Carbon Dating Egypt's Oldest Pyramids
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- Опубліковано 1 тра 2024
- The idea of dating the pyramids using the C14 radiocarbon test goes always the way back to the invention of this science. Two broad studies of Old Kingdom pyramids using carbon testing have taken place, but they are incomplete.
There is enormous opportunity to date the pyramids more precisely by combining C14 testing and dendrochronology, the science of analyzing tree rings. But Egyptology doesn't show much interest in this science, and it only ever conducted carbon testing on pyramids due to outside pressure.
This video explores the knowns and unknowns of dating Egypt's pyramids, and the controversies and conflicts of interest for putting the physical science into the public messaging.
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Thanks as always to the Isida Project for use of their imagery: isida-project.ucoz.com/
Academic papers on carbon dating pyramids:
Felix Hoflmayer, 2016
academic.oup.com/edited-volum...
Michael Dee, 2013
www.academia.edu/31488085/An_...
Georges Bonani, 2001
www.academia.edu/3428321/Radi...
Soundbite References:
Mark Lehner, Highland City Club, 2015
• Egyptology: The Giza P...
Mark Lehner, Minot State University, 2019
• Mark Lehner, Archaeolo...
Zahi Hawass, 2016
• Zahi Hawass on Ancient...
0:00 Intro
2:03 Invention of radiocarbon dating
3:31 Limitations of carbon dating
4:48 Edgar Cayce funds testing
6:34 David Koch funds testing
9:01 Alternative archaeology tourism
10:23 Carbon dating results
13:09 Dendrochronology testing
14:50 Dixon cedar rod in the Great Pyramid
16:16 Public opinion drives science
"The conflict of alternative versus academic Egyptology is maintained because it is profitable."
This was eye opening.
you know what would be even MORE profitable for Egyptologists and Egypt as a whole? If they actually DID find out that Egypt was 10,000 years old. Why would they suppress that if there was actually compelling enough evidence to justify them taking such a huge leap backward in the timeline from what all the other evidence is indicating? Why would they hide something like that It would bring insane amounts of tourism to the Giza plateau and that will not only swell the Egyptian economy but also make sure any group or business connected to Egyptian tourism would be booming! Why on earth wouldn't they want that if there was anything approaching the sort of strong evidence they would need to even float that idea as a possibility. I mean there is no evidence for any sort significant pyramid-building civilizations in Egypt being found within the archaeological strata corresponding to 10,000 years ago it only gets more primitive the deeper archaeologists dig into the layers prior to the dynastic egyptians. The deeper they dig more more hunter-gatherer sites they find mixed in with increasingly more primitive proto-villages made of largely of farmers. Who could have built the pyramids prior to the Egyptians without leaving a trace? The evidence seems to suggest that would be more unlikely than not. It's hard to explain an advanced civilization which left behind absolutely none of the sort of artifacts you'd expect to see from any settled group of people, nevermind one that is advanced enough to build the great pyramid.
That was an eye-opening statement for me too, I recently visited egypt alone and it funny walking by crowds of well-educated westerners listening to some hippie tell them about how it was all made with Antigravity technology and Magic. Then to learn most people at my hotel were there to absorb its tesla energy feild....like I didn't even know what to say I just said "oh cool".
Now I'm starting to understand its a business...crazy
@@jellyrollthunder3625 40,000 vases of Djoser buried under his step-pyramid, which he could have easily inherited when Narmer united Upper Egypt with Lower Egypt. The sophistication of these artifacts is superior to nearly every vase/urn found 5th dynasty onwards and the leap above the primitive 1st and 2nd dynasty pottery is completely massive. So let's get this straight. The dynastic Egyptians seem to have woken up during Djoser reign with godlike stonework skills. Then 200 years later they forgot how to make perfectly symmetrical vases out of some of the hardest stones on the planet, and went back to only less precise clay and alabaster vases. Hmmm..🤔 it's almost like all those artifacts from the lost civilization are right in front of out eyes but we have given credit to the wrong people.
@@jellyrollthunder3625 Totally agree. What if it was the home of Noah, or even 35,000 yrs old as their ancient myths speak of? It's likely anything found that was advanced tech wouldn't be understandable, useful to any primitive society, Greece, Rome, etc., no matter how far advanced they were compared to the rest of their contemporary world. It seems possible to me that the later pharaohs discovered things and tossed them in the trash, its also possible that the adventurists/pseudo archeologist did the same. Some of the stuff in the Cairo/Alexandria museums are very strange and unexplainable now. Even ancient historians write about the Egyptians knowing more about the*s than anyone else. It's possible that the priests did have secret tech of some kind (telescope/ magnifying glass) and wouldn't reveal it. Also, the pyramids at Giza could have been in mastaba/ziggurat form 11,000+ yrs ago and prettied up by much later kings/pharaohs? Or if they were built as is and as machines, no one would have a clue about that because, as much as the current, bonafide archeologists Egyptologists insist otherwise, there isn't one reference in Egyptian heiroglyphs/papyrus/tombs about any of the three at Giza. If Zahi doesn't want the world to know the truth, I'm guessing it's because everything in that country likely would be considered the world's (until another country takes the cake) and not Egypt's, and the power the current Egyptians have over it, if any w/that discovery, very much diminished, because that Great Pyramid has kept a complicated grand function still a huge mystery.🤔🧐😳🤷🙋
@@jellyrollthunder3625 yeah I've seen the video by myths vs scientists. I got a problem with their experiment though. I wish they had used a harder stone than Breccia Marble for the vase. Many of the artifacts found under the Step-pyramid are made of much more difficult materials. Let's see them make a paper thin vase out of schist or a granite vase which balances perfectly on its rounded bottom(the surface area on which it rests is .15 sq inch, and the entire vase is about 9 inches in diameter).
The myth vs scientist guys took a fair amount of time to do thier experiment. Imagine how much time it would take if they tried the granite example I mentioned above. Now imagine how many man hours it would take to create all the thousands of artifacts from Djosers pyramid. Artifacts like those are plentiful, found at multiple sites and we date nearly all of them between the 2nd and 4th dynasty. For how many examples of these vases we have, fine stonework must have been an integral part of the lives for the majority of workforce in Egypt. Then the 5th dynasty rolls around and the Egyptian people have completely forgotten how to craft these fine stone objects never to remember again. Doesn't that seem damning, considering how intrinsic stonework was to the Egyptians, and how good of records they kept? It's not like they didn't try to create perfectly symmetrical granite vases later in Egyptian history, it's just that they simply weren't capable of doing so. Why?
