The Greek Junta (1967 - 1974) - The Regime of the Colonels
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- Опубліковано 17 лют 2023
- From 1967 till 1974 there was a dictatorship in Greece known as the Regime of the Colonels. In 1967 a Greek coup d'état occured and this established the Greek Junta. The new leaders were Brigadier Stylianos Pattakos and Colonels George Papadopoulos and Nikolaos Makarezos. What followed was a period of oppression. Greek students rose against the authorities during the Athens Polytechnic uprising in 1973. After the Turkish invasion of Cyprus the regime came to an end.
History Hustle presents: The Greek Junta (1967-1974) - The Regime of the Colonels.
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SOURCES
- Greece. Biography of a Modern Nationa (Roderick Beaton).
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"Constancy Part One" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
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VIDEO
Video material from:
• 17 Νοέμβρη 1973 - Επέτ...
17 Νοέμβρη 1973 - Επέτειος της εξέγερσης του Πολυτεχνείου
• 17 Νοέμβρη 1973 Εξέγε...
17 Νοέμβρη 1973 Εξέγερση Πολυτεχνείου
• La Grèce des colonels ...
La Grèce des colonels (1973)
• Video
Regime of the Colonels 21st April | Days of The Hellenes
• Introducing 🇬🇷 Greece ...
Introducing 🇬🇷 Greece [The Atlantic Community Series - NATO Documentaries]
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SOUNDS
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Learn about the Greek dictatorship of Metaxas:
ua-cam.com/video/8yWkeu6SJZ0/v-deo.html
🇬🇷 ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°) 🍀 🇧🇷 Obrigado, Stefan!
@@marcoskehl 👍👍
@@HistoryHustle how many people were killed by the Junta of 67-74?
ua-cam.com/video/8ou4PtFa3HM/v-deo.html
I see you have a passion for my country's history. Please keep doing what you do best. You are educating people on lesser known but equally as important events.
Informative historical coverage of this page of Greece 🇬🇷 history ( regime of colonials 1967-1974).allot, thanks, Sir Stefan for showing this magnificent video
Thanks for sharing your reply.
I still remember watching the Ed Sullivan show in the early 60s. They had a Greek female singer on the show. My father explained she was an opponent of the military hunta repressing the Greek people! It was the most progressive thing my dad, a WW2 veteran every said with a tear in his eye!
Your dad is an idiot. The Greek military leaders were WW2 veterans too. But they were smarter. The Greek Colonels knew that democracy leads to socialism which destroys civilization.
Nina Mouskouri a fantastic singer.
Both my parents lived through this time period and they experienced 2 different childhoods. My mom had family members arrested for alleged ties to Communist activities. She didn't see her uncle for close to a decade as even afterwards he was held. Suffice it to say that her family didn't enjoy life during this period. My father's side of the family was completely different. My grandfather would say Greece was safer than ever and those responsible for Greece issues at the time will pay for their crimes. While my Mother and her family barely got by, my father's family was upper middle class-ish I'd say during this time. It was so bizarre to hear them explain this time period with such different perspectives, they seemed to live in 2 different countries at that time.
Very interesting to read. Many thanks for your reply.
Same here my mother loved the colonels we a portrait of Papadopoulos hanging in the home .😊
Both my parents family were royalist. Me not, Papadoupolos brought electricity, water and roads to our village, not the king or communist. My parents still till today have pictures of the king in their house and I told them don't have them up when I come as he never did anything for Ellada nor did the communist.
Because your mom's family members were communism the worst think ever
Thank you for this well balanced video with the nice view of our beloved city in the background, and your continued interest in modern Greek history.
One minor correction: the counter coup of Ioannides happened a few days after the events at Polytechnic school, since an internal battle between moderates and hard-liners raged for months
It is the first time that I have to disagree with you Stefan on just about everything The coup itself was a combination of several different factors that were interconnecting with each other, the division in greek society due to the civil war , the fear of communism uprising, the mingling of the palace to governmental affairs and the issue of Cyprus, where in each you can find elements of the other, playing a role. That lead to deadlock in democracy, and to the ordinary people a coup was inevitable if not desirable. There were actually three to four different coups being organised, one lead by the king with the generals, one in primitive formed by an army liaison called Aspis led by the subsequent prime minister of Greece Andreas Papandreou, one was rumored to be scheduled by the communists and the one that eventually did happen. The inevitability was such that most of the prominent people that morning were not wondering whether there was a coup, but which of the suspects were responsible for it. The coup itself was authoritarian but not as oppressive and brutal as you make it to be. Exile islands existed before the coup, as well as most ideological prosecutions, which were mostly a consequence of the civil war. The king had nothing to do with the colonels and their coup ( he was planning his own as I ve said) , his mistake being that he sworn their government, giving them a form of legitimacy. There was of course no such thing as banning long hair or mini skirts, you only need to check greek movies of the era and you will see that fashion was more than existent in Greek society. All in all it was propably the most liberal junta you can find, and I understand the paradox of the statement. That was propably one of the reasons that there was almost no resistance movement at all in a country famous for resisting for just about everything. There was only two instances of opposition, one in the law school of Athens in February 73, and the most known in November 73 that you covered. That is why I was surprised when you mentioned widespread opposition and protests. Whatever protest happening was mainly abroad and mainly foreign rather than internal. Having said that in the end of 73 it was proclaimed that the country was transitioning to electoral democracy and a lot of researchers see an element of derailment in the Polytechneio events. Proof of that is the fact the immediately after that ( and not in July 74) the counter coup happened which abolished all plans of democratisation and you can say that that was the real junta ( lead by Ioannides). There barely was any shooting towards the students by the army, and most happened possibly by the police and mainly by suspicious snipers around the area. The subject of the people that died that day is a very sensitive one, however the official count is around 20 with all of them happening in places far away from the University in the wider area of Athens. I wonder where you found the figure 3000. As for Cyprus the event that sparked the Turkish invasion was the coup staged by the greek junta establishing a pro unification with Greece government, not a Greek invasion. However plans for Turkish invasion in the island existed since 1959, and one invasion was stopped by Lincoln Johnson in 1964 so you can say that they only needed an excuse. You are usually more thorough and well researched so I expected more....
Thanks for sharing your insights.
Absolutely correct on everything you said
Well said
Nice so the reason you give for the dictatorship is the same that Papadopoulos gave to his apology. Maybe you are one of those that think that the Soviet Union was unloading rifles at the port of Patra.
Absolutely right! I was there often in that time. I was a student with longish hair like many young Greek men. My sister wore short skirts like many Greek girls. There were only occasional signs of military oppression in public. Public gatherings were tightly controlled by police though. There were no restrictions otherwise on movement apart a curfew once or twice for a couple of days.
Thank you so much!
FYI: Between 1924 and 1935, there were 23 changes of government, one dictatorship, and 13 coups.
9:33 The counter-coup by Ioannides was made in Novemver 1973 after the events in Polytechnic University not in July of 74! Btw thank you for your interest in Greek history, love your videos.
Thanks. I stand corrected.
Greece as a location has really been a bonus . I have vague memories of athens poly and the war with turkey , but great job with modern greek history ! Thanks for such good history !
Always learning something new from your excellent documentaries!
Many thanks.
Excellent video again Stefan. Cheers from Tennessee
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Love your style, and interesting topics. Thanks. Peace be unto you.
Many thanks
Love your work Stephan! Your such a good history teacher. Best wishes!
Thanks for your reply.
Exceptional and short. Thank you.
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If anybody is in town I recommend the Athens War Museum although tellingly there is a big gap in the exhibition timeline between 1967 - 1974. Sometimes it's not what museums show but rather what they do not show which reveals something!
If you visit the war museum in Thessaloniki it is covered very well.
@@HistoryHustle Oh thanks for the tip.
@@HistoryHustle I was drafted to Greek army in 2003 for the armored vehicles / cavalry ( we still refer to tank units as cavalry)
At avlona training center there is a small museum with tanks from ww2 all the way to almost modern day
The AMX 30 example was the actual tank that destroyed the polytechnic school gate
It had two plates in front of it
One was a huge one, regarding the tech specs of the vehicle
The other was as little as a package of cigarettes regarding the events of the polytechnic school
Saying in loose translation
" this vehicle was used to open the gate of the polytechnic school
Now days the Greek armed forces are the guardians of the constitution"
Honesty I would really like to see the face of the guy that wrote that when he was asked to do so 😂😂😂
No doubt The Military Museum of Athens was constructed during the Military dictatorship....
I was a paper delivery boy in London in 1967 , and remember the newspaper headlines of the deposing the king of Greece by the military coup. Good vid Stefan, and reminder of an era when Iberian countries were still fascist dictatorships.
Thanks for your reply!
Did you know that Stylianós Pattakós (1912-2016), member of the governing military troika as of 1967, wrote a surprisingly objective and well-written treatise on the 21st April 1967, when he was incarcerated (1992) ?
Didn't know.
Very interesting. Didn’t know much about this 👌
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Great video Stefan! Maybe consider making a Greco Turkish war video.
Good video. Thanks. BZ
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Interesting as ever and another sad example of why military rule should always be avoided. No matter what their motives, the result is always dictatorship, corruption and cruelty.
Thanks for your reply.
Papadopoulos and the revolutionaries were necessary
@@weirdo9958I wouldn't say necessary. More like inevitable.
@@panoskamp4324 would you agree that even though dictatorship is bad, that the truth is that Papadopoulos was much better than Ionidis and the Junta under Papadopoulos did help the country in some ways and he had a special operation called Aphrodite in case Turkey invades Cyprus but of course Ioanidis didnt follow through with the plan and people still blame Papadopoulos. They are both bad but at least Papadopoulos helped Greece
@@DCCrisisclips well, I can certainly say that Papadopoulos did more thing to help Greece than Ionidis. He also seemed to have a pretty strong campaign with his propaganda being accompanied with great feats, such as the roads being built even in the most isolated villages of the state.
Thanks!
Thank you Brent.
Thanks bro
I just wanna know more
About this and my source from the greek monarch is not enough to feed my brain infos
Thanks bro
Many thanks for your kind words.
The thing i love about your greek video stefan is that you are Dutch so there is no ''classic greek bias'' about it. One thing i have heard 100 times is that '' The Junta was not that bad people were sleeping with unlocked doors during that era'' meaning they were feeling very safe. I have no sources for these claims but i think its worth it to look deeper into these statements.
