Archaeological Changes in Hunting Before and After the Younger Dryas Onset.
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- Опубліковано 15 жов 2024
- This summer, Christopher Moore and colleagues published a study of blood residue analysis on stone tools that provides information on what animals Paleoindigenous hunters targeted. Their dataset included 120 artifacts including Clovis, Cumberland, Simpson, Redstone, and Beaver Lake types. An as-of-yet undated Haw Creek biface tested positive for Proboscidean proteins, suggesting it is contemporaneous with or possibly older than Clovis.
Interview with Chris Moore on the Younger Dryas Onset: • The Younger Dryas Impa...
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Here's the article: www.nature.com...
Abstract:
Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection between Paleoamericans and extinct megafauna species. The lack of physical evidence for the presence of extinct megafauna begs the question, did early Paleoamericans regularly hunt or scavenge these animals, or were some megafauna already extinct? In this study of 120 Paleoamerican stone tools from across North and South Carolina, we investigate this question using crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). We find immunological support for the exploitation of extant and extinct megafauna, including Proboscidea, Equidae, and Bovidae (possibly Bison antiquus), on Clovis points and scrapers, as well as possible early Paleoamerican Haw River points. Post-Clovis points tested positive for Equidae and Bovidae but not Proboscidea. Microwear results are consistent with projectile usage, butchery, fresh- and dry hide scraping, the use of ochre-coated dry hides for hafting, and dry hide sheath wear. This study represents the first direct evidence of the exploitation of extinct megafauna by Clovis and other Paleoamerican cultures in the Carolinas and more broadly, across the eastern United States, where there is generally poor to non-existent faunal preservation.
Future CIEP analysis of stone tools may provide evidence on the timing and demography of megafaunal collapse leading to eventual extinction.
In Jan 2022, I split 1&1/2 inch diameter stick in half, smoothed both halves flat on the sidewalk, and pitch glued four buttons of wood to one end, two on each side. You can then flute a Clovis point with easily with a percussion antler billet by putting it between the two halves and wrapping tightly with cordage. The base is held clear of the wood by the wood buttons on either side of the platform. It makes long delicate points with a high success rate (80-90%), fluted on both sides. Tell everybody, I'm trying to spread the word. Great channel! I enjoy the stuff you present. I accidentally discovered overshot flaking one day in 2001 by accident, when the limestone hammerstones that were available were different than the sandstone I was accustomed to. In order to thin the bifaces, the angle of work had to be adjusted, and long overshot flakes were the result. It took reading Bradley and Stanford's work with outrepasse' before I learned to control the technique.
Great topic. When you read off the results, I heard myself repeatedly saying, in an awe-filled voice, "No shit. No shit. No shit." Amazing, beautiful results. And that *is* "No shit." 276.
Blood protein residue is telling so many stories these days. It's not only interesting what animals certain points came in contact with, but the dating of certain megafauna on the landscape is just as interesting, imho.
I love this channel, it just keeps getting better and better for great knowledge.
Thank you for this video.
Always look forward to your vids brother👍🇺🇸
❤ always appreciate a summary of interesting papers. I do try to read them for myself on occasion but without the proper background education … it literally makes my head spin.
That info on determining the function of stone tools based on the polish is fascinating.
Thing is that method is old AF. Kimball did his PhD on it back in the 80s based on some earlier soviet research from the late 70s.
Good stuff, thanks.
Thank you for the sharing
Excellent video lesson: informative, precise, with a clear structure and content. I only wish you had made it longer, with other collateral information about your own personal experience, and how this technology may influence your future work.
I've only worked on one later paleo site so this has basically nothing to do with my work.
Very interesting and I enjoyed the presentation greatly. I-85 runs roughly north-south through North Carolina from VIrginia to South Carolina. It roughly follows the path of an ancient buffalo path that was adopted by the Native Americans and became "The Great Trading Path" between the Occoneechi in Virginia and the Cherokee in southwestern North Carolina. Some segments of the original path remain and one passes by our family farm. The creek on the back edge of our farm is called "Stinking Quarter Creek" (runs into Haw River) because colonial trappers and traders found the decaying hind quarter of a buffalo in the ford of the creek in the mid-1700s. So buffalo were still wandering the Carolinas in colonial times. Our farm was a campground (probably Kewauwee tribe) and we found many artifacts after plowing the fields. Our farm was once excavated by a group of students from UNC-G.