Oh and i just noticed that I have replied to multiple comments from you by mistake. I'd appreciate if you could take the time to read the reply I made to your other comment. I believe your comment was about alternative theorists like Hancock being a poison, among other points.
Its almost impossible to take mainstream Egyptology seriously when they dogmatically refuse to accept rational, logical arguments pointing iut that there are holes in their theories. This was an excellent video, I appreciate your desire to be so accurate and unbiased.
before going against Egyptology, try to study there basics as far as you can. Then you'll understand why they are so slow in accepting alternative theories.
What is impossible is to take serious the so called "alternative" dogmatic approaches. That first and foremost don't prove nothing. But make huge claims based purely on air and wind. If people gave themselves the trouble to STUDY, real world evidence. At least 90% of the so called amazing claims. Would vanish, on the spot, into thin air.
Even this video is another example of whole lot of NOTHING. Although rather interesting ! Come on people, wake up. The notorious examples from the "Hancock & co." many times absurdly ridiculous claims. Can only sustain themselves on the ignorance of the listener.
Even this ignorant me, literally a nobody amateur historian. Can debunk large swathes of their fairy tales and BS stories. Clearly knowing the rest can't be neither confirmed or denied, by the present level of evidence, if ever! But certainly that DETAIL would never stop them to carry on with outrageous claims.
More so, it's almost funny seeing those same characters. When confronted with evidence, that absolutely prove them wrong. They don't correct or even apologize for the deliberate lies. They simply change the speech and pretend it never happened. "Scam & scum" methodology! Yep, I'll stick with the scientific method. LOL 😂😂
The quote regarding radiocarbon dates: that the Egyptologists would put results that confirmed what they already believed in the main text, of in a footnote for items that didn’t totally contradict their beliefs. But for dates way out? They’d just completely ignore them and leave them out. I think that pretty much confirms our worst fears, that Egyptologists refuse any data that contradict their dogmatic insistence on the dates of construction for the Giza Pyramids..
@@BRILLSTEELMOTORSPORT it s not only egyptology!..it s also archeology, anthropology and also geology lately!..they re stuck in their academia hermeneutics and empirism!..thanks God there are still profesors-at least at german universities-who try to make hints towards interesting and unortodox directions!-zelotism is sadly deep rooted within human nature and its foreshadows vanity and egoism!
What you just described is not confined to Egytpology. We have seen examples in many other fields. Including physics, military science, design, religion etc.
I cannot convey how refreshing it is to hear a logical, well spoken approach to highlighting the discrepancies in a critical part of engineering history. Your work lays a beautiful framework for the context. I feel like this is critically needed in this time, well done in all aspects. Love your content!
Having been inside the Bent Pyramid on multiple occasions, the wood beams in the final chamber are not a part of the original structure. They are supports for the platform that was constructed during a later period. The stones composing the platform itself is also much smaller and different quality of masonry. This is a great video with transparency on both sides of the equation, and once again delivering real facts from the science. Chemical analyses of the staining material from inside of the Red Pyramid have been performed with some extremely interesting results.
Why would you not elaborate on the red pyramid tests...
The worst kind of comment, such a tease 😩. I haven't got time in my lunch break to research this so I will go on with my day, severely blue-balled.
@Roman Pontian immediately call bs instead of doing a 30 second search? that's just lazy
@Roman Pontian Seriously, a 2 minute search reveals that he’s legitimate. Put a little effort in.
All of you so wack with your riddles. Nothing found about the age of staining in the red pyramid. Its built 2550 bc. proof me wrong or be the phony liars you look like right now
@@Emira_75 The chemical analysis of reddish staining inside chambers of the Red Pyramid shows weird levels of metals which differ a lot from the core samples of the limestone the pyramid was built out of. This indicates major heating and pressure inside the chambers that caused the limestone to leak these chemicals.
Let's just agree that we cannot take this kind of quality content on u-tube for granite! Thank you.
History for Granite: Great channel. Terrible pun.
I support this use of puns. Very punny of you.
Puns or not;spelling and grammar mistakes are always annoying.
@@HalfWarrior YOU CANNOT CARBRON DATE THE PYRAMIDS!!!!! Why cant people understand that??? Just because there is some charcoal or bacteria found between stones doesnt mean the builders put it there! It could have arrived thousands of years later. Even if we find hieroglyphs stating “we built the pyramids for this reason at this time with this method,” we skill cannot trust that 100% because it is likely some later civilization taking credit for an earlier civilizations work
Wow. Lol
I would not ask Hawass or Lehner the time of day.
Agree
It's amazing that we've been studying these pyramids for centuries and there still remains so many mysteries surrounding them.
I guess when the gatekeeping "experts" have never even been inside some of the pyramids you still have a long way to go.
@@kingjoe3rd it's because these so-called egyptologists just keep muddying the waters.....
Government don't even want the truth to come out.
Let’s be honest, we’ll never know. We’re too late . Those pyramids were robbed long time ago.
@@zorilaz We know, its been passed down orally not physically,
But we are taught by the Slavers long ago to ignore the oral tradition
your cortex is repeating noises we made hundreds of thousands of years ago, understand ?
I've had the honor to know a couple of archaeologist and was surprised at how much resistance they received if they questioned the status quo. Great video!
Status quo?
@@aidanm5578 A phrase I don't use much, and the spelling checker didn't catch it.
It seems this is a basic Feature of all academics, even History of Granite tries to leave no doubts on his view. So there is no alternative to investigate the point of interest self so good as possible.
Indeed. And there is evidence that Egyptologists have their historical dates messed up. Watch "Patterns of Evidence" if you'd like to learn more.
@Roman Pontian How long was the video you watched?
I suggest you watch it again because it *did* give evidence of messed up historical dates. There are other, more clear videos about it though.
I stumbled upon your channel a few days ago and binged all of the videos. I've never been particularly interested in Ancient Egypt before, my knowledge of it was minimal and yet your videos got me completely hooked. You can imagine how happy I am to see a new upload just today! Wishing you the best!
Great when that happens
I think a lot of people find this channel from the Ancient Architects channel or from the recommended list UA-cam generates after watching some other channels which I won't mention. That's what happened for me anyway. And yes this is one of the best channels available on the pyramids in my channel. That's why I bought the merch and proudly wear it!