The media was controlled by the state so people was getting what the state wanted for them to hear
I mean even the first Greek TV station was the " armed forces" one
Also we have to remember that people as they aging they tend to see their youth with nostalgia and forget about it the difficult times and bad memories in general
It's the same thing with obligatory military service
Ones you are drafted you want out, from the very first day
But after some time you have finished with it you only tend to remember the " cool" things about it..
It's human nature
As a greek who loves history you made an excellent research!
In order to fully understand what led to the military junta one must understand the conflict between the West and the Soviet Union. Greece during the midwar period was a pro England state, and although we're Christian Orthodox and had a nazi government our policy never favoured Germany or Russia, but England. This is one ofthe reasons Greece had such a strong resistance to fascist Italy, hoping to be a good ally to England. After German occupation, the government was given refuge in Lebanon and quit resistance in mainland Greece. It was then that Communists filled the vacuum and fought the Germans, while the rest of the Greeks endured or participated in the atrocities of the German occupation army. That included famine, executions and destruction of infrastructure. So when the Germans left, the Greek population was half communist and considered right wing people and politicians, not patriots but traitors. It was then that England fought to take Greece back from Russia, and it is said that in the Yalta conference Churchill offered Stalin the Balkans except Greece. So just when Greeks expected to be a socialist republic and their war heros to be given medals, the British army bombarded Athens and sends the communists to the mountains, names the Greek socialist front "gang mebers", and names the Nazi occupation army the "Greek national army" and gives them guns to extinguish the communists. So there was a big injustice, because the actual people who fought against the Germans were punished for being communists, and either died in exile ot in poverty, and the Nazi collaborators were given asylum and honour for working with Britain against the communists. This part of the population retained this feeling of injustice and was very friendly to the USSR, although they had also betrayed us. England left Greece to the USA in 1947 and English policy in Greece became US policy. Post war Greece was really loyal to the USA and anti-communist and everyone thanked the USA for saving Greece from communism. Any mention of Greeks collaborating with Germans and communists freeing Greece was censored and deemed communist propaganda. The right wing Greeks kept this mentality strong in order to establish the so called "right wing state", where relatives and friends of right wing military officers and politicians had privileges in working for the public sector and had easy access to loans and public money, while the mere accusation of communist was enough to get a person killed, tortured, unemployed, socially isolated and seek jobs of poverty either inland or abroad. In the 50's and 60's people were amazed at the Russian space program and angry at this social injustice and turned to a left wing party called EDA. The army immediately ordered paramilitary forces to beat people up, murder politicians, and fake elections to keep American friendly parties in power and the USSR away. But Greek people still elected the "Center Union" in 1964, which despite not being communist, wasn't fully pro American like all previous parties. As soon as its leader George Papandreou senior started objecting the USA parting Cyprus between Greece and Turkey because Cyprus refused to join NATO, the Center Union party was overthrown and soon came the junta, which agreed in 1968 to demilitarise Cyprus, and as soon as they didn't fully comply with their orders, a new dictator came to power in 1973, that attacked half Cyprus according to the plan. But as soon as Cyprus was taken by the Turks, the anti west and anti American sentiment was so strong, that any sense of gratefulness to America and fear of the USSR vanished, the junta along with the king were overthrown and Greeks had and still have to this day an antiamerican and antiwest mentality. We think that the West is using Greece as a pawn in the world chessboard, despite our own interests, desire and culture. The leaders of the junta refused until their very end they had any connection to the USA, but they were all trained in the USA in the 50's, the USA were the first to recognise them the very next day, and they obeyed American policy 100%. Even if they weren't ordered by the CIA, they were a dream come true
Thanks for sharing your insights on this.
Interestingly, Military Governments of both the Greece and Argentina failed in their action to take an island under their control.
Excellent Cold War history content! A video on the Turkish invasion would be a fantastic content to present. Truly looking forward to that when you have the opportunity to get to Cyprus!👍
Thanks for your reply. Hope to go there one day.
My Father was a student in Athens in 1965ish. He's telling me how there was a demonstration every single day in Syntagma square and different groups used to fight each other every day. Also that the recently repatriated Andreas Papandreou -a power hungry , super ambitious, american-backed personality- would come through Stadiou str. on a jeep and yell at people to revolt. There was widespread fear, at least for my father, that they were heading towards a power grab by the left. Project ASPIDA from Papandreou was also proof that several parts of the Greek political scene were preparing to make a move and grab power for themselves from the ex. king and his government. In the end it was the right wing generals who moved faster. Idk what to say about this period; even if the Junta did a lot of good projects they were responsible for losing Cyprus. They say we were heading towards elections... The rest is history...F@#$ them all, nobody cares about the future generations in Greece
Fascinating Greek history Stefan, Thank you Sir !!! ✌️💙🤍
Essentially the last chapter of the long civil war.
Till this day Greece is very politically divided.
do you have a video on when the U.S. Marines protected the Greeks from the Turks in the 50s?
I was there during the Polytech revolt. The junta crushed them.
So was I.
The map you show at 1:32 from the start of the video incorrectly shows the borders between the countries of Eastern Europe .
Piotr
I see. But it was just an illustration.
@@HistoryHustle In my personal opinion illustrations to the history lessons should be precise. Lectures should be in depth studied and well prepared. Both in school and on UA-cam.
Sincerely yours
Piotr Dziadczyk
I like it that you mentioned the good thing the junta did and you're having an objective approach in history rather then just saying that they were evil and that's it well said
Thanks for your response.
Another great video Stefan - thanks for posting. So obviously the US Govt (CIA) was again heavily involved in the rise and maintenance of the Junta. What do we know of their dark role in this?
Col. Papadopoulos was the head of "cladio" operations in Greece, that made him nearly untouchable even before the launching of the coup
Col. Ioannidis in some was directly employed by Cia
Nikis Sampson the " leader" of the coup in Cyprus was also a CIA double agent
Also according to CIA recently relished tapes Kissinger knew about the change of a Turkish invasion in Cyprus - in case of a Greek coup but as he stated he wouldn't mind to see Cyprus under Turkish flag if it is what it takes to remove the " red priest" ( president Makarios)
@@Pavlos_Charalambous Ok thanks for info - I expected something like this :)
@@peterhughes8699 after the collapse of the regime there was an MP called Panagoulis, he was tortured by the junta for trying to kill Papadopoulos anyways after the parliament findings about Cyprus went classified for 200 years (!!) he said that he will speak up anyways because people have the right to know, with general Bonanos telling him within the parliament that he " won't survive that long"
Few days later he had a car accident that costed his life..
Also note that even before the junta and the early days afterwards such " accidents" was very common
For example an other MP general Sarafis was hit by two cars (!!) driven by American 6th fleet sailors
Although the police arrested the Americans their commanding officer went to the police station and picked them up because " the Greek authorities have no right to arrest American military personnel"
As you can imagine all that decades long behavior brought a lot of anti American feelings to the public
The political party PASOK ( panhellinic socialist party)eventually came to power with anti American anti NATO slogans like " out ( of the country) the bases of death".
Ironically their leader was the American born Antreas Papandreou who had also served in the US navy 😏
And the fed boys are still at it, installing the current occupant of the White House while simultaneously stamping out free speech, free elections and imprisoning the opposition on phony charges.
I like when you sometimes do these non WWI/WWII videos. Here's something funny. The other day I was going through some boxes of my books, and I ran into the one on this topic Anyway, take ding dong care.
Awesome. Cheers!
Fun fact about the Greek "Junta". It was the most democratic government we ever had.
please explain
@@HistoryHustle so first of all I am referring to the junta of the 1967. Since you are not greek I can't link you videos of greek historians for you to listen to and learn the truth but I will try to highlight some stuff from that era. First of all Papadopoulos never wanted a junta to happen since he loved democracy and defended it. Second, he was forced to do this since the communist had started to put fires in basically all Greece and what I mean is basically anarchists have gotten become extremely aggressive and Karmanlis and Papandreou couldn't do anything to stop them because they feared them. Third, Kanelopoulos wanted to do a coup himself and the King too wanted to do a coup but Papadopoulos protected them both by asking the military to do it since Kanelopoulos and Constantine the king wanted to do a coup followed by a bloodshed. Papadopoulos didn't want people to get killed so he did it on the night before the elections. Also, Papadopoulos received a destroyed country and transformed it into a livable country.
The Polytechnic School 14th-17th November 1973 (which i took part) the Ioannidis Junta 25th November 1973 (which overthrough Papadopoulos Justa) and the Karamanlis comeback July 1974 , were three phases of the same one plan organized .by Kissinger.
Thanks for sharing.
Did you do any videos about Ireland in the world wars?
Nope.
Tbh as a Greek I have to say that even if it had many freedom limitations then the industry was thriving
Ioannides overthrew Papadopoulos on November 25 1973 , only 8 days after the technical university uprising
Thanks for sharing.
@@HistoryHustle your are welcome,also in July 15 1974 the ioannides regime launched the coup in Cyprus to kill or overthrow president Makarios. Five days later Turkey launched the invasion named Attilas
For all the atrocities and repressions the Greek junta commited on the political scale, it surprises me that the previous generation of Greeks who lived at that age still long for the economic miracle and the benefits they lived under the former regime. I am not saying that the dictatorship was any good in the grand scheme of things, but I am still seeing the reality of the situation that the modern politicians have left us in the modern history of Greece, which left us indebted in present time.
Nice work, but there are some points not explained accurately enough.
I will describe these events, based on what I lived back then, personal information I got from people directly involved and from what I read about in three consecutive comments because of their size.
Part 1) August 4th dictatorship.
Retired general Ioannis Metaxas was the president of the smallest political party represented in the Greek parliament.
In 1936 the political situation in Greece was chaotic and none of the political parties had the necessary MPs to form a government and they could not agree on any sort of cooperation among themselves.
Eventually the largest parties agreed to support a minority government by the smallest party, headed by Ioannis Metaxas, who became prime minister. However the situation was still chaotic, Metaxas could not govern and there was fear of a communist uprising because of large strikes that paralyzed everything in the country.
Metaxas requested for the Parliament to be abolished and for dictatorial powers in order to normalize the situation.
The result was that the Greek Parliament voted to abolish itself, with only one negative vote from George Papandreou.
