the first place for brewing, and frankly, it wasn't that hard for people to access clean water.
What IS a reason: nutritional content that has a higher shelf life than the original product, nutritional content that wasn't bioavailable before it had been fermented and, not underestimated, taste.
There is a reason why many people prefer bubbly water over still water, and it's the same as it was a few hundred years ago. It's just more fun than plain water.
Of course people also wanted to get drunk, but the "clean water wasn't available" just doesn't cut it
Oh yeah. Zebras. I had a close encounter with a zebra stallion in Namibia myself. For some weird reason I thought it would behave either like a horse or probably like a donkey, so I could close in on it quite well. The mares in the herd did as I thought. As soon as I closed the distance, they trottet away a bit, keeping an eye on me. The stallion on the other hand closed in on me. That was quite scary. He was definitly going to attack if I wouldn't retreat. So I did the sane thing and went away.
Well we tried.
It also would have good for you to mention the Silver Fox that Russia did a lot of research on. The more domesticated the became the more they developed a curl to their tail, like domesticated dogs. There are other fun facts from that research, but perhaps a different video on it?
The best apples I've ever eaten were from a crab-apple tree in a field that we owned. Just some random tree. The apples were so acidic, it left my mouth feeling like I just at a whole fresh pineapple.
I love crabapples lol had a tree in a yard a house over, the flowers are one of the best ive ever smelled. So sweet and you can smell them from so far away.
I’ve always felt the brain volume decrease is far, far more easily explained by efficiencies created as the individual structures evolved. The more intelligent you are the less you need to rely on instinct.
It feels so odd that all of apples genetic diversity led to a ton of apple varieties that feel very similar especially when you compare them to brassica which are wildly different but consistent. But then the more you think about it, it kind of makes sense
You've just inspired me to become a hipster, breed delicious edible apple flowers, and charge rich people absurd prices for them for conspicuous consumption salads, which will be the next Instagram trend.
Brassicas actually started as a group of a few hybridized species (which were more different from each other than the ancestors of modern apples), combined with a faster generation turnover, and more tolerance for inbreeding, it makes a lot of sense they're so different. Although apples do exhibit a lot of variations from seed. I've sprouted a bunch from storebought apples, and I've seen videos people have made showing theirs' sprouted similarly. A useful enough fraction of seedlings have good tasting fruit but most of those seedlings, tasty or not, often have fruit that don't look as appealing, while not being the cheapest to mass produce. That's the main reason you don't see much variation in the apples at the store, the ones best for growing and shipping, not necessarily tasting, are the ones that get widely distributed.
"Cats are independent" My, looking over at my kitten-children, one of whom was literally starving on the streets when I took him in, the other had a bladder infection that was moving into his kidneys and likely would have gone septic soon without treatment, knowing they both want cuddles multiple times a day and one in particular likes sleeping on my coat so much I barely wear it anymore. Yeah, independent, THAT'S what they are /sarcasm
FYI most people who think they are lactose in tolerant are often sensitive to a milk protein called A1, most mammal milk is A2, but a variation in cattle has produced the A1 protein variant. We see more people with milk intolerance as the favorite breed for milk cows (Holstein) are often A1 carriers. You can buy A2 milk it's exactly the same - give it a Try!
No way... 🤔 Intriguing
Most of the apples from the trees Jonny Applseed planted was used for cider. Tart apples work well for making a tasty cider.
the best part about brassicas being very diversifiable is that it’s happened with at least two brassica species
" at least two brassica species...."
What is the other one called?
@@calamityjean1525 rapa, though it seems like oleracea has more cultivars, some i thought were rapa (though i forgot the name) were actually oleracea. napus is notable as well, but with much fewer cultivars, rapeseed/canola and rutabaga
@@morgan0 TY
This year, for the first time, I grew kale and was surprised to find its seed to be much smaller than those of cabbage, broccoli, etc.; indeed similar in size to B. juncea (Indian or greens mustard). To me that, with the fact others have pointed out there are perennial kales around, indicates kale is closer to ancestral than collards. Long live the delicious Vitamin K siblings!