Lmao same here
I didn’t binge watch the whole library all at once. It took me a few days to watch em all.
you Rock: good karma!
pls try *Praveen Mohan* •
It has been known for some time that the various ancient king lists are problematic. That the Egyptian one is considered almost perfect ignores a number of glaring failures. Hatshepsut and Akhenaten had been erased, and there are questions about the succession after Akhenaten. There is even speculation that King Tut's tomb and grave goods had belonged to someone else. There are known problems with the dating during certain periods between dynasties. In other words, the Egyptians, like other civilizations engaged in mythologizing their rulers, using propaganda [see the differences in Egyptian and Hittite records, esp. the battle of Kadesh]. Therefore, a couple of hundred years missing from an official record of thousands seems like a rounding error.
"There is even speculation that King Tut's tomb and grave goods had belonged to someone else"
More than that.
There's good reason to think that Tutankhamun's aunts or sisters reigned as regents after Akhenaten's death prior to Tut's ascension.
Possibly even reason to believe that the Akhenaten's famous likeness is actually that of one of these sisters or daughters who reigned as Tut's regent after him.
Amen
@CAZ32TT Amazing that you have deciphered and read 30,000 tablets. Keep up the good work as you have tens of thousands more to do!
Yea infac it looks like more of a dove-tailing issue of the pharonic cronology with post egyptian history, in other words the cronology has the correct time between all it's pharohs but the whole thing is displaced a few hundred years. That's hardly even an error as it's kind of beyond the scope of what the cronology is doing, the offset may be due to non-egyptian history or the the colapses between the old, middle and new periods.
@@v4skunk739 If you ignore history, science and so on you can believe anything you want, including that they were built by giants, Atlanteans, or space aliens. I'll stick with science, thanks.
I had heard theories about the pyramids being much older than the official history dictates and I did suspect that those theories might be true, but I had never heard anything about radio carbon dating having been used for determining their age. This was very enlightening. Thank you.
While carbon dating can yield important clues, you never know if the material, like the wood beams, were added much later as part of a restoration.
That is still important to know in my opinion. It tells you that the pyramid was being maintained, and allows you to understand better it's purpose.
As a Dane we have wood dating back 25000 years or more, from the lines in the wood, to be dated directly! We have moors without any oxygen, and some human bodies from those also, some being extremely well preserved (The "Tollund Man" being the most well preserved ancient body ever found!). So with adding wood-lines from those, we are able to even see from where the wood was originally cut. One of the famous Danish Viking Ships was found out to have been built in Ireland, by vikings, so at one time a precise copy was sailed round England to Ireland to meet its birthplace! But wood from a dessert is more difficult to find the year it was cut.
The first pictures of the pyramids date from after the Greek Napoleonas and his French army built them. This fraud gave the Greek bible some "credibility", as "Great Egypt" was nothing but a myth which people like Thales of Miletus had invented, to claim racial superiority of the original Greeks from Asia Minor (who allegedly originated from mysterious Utopia called Egypt). The Greek Freemason lodges in France and England rushed to manufacture various "Egyptian" artefacts including mummies of dead Frenchmen.
Timber was imported from places like modern-day Lebanon. Using tree rings for dating is difficult when you don't have a lot of samples and when they might have been sourced from different places.
Think you added an extra 0 there, says he was around 500bc
Finn Carl Bomholt Sørensen That's amazing, considering the earth is only 6000 years old.
@Jim Wills
How do you come up with that Jim. UA-cam has taught me thats the number if approx since the World Wide Deluge. And I think theres been multiple extinction events since before that. The book of Kings gives far better history than science does and the Kings were around about 25,000 years each
I think this is literally your best video so far!
If for nothing more than getting the information we all need.
There's still a mystery, but you summed it up beautifully, well done my man.
Time to make sure your note' bell is activated, if not already 👏
I'd rather have questions that can't be answered, then answers that can't be questioned.
Nice. Very nice. I'm stealing it.
@@joez.2794 that's the American way.
Probably the most level-headed and informative video I've yet seen (and I've watched many) of the complex mysteries of dating the Egypt pyramids.
You don't need to cut the logs at all. You core them, so you take out a plug a few mm in diameter. It's frankly astonishing that this hasn't been done.
Thankfully at least, the risk of contamination is low because it's taken from the interior.
One of the few sites where i wish the video was longer, much longer ! Excellent as always. I am under the impression that official chronology still has very large error bars and would have thought that modern dating techniques would be embraced - shocking to find otherwise
I am so happy to finally find a UA-cam channel on Egyptology that isn’t about aliens and magic. I was starting to think Bob Brier was the only credible source out there
Love your videos, very unique channel i was looking for it for so long. Keep up the good work!
Bats rule inside! I love this pyramid, I'm going back there soon❤️🦇
Hey there ASG. I was going to email this link to you to make sure you would see it, but you beat me to it. Kitty cats say MEOW to you. Stay warm, I remember how cold Germany got during army maneuvers. 🥶🏔️🌨️❄️🏂💰💓🦇
I'm a fan of the content on your channel, I guess I shouldn't be surprised your a follower of History for Granite ... both channels are very informative and are two of my favorites ... keep up the great work and safe journeys beautiful!
Given the scarcity of timber in Egypt, I would expect a wide range of carbon dates from any wood samples simply because they were pretty stingy about re-using wood. It would not surprise me to find that two logs in the same pyramid had ages 100-200 years apart. It would simply mean the older log had been reclaimed from some other source, like a demolished home, or was some form a construction scaffolding in use for centuries before it became a permanent fixture.
WTF. The Roman's destroyed their own forests and those of cedar trees in present day Lebanon. Brits did same thing and used North America as their lumber yard for their navy mainly.
So if anything remains it's buried in the sands if time or biodegraded by now. We aren't much better at forest or jungle management. Look at the Amazon, 50 % remaining in my life time.
@bina nocht kind of, its based on the ratio of isotopes of Carbon- while living you keep replacing/adding new carbon so it says a a roughly set ration while alive. then once dead one isotope breaks down at a set rate that allows us to go, whats the carbon ratio- k, its roughly X centuries old give or take- but there are probably some visual cues like rings to let us estimate how old the tree may have been when cut
@bina nocht A cedar tree will be at least 500 years old before it's ready to be cut for lumber. And the middle rings are dead. The only living part of a tree, it the layer just under the bark. So depending on which part of the lumber you're testing, and which part of the tree it's from, the margin for error is huge. And dendrochronology isn't much help when you don't know the exact origin of the timber, it's all dried and split to Hell, and you don't have enough samples from the (unknown) origin, for comparison. Tests on more fragile organic matter, trapped in the mortar, are way, WAY more accurate. Unfortunately, they don't support the lunatics LARP fantasy of pyramids being older
Well that's a really great point!