This was the way that Metaxas established the August 4th regime.
CONTINUED…
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9:33 The Ioannidis coup against the other colonels was on November 25, 1973, not in July 1974
1963?
@@HistoryHustle 1973, this was my mistake 🤪
I was there. The stories I could tell are unbelievable. So I won't tell'
Feel free to share.
Correction: Ioannides didn't stage the coup in july 1974 but one week later in 25 november 1973
I stand corrected.
Ok.
Z (1969 film) From Wikipedia
Directed by Costa-Gavras
Screenplay by Jorge Semprún, Costa-Gavras
Based on Z 1967 novel by Vassilis Vassilikos
"Z is a 1969 Algerian political-thriller film, directed by Costa-Gavras, with a screenplay by Gavras and Jorge Semprún, based on the 1966 novel of the same name by Vassilis Vassilikos. The film presents a thinly-fictionalized account of the events surrounding the assassination of the democratic Greek politician Grigoris Lambrakis in 1963. With its dark view of Greek politics and its downbeat ending, the film captures the director's outrage about the junta that then ruled Greece."
Thanks for your patronage!
I spent the summer of 1973 and part of 1974 in Greece. I actually only left Greece in 1974 because of the mobilization in response to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The only thing moving, after several days of total lock down, was three trains to Trieste. When I got to Trieste, after stopping a bit in Yugoslavia, I read in the newspaper that the junta had fallen. My understanding is that the junta had so mismanaged government funds that they were out of money. That is why they did not mobilize right away. In fact, I had just gotten back to Athens from an island in the Cyclades late one day. When I woke up the next morning there were demonstrations in the streets. The people wanted to mobilize. They wanted to fight Turks. I was at my uncle's hotel in the center of Athens, so I got to see everything. It was a wild time. I could tell lots of stories about the junta from both my trips. Thanks for covering this.
Very interesting to read. Many thanks for sharingthis.
Equipment wise, Greece and Turkey was roughly at the same level - both using American equipment mostly handed over to the for free ( ww2 surplus ect) The main reason was the American factor
The people in power believed that they had the backing of the United States but when they realized that the United States are in favor of Turkey they lost their nerve and everything fallen apart
The state literally stopped functioning, the American empassidor couldn't find a person in power to order a cease fire - if I remember correctly they found an Admiral and told him something like " look you are the only one left still on his post, you have to do something"
Note that in recently declassified tapes Hendry Kissinger is stating that at the moment before the Cyprus coup he knew that will eventually lead to a Turkish invasion but he doesn't mind it " seen Cyprus under Turkish flag" as long as the " red priest" is removed
I'm too young to have first person experience of these events but based on my readings the main reason for Ioannides' government backing down from his original decision and recalling the general mobilization was Athens receiving some very strong warnings from the US (via diplomat Joseph Sisco), whose highest priority at the time was to prevent an intra-NATO conflict between Greece and Turkey, telling(or rather ordering) Greece to avoid war at all costs saying that in such a scenario the US would abandon Greece and would refuse to supply munitions to the Greek army guaranteeing its defeat which forced the Junta to back down only sending some very minor airborne reinforcements of a few hundred commandos in a botched operation that only managed to repel the turkish attack on Nicosia international Airport.
You're a bit confused.Mobilization didn't happen immediately after Tutkish invasion,not because of lack of funds,but because Ioannidis was convinced (by low ranking CIA agents) that it isn't a real invasion,but military manuevers,so it took them long to give the right orders for defence and general mobilization
@@ntonisa6636 Not true.General mobilization was recalled by Karamanlis,after the fall of Ioannidis and junta.Ioannidis' decision was an immediat declaration of war to Turkey,but Greek chiefs of Army,Navy and Air Force didn't follow Ioannidis' orders,and overthrowned him,bringing back Karamanlis and democracy.The general mobilization was decided by Chief of General Stuff gen Bonanos.His plan was to fulfill the garrisons with reservists many of them being anti-junta,so the junta loyal forces would loose their power,and be easier the overthrown of junta.
Papadópoulos, Pattakós, Makarézos were toppled by Ioannídis' military Junta over the Polytechnic riots as early as Nov 1973. Sorry, you got that wrong "July 74", that's when this 2nd Junta started the war in Cyprus.
I see, in that case I stand corrected.
The best Years of Greece 1967-1974❤
Please explain.
Part 2) The 1967 dictatorship.
The events for this dictatorship started much earlier.
During the 1958 elections, only eleven years after the Greek civil war, EDA party that was the legal cover for the illegal Greek Communist Party KKE, became the largest opposition party in parliament with 23%.
In 1963 in Thessaloniki an EDA MP and peace activist was murdered and this caused Constantine Karamanlis, who was PM since 1955 with the right wing ERE party, to leave Greece, and relocate to Paris until 1975.
In the elections that followed, the Center Union Party won and George Papandreou became PM for a second time after 1944.
At the time there were tensions with Turkey over Cyprus and there were also concerns about the radical left views of Andreas Papandreou, son of the Greek PM.
In 1965, there was an ongoing investigation in the Greek Defense Ministry regarding the involvement of Andreas Papandreou with a group of anti-royalist officers called ASPIDA (shield) planning a coup in order to abolish the Greek Monarchy.
At the time, PM George Papandreou went to see the young King Constantine, in order to tell him that he was also take the role of Defense Minister.
The King exercised his constitutional right to confirm the appointment of Ministers, told Papandreou that he did not agree with this move, because it would appear as a cover up of the investigation of his son by the Defense Ministry.
Papandreou answered that is the right of the PM to appoint his ministers and submitted his resignation.
In the ensuing parliamentary votes in order for a new government to be established, a group of the Center Union Party became independent, so Papandreou's party lost the majority in parliament.
The following period was chaotic with none of the PMs that tried to replace Papandreou could ensure a parliamentary support, while Papandreou declared an "Uncompromising Struggle" against the Palace coup as he called it. Eventually, in a chaotic political situation in Greece, ERE managed to form a government that would lead the country in the 1967 elections.
At the same time George Papandreou made a deal with EDA for a joint ballot, in order to regain the government.
The idea of Papandreou bringing the communists in power was totally unacceptable by the Greek military, that started to plan a coup, to stabilize the chaotic political situation and prevent the communists from coming to power.
In the midst of the political chaos, everybody in Greece expected a move by the Army, even Papandreou was mentioning about the danger of a dictatorship in his speeches.
According to a recent Greek book titled: "Who made the April 21st", by historian Manos Hatzidakis (no relation to the famous Greek musician) Col. George Papadopoulos was tasked by the Army chief Gen. Spandidakis to plan the operation for the coup that everybody expected.
The only thing they could not agree on, was when to execute the plan.
Gen. Spandidakis wanted an order by the King, who was the commander of the armed forces.
Papadopoulos opposed the idea of making the King responsible for the establishment of a dictatorship in Greece.
According to Hatzidakis, the Greek PM was asked when to make the coup, but he wasn't sure and eventually proposed to wait for the elections and make the coup only if George Papandreou won.
Papadopoulos was absolutely against such a move, saying that trying to overthrow an election winner right after the election would lead to a bloodbath and civil war.
After these events, Hatzidakis says, Col. Papadopoulos, Brig. Patakos who was commanding the Armor Training Center and Col. Makarezos who was in charge of Intelligence decided to move on their own, before the elections of 1967, on April 21st.
According to Hatzidakis, the day before the coup Papadopoulos requested to postpone the operation for 24 hours in order to get more intelligence but Patakos replied that he was set to make his move on April 21st and he was going ahead with them or without them.
The April 21st coup was practically bloodless, for the size of the operation, with only two civilians killed.
There were two instances of resistance to the coup.
The first involved a squadron of RHAF F--5 fighters from Tanagra AFB, that made low level passes over Athens at 100 ft. (I remember these aircraft flying over my house and as I was on the roof watching them, I fell flat on my back. The planes looked real size as they passed very low overhead).
The second action was by the Minister of Public Safety, who used the Police radio to contact the CO of an armored brigade in Thessaloniki, telling him to bring his Brigade in Athens in order to deal with the coup.
However, the Brigade's CO Gen. Korkas realizing that this meant civil war and because the order was not given by the MOD, contacted the chief of the Army Gen. Spandidakis to confirm the order.
Of course Gen. Spandidakis, who was supportive of the coup, told him that there was no need to bring his brigade in Athens because everything was under control. Recently, few years before his death Brig. Patakos said in an interview, that if they faced any organized resistance during the coup, they were going to claim that they did an exercise and they were ready to return to their barracks. The original plan appeared to be going for elections in 1968 under a more controlled environment, but there was strong opposition to this by hardline lower ranking officers (called the group of captains) so the regime stayed on until 1973. In 1968, Papadopoulos made a referendum for a new constitution replacing the 1952 constitution of Greece and again in 1973 he made a second referendum regarding the abolition of the Monarchy in Greece. After this referendum, Papadopoulos appointed himself President of Greece and turned over power to a political government under a 1955 successful minister of finance during the Karamanlis government, Spyros Markezinis, under the mandate to take the country to elections in February of 1974. The only restriction was going to be that none of the pre1967 politicians would be allowed to run in the elections, since they made a mess of things before. All other military ministers of the 1967 group were withdrawn and the martial law was lifted. The hardliners of the military establishment, under the leadership of Brig. Demetrios Ioannides, who commanded the Military Police, as well as the old political families and the Royalists resented this development, leading to the events of November 1973.
They were strict but he mini skirt was not an issue, except for school students, I think you confuse it with the General Pangalos dictatorship in the 1920s, who was measuring the distance of the skirt from the ground.
CONTINUED…
I wonder what Prince Philip and the queen discussed about his homeland. Were tourists warned to stay away? (By their govts not a crude sign.)
9:74 bro July 1974 is when the Ioannidis Junta fell (shortly after Turkish invasion of Cyprus), not when it risen to power.
I see. Bro.
If the way you replied to me was ironic because I called you bro it’s completely understandable to have such an attitude if you are a teacher.
It wasn’t ironic then I apologise sorry it was my bad but the way I see teachers in my own university they think there are some kind of holy goats are so special if that’s the case sorry bro you’re not.
You have such a valuable channel and that’s why I am following you in the first place so just a little secret if you want to don’t ask for it because it shows you don’t have it, motivate others to provide you with more respect in a different manner .