@@morgan0 It's brassica rapa, from it we got komatsuna, Chinese cabbage, bomdong, bok choy and rapini. It's brassica oleracea but in Asia
Zebras were successfully domesticated by at least one guy (one of the Rotheschilds) but nobody with the necessary skills wanted to continue after he died
People who say you can't domesticate zebras basically use the same arguments people did for saying you can't domesticate bison, except somebody tried and successfully domesticated them not that long ago
You can domesticate literally anything if you have the time (possibly more than one human life time), money, know how, access to enough animals and the inclination
he managed to connect them to chariots because when a horse is connected to a chariot, it cannot throw you away, and you have much more control
I think when people say that an animal can't be domesticated, all they really mean is that the cons outweigh the pros
The wild ancestor of Brassica oleracea was also perennial, whereas the domesticated cultivars are biennial, bolting in the second year and then dying off after they go to seed. They were likely bred this way to make them more profitable to farmers. However, there are still perennial kale varieties available to grow if you're interested in adding them to a permaculture garden. They can be wildly varied and random too, so you never know what you're going to get.
When it comes to planting apple seeds, no you won't get an apple that grows true to type, but that can be a good thing. Most of the time you'll get an unremarkable apple, sometimes you'll get something bad, but other times you'll get a remarkable new apple variety. This variety will be one of a kind, grown nowhere else in the world, so if you ever wanted to name an apple after yourself, here's your chance. As for the trees that produce less desirable apples, you can still use them as rootstock on which to graft the good apples.
I know of a cultivar that is still perennial my mother has a plant in the garden that is over a meter high with woody stem and cale like leafes and it is in its third year having already flowered once
I planted an apple tree from a seed which i got from a grocery store apple. I have not had the guts to try apples from that tree, they're small, a bit squishy and usually eaten by bugs.
@@uiomancannot7931 actually if bugs like them, they're quite tasty too, try breed it with something more resistance and you have a delicious one that can somewhat be preserved until consumption
Didn't someone paint stripes on cows or bison or something and saw a huge decrease of fly bites? Or have I just dreamt that? 🤔
I know there’s a village in Indian that paints cheetah looking spots on the dogs to deter Tigers.
I've often wondered why people claim red delicious apples don't taste delicious. A red delicious apple picked ripe from the tree tastes amazing. I thought it might be a store-bought thing, picked before it was fully ripe and thus lacking some of the good stuff that it would get if left to ripen naturally - and that does make a difference. But even then, a red delicious apple from the store is still not bad at all. After seeing this video I went and looked up all about red delicious apples, because the photos shown in the video made the apples look foreign to me. That's not what a red delicious apple should look like. I have learned that they were grown in Australia before they were altered to preference colouration in the US, and we're still growing them the same way today. In Australia, the skin is rich red streaks over a yellow base colour, not the nigh solid red like in the US photos I've seen of them including the ones in this video. It all makes sense now. I guess if you want to know why a red delicious apple is so called, maybe come to Australia to eat one that's got streaks of yellow on it as it's still grown here.
An American red delicious is also good if you know how to choose a good one. Heavy for its size, and a thin, tight, shiny skin. If it ain't super shiny, the apple won't be good.
Exactly! You have to eat it right when you pick it, not when it's sat around for weeks or months. I've eaten US grown ones direct from the tree, and they are some of the best apples I've eaten, but they were also giant compared to the kind you see in school lunches or at the store, and I took a bag of them home to share with friends, but they were past their peak after a week or so, so I cooked the last couple of them and they were still good
I’m in the Northeast US and Red Delicious apples are my favorite.
Often slightly powdery 😐
It's a question of taste really. Can't explain or rationalize it. Delicious apple don't taste good to me. I find them too bland, sweet and soft. I like a crispy, tart apple.
Can you please do a video on other domestication fails (such as zebras)?
Arguably hamsters, specifically Syrian hamsters, they are one of the more recently "domesticated" animals, horribly inbred and most males and a lot of females are still very aggressive as we've kind of failed at breading that out of them (despite many breaders/pet shops removing the aggressive ones, every litter still produces them)
Second the motion!
Finally, a video where they compare apples and pears.
We need apples vs oranges!!
I have often wondered if pears and apples cross. Other than the pear shape of one, there's not lot of difference between the two. (I live where neither are widely grown.)