Water ersosion on the Sphinx indicates periods of heavy rainfall in the past. A lot more trees would have been around then.
As usual, well presented, and researched. Thanks mate, keep them coming 👍
That piece of ancient wood is the most amazing thing I've seen on the History for Grannies channel. I had no idea such evidence still survived.
I cannot begin to convey how important I believe your work is for all people of earth past and present. I have the utmost respect for you sir, your videos are very concise and exceptionally produced. Thank you for what you do for the community on UA-cam, it means a lot!
The effort and time you put into these videos is appreciated! Results in a very rational and objective approach.
Just found your channel, now I'm binge watching it. I liked it, subscribed it and commented it. Keep up the great work. Can't wait to see more.
A part of the "Pyramid Age" problem is that it always assumed that they were built and Never modified or maintained.
Zahi did his job - it just wasn't the job that foreign interests wanted. Worked out great.
Ahah you're so good ! That message at the end, challenging both the people wanting to put to question institutional Egyptology, and institutional Egyptology itself 😄 I hope this channel and the community you're building around it will one day have enough influence so that your work truely pays up in this way ! 🙂
thank you for this channel, I dont particularly like ancient egypt but I love ancient architecture and these videos have been mind blowing. Ive seen all of them, keep posting.
I am a casual ancient Egypt fan of a sort and love your videos, skepticism and logical scientific approach. On the other hand I also find some aspects of videos by Ben at UnchartedX to pose some excellent questions and both of you seem to be asking for the same thing.
A serious modern examination with hard proven scientific techniques to attempt to narrow down history and provide much more solid answers.
While I find some of Ben's hypotheses entertaining and logical, I don't find them truly compelling.
I think there are quite simple answers to a lot of the questions he poses on his channel. (Although there are a few examples he has cited which have me stumped.. seriously entertaining content)
That being said I would like to see a greater examination of the techniques used to create these works using modern testing, scanning, imaging etc combined with practical examples of the techniques used as I think it would show the unbelievable amount of time and dedication it took to create these works and allow for deeper level of appreciation to our ancestors.
"They didn't know it was impossible so they did it" Mark Twain.
I am not an expert in dendrochronology but I was led to believe you could perform it on a living tree using a coring tool to basically extract a "pencil" from the log, so the end does not have to be chopped off of any logs to do it, which normally kills the tree
Great video! I was always sceptical about how they dated the pyramids, thanks for making such a concise video on it
I’ve been binging your videos all day, and then fate has you post another one to fulfill my binging needs. Thank you!
You have a new subscriber here. It’s incredibly refreshing to hear someone from the “traditional” Egyptology side, not try to “getcha” or have venom towards those who believe in an antediluvian civilization. If only more civil leadership could do the same. Thank you. I look forward to seeing your next video.
Thankyou for such a sensible and balanced channel! I have been watching the videos one by one and learning a lot. So much online debate degenerates into conspiracist or ant-academic rhetoric but yours is always well referenced and nuanced.
I started watching your videos as I was preparing for a trip to Egypt. I binge watched all your videos and it felt surreal seeing the pyramids up close. I entered Khufu’s pyramid, the Bent one and the Red one. It was so exciting to identify all the bits and pieces you talked about in your video.
That’s cool that you used his videos to correlate with the actual. Hope your visit was fun and exciting 😊
@@JohnSmith-gb5vg It was great!! Although it was colder than expected in Egypt. Seeing the pieces of wood in the Bent Pyramid was really mind-blowing!
OMG! I was soo looking forward to History for Granite 2023 video!!! Such top quality videos its always worth the wait! Keep up the Amazing work! Thank you veryyy much! :D
In 2020 I took part in a grand survey of Egypt's ancient sites. It included a survey of the Bent Pyramid. Samples from the wooden beams of the upoer chamber were taken and stored. They have yet to be trested by radio carbon dating.
Thank you for this pragmatic video. I really had no idea carbon dating had ever been tried and have always felt uncomfortable about the claims of old, lost civilisations that have left no record of their supposed advanced technology. This spoils these claims for good.
You do such a good job connecting all the dots in these videos. The way you found the clip of the guy saying it's his first time in the bent pyramid was genius. I have to assume your individual knowledge of the subject is the source of this insight because an average researcher just wouldn't be able to make all those connections without a more complete knowledge of the underlying facts and situational awareness of the actions taken at these sites over time. Anyway its just really really impressive. These videos blow me away. I'm here for it!
I don't know how UA-camrs make their videos, but some times I do sit here in my kitchen looking at a video and think wow I would not have found this even if I had ÜberGoogleSkills(tm). Yet all I had to do was click on another one of the videos from this channel. Which is still some what magical to my brain.
Thank you for another genuinely excellent video on this fascinating subject.
Admittedly I'm speaking as an interested amateur, far from an expert. It's frustrating how certain Egyptologists seem to have more interest in perusing the furtherance of their 'little kingdoms' than furthering knowledge of the old kingdom.
Thank you for sharing your pursuit of answers, both where they are known to be absent and where dogma has perhaps replaced the scientific method.
My specialty is Anasazi Archaeology, and dendrochronology is incredibly important to archaeology here in the southwest, using tree ring data, we have been able to date things very, very accurately. My question is, do they have tree ring data that goes back that far in Egypt?... Only dealing with around 1,000 years of history in the states so we have very reliable tree ring data. If they do have accurate data in Egypt, they can tell exactly what year a tree was cut down (And then its assumed that tree would then be used in construction within a few months of being cut down). If they have data going back that far, it would bring answers that would be difficult to argue with. I'm assuming the tree ring data is not complete, ergo carbon dating has been relied on. Thank you for your wonderful videos...have been a long time follower of your channel and love your attention to detail on all things related to the Pyramids of Egypt.
Subscribed. Loving the quality of content on this channel!
Here’s a thought regarding the age of the pyramids in relation to the wood product used for building them. Up until about seven thousand years ago the Sahara Desert was very green. Perhaps the trees used for the beams were from the forests when the Sahara was green?
Its a good point. I was under the impression that the interior of all 3 pyramids at Giza didn't have mortar anywhere. That mortar was used in the exterior laying of the limestone casing stones/repairs? Its always been a point how exactly so many if those huge blocks fit together so precisely and w/o mortar? If they were repaired over the eons, how could anyone tell, radio carbon dating/hieroglyphics not withstanding? If the 3/4 dyn. appropriated them, fixing deteriorated areas would be fixed w/mortar, no? Such a great platform, best coverage, but?s always result. Much better than mine. Thanks for your comment.👍🤗
People keep bringing this up but mostly because they don't realise that by the time the first unified dynasty was founded by Narmer the lower kingdom of Egypt on the Nile delta was already a significant trading hub of the Mediterranean coast.