*If it wasn’t ironic
The colonels cited in Monicelli's "We want the Colonels!" film (basically a green laugh mockery about far right movements aiming to do Fascism episode II) were based on Greek junta.
Thanks for sharing.
9:57 Another mistake: On July 15, 1974, the Greek officers in Cyprus, who led the Cypriot National Guard, executed a coup against President Makarios. Five days later, July 20, Turkey, using the coup as a pretext, invaded Cyprus
So what is the mistake I made exactly?
@@HistoryHustle You said that "on July 20 the military regime of Greece ordered the invasion of Cyprus" while it was Turkey that invaded on July 20
In that case I stand corrected.
When the American empassidor complained about the coup being a rape of democracy the Cia head of operations in Greece replied " how you can rape a whore? “
By the way there are many anecdotes from the period
*For example the head of city police of Athens was had a thing for capes - like the ones of the British uniforms
Earning him the nickname" bertodoulos" literally b*ch for capes 😂 people within the regime was referring to him this way
For example Nikos Mastorakis called him this way in front of tens of thousands of people after he gave the order to break an Rollin stones consert after Mick Jagger had the idea to throw some red roses to the audience - you know" red "roses
*the automatic divorce. When Papadopoulos decided to have a divorce, he made a special law about it
When he got rid of his fist wife the law changed back to the previous status
* act 4000, also known as anti teddy boy law
Although it was heavily related with the junta, as Stefan mentioned ( about long hair and certain clothes being illegal) it was actually passed by the previous Konstantinos karamanlis administration
Yes the one who later restored democracy in Greece
* act 105, also known as " honest statement" basically you make a statement that if the state finds that you are dishonest in your statements they can throw the book on your head, one of the few pieces of legislation from that era still active to this day and a way to combat buricraticy
Probably one of the few things they done the right way
Finally I will recommend if you can't find it with English subtitles the movie " loaf and camouflage" it's a dark military comedy about the first Greek TV station - the armed forces TV and based on the experiences of the director himself who had served in that TV during his military service
And also law / act 4000 it's about the law mentioned above although it predate the junta it gives you a feel about the general atmosphere of the 60s- 70s in Greece
Ps I can't wait about an episode about the Greek coup and the Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Especially after the Cia tapes that are now available to the public
Very interesting to read. Many thanks for sharing this.
Long live Georgios Papadopoulos, long live the Revolution! 21/4/1967 🇬🇷☦
I see.
Currently there is a lot of misinformation about the junta. Still politicians at that time, expected a coup but to be organized by the late king Constantine II. So it wasn't something that was not expected. Still many Greeks believe that is was a good era then since there was order (after the liberation in 1944 until then there was a civil war and also a huge political and social unrests). There was a lot of progress in Greece and many constructions ended when the junta fell. So the junta prepared the creation of the Athens and Thessaloniki Metro, the Athens Airport, etc. Now there is a lot of propaganda against the junta without justification. As for the human rights violations even in the trial there were very few evidence and we need to remember that the same doctrine took place even during democracy before the junta. As for the politechnic uprizing you are mistaken stefan. It started because the students did not wanted to serve more time in the army as conscripts. The issue against the junta became later on. Also a month before the events Papadopoulos has declared elections and there was a government to would led the country in February 1974 into elections.
As for the tank it was discussed with the students the army to break the door of the polytechnic so they student could leave the campus. the army went in order to bring order since the city police caused a lot of tension. As for the killed ones there were 21 dead but the majority were killed around athens even in areas away from the polytechnic according to evidence during the Karamanlis administration post junta times
I spent time in Greece as a boy during this period and was there during the invasion of Cyprus when everyone in Greece thought war was inevitable. I've a lot to say but will contribute only this fact - this video completely ignores the USSR's massive funding to the Greek communists (KKE) and their violent attempts to destabilize whatever government was in power - junta or democracy.
Stefan another great episode of history hustle, You know something is bad when mini skirts are banned, not sure they would like the bars and clubs frequented around the country nowadays 😂
Thanks for your reply!
Papadopoulos and the revolutionaries were not bad they were necessary
My immigrant grandfather who could barely speak Greek held a Junta key chain for 40 years.
He said Greece will never be as great ever again and he also was there the night of the 17th. He said the story is overexaggerated.
Wait! Your immigrant grandfather said this? We have to change the history books like yesterday! Nobody here knew about the testimony of your immigrant junta-loving grandfather. We will praise the junta from now on! My apologies to your immigrant junta-loving grandfather that could barely speak greek but held a fascist key-chain for 40 years. Did he learn how to speak greek eventually?
You forgot to add the 1973 attacks on American servicemen stationed in Greece by the kke
Thanks for sharing. This is an overview video.
Ahhh Kerry you forgot to mention how many times American servicemen ramming people with their cars runned back to their ships where the local authorities couldn't get them
I wonder why people was so angry with them 🤔
You forgot about the attack on the American serviceman that was riding in a military bus they were US army and had nothing to do with the naval personnel
@@kerrydennison7947 explain me why the fellow service men of the murderers of general Sarafis literally smuggled them out of the police station after they got arrested by the local authorities?
When you behave like a d***k
D***sh things will happen to you or your people
17th of November is not a Greek holiday.
I read differently. In case your right I stand corrected.
@@HistoryHustleeftists and government celebrates this day only
Two things:
1. The Turkish invasion of Cyprus was a well organized 1950s plan which was waiting for the right moment. Junta just provided this moment, with some help from the USA. Junta was largely USA's baby. It should be mentioned at this point that Bill Clinton upon his visit to Greece as a president, he apologised for this.
2. A Republic never was and it ll never be a Democracy. A Republic is indeed the exact opposite of a Democracy: it's an Oligarchy. The only thing of the Republic that resembles to a Democracy, is taking place every four years, when people votes for who will be the Oligarchs.
*Don't get me wrong,* I think when it comes to running a whole (modern) country, the Republic is the best political system to do it. It's just that, on one hand in a Republic you need to establish and legislate *like a lot* of safeguards in order to control the oligarchs who run it and in most countrie's which claim to be "Democracies" you wont see such safeguarding of the System on the System, and on the other hand, well, a Republic is literally not a Democracy.
And greece is the birthplace of democracy...
Yes and we are still proud of the Junta
Another example of U.S interference in other countries.
Yes.
No
interesting video, as usual. Greece seems to be a country floundering from one crisis to the next. remember the 2008 crash when Greece was almost wiped out economically. and exposed as a country that spent big but taxed little. a Greek friend of mine often remarked that only "mugs" paid taxes. and when Greek govt floated idea of taxing people's bank accounts , he flew to Athens, withdrew entire family money and brought it back to UK in a sports bag. luckily he was not searched at customs.. now its a country surviving on handouts from EU.. funny how people associate Greece with democracy but overlook that most of Greece, right thru history has not had it. and indeed in ancient times the city states were ruled by men who were called Tyrant officially..
Very ignorant comment the country definitely isn't surviving on EU hand outs on the contrary the last 5 years is being able to pay for the loans AND having positive accounts, money in case let's say a pandemic breaks out
Your friend probably is one of those golden boys that never worked in their life and spend their daddy's money at " city" London
Otherwise you would know that if you are working for a salery in Greece YOU CAN'T EVADE TAXES they make their " cut" before you are even paid YOU NEVER SEE those money in your back account
For example for example you are being paid 780€ but you see 640€
You never hade access to those money in the first place
If you are self employed in Greece and you don't pay TEBE you end up in jail
Before the 08 crisis you could and up in jail for as little as 300€ nowadays is 1500€
The least you can do is do some facts checking before spreading your ignorance
The 2008 crisis hit Greece hard.
It's not what you think. The Communists are in full control. Nobody wants to do business there because slimebag politicians will just steal everything.
Greece is associated with democracy, cause it is the birthplace of democracy, some 2000 years before anyone else even smelled it. Also the ancient Athenian democracy was the one regime closest to real democracy as you can get, with Switcherland being the only current example close to it, where the individual has a say and vote in just about every issue. Most of our current regimes are at best democratic by representation or republics, or in the case of monarchies democracies in name only. And yes the Greek cities had a lot of different variations of regimes cause in their constant request for best governance they wanted to try everything in order to see what was the ideal to govern them. They did not only found democracy, they founded also oligarchy, dictatorship, republic, diarchy, senatoral monarchy or diarchy, tyranny, and countless variations of them, as they were free spirits in search not of what they were told to have, but what they wanted to have. As for the constant crises , given its location it is obvious that there was and will be always turbulance, since it is not in a safe zone, surrounded by friendly neighbors or in an island of no stategic significance, it is literally in the middle of the historical world, being at the border between east west in the past, facism or freedom in two world wars, communism and democracy in the cold war, christianity and the muslim world and so on . When you consider those things you will see that it has no more crises than you expect, and the important thing is that it almost always thrieves, survives and usually comes out stronger after those crises. As for your friend leaving fearful of his bank account being taxed, even though he is a minority not to be proud of , one wonders what you and the majority of people would do , had your government told you that they are going to tax your account, while you are residing in a foreign land....
How convenient to be making easy assumptions from the comfort of your home judging solely from your rich friend's experience! Most Greeks are hard working people, and the majority of them have been making several sacrifices since the 2008 crash, which definitely hit the country so hard. I won't even mention the rise of the number of suicides during this period or anything like that! Meanwhile the basic pay remains less than 800 - 900 euros monthly, while most prices are on "European" levels or even higher (electricity etc).
Quite informative video, well done! But i must say it could be even more detailed especially about Cyprus and why it was such a blow for junta. And you could also talk about American support to both junta and EOKA-B organization which staged the coup. Most of EOKA members always shared similar right wing ideology including enosis with junta regime even while they were fighting against British. It was because most of their leaders were already serving/served in Greek military including Georgios Grivas who actually fought in Anatolia against Turkish revolutionaries and always had a grudge because of their defeat. EOKA also claimed Turkish Cypriots were supporting Brits against them but it wasn't true as Turkish Cypriots rather stayed neutral. So when Cyprus became independent Turkish Cypriots and their ''too much'' constitutional rights became next major problem and there were attempts to change those laws within only few years. As a result all Turkish elected officials resigned from Cpyriot government in 1963 and established their own government. It was seen as a partition by hardliner Greek Cypriots and both sides began targeting each others so Cyprus problem didn't begin in 1974 rather at least a decade before that.