Edit: As far as apples vs. oranges, mandarin oranges are quite the opposite of apples, being ONLY self fertile! Applying any citrus pollen to a mandarin flower will result in maternal only seedlings (exactly like the egg donor mother tree and fruit). I have even witnessed my Changsha Mandarin produce seedy fruit from unopened flower buds - parthenogenic to the point of being parthenocarpic.
@@ernestsmith3581 You can't cross apples and pears, but you can use cuttings from one to grow on a tree of the other. You can have a tree that grows apples, pears, and plums simultaneously this way!
The idea of cats domesticating _themselves_ is such a cat move. Definitely in-character.
Surprised they didn't mention the fox domestication experiment. Almost immediately they started seeing floppy ears and unique patterns just by breeding the tamest foxes together. It was remarkable how quickly it happened
Brains are getting smaller because modern brain technology is better. We switched from old vacuum tube brains to modern transistor brains. That's why brains used to take up a whole room, but now they can be more powerful and still fit in your pocket.
For the record Cosmic Crisp apples are INSANE and came about from growers wanting the flavor of a honeycrisp that is hearty and doesn’t bruise easily - they’re the best!
Never been this early before, thanks scishow for teaching me so damn much over the years for free
Johnny Appleseed did not go across the midwest planting appleseeds to spread apples. It was because the land in the Midwest could be claimed by domestication a patch of land. And if you plant 50 (I don't remember the number for sure) trees on a plot of land or counts as an orchard and you now own that tract. And he planted orchard after orchard and was a big rich land owner in the Midwest.
This year, I got a surprise in the garden. Three years ago, I tried out cultivating vegetable oyster and it was the least successful and most bothersome vegetavle of them all. Generally, vegetable oyster plants are known for drought resistance and that is the one positive aspect about them that made me use up the rest of the seed I had left two years ago. Almost none of the seeds actually came to fruit and I forgot about them. Last year, I was then very surprised to see beautiful violet flowers of the two plants that actually had grown and in their second year had flowered and produced seeds. I preserved these seeds and planted them this year, just because I had them and they ALL grew. It was insane, the kind of vegetable that three years ago, didn't want to grow had adapted to my climate through natural selection and I'm now really looking forward to harvesting some vegetable oyster in the future.
Important notice, this seed was not F1 but pure seeds
Make sure to keep apple rarities alive! When the UK was in the EU supermarkets replaced our huge variety of native apples with a handfull of French apples, UK apple growers cut down alot of our old English apple orchards
@@Adi-bo5do As far as I know from what apples I could buy as a kid pre EU/90s no they were different.
Only 35% of humans are tolerant to lactose yet a huge majority of food has milk products in it. Why is dairy free food so hard to find and so expensive ?!
My domestic cat says hi, he is listening too.
Kohlrabi is super tasty btw.
my grandma often skinned them with a kartoffelskinner when I was a kid
I thought Johnny Appleseed did that so he could claim the land by growing "crops" on it and Apple trees were just the fastest, easiest and cheapest
There's also the ferret, the only mustelid that can reasonably be kept as a pet - and even then they're little rascals. They likely haven't been domesticated for as long as dogs or cats, but it's likely got the same origin story of "ate things we didn't like so we didn't kill them." Really makes you wonder why we haven't done the same with many snake species...
They're not fluffy and cute, would be my guess. Would you want to keep around a pest eater that's a ferret or one that triggers your "AAAAAH" anti snake instinct?
@@mae8646 idk if you've ever seen a hognose snake but they're just about the cutest lil' sausages you can imagine. It might just be me, but cute levels on just about all nosy noodles that go 'blelelele' are pretty dang high imo
@@mae8646 it was because in the middle ages, owning cats was considered something witches do, so ppl got ferrets
Prickly pear were everywhere in the sixties in Australia as I was growing up. The cactoblastis moth was extremely successful in controlling this pest. Now you will only see this cactus occasionally. They took over huge areas of land at their peak.
15:54 my next-door neighbors yard had two apple trees in the front and I don't know how many fruit trees in the back but I know that there was at least one pear tree in addition. The owner is getting ready to renovate and add Housing so in preparation, they cut down every fruit tree in the yard in the front and the back.
I had asked if I could harvest the two trees in the front as no one else was using those apples, and was given permission. So I am personally offended and a little bit devastated that they did that.