I recently found a late paleo period greenbrier dalton that I believe exhibits overshot flaking on it. I know the greenbrier is very closely associated with the Clovis culture/ Cumberland. Last year I also found a Clovis base to
mid section that’s outstanding. I’m fortunate to have multiple very old transitional paleo sites to hunt. I’d love also to hear your opinions on some of the pieces tho I know academics and amateur anthropologists don’t get along usually. Either way awesome video and I can’t wait for the next one on overshot flaking. Take care brother and have a great night.
I happened to watch Dr. Moore's lecture a few years ago posted by N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources and the research into animal proteins on lithics is fascinating! It's like a snapshot of these animals going extinct, whatever the ultimate cause. It also frees us from endless speculation as to what animals were being butchered and consumed with the tools.
Exciting information.
Grew up around the mound builder site north of Cincinnati, aka "Fort Ancient". This plus finding different types of stone knives, points, and tools in local fields and even the woods behind our yard. I've always had a strong interest in ancient people(s) and the early stages of tool technology they were able to develop. Seeing and learning about processes professionals and academics can now use to gain greater insight is truly amazing. Thank you for your content and fact & evidence-based information!
Thank You so much.
Thanks for the incisive news that fleshes out the period!
Glad to hear about the region! Greetings from North Carolina in the Haw River basin.
👌🐔📸 Great episode! The human history of North America goes back much further than many acknowledge 👌🐔📸
Excellent how you explain the complex science of DNA on ancient points in term us backwoods folks can understand.
I can’t thank you enough for your channel… Thank YOU ! So cool…
First time viewer and I got to say, really fascinating on many levels and I enjoyed the way you put it all together for the video. I'm stingy about subscribing to keep my feed narrowed but you earned a sub. I look forward to future videos and browsing your past ones. Well done. 👍
Thanks for another informative video . I have learned so much from you . I am sure that as technology progresses , this fascinating information will improve . Thanks again ,,,,,,
Love the content my guy
Maybe this comes from all the teaching you do, but your audio and video is startlingly clear. As is the story line and clear logic. To this archaeo-noob what these points reveal greatly extends the story of the past. All those locks and a sensor on the door behind you -- you in the archeao bunker or just on the wrong side of the tracks?
Just my hotel room. I'm out doing field work.
@@NathanaelFosaaen can I get a T-shirt with Bison Antiquus on it? Where's the Merch?
@@williamsmith5527 I would So buy merch!!
@@NathanaelFosaaen You paid an extra 25 bucks per night for the Plasma Dragon-proof room?
Sorry, gonna be a while before I can let that one go.....
What an interesting fact to discover Haw River points are contemperaneous with Clovis points. Clovis as reported, span 800 years, or there about. An addition stone culture within this Clovis period begs other questions as do points found in the NW USA that have been reported to predate Clovis.
We have to wonder just who was walking around North America on this incredibly large land mass during the Ice Age melt and the turmoil associated.
"have to wonder" - why? They were my wife's distant ancestors. Her haplogroup traces directly back to the first Americans. It was a tiny population wandering a huge continent.
As for Clovis, it's very clear now that humans were in North America 8 to 10,000 years before Clovis.
@@scottmccrea1873 The continent of North America is so vast that it is awesome to think people could cross the many obstacles to reach the East Coast of the USA.
Archaeologists have excavated a site called Triquet Island west of what was once called the Queen Charlotte Islands (now renamed Haida Gwai for the indigenous culture) on the West Coast of the Province of British Columbia, Canada. The shell mídens left eons ago predate the Ice Age. Stone artifacts made from Obsidian that comes from Washigton State are found there. So, travel had to have required trips there and back by some kind of water craft. Going to Washington State, travellers benefit by the clockwise North Pacific sea current, but returning to Triquet Island, the trip is against the current. (The sea current was the reason why the West Coast of North American was not explored until the late 1700’s by the British sea CaptainJames Cooke who travelled to Hawaii first then travelled north before following the coastline south to chart the coast of Alaska and the West Coast of Canada. So, how did the indigenous fight the strong ocean current to return from Washington State to Triquet Island? The people must have been capable seafarers.
Further ancient sites on the West Coast of British Columbia,Canada include A Heiltsuk village site on B.C.'s mid-coast is three times as old as the Great Pyramid at Giza and among the oldest human settlements in North America, according to researchers at the Hakai Institute.Mar 28, 2017.
Having said this, the Sea Kelp Highway seems the most plausible pathway of travellers from Asia and the land bridge Beringia into North America. And the Columbia River in Oregon, being the first major river south of the Continental Ice Sheet, the logical landing site on the continent. And guess what? This is where archaeologists have found stone tools that date back more than 18,000 years, meaning what is now Harney County has among the oldest evidence of human civilization in North America.