After hundreds of casualties mostly Turkish, it was obvious there wouldn't be a solution like this so Makarios III began adopting moderate policies trying to convince Turkish officials to return to their positions in the government. It was seen as a betrayal by Grivas and his right wing lot so they began fighting against each others as well, they even tried to assassinate Makarios in 1970. With junta regime heavily supporting now called EOKA-B the infighting continued for years with thousands of Turkish and Greek Cypriot casualties. After Grivas died in early 1974 Makarios seized the opportunity and both granted amnesty for EOKA-B members and tried to exile Greek officers so junta regime had no option but act against him despite risk of Turkish intervention. After thousands of casualties, dozens of massacres, attacks against civilians including bomb attacks which were so widely committed EOKA-B was considered as a terrorist organization nobody was believing Turkey was going to intervene so junta regime could decide to stage a coup but they were wrong indeed.
At first days of the invasion international community was fully supporting Turkish peace operation but after both junta regime then EOKA-B regime collapsed, this shifted greatly and even if there were still massacres against Turkish Cypriots happening many western countries began supporting Greek side. This possibilty was actually considered by Turkish regime and in that case northern half of island was planned to be invaded. So only a hour after last conference Turkey launched second invasion and occupied 37% of the island where Turkish Cypriots can finally live peacefully after decades of war. Turkey became a guarantee only to safeguard Turkish Cypriots not Cyprus itself so it could very well re-establish the state of affairs for Turkish Cypriots alone if their suffering could be ignored so easily, in fact none of EOKA-B terrorists faced trials for their crimes against humantiy even if they killed thousands of innocent people including hundreds of Greek Cypriots as well!! Such a ''lovely'' country Cyprus is indeed, Turkey will never ever accept an one sided solution which disregards the safety of Turkish Cypriots entirely. That's why the islands is still divided today and will remain so until finally there is a fair solution like Annan plan which 65% of Turkish Cypriots accepted while Greek side refused claiming an UN plan was somehow ''gifting'' Cyprus to Turkey...
It is well-proven CIA was supporting EOKA-B as well and it makes sense as Makarios III was getting closer to USSR increasingly because of his fight against EOKA-B and accordingly junta regime which was US backed. EOKA-B stages a coup and rules Cyprus, win for US. Or Turkey a NATO ally invades Cyprus, even better win! Ofc CIA documents aren't declassified yet like operation cylone etc as trying to cause a war between two NATO ally nations is a lot worse than arming some terrorists against USSR you know. So it wasn't just between Turks and Greeks rather there were all kind of sides involved, good, bad, ugly, fascist you name it. We Turks are the ugly one, no matter what we do we are always guilty. It doesn't matter we never asked permission from anybody nor we will ever do while you can decide other ones i guess...
Thanks for taking the time to share this additional information.
Not exactly Henry Kissinger was very pro Turkish at the time of the coup
In CIA declassified tapes you can hear him say that he wouldn't mind a Cyprus under Turkish flag if it is what it takes to get rid of the " Red priest"
In a way they wanted the Greek junta to remove Makarios but they didn't wanted them to become to strong
Also according to unit logs from the period we find some strange anecdotes for example " afro" Turkish pilots that couldn't speak Turkish
"UN peace keepers" that was pin pointing minefields and positions for the Turkish artillery to strike
Orders for units to retreat while there was no reason to do so ect
When the ΕΛΔΥΚ Commader reported to General stuff that the Turkish airforce is bombing his units
He got the answer " show restrain the Turkish forces are having exercises" inranged he replied " can't you hear the bullets?"
Not to mention that the American 6th fleet was blocking the way between Crete and Cyprus
As a matter of fact one of the transport planes that took part in operation" νίκη " almost crashed on the conning tower of an aircraft carrier because both had switched off the lights to avoid detection
Ps I understand that there is a lot of anti Americanism in Turkey right now but we can not read history according to our current concerns
History is what it is a visit to the morgue we cannot be emotional with our study subject
The same way a student of medicine cannot be emotionally with the dead body on the table
@@Pavlos_Charalambous Most of your points are just rumours mate and US fleet wasn't there to stop Greece alone rather Turkey as well. Even if Greece could freely reach Cyprus there was nothing could be done as operation only took two days. But there was great danger of confrontation between two NATO allies which could spread rapidly. So US fleet was there to stop it not Greece.
Also lets look who benefited from the incident, Greece and Greek Cypriots greatly suffered. Turkey and Turkish Cypriots greatly suffered as well. In case you have no idea Turkey has been loosing billions of dollars every year to support Northern Cyprus' economy! While only US benefited from the whole incident, in fact American respond was quite weak too which was why Greece suspended NATO operations to protest. So my stance has nothing to do with being biased, im just saying what i believe is true and it wouldn't be a surprise as US was extremely active during that time, staging coups in many countries, supporting cartels, dictators etc you name it...
@@ggoddkkiller1342 you have some points although it is evident that your sources come from one side only which is a form of bias. You need to go a lot back to the past to make some sense of the whole thing. The Cypriot fight starts almost simultaneously with the Greek war of independence. And the only demand was not independent or partitioned Cyprus, it was Enosis. The hostility of the locals and the lack of recognition of the strategic importance of the island was the reason that the Ottomans simply gave the island to the British. They also had very little sympathy for the local muslims as at that time there was only religious and not ethnic partition. The British were originally accepted as a step towards Enosis as only 14 years earlier it was them that handed over the Ionian islands to Greece, and everyone assumed they would the same for Cyprus. And they did numerous times as a bargain chip until the end of WWI when eventually due to a combinatiion of different factors they backed from their promises. That is the next phase for Cyprus where Greek Cypriots become even more hostile, muslim Cypriots take on the Turkish identity since they are afraid that they might have the same fate as muslims in other previously Ottoman lands and the British recognize the strategic importance . The next phase begins after WWII when the locals falsely assume that the British would grant them their wish, since they served for them in the war, and Greece was one of their few allies in Europe. The British fail them again since the world is different now, Greece is now affiliated with the Americans not with them, and the island is the only stronghold they got in the Middle East so they are determined to keep it at all costs. But they realize that they cannot do it alone against the majority of the island, so they bring Turkey in as a party in the negotiations and eventually as a guarantor. At the same time most of their police on the island are Turkish Cypriots almost all of the interrogators and they tolerate openly the turkish cypriot paramilitary groups. The fight of EOKA is the sole reason that the island becomes independent however they did not fight for that. their sole demand was enosis. The ones fighting them were mainly Turkish Cypriots in official British or unofficial attire , the British, some Greek Cypriots working for the British and the communists since they were antienosis and anti Greek as it was only a few years after the Greek civil war and during the cold war. Then came the London Zyrich talks and the independence of the island. EOKA did all the fighting, won the war and the eventual result left everyone happy but them. The British kept their bases as independent territory, the Turkish Cypriots would have been happy with any result as long it was not enosis ( partition, joining Turkey or independent) the communists were happy not to join the anicommunist Greece and NATO, Turkey cause found themselves having a say when they previously did not, Greece was indifferent as at that time was trying to put its pieces together following 10 years of wars and occupation, and the last thing they wanted was to also have to incorporate Cyprus let alone a war with Turkey, and USSR found themselves involved unexpectectedly and somehow kept the island away from NATO. And EOKA was on the losing side along possibly with the Americans that could not believe how the island got away from them. And since the past could not be erased that led to the next circle of violence that was again on both sides. All the Americans wanted at this point was for Cyprus to be in NATO and thus they proposed the Acheson plans that were proenosis. When they realized that Makarios affiliated previously with EOKA was as right wing as Kastro, they subsequently changed optics and were content for the island to stay away from the Soviets and thus Kissinger approved if not conceived the Turkish invasion plan. That was not new, it initiated with Menderes, the first to form it was Nihat Erim who famously said that even if there are no Turks on the island Turkey has interests on it and an invasion was stopped by Lincoln Johnson in 1964. The coup was just the appropriate excuse and the Americans acted on it the same way they did with Sadam Hussein before his invasion to Kuweit. All these are pubic knowledge.It is also public knowledge that it was not an invasion but an embarkment as all opposition was stopped by the greek junta, just a few examples when the observers noticed Turkish troops gathering they were completely ignored, when they told them that the ships were on sight and even when they landed the orders were to ignore them as it was a drill, the same order was given to the 209 submarine patrolling with the ships on target, and the same order was given to the recently acquired Phantoms F5 that were prohibited to strike. The second Attila was even more of a farse as the Turkish troops attacked while all sides were at the negotiating table and giving as an excuse 300 victims while the other side had thousands along with several hundred thousands displaced is inadequate. All in all the story of Cyprus is a typical divide and conquer example and Turkey is far from being the good guy in it , just saw a window of opportunity . Same as they did in Libya, same as it will do in the Balkans given the opportunity. Does not mean that it works well for them at least so far as it is a drain of resources. Does not work very well for Turkish Cypriots as they see other half prospering and being in the EU, and had it not been for the settlers I am sure they would revise their stance. With Cyprus now flirting with the Americans and with Turkey falling in love with Putin there is going to be quite a few chapters left to be written
@@vasilisantonopoulos9326 You claim im biased because i mostly use Turkish sources but then you continue using mostly Greek sources and view the incident from Greek side alone which also makes you biased mate! For example you claim Cyprus was important for Turkey even if there were no Turks but it is just false and Nihat Erim never actually said such a thing! Turkey has Incirlik base which is the largest base in entire middle east and only 150 km away from Cyprus so it had zero strategic value for Turkey, even if i completely agree Cyprus has great strategic value for Brits. Even during Ottoman era the island had zero value and Ottoman tried renting it to British empire for some debt relief and a defensive pact not just once rather three times. Another point which shows Turkey never had any intention to annex parts of Cyprus is the fact Fagamusta which was the most valuable land on the entire island was fenced and prevented from access instead of gifting it to Turkish Cypriots! It shows crystal clear Turkey captured the city only to use as a bargaining chip in the neogitations and expected to give it back but ofc sides could never agree on an agreement therefore Fagamusta remained fenced to this day..