When you introduced humans being domesticated, I expected you to say it was by cats.
People domesticated dogs, people where civilized by cats. Without cats to keep rodent populations down in graineries, humans would have never been able to have cities.
Feral cabbage is a good band name
What an excellent presentation, learned so much from todays video ty SciShow!
So, in the time of Johnny Appleseed, people didn't actually eat apples. They used them to make cider. He would travel the country planting orchards and then sell the orchards to people would run them and they paid him back as they made money selling cider.
We had to tame the brassica species.
H2S, the gas from rotten eggs, as disgusting as if is, plays an important role in human metabolism.
It's a slave ossilator of circadian rhythm and epigenetic quality control.
The reason that plant is so changeable is because it has slow release H2S donors. Keeps their methylation and demethylation in check.
Allows variability without instability.
One of the very few sources of slow release h2s donors in the human diet, as opposed to fast release aminos.
Garlic and Onion have them, too.
Zebras aren't undomesticable, we just don't have the need or the patience. It will always be easier to make horses more viable than to make zebras viable. The problems with looking at some animals is that we keep comparing them to our domesticated ones. This is exactly the problem both for science and the actual process of domestication. We've changed horses a lot in the last few millenia, and sheep, and pigs, and goats, and cattle. To try and see what's viable to domesticate, we need to look at the wild ancestors of our pets and livestock, not their present forms, and we need to actually put forth the effort, not give up when it doesn't work in two generations. Domestication is a process of evolution, guided evolution, but evolution nonetheless, and therefore it takes place on a generational time scale, not a human one. Plants are easy, because they often reproduce annually, most livestock and pets are also fairly easy, reaching sexual maturity within months or a couple years, but the longer something takes to reproduce, either in age or gestation, the longer any attempt to domesticate it will take to show actual results. That's the main reason why Indian elephants haven't been domesticated despite thousands of years working alongside them, they live so long that it is always easier to find and train wild ones than attempting to selectively breed an animal that takes almost as long to develop as we do. In the past it was never worth any potential gain for changes that no one could observe in a single generation, in the present, with all of our technology, the economic incentive is completely nonexistent, so the only incentive we could have would be scientific curiosity, and governments and universities are generally unwilling to fund experiments that will take more than a human lifespan to bear results on the basis of "But wouldn't it be cool!?"
(the following is copied in from my response to the first reply to this comment)
I've seen that list, and I disagree with their methodology. For one, it didn't look at the wild ancestors of modern domesticated animals to see if they matched, and if you know anything about aurochs (the wild ancestors of cattle), you know they fail several of its criteria. In addition, it fails to take into account the possibility that domestication efforts (such as they were, it really wasn't likely an intentional process for the most part) initially involved juveniles of the animals, rather than adults.
(note that I'm not saying the following is absolute truth, it's just a hypothesis, and one that by its very nature can't really be proven or disproven to my knowledge)
Picture this situation: you have an early agricultural people, you eat more plants than your immediate ancestors did, you put more effort into raising those plants instead of just finding them, those efforts have, slowly, changed the plants in ways that are beneficial to you, larger, easier to husk seeds, more seeds, fleshier edible leaves, etc. You know the because the oldest among you recall from their youth that the plants were smaller, and maybe didn't taste as good, Ave that their grandparents reported similar stories of their food improving over time. You live in this society, but you still eat a fairly high proportion of meat, you know you're grandparents ate more of it than you do, but animals are scarcer now than they used to be (the higher population densities from a more reliable diet have led to hunting animals that don't breed rapidly to local extinction), and hunting parties have to go further and further to find large animals like aurochs, which, once feared, can now be reliably hunted through sheer numbers. You're in one of those hunting parties, you find a herd of aurochs, a long way from home, you kill a straggler or two, and set about butchering the animals and preserving the meat on site so that it survives the trip back home. You notice, over the next few days of smoking that massive amount of meat, a few calves that were left behind when the herd, fled, either abandoned by their parents, or lost in the chaos, or too weak to keep up, or simply too young to know to be startled. You think to yourself "Eh, more free meat." but one of the other members of the party points out they're young, and there's plenty of food right now, why not bring them back and keep them penned up, let them grow to full size, and have fresh meat back home, rather than having to trek a long way to find it, and then preserve it. So you do, one of the older ones tries to gore you on the trip back, and is slaughtered for its trouble, but you do return with not only a large amount of preserved meat, but a small handful of living aurochs calves, a small pen is constructed, bear the outskirts of the village, tended by hunters between trips. A couple more are killed in the meantime, too aggressive, but a few live to reach full growth, and, just like the grains of the field, are harvested. But also in that meantime, other hunting parties have copied the idea, and brought back some of their own, and every so often, when one of the aurochs is slaughtered, it's found to have had a calf inside it, which sparks an idea...