That includes cedar wood lumber imported from Lebanon up the eastern coast.
The trade of that cedar wood was so significant in antiquity that it deforested most of Lebanon before even the ancient Roman's made settlements there at Baalbek and built the Temple of Jupiter + the huge retaining wall that prevents subsidence on that hill.
@@nomadscavenger "That mortar was used in the exterior laying of the limestone casing stones/repairs?"
No, its use is extensive.
Much of the Khufu pyramid masonry is actually roughly cut limestone blocks behind the casing and outermost course of blocks.
The mortar was necessary to in fill the roughness so that it both binded well and remained relatively level.
It's utterly gross how Hawass has gotten away with being the Geraldo Rivera of Egyptology whilst Lehner plays Lou Dobbs
Lehner is a fraud in my opinion.
Good work happening on this channel! These monuments are of the greatest importance in understanding our history, and should not be subjected to consideratins related to tourism and rich people's hobbies, although I know the situation in Egypt asks for approaches like that.
I have been inside the Great Pyramid in 1997 and I can only say it was the most breath-taking experience in my life so far, even though I have travelled to many parts of the world. The way the pyramid presents itself to you when you walk towards it is nothing less than overwhelming. That perfect shape, especially when compared to neighbour Chefren with a just slightly different incline, is just magical.
Always awesome to see a new video. Keep making them bro
I have enjoyed your videos, investigations, theories, and documentation. I appreciate the information without the sensationalism other channels resort to. Thank you and keep up the good work! 😁👍🔥❤️
@tysongirard2266 Rock hard evidence without the sedimentary drivel. They are diamond compared to Mohs other channels. 😬
For me Egyptian history was something I took little interest in before viewing your channel; but the passionate yet careful, reasoned and thorough way you examine your subjects really got me hooked, I've learned a lot and I love your work.
Please do a video on the designs that would work best for a pyramid to last millennia. How could they have improved. Also information about the tunnel networks below ground would be greatly appreciated.
My second video in as I am new to the channel, where I am so impressed by the direction you are taking. There has been so much garbage thrown in the path of science that it is refreshing to hear the call for a renewed push to understand these mysteries.
scientists tow the line,,with mainstream dogma,,so they get paid....its easy work..
Another thing I don't hear discussed. So they found salt crystals piles inside the pyramid because a natural process with limestone. So why was there no salt crystals in the shafts? Like there should have been salt crystals when the sent in the robot the first time. Especially since nothing could go through it except the robot.
I read a few things when explorers said there was salt everywhere when they went in. You can actually see pictures of piles of salt crystals. Limestone does produce salt crystals with age. The shafts had zero. None. Did anyone see anything about this?
Nobody walked up and down the shafts. Human sweat is salty as f***.
The Queens Chamber is reported to have had a VERY thick coating of large crystal salt when first discovered....and it's lined with granite....so where did this massive amount of salt come from? And is it possible that the carbon dating can be skewed by radiation? Theories about a mass coronal ejection abound and lots of the ancient structures and statues in Egypt have a side that for sure looks like it was cooked by extreme heat with even melting in some places.
The Muon Scan Project seems to indicate that radiation CAN penetrate through the pyramids....could something like this change the accuracy of the carbon dating? I don't know enough about it...but the whole subject provides endless fascination and I'm eager to see what comes next.
@@recoilrob324 Or the "salt coating" is just another lie. The pyramids were open for millenia. Who dicovered the queens chamber? Everything was broken up, when western civilisations arrived at the scene. The arabs tell a lot of fairy tails. All salt crusts were removed because they were classified as dirt I assume. Like the graffittis and torch soot.
@@knutblume907 We'll never know for sure, but Caliph Al Ma'mun who is credited with being the first to gain entrance to the upper chambers wrote pretty extensively about the work and what he documented has turned out to be accurate. The 'robbers tunnel' most likely was actually dug from inside out...and the obvious reason would be to remove something from inside that wouldn't fit through the small winding passage that had given them access. Thoughts are that it was the lid to the sarcophagus which he took as a souvenir. I believe it was he that first described the salt coating and this was repeated by others over the centuries before modern times...so I'm wanting to believe it.
@@recoilrob324 Interesting. I think the kings chamber was breached in the 1st intermediate period because everything went to hell. But I only know Al Ma´muns experiences from secondary literature. Besides all of this there are drawn pictures of the 17th century showing visitors entering the great gallery through the well shaft. It seems the robbers entrance was forgotten from time to time. P.S.: The picture I mean is actually from the Description de l'Égypte (1809) the famous collection of texts and pictures that came about as a result of Napoleon Bonaparte's Egyptian expedition.
I haven't clicked so fast when I got this. Thanks for the upload
Thanks for this, very informative and the links are great.
One question that i'd like to put out there: How can we be sure the C14 samples from the Khufu pyramid are contemporary with initial construction; is there not a probability that mortar from the outside surface of blocks is the result of historical repointing during maintenance?
Exactly. the pyramids might have undergone many renovations and that should be included in the discussion... I still believe Edgar Cayce . . .
The megalithic pyramids were made of cast geopolymer concrete and required no mortar. They were never built with carved stones from quarries hundreds of km away, but from the limestone gravel excavated from the Giza plateau itself, then mixed with chemical binders until a form of concrete was created. As for the Bent Pyramid itself, i have studied many pictures and diagrams of its internal chambers and conduits. Both the lower chamber and the upper chamber have been extensively modified during the dynastic period to serve as some kind of ritual places and to create ease of access to people. These modifications include small step staircases made of masonry, closed off spaces with walls, small rooms created in the upper chamber using wooden beams and small masonry blocks as well as mortar. The upper chamber stepped ceiling was also roughly carved by workers for some strange reason.
All of the carbon dating has been made from materials from these renovations or modifications made by a people with clearly inferior engineering skill and are not relevant to the actual construction or purpose of the pyramid, in my opinion. The carbon dates show ages of between 3-4000 years BC which means about 5000 years ago, when we know from history the dynastic kingdoms were active. This means the pyramids were much older than this date and are from a different civilization altogether. The dynastic egyptians simply found them in a state of ruin, just like our civilization did.
During my studies of the inner chambers of the pyramids i have concluded that they were more likely industrial structures and the inner tunnels functioned as conduits for fluids or air. They were never build for people to go crawling around in them. Many pyramids also have valves separating various chambers and conduits which also indicates a system to control the fluids into and out of the chambers.