Also Ottoman never actually ceded Cyprus to British empire rather it was illegally annexed when WW1 began. After the wars Turkey inherited everything Ottoman had including it's debt so Turkey could actually demand the island from British empire! And this was the real reason why Brits acted differently against Turkish Cypriots and cooperated with Turkey to please our concerns. Also Brits having closer relations with Turks doesn't make entire Turkish Cypriot community guilty of anything. Right wing Greek Cypriots didn't have any right to fight against Brits for enosis neither. This is the biggest difference between Greek and Turkish views that you somehow consider the island as Greek and claim you had every right for enosis while in reality the last time there was a Greek management of the island it was over TWO THOUSAND YEARS ago. Cyprus wasn't even a Greek island rather an Assyrian island that you colonized it exactly same as Turks! You don't have more rights on Cyprus than Turkish Cypriots especially while Ottoman actually controlled Cyprus longer than Greeks themselves.
On the other hand Greek Cypriots as a majority had every right to seek independence, we know Brits didn't do everything right especially while their colonies suffered greatly. We know what happened when ''holy'' crusader army invaded Cyprus. We know Greece had to fight many wars and sadly got even invaded while people suffered greatly since it's independence. It is you who are forgetting even if we part away badly we lived together over 800 years peacefully, do you sincerely think if Brits ruled you for 800 years you were still speaking Greek?? Nope, you weren't but even if we are Muslims after 800 years you could still completely preserve your language, culture, religion, traditions! And again nope, it isn't because you are such a stubborn nation rather because we never tried to erase those like European colonialism. Turkish Cypriots were never a threat until your right wing ambitions made them so and it is quite natural to expect they feel threatened while a right wing group committing every kind of crimes against even Greek Cypriots. The worst of all NONE of them faced any kind of trials for their crimes! You can't just force Turkey to invade then blame Turkey for everything somehow!! There is hundreds of billions of dollars damage to not Turkey, not Cyprus, not Greece rather to all of us from tourism alone, such as Cyprus was one of the top tourism destionations today. While all three countries could cooperate in many other sectors. And they all are only because ''Cyprus is historically Greek'', just wow!! And your great allies which colonized not a peninsula and small island rather ENTIRE CONTINENTS will help you secure your great historical rights, give us a break will you?? And please wake up, nobody cares about that, nobody cares about even Greece itself that's why everytime there is an incident they are rushing to sell weapons to both sides not just to Greece and often they are offering cheaper prices to Turkey. Like those type 214 submarines that Greece bought 4 for 3 billion euros while same Germany sold 6 to Turkey for 2 billion euros. They are just laughing their asses off and benefiting from us. Turkey needs those weapons anyway as we border quite terrible countries in the east but your money is entirely wasted, Turkey will never ever attack Greece or Cyprus unless you force us to do it...
as a greek the metaxa and papadopoulos dictatorships where 2 of the best goverments greek had
Please explain.
@@HistoryHustle we had the best stabillity the best economies very low jobless people 0 crime people didnt lock thier doors roads electricities water pupms etc all were built in papadopoulos period and i can say more if u like i can back them up by Greek Unpolitical Historian that dont take a side but only search what happens
Hello,my friend @History Hustle. I think that your New Video is very good,but not Great. That's because your sources are actually very thin. I suggest for you to read the books of the Greek Historian Mr. Manolis Xatzidakis about the Regime of 21st April 1967. The Military Regime of 21st April 1967 was strict Yes,but Not all the time. In fact,the Greek people quickly saw the the benefits that the Military regime offered and it was only after the Uprising of Polytecheio in 1973,when General Dimitrios Ioannides toppled Papadopoulos Goverment and became the New Dictator. But,you also make a crucial mistake on your video. You didn't mention at all the fact that Papadopoulos since 10 of October 1973 was the First Greek Republic's President and assered in the New Political Era called "3rd Hellenic Republic!" The Prime Minister was Spyros Markezinis and Papadopoulos was planning to make elections in February 1974. But,ever since the "Uprising" of Polytecheio,which was actually a trick from the Americans and the Communists to overthrow Papadopoulos (plus the "Uprising" didn't have anyone killed) his plans to make Greec a Democratic State again were cancelled. Conclusion,is that your video while it is ok...it doesn't make a Great Job in presenting a hottly debated thing in Greece,while it presents the Military regime as EVIL,when it was in Fact very popular and Ok accepted from the Greeks. In fact,when Karamanlis Returned to Greece in July 1974 he was forced to prison for life the Protagonists of the Military Regime in order not allow Papadopoulos to participate in the Elections with his own Political Party and possibly win the Presidential order. Again,it's a good video but not pergfect. I suggest for you to read the Books of Mr. Manolis Hatzidakis about this Period (1967-1974) in order for you to learn what really happended. If you want any help,i will be glad to help you. Just send me a message. Again Good Job.
Thanks for sharing this.
@@HistoryHustle Manolis Hatzidakis is a pro-Junta apologist, who has a degree in Business Administration and not History
@@VladTevez This is not true. Yes,he has a Decree in Business Administration but he is also a Historian and a Writer. He has a decree in History also.
@@user-ij7sp6op6q In his interview in Kathimerini newspaper on April 23, 2017 (title: Οι κινήσεις «αθώωσης» του δικτάτορα της Επταετίας) he states: "Papadopoulos was a legend. I am his fan"
@@VladTevez Ok,i get that. What is the problem?? Many people in Greece admire Papadopoulos. This is a fact.
May the people that lost their lives during this dark page in our history rest in peace.
Communism was handled appropriately in those days.
Human rights not so much...
@@HistoryHustle True, but communism is never the answer. Name one time in history when communism succeeded. Never. Communism sounds good on paper but every country that has embraced it, failed. It’s even more corrupt than todays US/EU/Canada/Australia sh!t show. Only an armed populace stands any chance against tyranny. That’s why the nwo is having a conniption trying to confiscate our weapons here in the US by trampling on our constitution. BTW, I’m duel citizen. My father fought the Italians in Albania so that Europe could be invaded and conquered by the filth that has been allowed to freely cross our borders in the last two decades. Europe is lost unless by some miracle, all the filthy invaders are forced to go back to their sh!thole countries. Sorry I went off on a tangent.
@@HistoryHustlecommunists aren't humans, and thus, they have no claims to human rights
Part 3) Events at the Athens Polytechnic and the Ioannides coup.
After the lifting of the martial law and the turnover of the government to Markezinis in 1973, there were three events that took place:
The destroyer Velos (Arrow) mutiny, when after a failed coup attempt by the Royal Hellenic Navy, the ships officers and some of the crew requested political asylum in Italy were they escaped with the ship.
Also there was a big takeover of the Athens University Law School by students, but this was contained.
Finally, there was the Athens Polytechnic takeover on November 14 to 17, 1973.
This stared as a student protest with requests for the removal of the state commissioners (military officers) from the universities and student elections.
At the first couple days Papadopoulos (President of Greece by then) refused the Police requests to throw tear gas from helicopters inside the Polytechnic.
He said that since they were going to turn over power to the politicians, protests were part of the democratic process and in addition, he did not want any tear gas canisters to possibly hit students in the head, injuring them.
However after the second day other non-student groups such as Royalists and Communists entered the polytechnic and the demonstrations turned highly political, with the Police declaring unable to contain the situation.
At this point, it was decided to call in the Army in order to establish order.
Despite claims by the Left for hundreds of dead, only 23 dead have been confirmed by the late '70s, none of them inside the Polytechnic and most of them (but not all) were hit by stray bullets in the surrounding area.
It appears that because the Army and most of the Police forces were shooting in the air, the bullets were falling back down and this created the impression of snipers shooting from the roofs.
To this day who was really behind these events is not quite clear.
The end result was that Brig. Ioannides with his military police, his own people in charge of the Armor Training Center and the Greek Special Forces, overthrew the Markezinis government and Papadopoulos, placing all the 1967 protagonists under house arrest.
The Government was given to a Greek American lawyer from Chicago, who became a puppet PM, while General Faedon Gizikis was named president of Greece.
Ioannides was running things from the background, until July 23rd, 1974.
He was held responsible for the bloody coup in Cyprus against the Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III, on July 15, leading to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus on July 20, 1974.
The exact events of this period, called "The Cyprus File" are still classified in Greece and Cyprus, although bits and pieces come out occasionally.
I hope I gave you some more insight about the events of this period, since you honored us by making a video about this part of our history.
END
The most credible research "Polytechnic School '73", Kalivretakis 2003 of the National Research Foundation mentions 24 identified and 16 unidentified dead,1103 injured civilians and 61 injured police forces.
The "stray bullets" cause of the deaths is very convenient when the records show that during the 56 hours of the events the police used about 24,000 rounds, the Ministry of Public Order guard fired 2,192 rounds and the soldiers 300,000 rounds.
Because stating that Papadopoulos was afraid of randomly injuring some students and didn't allow throwing tear gases is farcical to say the least.
@@manos7958 Usually credible history is written at least after 50 years from the actual events, so that all information becomes available and passions subside.
The numbers of "casualties" registered involves all deaths and injuries during those days.
My own mother as she was leaving her work in Athens, during these events, slipped on the sidewalk and broke her knee cap.
She was taken to a hospital and was registered as an injury during the Polytechnic events.
Needless to say this was a family joke that we had a registered "Polytechnic" casualty.
The position that Papadopoulos did not want to intervene at first is well documented in the records of the meetings that took place at the time.
You present the number of bullets fired these days.
If you have any idea of the power of these rounds, specially the military ones, you can understand that if they were fired directly against the demonstrators, there were not going to be any of them left standing.
The issue is that if you fire 330 000 rounds in the air, these are going to come down with about the same velocity they left the gun barrel.
With other words it was raining bullets all over the greater area and it was bound to have people unintentionally hit.
Of course there were some few instances of people being shot directly by the police, but most casualties were by stray bullets.
As far as the "unidentified" dead, nobody came forward to claim lost relatives even since the Karamanlis government in the late 70s offered pensions to the people who had relatives killed.
As far as I am concerned the most reliable document about these events is the Tsevas report, that was used as states evidence in the trials that followed.
Most of the greeks actually liked the Dicactor ship by metaxas
Most?
u need to do a dipper search for that sensibly to date historical events before creating historical video content
Please explain.