This isn't my theory, and I'll admit to not having read scholarly papers arguing for this, but it makes far more sense to me than the models of animal domestication (at least for large livestock) ice read about. If there's one thing I've learned studying history and biology (one academically, the other as a hobby), it's that processes aren't typically intentional, inventions among them, things like animal domestication are far too complex to have been intentionally devised in their whole, they were more likely a series of small steps, random decisions, accidents, and sheer dumb luck that piled up over time into something we later labeled as a single coherent process. What I presented above is likely far to streamlined, it is more likely that, if that chain of events happened, it did over the course of several generations, with many false starts and backslides, due to any number of reasons, a batch of animals just being too aggressive to control even as juveniles, a famine forcing them to eat them regardless of their potential growth, simply not connecting the presence of calves inside some of the females to the idea the attachments could be expanded and made permanent, or any number of other pitfalls besides, but to me it is the likeliest route in the broad strokes.
There actually is a checklist of viable domestication traits for animals and zebras don't meet them. It's also thought that Moose are absolutely completely non viable for domestication. Of course this list isn't complete fact, its a hypothesis I believe... but considering that zebras have been living along side use for so long, and we have domesticated other animals for food purposes, it's entirely plausible that zebras cannot be domesticated.
@@Hi_Im_Akward I've seen that list, and I disagree with their methodology. For one, it didn't look at the wild ancestors of modern domesticated animals to see if they matched, and if you know anything about aurochs (the wild ancestors of cattle), you know they fail several of its criteria. In addition, it fails to take into account the possibility that domestication efforts (such as they were, it really wasn't likely an intentional process for the most part) initially involved juveniles of the animals, rather than adults.
(note that I'm not saying the following is absolute truth, it's just a hypothesis, and one that by its very nature can't really be proven or disproven to my knowledge)
Picture this situation: you have an early agricultural people, you eat more plants than your immediate ancestors did, you put more effort into raising those plants instead of just finding them, those efforts have, slowly, changed the plants in ways that are beneficial to you, larger, easier to husk seeds, more seeds, fleshier edible leaves, etc. You know the because the oldest among you recall from their youth that the plants were smaller, and maybe didn't taste as good, Ave that their grandparents reported similar stories of their food improving over time. You live in this society, but you still eat a fairly high proportion of meat, you know you're grandparents ate more of it than you do, but animals are scarcer now than they used to be (the higher population densities from a more reliable diet have led to hunting animals that don't breed rapidly to local extinction), and hunting parties have to go further and further to find large animals like aurochs, which, once feared, can now be reliably hunted through sheer numbers. You're in one of those hunting parties, you find a herd of aurochs, a long way from home, you kill a straggler or two, and set about butchering the animals and preserving the meat on site so that it survives the trip back home. You notice, over the next few days of smoking that massive amount of meat, a few calves that were left behind when the herd, fled, either abandoned by their parents, or lost in the chaos, or too weak to keep up, or simply too young to know to be startled. You think to yourself "Eh, more free meat." but one of the other members of the party points out they're young, and there's plenty of food right now, why not bring them back and keep them penned up, let them grow to full size, and have fresh meat back home, rather than having to trek a long way to find it, and then preserve it. So you do, one of the older ones tries to gore you on the trip back, and is slaughtered for its trouble, but you do return with not only a large amount of preserved meat, but a small handful of living aurochs calves, a small pen is constructed, bear the outskirts of the village, tended by hunters between trips. A couple more are killed in the meantime, too aggressive, but a few live to reach full growth, and, just like the grains of the field, are harvested. But also in that meantime, other hunting parties have copied the idea, and brought back some of their own, and every so often, when one of the aurochs is slaughtered, it's found to have had a calf inside it, which sparks an idea...