The story that pyramids were build as tombs is crumbling with each exploration and subsequent mapping of the inner chambers of the pyramids and one day we will figure out what type of industry the pyramids were actually built for.
Your star shines bright mate. Incredible quality video again! Props
Another brilliant and fascinating video. Thank you for your continued hard work and dedication in making these. They really are appreciated.
This Koch connection to Egyptology was very interesting, thank you for the rabbit hole!
I love this channel so much, its just like a professional documentary but there is heaps of it, makes my imagination spark, thankyou very much
I'm in the 12,000 year old club myself, but I think you have some of the best content available on this subject
Thank you
I like the style of your videos. Could you do some “basic” videos on the quarries/sources for the stones?
I would like to see that too.
Having worked with stone myself on a rather small scale compared to the pyramids, I too would like to see more about the quarries, I would like to see a map showing the locations they come from as well if at all possible. A quarry can be used somewhat as a clock if different structures used the same quarry, last stones out newest building so to speak.
*Luminescence* dating would be useful on the stone, letting us know the last time said stone was exposed to the ☀ sun. Then at least we would have a more accurate date than the carbon dating method, which takes organic matter that could be a later addition to the pyramid 🏔 due to renovations and add-ons. We could be relatively sure the stoneworked quarried blocks would be part of the original 🏔 pyramid construction allowing for a more precise dating of the time-line ⏳️
@@annapierce8666 Does luminescence allow us to determine when the stone was quarried or only when the surface of the stone was exposed to the sun? For example, if Rameses II liberated, then recarved/refinished granite blocks which he procured from the Menkaure pyramid, then would the luminescence testing of those granite blocks date to Rameses II or Menkaure?
@@bridgermauchley6179 Luminescence only gives scientists the last time the stone was exposed to sunlight ☀
Your vid’s are one of the few I click on immediately I see them. Excellent work all around.
Congratulations for this video. Very clear.
I'd like to see them in a logical sequence and not as YT hints.
Hugs from Brazil! 🇧🇷
It's much more interesting to note, that from those photos you clearly see, that the beams are stuck in the walls. That walls were obviously is made of concrete. Concrete is something ancient egyptians already knew.
Love the channel! Keep up the good work :)
Remodeling and/or maintenance work could skew dating altogether. It's well known that some Pharaoh's rebuilt some monuments. They also cannibalized others for materials. So what we can say for sure is contamination of carbon samples is to be expected. The fact that more modern testing has not been carried out is definitely causing more problems then It's supposed to be helping. Your video is food for thought. Thank you.
Thank you for your video. Extremely enlightening..... keep up the good work 👍
hi, HFG! thanks for sharing your immense knowledge and enthusiasm. you know how Abu Simbel is a relocated/remade site , i wondered if you could spot the modern techniques there. Do you think any other site could be a reproduction? that might explain some tooling marks at other sites. love the channel.
The fact that there is anywhere from 5,000 to 200,000 years of unrecorded history I'd say regardless we have a lot to discover
I love Egyptology, but shows like ancient aliens has made it nearly impossible to find good documentary content about it.
Thank you so much for providing sober and rational content about this topic.
Der Vatikan besitzt tausende ägyptischer artefacts.
Ich denke sehr viele Beweise wie alt die Pyramiden sind und wie sie gebaut wurden wurden entfernt oder zerstört.
Die Kirche hat damals entschieden das der Mensch dieses Wissen nie bekommen wird.
I recently found an awesome UA-cam channel called unchartedX which covers ancient Egypt. The content is very well researched and very detailed. It’s worth checking out if you like this sort of thing.
@@110girl1 UnchartedX is pretty much ancient aliens but done differently lol
I’ve loved everything Egyptian for 50 years. But try looking at from another perspective. WHY…do archaeologists want to shut down any and ALL information that does NOT fit with the ‘narrative’??
Because if they did…everything we know would unravel and collapse. Religion particularly. It’s ALL been proven now…that 2 Millenia ago… ‘religion’ covered up what the ORIGINAL Hebrew writers wrote about MANY Millenia ago. And religion, govts & elites will not give up their lies.
It’s ALL in plain sight now.
You might like World of Antiquity.
This is one of my favorite channel. Keep up the good work. Thanks.
As we understand the rationale behind C14 test on organic matter embedded in mortar found between building blocks of pyramid - because we know mortar is artificial and the chance to mixed in organic matter is higher. So before use that test result do ask when mortar was created? before or after the pyramid build.
Please understand that all rocks originate in grain size of various proportion of known and unknown crystals, in loose state. At such state, the chance of mixing in organic matter isn’t zero. Then comes an opportunity for organic matter and sand to bind into solid, either chemically, w/wo pressure and temperature. We also should give some credit to ancient builders on chemical know how on artificial stone making. When we have a chance DO crush stones and look for organic matters in it. And in my view all stones can be crushed for embedded matters. So don’t let our former education dictate what we can/cannot do. Break the ground and open a new chapter, because we can.
Thank you very much for sharing your very fascinating thoughts! Have Kufu’s ceremonial boats been radio carbon tested?
You're by far the best channel that covers Egyptology and I want to thank you for your time.
Wasn’t there also carbon dating done on the boats found in front of the great pyramid? And how does that compare?
I believe the boats were C14 tested, but I don't have a handy reference or paper about it.
This is a good channel. I’d like to see you do a video on the granite pots which the UnchartedX channel has been covering.
Some of the best content on UA-cam.
That was great! Well done! What possible reason could we have to NOT radio carbon date, radar detect, and try everything we have to solve mysteries, but I now understand that Zahi and the establishment think they ONLY have incentive to keep the "MYSTERY" it's self alive. So ironic when you think about it.
"but I now understand that Zahi and the establishment think they ONLY have incentive to keep the "MYSTERY" it's self alive"
LAUGHS in Hancock, von Danicken, Foerster, Dunn, Carlson etc etc etc etc.
Those people have millions of book sales incentive worth of keeping the mystery alive to keep their bank accounts flush with cash - and what are they actually contributing to the conversation but the same old florid speculation laced heavily with anti establishment derision?
Meanwhile for all Hawass's many faults he is still at work and excavations / discoveries continue in Egypt - many recently at Saqqara and the recent rediscovery of Akhetaten.
"What possible reason could we have to NOT radio carbon date"
Simplest answer?
Priorities.
Archaeologists want to find something new much more than they want to investigate things already found - analysis is boring and discovery is cool!
That's why there is a dearth of Assyriologists qualified to translate the massive gamut of cuneiform tablets archaeological excavations have turned up in the last 2 centuries.