@@HistoryHustle ua-cam.com/video/qRkZ4QwHVEI/v-deo.html
ua-cam.com/video/1BQkSo5lSHo/v-deo.html
ua-cam.com/video/BId-8DsWQpY/v-deo.html
έχει πηγές και βιβλιογραφίες από επίσημα έγγραφα. Μπορείς ο ίδιος να κάνεις ποιο σχολαστικές έρευνες
Golden Age for Greece. Dont let propaganda (greek school system) affect your judgement. Legendary Papadopoulos. In 1-2 month we have international elections. It will be interesting to see the results. Very nice video once again brother!
Do you love torture, censorship and external disasters? 🤦
@@carlospargamendez4784 of course not. I just say the facts . I myself am not a right wing supporter or anything , I would say neutral. Either way truth has to be shared and told
@@carlospargamendez4784 We greeks know our past and how communists ruined the country during the civil war, so yes, I support the censorship of communism
@@JokerX350 😂😂😂😂🤦🤦🤦🤦🤦
@@JokerX350 congratulations for the total disaster.
Everything you write is very little. Common people in the road they say:where are you Giorgi Papadopoule?!ΖΗΤΩ Η ΕΠΑΝΆΣΤΑΣΗ ΤΗΣ 21ης ΑΠΡΙΛΊΟΥ 1967.
ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ, ΠΑΤΤΑΚΟΣ,ΜΑΚΑΡΕΖΟΣ,ΛΑΔΆΣ κ.α ΗΡΩΕΣ,ΑΘΑΝΑΤΟΙ!!!
Please explain.
The revolution of 21 April 1967,saved Greece from communism. Saved Greece from corruption of the old political system, unfortunately due to Ioannidis in 24july 1974 they returned and made country ruins rise debth to 400billion euros.the heroes officers of 21 April, they had fought against Italians,germans,communists for 10years saved the country from the king who was working he and his dynasty for England and USA, not for Greece.in common people like the farmers,workers,traders they gave 6 GOLDEN YEARS of economic miracle. Even today common people remember these years and want to live again G.Papadopoulos years.A lot of lies you will hear from people who made careers and money, after 1974 for the cruel regin for torturing and other fairy tales. Papadopoulos gave freedom to all political prisoner in 1973 even to Panagoulis who tried to murder him!for Greeks I recommend to read the books of the top historical of this period M.N.Chatzidakis. unfortunately Steven not yet in English. Pelasgos publications you can contact mr.Giannis Gianakenas to give you M.N.Chadidakis elements to learn TRUTH.
ΖΗΤΩ Η ΕΠΑΝΆΣΤΑΣΗ ΤΗΣ 21ΗΣ ΑΠΡΙΛΊΟΥ 1967
ΖΗΤΩ Η ΑΙΩΝΊΑ ΕΛΛΆΣ!
Coincidence Greece did better under a strong leader that led from the front. Metaxas regime and the junta Greece was making its leaps forward until the beginning of the end, Papandreou PASOK sold Greece and her people it was a slow decline to the shambles of the 00s
Please explain.
21 April is revolution. You don't know Hellenic history
Please explain.
@@HistoryHustle The left would not accept the result of the election. Andreas Papandreou, the newspapers wrote, that if his father's party does not succeed, then he will make a "revolution". He will swear a government in the square of the Constitution without the supreme lord as the Constitution provides. Some military did not accept this (you can see testimonies of the same why they did not accept it) and so there was a planned operation to overthrow it, catching the Americans and the king by surprise, which they intended at the end of this whole situation could be assume duties. So at first they implemented a "democracy"-created Prometheus plan to arrest suspected communists. For the record, exiles on islands in 1967 were 8k, in 1968 3k, 1970 700, 1971 44. And that was because you could sign a paper declaring repentance for communism. And certainly there was no order for torture. There were some isolated incidents. George Papadopoulos in his speech had stated that the Greek people can believe in any system they want except communism. It is also good to mention the many projects that were done during SIX YEARS. It is important to mention that on 1/1/72 martial law is lifted, except for the regions of Attica, Piraeus and Thessaloniki. He had made a plan by 1981 where the debt would be literally zero. The Polytechnic was built on the orders of the Americans, the communist party also said so, because Papadopoulos, as the elected president of the Republic after the elections, did not allow a secret conference with the prime minister to ban the Americans for the Gulf War, he turned to the Soviet Union and sold to drachma and not in dollars. There were also no deaths at the Polytechnic. After the Polytechnic, the traitor Ioannidis was found who, guided by America and his own soldiers, put Papadopoulos under house arrest. So the first operation of Cyprus was done with Ioannidis without of course there being a Greek division for resistance because the king himself had withdrawn it from Cyprus before 1967. But Ioannidis ordered to go a state-of-the-art type 209 submarine bought by Papadopoulos (4 in total + 4 after 1975). But suddenly CIA spy Karamanlis (there is evidence) takes over by returning the submarine back to Greece. Turkey's second operation breaks out with Karamanlis declaring "Cyprus is far away" and thus the post-colonialism came. Today, millions of Greeks are whispering, where are you papadopoule?
There are also many details, but it is good to look for testimonies not only of communists but also of those who have a different point of view and not to agree with the paid sites of the criminal organization called post-colonization.
The Greeks are an unruly people. If you want to harm them, you must strike them in their traditions, their customs, their culture and their history. 😉
@@HistoryHustle The left would not accept the result of the election. Andreas Papandreou, the newspapers wrote, that if his father's party does not succeed, then he will make a "revolution". He will swear a government in the square of the Constitution without the supreme lord as the Constitution provides. Some military did not accept this (you can see testimonies of the same why they did not accept it) and so there was a planned operation to overthrow it, catching the Americans and the king by surprise, which they intended at the end of this whole situation could be assume duties. So at first they implemented a "democracy"-created Prometheus plan to arrest suspected communists. For the record, exiles on islands in 1967 were 8k, in 1968 3k, 1970 700, 1971 44. And that was because you could sign a paper declaring repentance for communism. And certainly there was no order for torture. There were some isolated incidents. George Papadopoulos in his speech had stated that the Greek people can believe in any system they want except communism. It is also good to mention the many projects that were done during SIX YEARS. It is important to mention that on 1/1/72 martial law is lifted, except for the regions of Attica, Piraeus and Thessaloniki. He had made a plan by 1981 where the debt would be literally zero. The Polytechnic was built on the orders of the Americans, the communist party also said so, because Papadopoulos, as the elected president of the Republic after the elections, did not allow a secret conference with the prime minister to ban the Americans for the Gulf War, he turned to the Soviet Union and sold to drachma and not in dollars. There were also no deaths at the Polytechnic. After the Polytechnic, the traitor Ioannidis was found who, guided by America and his own soldiers, put Papadopoulos under house arrest. So the first operation of Cyprus was done with Ioannidis without of course there being a Greek division for resistance because the king himself had withdrawn it from Cyprus before 1967. But Ioannidis ordered to go a state-of-the-art type 209 submarine bought by Papadopoulos (4 in total + 4 after 1975). But suddenly CIA spy Karamanlis (there is evidence) takes over by returning the submarine back to Greece. Turkey's second operation breaks out with Karamanlis declaring "Cyprus is far away" and thus the post-colonialism came. Today, millions of Greeks are whispering, where are you papadopoule?
There are also many details, but it is good to look for testimonies not only of communists but also of those who have a different point of view and not to agree with the paid sites of the criminal organization called post-colonization.
The Greeks are an unruly people. If you want to harm them, you must strike them in their traditions, their customs, their culture and their history. 😉
@@HistoryHustleThe left would not accept the result of the election. Andreas Papandreou, the newspapers wrote, that if his father's party does not succeed, then he will make a "revolution". He will swear a government in the square of the Constitution without the supreme lord as the Constitution provides. Some military did not accept this (you can see testimonies of the same why they did not accept it) and so there was a planned operation to overthrow it, catching the Americans and the king by surprise, which they intended at the end of this whole situation could be assume duties. So at first they implemented a "democracy"-created Prometheus plan to arrest suspected communists. For the record, exiles on islands in 1967 were 8k, in 1968 3k, 1970 700, 1971 44. And that was because you could sign a paper declaring repentance for communism. And certainly there was no order for torture. There were some isolated incidents. George Papadopoulos in his speech had stated that the Greek people can believe in any system they want except communism. It is also good to mention the many projects that were done during SIX YEARS. It is important to mention that on 1/1/72 martial law is lifted, except for the regions of Attica, Piraeus and Thessaloniki. He had made a plan by 1981 where the debt would be literally zero. The Polytechnic was built on the orders of the Americans, the communist party also said so, because Papadopoulos, as the elected president of the Republic after the elections, did not allow a secret conference with the prime minister to ban the Americans for the Gulf War, he turned to the Soviet Union and sold to drachma and not in dollars. There were also no deaths at the Polytechnic. After the Polytechnic, the traitor Ioannidis was found who, guided by America and his own soldiers, put Papadopoulos under house arrest. So the first operation of Cyprus was done with Ioannidis without of course there being a Greek division for resistance because the king himself had withdrawn it from Cyprus before 1967. But Ioannidis ordered to go a state-of-the-art type 209 submarine bought by Papadopoulos (4 in total + 4 after 1975). But suddenly CIA spy Karamanlis (there is evidence) takes over by returning the submarine back to Greece. Turkey's second operation breaks out with Karamanlis declaring "Cyprus is far away" and thus the post-colonialism came. Today, millions of Greeks are whispering, where are you papadopoule?
There are also many details, but it is good to look for testimonies not only of communists but also of those who have a different point of view and not to agree with the paid sites of the criminal organization called post-colonization.