This isn't my theory, and I'll admit to not having read scholarly papers arguing for this, but it makes far more sense to me than the models of animal domestication (at least for large livestock) ice read about. If there's one thing I've learned studying history and biology (one academically, the other as a hobby), it's that processes aren't typically intentional, inventions among them, things like animal domestication are far too complex to have been intentionally devised in their whole, they were more likely a series of small steps, random decisions, accidents, and sheer dumb luck that piled up over time into something we later labeled as a single coherent process. What I presented above is likely far to streamlined, it is more likely that, if that chain of events happened, it did over the course of several generations, with many false starts and backslides, due to any number of reasons, a batch of animals just being too aggressive to control even as juveniles, a famine forcing them to eat them regardless of their potential growth, simply not connecting the presence of calves inside some of the females to the idea the attachments could be expanded and made permanent, or any number of other pitfalls besides, but to me it is the likeliest route in the broad strokes.
I’m honestly curious to know where captive-bred parrot species are on the domesticated vs tamed process.
Green cheek conures come in a variety of colors now, and some fanciers swear that different color mutations trend towards slight differences in personalities; and budgies have been selectively bred for different varieties as well. And for other captive-bred bird, I wouldn’t be surprised if there’s a “tameness factor” multigenerationally vs their wild counterparts
I personally think you're being a bit optimistic about what could be domesticated, especially in the case of the zebra, an animal humanity had lived alongside for millions of years yet never really succeeded or seemingly tried to domesticate.
Bro is typing his school essay in comments 😂
Cats domesticated us.
A species is defined if male and female produce fertile offspring. Do Kale/cauliflower/kohlrabi/brocoli/Brussels sprouts produce fertile offspring with each other? If yes, how do they look like and taste like?
Not necessarily edible hybrids, but yes. They do.
Cats are an imperfect cross between two different cats species which is why calico cats exist and the males are sterile with them. Eurasian Wild Cats have a grey tortoise shell pattern coat whereas African Wild Cats have a tan coat with spots. Modern cats are a combination of the two. European Wild Csts also have more vertebrae in their tails which indicates why cats have tail kinks on a regular basis as a genetic defect.
Zebras may be from the same family as horses, but so are mules. To me Zebras hold traits of mules at the size of horses
Did you mean to say "donkey" not mule?
Mules are the hybrid offspring of a donkey (male) and a horse (female). And depending on the breed of horse can be just as large as a horse.
The mule is a product of hybridization, not a separate species. It is the produce of a jackass and a mare. I think you mean the donkey, which is a different species from horses and zebras. All are in the family Equidae. (Jan Griffiths).
I love all of these foods. I’m so glad it’s such an amazing ancient plant
I did an experiment a few years ago with kale seeds I grew one in very little nutrient rich dirt + sand. And one in extremely nutrient dense clay and the kale that grew in the sand grew tall with a lot of seeds while the clay was short and dense with very little seeds and the roots systems where very different in the sand the roots where very complex and and the clay was barely an inch down in the pot. Same plant different out comes
This is very informative and interesting, thank you for all the effort being put into making these videos!
For the rest of the world: Cider = Apple Juice, Hard Cider = Cider
Seeds that don't grow true to you can give new good varieties still. That's how many new varieties are made, is cross breeding and seeing what grows.
My friend has an apple farm, They had to ship in all the tree's so they were specific. I just thought someone came and planted them all decades ago. The new ones they have that are planted, the fruiting branches are grafted on, so it's like a frankenstein tree, different arms than it should have producing different fruit to what it should make.
Great compilation episode!
I remember before I saw the original video I thought Kale would've been in the lettuce family
Lettuce is actually in the sunflower family, Asteraceae. If you look at the flowers of a bolted lettuce, they look a lot like those of dandelions and chicory. All of which are edible. Every part of a sunflower is edible.
I'm not sure if we domesticated cats. I suspect they just chose to allow us in their presence and probably think that they have us trained... and I'm not sure that I would disagree either.
My dad loves picking up his cats poop. He’s definitely trained.
Nah. Cats and humans was a mutual thing. Saying we domesticated them assumes they are not intelligent enough to do that to us and… cats are just in a co op with humans
Cats know which are the dumb humans and use them
"Dogs are domesticated. Cats are just bred too small to eat you."