Who wants to sit around teasing minuscule bits of organic material from building mortar when you can be digging out trenches at Saqqara or Gobekli Tepe?
More complex answer?
Funding is a limited well of opportunity.
The more you draw from it, the less likely you are to get something worth the effort of asking.
Each new request to a wealthy benefactor runs the risk of said benefactor feeling like they are being taken advantage of and either deciding to use their funds for other philanthropic endeavors or stop funding them entirely.
In this context personal priorities play an even more paramount role - especially if you lack a tenured institutional position to afford being more financially lax with your choices.
Why isn’t DNA testing of archaeological human remains allowed in USA?
@@DriftWizard750 yea that's dumb what the hell. The greediness of the world gets old
@@DriftWizard750It is allowed. Many DNA studies of ancient remains in US have been done. They commonly get permission from existing tribal groups first. Usually they just want the remains, which may be their ancestors, treated with respect.
One would think the excitement of new discoveries would encourage the topic to circulate more than leaving these monuments forgotten so that alternative history can postulate about them. Even nudging some of the pyramid dates several hundred years forwards or backwards would cause a significant change in the order of events in Egyptology and thus lead to new corrected textbooks, more in depth information, and encourage returning visitors. A tourism industry has yet to die from excessive media coverage.
I think radio carbon dating is useless in this context, because a cedar rod sealed in a chamber can’t date the chamber, only when it was sealed. What we really need is the crushed remains of someone who died under one of the stones during construction. I’m sure in all of those pyramids someone got crushed under a rock and left there.
A video dedicated to the radiocarbon-dated instances would be very welcomed.
Love the channel and love your approach. Dr. Lehner has been nice enough to respond to queries I sent many years ago and I respect him and Hawass as technically competent archaeologists, but Egyptology was built on sugar daddy funding and that is the real digging. Today there are not too many Lord Carnarvon types left since the goodies stay in Egypt, but plenty of alternative history/new age types to crowdsource from as long as they keep trolling them along. I'd love to see the dendro on that beautiful Lebanon cedar - I'm pretty sure they used only heartwood, possibly burning the sapwood to make the mortar.
This is such a a great channel. I appreciate the grounded, well reasoned exploration of Egypt and its mysteries. I think this channel illustrates that the pyramids don’t have to be 12,500 years old or built by aliens to be as intriguing as if they were. Thank you for this. I love reality!
Why the ridicule about "aliens?" How do you know they weren't? Do you know that the Great Pyramid had a hieroglyph over the original door? You know what happened to it? Zawhi Hawass had it CHISELED OFF. Because the hieroglyphs weren't Egyptian and in an unknown language. Look it up on the web, there are photos of the inscription. Its also in older books on the pyramids. Funny thing is that they symbols used look like the symbols on the Roswell I-beams. Even funnier I can no longer find any photos of that inscription over the door. If you're interested I can go find my book with the photo of it. Its not a conspiracy theory, its real and it was the only actual writing on that pyramid, and my book was a guide to the pyramid.
This video answers some questions about the age of the pyramids, but raises many more and was quite unavoidable given the lack of good radiocarbon studies. This video does an excellent job of laying out what is known based on the tests that were done and still needs to happen to get a clearer picture of the dates of the pyramids.
I find it reprehensible that both institutional Egyptology and Zahi Hawass are resistant to going forward with broad radiocarbon testing of the pyramids. Unfortunately, we will probably have to wait for a new generation of forward thinking people to do the proper research that is long over do.
Personally I think at most the dates of the pyramids will at best align with the older time line given by some of carbon dates provided in this video which set the dates of the early pyramids at about 3000 BCE. Ultimately, we will never know until comprehensive independent studies are completed.
I'm not sure anyone other than Hawas is opposed to it. Not everyone feels rebutting ancient alien theories is worth their time. Probably some think the current timelines are already correlated with other historic events, etc. and not far off enough to make it a topic of interest.
I enjoy your commitment to evidence based inquiry.
Also would it be plausible that some of the wooden supports and plasters are later renovations or repairs?
Absolutely
Possible maybe but if all the dates match a same time period from each pyramid and matches with what we know from other evidence, it's kinda unlikely that it is the case.
And Yet ANOTHER Wonderful Video! I've been following you since the beginning and you are a Class Act! I Love these Independent Videos and you have to keep making them or I'll have nothing worth while to watch! And Yes, I Do Not Take My History for Granite:-) Keep it up my friend and Thank You:-)
A very nice video.
The ONLY one I've seen that states openly the problems with carbon dating. The variability of C14 production in the upper atmosphere.
Unfortunately this is then ignored in the rest of the video and C14 is treated as though it is accurate.
I would have preferred to see more of an analysis of this variation and it's affects on the calculated dates.
I didn't realize there was mortar in the Pyramids. I've always read that they were fashioned with "razor-blade" accuracy and needed no mortar.
That's just a thing "alternative" quacks say because they don't know or pretend not to. They used gypsum mortar.
That's the "older" parts and builds. The newer stuff on top is not built as good. Same as the pyramids in the Americas. The great pyramid has that entrance way that was covered with another layer. Well thats my and others beliefs as well.
Great video. What I have been wondering for some time: when samples are taken for dating, how does one account for the possibility of reuse/restoration of the structures? I.e. how do we know that the samples are not from a later civilization that rebuilt/refurbished/reused?
See the sample from within the Giza shaft that was 500 years younger than the samples from the mortar.
Would a "proper" dating not need drilling into deeper parts of the pyramids in hope of finding dateable material that has a higher chance of being part of the original building?
Great question. It's such a bummer the pursuit of knowledge is not the primary goal of the power's that be over in Giza and other sites around the world. Don't we want to know? I do. I had no idea the pyramids had been tested. But as you say, we don't know that the organic material tested was original to the structures or part of a refurbishment later on. I'm sure there was a lot of that over the years.