So, pause for a moment. Imagine your on the West Coast around the State of Oregon. whether it be 18,000 years ago or 25,000 years ago. What physical barriers lie between you and the East Atlantic Coast? It is a formidable landscape of mountain ranges and rivers. There is Mega Fauna to hunt everywhere. Migratory movement of big game could encourage movement of people across the continent or perhaps volcanic activity of which there is plenty of such evidence on the West Coast of North America. So off people go hunting. There cannot likely be a swarming mass of them yet Clovis Points are found in The town called Clovis, New Mexico where the 1st Clovis Points were found. Off they travel and get to the Gault archaeological site in Texas. Still a long ways to the East Atlantic Coastline where a majority of Clovis archaeological sites are located. ……. So pause a moment and wonder. Not a lot of people. 800 years is the estimated length of time for the Clovis Culture or any culture. The Clovis points are found literally all over North America from the Baja Península in California, to northern Alberta, Canada, to Texas and to the Atlantic Coast. These are far flung locations postulated to have been reached and inhabited within 800 years leaving enough stone tool evidence for archaeologists to find. Yes “a person has to wonder indeed!”
I think that protein analysis is going to show a lot more points being older than originally thought. At least contemporaneous with Clovis, which I think is less of an actual culture than a specialized projectile.
This is fascinating information. I had absolutely no idea there was any such thing as a Haw River Point.
I used to live on a spot on the NC/VA line that was littered with spear points, very small arrowheads and some other extremely odd pieces made of stone. (I swear one piece looked like an adz or maybe a hoe that was meant to be attached to a stick for use) Also chips and chips and chips! But not one piece of pottery anywhere. I always wondered what that meant.
I find an assertion that creators of the Dalton industry, which seems to span approximately the Younger Dryas, invented the adz and other woodworking tools in North America.
@@NathanMyers-c8y I'm going to spend my day running down that (Dalton) rabbit hole. I hope you really do know that your channel is appreciated. American archeology is scarce it seems, unless you want to read about fantastic sagas of aliens and natives.
Would you consider doing a short video on the books you consider to be the best introductions to Eastern Woodlands archaeology?
Would love to see an in depth analysis of the Shoop Site in PA. How is it that a style of point named for where it was found, such as the Cumberland, is found so far away from the origin site?
Amazing! My mind is totally blown that they were able to extract sufficiently preserved ancient DNA through that method.
It's not DNA. it's blood proteins.
@@NathanaelFosaaen Thank you; that's what I meant. 👍
This was great, thank you. I'm curious about the assumed purpose of "knife 120" which could have been a knife, or evolved to that use eventually, or was always used for both spear hunting and butchering. I.E. with the relative delicacy of these tools, why assume that signs of sheathing make it a knife, or that a spear could not be useful butchering mastodon.
I have a question. We find rock tools we believe are artifacts, with inside 90° edges cut on the bottom. They show signs of tooling, and the faces often show impact marks. This is among the rocks along the Allegheny river. People have shown these on videos, and UA-cam "experts" say they are natural formed stones, not artifacts. They are pretty commonly found, because these "hammer stones" would be easy to make, and left on site, when the group moved on. Have you heard of anything like this? Is there a book you would recommend for Western Pennsylvania and Ohio prehistoric stone tools?
I'm an amateur; however, I'm 78 years old and have been looking for different point types since I was a boy. I live in Virginia Beach and used to be a member of the Virginia Archeology Society. I have found numerous Archaic point types and even more point types from the Woodland period, however, I've never found anything from the Paleo period, probably because it's deeper in the ground. I have done very little digging. I remember reading an article somewhere, I can't remember where, saying there was a storm on the east coast that lasted for an unbelievable period of time, something like 1,100 years. This storm, according to the article, it drove Paleo man out of this region and basically covered most of the signs that he was here due to geographic and alluvial changes. Could this be true?
Go to the outer banks. A museum has a Clovis point found in deep water off the coast. It was dredged up with a tusk. The hunters were there but the two mile high ice on Canada meant the sea was lower.
I am unaware of the Haw point technology, is it generally found elsewhere?
Bigger animals were rarer so you'd expect that result overall. The question i have about this technology is at what point in the artifacts life span in use were those detected deposits created??
Were they the 1st things killed or the last things killed? Also, another question which is harder to answer is at what time of year was each hunted, as id assume some animals were seasonal, and that would effect the % for each prey species? So were they targeting some species like big seasonal prey preferentially or just as opportunistic targets along with everything else?