Eh, six of one, half dozen of the other
We have a really tasty apple tree. The apples are small-medium sized with varying flecks/stripes of red, the perfect mix of tart and sweet and they have _way_ more flavor than any apple I've ever bought. I always wondered why I could never find them in stores. They're great for making baked apples and for eating raw with cheese.
Sorry to hear that. Two other sweet-tart apples on the market are Macoun and Empire, only ones I eat.
Great video! Thanks guys ❤
People used to domesticate reindeer to use as mounts in 1609
Since domestication fosters variety, I hope humans learn to tolerate other humans one day.
That's a nice thought :)
8:47🤣 "...But that's The Gist"
🌹Lovely, absolutely Lovely🌷
Always interesting, thank you.
Who knew apples liked dungeons and dragons?
Could our growing skull size also be from c-sections? Bigger headed babies can now survive birth more often since they don't have to be delivered naturally
Not exactly. Newborn infants have skulls that are soft and malleable in order to squeeze through the birth canal. These soft skull plates do not solidify and set into their permanent places until about 1 year of age. Ask any knowledgeable Southern grandmother and you’ll get a lesson about how important it is to gently massage and “shape” your newborns head,and how allowing your infant to sleep only on its back causes a flatness on the back of the head. Newborns often have oddly visible skull shapes after being born and most correct the shape.
@@kimberlypatton205 Yes, I do know that, but that doesn't stop some labors from stalling or requiring c-sections. Cephalopelvic disproportion occurs when the baby's head it too large or the pelvis of the birthing parent is too small.
A think many modern apple varieties have been made tetraploid or triploid to produce larger fruit but interfearing with their pollen viability.
Even the historically existing orchard in Versailles has crabapples at ends of rows to ensure better pollination in lower pollination apples.
13:11 notice the wasp in the bucket? That's kind of normal given fermenting sugar usually leads to a lot of bugs getting involved... good thing alcohol is it's own disinfectant!
Man, I love cabbage and broccoli.
Are you explaining why the lack of bananas might become a problem?
I am loving that topo map of Europe at 3:31.
Very interesting topic. Gotta comment about the apples. Heritage apple varieties are preserved, propagated, tasted and compared through events like the Apple Festival at the University of British Columbia Botanical Gardens, in Vancouver. There are small growers in the region which grow heritage varieties, and this is where the average joe you can taste and obtain the Cox Orange Pippin apple, for instance, a parent of many great apples varieties. The tasting booth is amazing - 100 or so varieties to sample. The flavour and texture range of this fruit is HUGE. I'm sure there are other events like this elsewhere in the world. In your neighbourhood?
Also, about shrinking brains. Could this have a link to storing information outside our brains, in writing, and recordings? Wonder what we'll be like in 1000 years.
Who knew apple genetics would be so fascinating!
@23:35 . . . Listens and looks at one of my currently napping pets. "You mean a CHICKEN?" Yes, I do, in fact, have a pet house chicken. 🤣
Aside from that humorous moment, I enjoyed the rest of the video, too! And come to think of it, the chicken has a long domestication story, too! From Silkies to Frizzles to the all black (even inside) Ayam Cemani and so much more, their variations are amazingly wide, too. From the long-crower to the ones with tail feathers twice their body length to the couple of breeds that can almost look you square in the eye to the couple of breeds that are the equivalent to teacup dogs, they're as super-varied as the dog. 😄
Here's my like and comment for the care and feeding of the ever-voracious Almighty Algorithm, 🙏 in hopes it puts your great videos in front of ever more faces!
❤️❤️
I had a pair of blue cochins that were raised inside as "house chickens". Their coop was a rabbit cage in the living room. Every morning I'd open their cage and open the back door and they'd head out and be outside all day. In the evening they'd come sit by the door and wait to be let in, then waddle to their cage and sleep for the night. We'd cover the cage, and visitors would have no idea there was poultry in the room with them. It was hilarious, and we're about to do it again with some silkies.
There’s a historic apple orchard maintained by the national park in Washington that is still growing common delicious apples!
17:32 GRIFFINDOR!!!!!!!!!!!
The most courageous and chivalrous cats of them all!