The Greeks are an unruly people. If you want to harm them, you must strike them in their traditions, their customs, their culture and their history. 😉
The left would not accept the result of the election. Andreas Papandreou, the newspapers wrote, that if his father's party does not succeed, then he will make a "revolution". He will swear a government in the square of the Constitution without the supreme lord as the Constitution provides. Some military did not accept this (you can see testimonies of the same why they did not accept it) and so there was a planned operation to overthrow it, catching the Americans and the king by surprise, which they intended at the end of this whole situation could be assume duties. So at first they implemented a "democracy"-created Prometheus plan to arrest suspected communists. For the record, exiles on islands in 1967 were 8k, in 1968 3k, 1970 700, 1971 44. And that was because you could sign a paper declaring repentance for communism. And certainly there was no order for torture. There were some isolated incidents. George Papadopoulos in his speech had stated that the Greek people can believe in any system they want except communism. It is also good to mention the many projects that were done during SIX YEARS. It is important to mention that on 1/1/72 martial law is lifted, except for the regions of Attica, Piraeus and Thessaloniki. He had made a plan by 1981 where the debt would be literally zero. The Polytechnic was built on the orders of the Americans, the communist party also said so, because Papadopoulos, as the elected president of the Republic after the elections, did not allow a secret conference with the prime minister to ban the Americans for the Gulf War, he turned to the Soviet Union and sold to drachma and not in dollars. There were also no deaths at the Polytechnic. After the Polytechnic, the traitor Ioannidis was found who, guided by America and his own soldiers, put Papadopoulos under house arrest. So the first operation of Cyprus was done with Ioannidis without of course there being a Greek division for resistance because the king himself had withdrawn it from Cyprus before 1967. But Ioannidis ordered to go a state-of-the-art type 209 submarine bought by Papadopoulos (4 in total + 4 after 1975). But suddenly CIA spy Karamanlis (there is evidence) takes over by returning the submarine back to Greece. Turkey's second operation breaks out with Karamanlis declaring "Cyprus is far away" and thus the post-colonialism came. Today, millions of Greeks are whispering, where are you papadopoule?
There are also many details, but it is good to look for testimonies not only of communists but also of those who have a different point of view and not to agree with the paid sites of the criminal organization called post-colonization.
The Greeks are an unruly people. If you want to harm them, you must strike them in their traditions, their customs, their culture and their history. 😉
Result: Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus🙃
Yes.
When Turkey steam rolls over those islands, which they will, are you going to blame that on the Junta as well?
Remember when that happens that some random guy on the internet told you that is exactly what's going to take place and soon.
The Junta didn't cause the fall of 2/5ths of Cypress. Turkey was and still is more strategically important than Greece because of the Bosporus.
Back then, it was not a unilateral move by Turkey. Now, Turkey will make moves on their own and the Commies in charge of Greece aren't going to budge. They're all paid off and won't do anything.
all three cornels are not right wing but all three are more of a socialist gov you don’t call a dictatorship A right wing that’s misleading
a dictatorship can be left or right
Growing up in Australia, home to the world’s ‘ second largest Greek metropolis ‘, Melbourne,..your superb video reminds me of the ethnic Macedonians and their descendants I knew, families who’d fled the initial post-war Hellenic-obsessed, mono-ethnic persecutions that swept northern Greece upon the right-wing ‘ victory ‘ in the 1940s,…not to mention another wave of leftist migrants sparked by the ‘67 coup. The colonels catastrophic reign ( including their animosity toward the conciliatory Archbishop Makarios of Cyprus ) marked another heartbreaking point along Greece’s 20th century of torment. One only has to ponder the Nazis’ near-genocidal plunging of the already impoverished land into a state of near-destruction.
It was a revolution not a dictatorship...these people were real patriots..!!! 👍 They builded Greece from the start.! Long live the generals!
I see.
It is interesting how we hear so much more about rightwing rather than leftwing dictatorships when we read or hear about European history. It shows that leftwing historians control or dominate the "narrative" of post-war European history, exculpating socialist dictators or simply passing over them in silence (the preferred technique). This includes the cinema: many people know about the film Z made by Costa-Gavras in 1969 showing the murderous tyranny of the Greek strategoi . Does anyone know of a film called Confession made by the same filmmaker? Given that there were socialist tyrants flourishing at almost the same time Costa-Gavras then made a film about life in socialist Czecho-Slovakia. It would be interesting to hear whether anyone has seen this film
The Greek military junta did not invade Cyprus; instead, they orchestrated a coup in collaboration with a Greek Cypriot paramilitary group to overthrow the Greek Cypriot president (potentially with the approval of the US), who was increasingly aligning with the USSR. This coup provided a pretext for Turkey to invade and subsequently partition Cyprus. Prior to the coup and during the Turkish invasion, Greece had a modest presence on the island, numbering between 900 and 1100 troops. Most of them operated under the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, permitting Greece to maintain a limited military force. Notably, this group refrained from participating in the coup against the Greek Cypriot president. The Turkish invasion saw the landing of 50,000 troops.
Thanks for sharing.
extremely inaccurate video. It presents the mainstream liberal/communist explanation of the events. If you ask the Greeks the majority have only the best to say about the national government of the kernels. Whoever is interested in the truth must begin by listening to both sides and then make their choice.
Care to explain?
@@HistoryHustle WW2: Greece fights with the allies. It is the first country to defeat an axis power by driving the Italian invasion back into Albania and liberating the semi autonomous region of Greek Northern Ipirus in South Albania. Greek cypriots were promised self determination ie. unification with Greece if they volunteered to fight with the allies. 15,000 cypriots volunteered and fought in europe. End of war, Britain along with Soviets divide the territories under "areas of influence". A subtle way to say change of conquerer (string pullers). For the British to consolidate their hold on the Greeks the british instigated the "civil war" or as it was known at the time of its occurance "gang war" where minority communist gangs funded and armed by the british, murdered any Greeks of prominant positions from the pre war sectors of military, church, education and political system. Ie any potential for grassroots authentic patriotic greek leadership was beheaded. The british who also controlled the new post war Greek army played both opponents against each other. Greece was ravaged. Rural villages and towns utterly destroyed. The death and damage of WW2 was nothing compared to that of the "civil war". All the while with the "civil war" as an excuse the british denied self determination to Cyprus and Ipirus. Greek puppet politicians were installed in government and executed the agenda given to them by their overlords. From 1950 to 1967 Greece saw massive migration with millions of youth leaving. Those remaining steadily moved to the new and underconstruction overbuilturban centers because no incentives were given to rural areas. Come 1967 Greeks were thirsting for something to change. The King was under the finger of Americans, the generals were under the finger of the king. The politicians were serving their foreign masters, so a group of kernels managed to slip away from the eye of the state and in the most perfectly executed revolution they took power without spilling a drop of blood. Tanks were rolling in Athens in front of cofee shops were people were watching drinking cofee. Political prisoners that were capable of violence were taken prisoner. All but 200 or so were freed, most within the first year, the rest after 2, and only fewer abit longer. The government of the kernels built all the ashphalt roads and electricity and water to every single town and village in Greece. They built all the sea ports all over the coasts and on the islands, they built the airports, the electricity factories, industry. Government buildings, hospitals, infrastructure. Literally everything. What they managed to do in 6.5 years is still in use to this day. If you ask any Greek that lived at that time, not the younger Greeks brainwashed by 40 years of communist/liberal propaganda, they will only say the best things about the kernels.All you need to do is go to the Greek villages and ask the old people. Everything else you will hear about atrocities, dictatorship, killings, and all the negative stuff you mentioned is lies and propaganda. The government of the kernels even set a date for elections Feb. of 1974 in order to move to a democratic system and the leader of the kernels was to take part in the elections. CIA/Mossad masterminded the overthrow of the kernels only 3 months earlier Nov 17 1974. Once again communists were used to do the dirty work. The same political puppets that were used post WW2 and were betraying and destroying Greece bit by bit were brought back and have controlled Greece to this day with the destructive results we see. Everybody that lives in Greece and actually cares knows Greece is just a "colony" and sold off puppet state. There is not democracy. 60% non vote at elections. People have given up on voting and that's those that are left in an aging dying country. The traitorous government is importing "new voters". Had it not been for the 6.5 year rule of the kernels Greece would have been where it is today already 30 years back.. One of the kernels betrayed his group.. there is always a traitor to be found. George Papadopoulos the leader of the kernels was imprisoned for life after he refused the offer to be exiled from Greece. He was offered freedom from prison if he confessed he done wrong. He prefered prison. He died in prison 1998. His wife was given support from the people because she was literally in poverty. The kernels did not take a cent from public money for themselves. Greek economy boomed. You can look all this up. Greece had almost zero debt when the kernels were toppled. Sorry for been brief.
I always find it funny that the guys who invented democracy are sooo bad at it in the last 100 years. Even today Mitsotakis acts kind of like a dictator. It's also one of the few European states who just doesn't recognize ethnic minorities, something the EU cares about but they still let Greece get away with it. Still, they were pretty lucky overall. Unlike Eastern Europe, the West actually protected it from communism, they cared enough not to let it fall into the Soviet Union's arms.
Is one thing not recognizing minorities and an other not keeping detailed records
You have to remember detailed records was what allowed the nazis to wipe out so many minorities and especially the Jewish people
During the German occupation the only Jewish people in Greece that escaped was the ones coming from regions that they didn't kept records
After the 70s that became an important part of political theory in Greece the state doesn't has to know everything
They only need to care about what is the bare minimum
Arvanite, vlachs and Muslims of Greece are all sharing the same set of rights protection and obligations
* I used the term Muslims because the Muslim community is divided to feather smaller sub groups, like Turkish, pomac, Greek Muslims, immigrants ect
* you have to remember that Greece is heavily urbanized even rural centers are basically small urban centers, that means that people from all over the place are mixed leading to adopt a more generic identity
* one of the reasons why Mitsotakis is getting so much backlash is because he wants to know to much
Breaking the unwritten rule I mentioned above
My grandparents went to germany for work because greece had big unemployed, but left their children here with their old parents until they stabilize there. When they came back for their children junda was ruling greece now and there were jobs for everyone. Unemployment was at 0%. So they found easily job and stayed in greece.
Junda is Spanish word, fool😁
That is your first mistake.. No need to proceed!! Edit: Junta!
What an ignorant reply. It was commonly known as such. Despite being it a Spanish word.
@@HistoryHustle What a brain storm! It was a "military regime" , not a Junta!!! I know my language better than most of the people, thanks.
not only a dark chapter, but a black hole... many political people rose in the political scene, suddenly everyone was at the polytecnic event and as a result the phrase "i also was at the polytecnhic" became a joke..personally i have met 2 of the original members that organised the whole thing and have told me many details. the 7 yrs of junta was one of the worst chapter of modern history. many say that "ye we had money at that time, we were safe, we could sleep with open windows" etc but they forget the imprisonments of those they didn't like (everyone with a left idea in their head) the exiles in the greek islands wasn't invented at that time.. was an idea of many previous goverments even before WW2. the island of Makronisos, across of Sounio, is an monument island for the greek communists.
ΖΗΤΩ Η ΕΠΑΝΑΣΤΑΣΗ ΤΗΣ 21ΗΣ ΑΠΡΙΛΙΟΥ