Which cultures if any, tend to show indirect flaking in their techniques of flint knapping? Thanks in advance!
Evidence of horses during and/or after YD is new to me. How long did horses persist, in the architectural record, after the YD-onset comet strike? What other megafauna that were extinct before Europeans showed up evidently survived its immediate aftermath? (I understand that extinction might result from secondary effects, such as from loss of prey species in the event, or from effects of the sudden climate change on foundational species a species ultimately relies on, so be technically traceable to the event despite occurring much later.)
Given the extremes those taxa had weathered before, extinction caused by the YD climate event itself seems hard to credit, so the actual causes seem still an open question. Hunting seems also hard to credit. Do we have any clues about what was plausibly responsible? Might it plausibly be the speed of climate change, rather than its (limited) severity? Or are there other effects of the comet strike itself that could be blamed?
can you/they date the artifacts from traces of blood, and protein signatures?
for AMS dates you need a sample about the size of a grain of rice. there's not that much blood in the microfractures.
@@NathanaelFosaaen I see... I'm still not quite sure about the protein analysis, and how that works, exactly... so, are all the dates done by stratigraphy, then? ...or is there something carbon related attached to the artifacts to put solid numbers on... you are right, that transition from paleo-man to sedentary-man is where all the current fascination is.
BTW; love the way you present information!!! It's easy to know how much is estimation, and how much is stone cold facts, and where on the slide scale you're coming from. I savor your videos, like treats, for when I can sit back, and enjoy.
most of the "dates" are based on point typology. at this point we know what the date range on clovis points are, and we know that cumberland, redstone and beaver lakes come along near the end of clovis based on dated contexts at other sites. the clovis scrapers were both dated based on associated carbon. if you follow the link to the original paper down in the description you might find the details you're looking for.
Thanks...@@NathanaelFosaaen look forward to your next posting...
My intuition is telling me this data is way too small of a sample size to make conclusions about regional differences. Is there other evidence to support it?
Are there reasons why we would expect such regional differences? And is this particularly interesting for any reason - any hypothesised conclusions?
Purple Jesus🎉 cheerwine❤
you may like streams around tuscumbiea Alabama
Could tell if the user was lefthanded or right
How long is The blood found in the micro fissures viable for testing after excavation...
Depends on the conditions. heat, erosion, soil acidity, etc. they mention in the paper that a lot of them were found on the surface.
When it comes to postulations there have been some ideas that have garnered more support than others concerning the arrival time of people in North America.
One almost universal action when groups come together is conflict.
The Indigenous groups in North America are known to have taken conflict to the ultimate level which is genocide. Not a topic openly discussed but it’s practice was wide spread. How early migrants to North America interacted with one another is unknown, but best hunting, best fishing was paramount to survival. So new arrivals could logically wish to displace others who arrived earlier to gain access to better locations. Language, dress, customs even the style of stone artifacts sets groups apart and differences are sufficient to cause conflict to arise. Spoils go to the victors and resolution can see genocide.
Sudden appearance and sudden disappearance of different styles of artifact and projectile points could occur for the reason mentioned.
In the period during the Ice Age and in particular as the Continental Ice Sheet withdrew, there were cataclysmic floods in the Pacific Northwest. These floods repeated numerous times as geological evidence confirms. The watersheds drained into rivers some of which like the Colorado and Missouri travel great distances south. The number of active volcanoes were significant and volcanic ash blanketed large areas. The Pacific Coastline has seen gigantic tsunamis. We also know that sea levels rose at least 300+ feet reclaiming vast areas of shoreline. So all these calamities would force mass migration of mammals and people alike.
Today, we are well acquainted with famine and its consequence.
While it is conjecture that conflict and genocide occurred, it is definitely a behaviour seen everywhere in every age.
Why as one example would a Clovis Point cease to be made? It was certainly effective for the 800 year duration it was made. It is my any measure an effective hunting point launched by a hand thrown spear or used as a butchering tool. But although found over a wide area of North America it disappeared from use. Could the Clovis people been hunted to extinction?
Could it have been because of a Dryas impact.
Would this work with the copper points and knives from the archaic period?
I don't know for sure, but because the fractures that the blood residue seeps into in chert are the product of the knapping process, I expect it wouldn't work.
@@NathanaelFosaaen thanks for your input and your channel.
Metal catalysis is hell on organics.