I'm fairly certain that zebras _can_ be domesticated, but it would have to be a multi generation process, not something done by taming them directly from the wild.
Yeah no they are hostile to human beimgs and literally will attack people. They've been known to kill people if given the chance. They are flat out a liability to evem attempt domestication with.
good luck doing it when the prison donkey is trying to murder your extended family
Multi multi multi generational.
We already have Donkeys, We do _not_ need Prison Donkeys.
Shouldn't you be doing your homework for school tomorrow?
I should be studying for 2 tests tomorrow but this is clearly more important
This will make me feel superior to me peers in calculus tmr while they excel in silly math games
I read somewhere that Appleseed was he was trying to define land boundary lines by planting orchards. There were no land surveyors in the vast uncharted areas, and barb wire had not been invented. But you could plant an orchard and lay claim to the orchard you created.
Very informative, thanks for your efforts
My cat just does today ans I saw this video. The zebras made me laugh thank you so much sci show I love your channel
Planting seeds can be really good for root stock
Loving this sweater arch
Domesticate alligators! They're intelligent, they like watermelons and their meat tastes great (or so I've heard), and they don't produce much methane compared to cattle, their skin is fashionable too. I'd certainly like a version with smaller teeth.
appearently miniature alligators exist
I think about the domestication of dogs every day.. i look at my chihuahua and wonder why one would create such a tiny, angry, rodent-like thing like him.
Lol
They're basically walking paranoid car alarms. It would be harder for a coyote to sneak up on your camp if you have a small pack of car alarms nervously guarding you. And not all of them will get eaten because most will run and hide rather than protect you.
A handful of D-20's? I love that this channel treats me like a nerd.
The clip show we never knew we needed.
Bruh we're literally learning about domestication in my geography class rn how is this possible 💀
I feel like I could be Johnny Appleseed in another life. 10 years ago, when I was 15, I planted a few apple seeds behind our rental that grew about thigh height the time we had to move out. It was such a shame a few years later the whole rental was razed to make way for a business building and my apple trees were destroyed. They would have been ready to bear fruit by now 😢 I really wanted to taste them. I still remember like it was yesterday how seeds from the same fruit would grow up to look complete different from one another ( I knew about the intense sexual heterozygosity) but still...some leaves had a purplish hue, some were rounder while others were pointier, some grew fast and some grew slowly... amazing. Who knows, had I been born 200 years earlier I'd be doing the female equivalent of johnny appleseed in Australia (where it would probably not work anyway cos of wrong climate and it would have been an invasive species lol) anywaya guess now I need to start planting my apple trees again ans maybe at age 35 I can eat the apples off the new tree
In eastern Washington they said they had found an apple that would change the industry. When it finally hit the stores people didn’t like it much. It was really durable for transport but didn’t taste that great.
Sorry I forgot what the name was.
13:15 That shot has a bee about to fly into the cider! 😆
Wait, where I grew up there were apple trees all over the neighborhood and all the apples were the same, why?
Probably grafted clones were planted. Sometimes cities can get discounts by buying in bulk, and perhaps that particular crab/apple was seen as desirable by whoever made the decision. A tiny minority (e.g. the large size, hardy rootstock cultivar "Antonovka") do come fairly true from seed.
_"We must do something to stop these tricks that help peasants stay alive."_
_"It's ruining the breed."_
- Wealthy eugenists who are first in line for medical services to stay alive
Eugenics is a fatalistic pov with disastrous consequences but it's research helps many fields sadly.
Unethical practices but the information contained is as valuable as gold to science
@@haruhisuzumiya6650 Those who value gold above all things are prone to commit any number of questionable acts, and to the extent that science is in service to commerce, it devalues its intellectual and moral credibility.
Johnny Appleseed wasn't selling eating apples. He was selling apples to be used to make Applejack, a high volume alcohol safer to drink than water, easier to brew than beer and whiskey, and extraordinarily common in early America. Apples were also enormously less sweet modern varieties so people weren't expecting something too sweet. Indeed, many old savoury recipes had apples, apples were pickled and vinegared, and weren't often eaten raw the way we eat them because it wasn't considered safe.
Was hoping you’d go more into human domestication - and the suite of domestication traits affiliated with tameness. The Russian fox study is an excellent example