I see people say they found arrowheads all the time how many people do you think lived in north america at this period to be able to find arrowheads that abundantly
We're talking about over 20,000 years of occupation in one of the most food-rich environments in the world. So a lot. To put it another way, 700 years ago, the largest city north of the Rio Grande was bigger than London.
I would guess because the few points that had animal blood were in a specific area. This could mean a tribe may be specialized in harvesting mammoth megafauna and doesn’t mean they took adults. The smaller young cafe would have been more likely to take down and consume for the size of the tribe before the meat spoils.
I would like to know how much meat the cloves era man would consume a day and translate that to the weight of the animal needed.
Recreation, images of Stone Age men grouped around an adult mammoth to bring it down would be very dangerous. I would guess the sick or wounded adults would be fair game but more so the cafes would be the primary targets. Killing the young would be the more likely the demise of a species by human hand.
Hey man, I watched your, "YDIH" video, like you suggested. It was really sad. You and that other guy touched on pretty much nothing.
You know the difference between smart people and intelligent people, Nathan? Sorry, I mean "Nathaniel". Smart people know a whole lot about one thing. Intelligent people ask questions and don't mind answering questions.
And I have to hand it to you nathaniel, you're a very smart person.
Imagine a world before AI and the internet!
It was better
Set playback speed to 1.5.
I thought you were Gregg Almon's kid for a minute.
Who is Gregg Almon?
@@NathanaelFosaaen missed an L there. Come on man...everyone knows the Allmon brothers.
@@NathanaelFosaaendoes (Midnight Rider) or (Whipping Post) ring a bell? Maybe I'm just old. Never mind.
Is there evidence of ancient people hunting alligators and snakes?
There IS!!!
@@NathanaelFosaaen I was wondering about that. Do you have a video about this or can you point me to one
@@NathanaelFosaaen and thank you for the reply
@jasonsavage2865 my friend and colleague Jennifer Green had gator in her PhD analysis I believe. I can't find it on TRACE for some reason, though.
@@NathanaelFosaaen I've recently become interested in how the early peoples lived in the south Georgia Florida area.
First time here. Was surprised he was not into suedeo archaeology with his long hair and tattoos.
First time here, too. No disrespect intended, but are you "into suedeo archaeology"? With your indifference and apathy to spelling, I suppose I wouldn't be surprised.
@@alicefreist318 Let those without spelling errors cast the first scone.
Actually, the better known pseudo types tend to be clean-cut.
Why do people continue to cling to the passage through Canada?
Whaling,fishing,seal hunting. Using boats along coasts and up rivers and spreading from there makes much more sense
No idea.
I'm getting the idea that blood proteins are almost as indestructible as sharks teeth.
We'll have it from a mosquito or tick trapped in amber a la Michael Crighton.
I joke whith my grandkids that all the sharks teeth that ever were are still out there somewhere.
Hey, by the way, have you ever looked at the work Antonio Zamora has done in researching the Carolina bays?
It's well worth looking at.
But you're probably too smart to look at something you don't know anything about. 😅
"Extirpated mammoths" Are you referring to humans extincting them in this particular locality? In another video you said the "Kill Theory" had been finally debunked. So I'm a little confused by this. Evidence of hunting is not evidence of mass slaughter. Because, as you seem to agree, the idea that a tiny population armed with rocks and sticks engaged in industrial slaughter of dozens of genera of large mammals is, well, silly.
Extirpation just means that a species no longer lives in a particular region. There is indication that Mammoths persisted in the northern plains into the holocene, so by definition they weren't extinct.
@@NathanaelFosaaen thank you for responding. I was unaware that expiration had a specific scientific meaning. I thought it was a synonym for extinction.
@@scottmccrea1873 I think your confusion is in the differences between extirpation, extinction, and expiration. These 3 words do look very similar if you're in a hurry, but they have distinctly different meanings, even in everyday conversation. Don't neglect your intellect. Nurture your curiosity and look 'em up!
I meant to say Clovis, but I said Paleo man.
Not discrediting anyone, my question is; We can go so far back but history is very questionable even less than 1000 years, let alone biblical or other acheological remnants & facts, yet DNA is a major factor, If we know where we came from, Where are we heading? Humanity is declining. Enjoy the vid 🍻
Where we came from is about artifacts, evidence, and facts. Where we are heading is about imagination, outlook, and philosophy. Whether or not we are declining? Perhaps that very subjective topic is best answered through psychology.
Scott Walter is your uncle 😂😂😂😂
The drunken arkiolagist 😂😂😂
Shit, you're in my area, you know BJ ? Aiken/CSRA