Trees were scarce in Egypt so they had to import all their lumber from Lebanon which made it a little too costly to just discard perfectly good wood after a single project so it was commonly known to be used and reused for hundreds of years sometimes until it was no longer usable but wood will last a pretty long time, even in the elements. So those huge logs very well could have been reused around Egypt for 500 years or more before they finally ended their journey being used in the pyramid's construction. I think the scaps of wood in that completely inaccessible shaft could only have been left there by one of the builders because none of the ancient Egyptians living after the pyramids completion would have had any way to get back around there on the other side of where the shaft makes curve which would rule out someone just throwing it down the shaft. For a long time after their construction they were completely closed off to egyptians. That's why people ended up having to blast their way in much later. Remember that was AFTER the the outer casing stones had largely been removed and used to build Cairo. Certainly if the pyramids took 20 years to build there was ample time for one of the workers to mistakenly drop these wood fragments in the shaft sometime before it was completed. Probably the same workers who left the old kingdom graffiti behind at the dead end of that same shaft leading out of the queen's chamber. There's really not any good evidence that would give us reason to doubt that the beams were original. I fear that's more of a case of people trying to leave some wiggle room for the pyramids being much older. Don't get me wrong, it would be cool if we found out they were that old, but there's no reason to make that assumption based on all the evidence we have placing their construction firmly in the old kingdom. There's just no good reason to suspect that they weren't a part of the original construction. Unfortunately a whole lot of the Lost Ancient High Technology crowds extraordinary claims are based off of profound misinterpretations of the scraps of evidence they've cherry-picked out of context to convince people on youtube who just don't know any better because they've never been exposed to what is often overwhelming counter-evidence which the Hancockian youtube scholars intentionally ignore because that counter-evidence will certainly end a lot of their careers if their wider audience were ever to be exposed to it. I was floored when I finally found out just how damning a lot of this counter-evidence was against the LAHT proponent's most fundamental claims that inform all their other claims. But that's why people like Hancock poisons the well and tells his audience that archaeologists, the only groups of people bothering to fact-check these claims btw, are the enemy trying to cover up the TRUTH that they don't want us to know or something. This is how he insulates his audience from this counter-evidence and what ends up happening is his customers will automatically associate any counter-evidence as being part of this academic cover-up conspiracy by definition. It's really intellectually dishonest.
Something to consider, wood timbers are not holding up the massive structural weight of the pyramids only keeping the passages open from collapse and acting as scaffolding. In the scope of thousands of years, a lot of wood could have been brought and put into place and even imbedded into the passages to be made into scaffolding by looters attempting to access difficult passages in antiquity. The wood scaffolding is nothing in comparison to massive stone structural architecture of the pyramids, they are orders of magnitude in difference of achievement. I’d like to see some evidence that the scaffolding timbers are older than the actual structure. Imagine even the imbedded ones… holes would be cut in the stone walls to hold Timbers and then mortar could have been added to hold them firmly in place for safety. From the information shared here this carbon dating is only the age of the scaffolding
@@jellyrollthunder3625 Funny thing about dating methods and the fans of "alternatve" writers as well as the writers. When dating doesn't result in the date they want for a site like a pyramid then it is voodoo science or highly problematic. But when it confirms the antiquity of another site like Gobekli tepe that seems to fit their narrative then it is cutting edge science.
@@jellyrollthunder3625 I think the alternative theories are more reasonable than the mainstream view for a number of reasons.
First of all, if you look at the scope of work credited to Sneferu, you should see that there is obviously a problem with the mainstream idea. Sneferu is regarded as the first Pharoah to work megalithic stones into monuments. He is credited with building the Red pyramid, Bent pyramid, and atleast the finishing of the Meidum pyramid, as well as the structures which make up those pyramid complexes. This puts the scope of work carried out during his reign at over 12 million tons of stone, quarried, finished and stacked. That's the most during any Pharoahs reign in Egyptian history and it's not even close. Being the first to create monolithic structures and the greatest of all time at doing so seems extremely unlikely. Rameses II, who is widely regarded as the most powerful Pharoah of all time, completed about half as much stonework as Sneferu during a reign which was nearly 4 times as long. When it comes to trying to justify these numbers, the mainstream thought is just to throw more workers at the projects. So what, did Sneferu have around 8 times as many workers at his disposal than Rameses II did? It's nonsense.
Secondly, there is good evidence that parts of the Giza plateau complexes predate the 4th dynasty. The original God of the Underworld, Sokar, has a connection to Giza which predates the 4th dynasty. He also assimilated the God Pteh during early Dynastic history. The God Pteh is the grand craftsman of the Gods, and Sokar assimilating him could point to Dynastic Egyptians attributing some structures of Giza to being built by the God himself. In Egyptian mythology, the time period before history, is a time in which the Gods walked among men. So any structure predating Dynastic history surely would be attributed to being built by the Gods. Next, I feel like it seems obvious that the Pharoah Khafre built granite walls in front of already highly weathered limestone, when he was "constructing" the Valley Temple. So those limestone walls surely predate the 4th dynasty and judging by the extent of weathering, I think an original construction date much further in the past makes sense to me. The Sphinx inclosure wall is a subject which has been explored a lot so I won't talk much on it, but one thing I would like to make clear is that, any/all of the quarries at Giza could easily predate the 4th dynasty, and then could have been expanded during the 4th dynasty, essentially erasing a bunch of the evidence of an older date.
I have an idea though which I believe is closer to the truth. I believe that the Great Pyramid first existed as a step-pyramid, it predates dynastic history, and it wasn't constructed by Khufu, only converted into a true pyramid by him. Next, I think that this conversion was meant as a means to protect/restore the original step-pyramid. I think that this was a goal throughout the 3rd dynasty and that Meidum pyramid, Bent pyramid and Red pyramid were originally step-pyramids created by 3rd dynasty Pharoahs between Djoser and Sneferu. So then Sneferu wouldn't be responsible for creating the bulk of these structures, only thier conversions from step-pyramids to true pyramids. This would bring the total scope of work carried out during Sneferu's reign way closer to other Pharoahs. Next, the wood from the Queens Chamber airshaft doesn't need to be from the original builders because as a step-pyramid, the queens chamber shafts would terminate at the outside of the structure. Khufu probably wouldn't have seen the point in extending both the King's chamber shafts and the Queen's chamber shafts(especially since they dont actually go into the queens chamber) so he chose to close the queens chamber airshafts with the Gantenbrinks door. I also think the Dixon objects(the cedar, the round stone, and the hook) can be explained by a singular purpose. If the Dynastic Egyptians found the airshaft on the outside of the pyramid they would definitely be curious where they go. So they could have taken a hammer(a round rock bound to a cedar rod) tied it to the end of the rope(using the hook) and lowered it down the airshafts from the outside in order to try and figure out where the airshafts terminated. If the hammer got stuck they would have been forced to cut the rope and surely there would have been nothing left of the rope after 5000+years. Next thing, the graffiti in the uppermost relief chamber then would have been blocks which were removed in order to breach the Kings chamber and then replaced by Khufu when he was completing the true pyramid. They probably breached from the top instead of around the granite plugs (where the modern-day breach is) because it was considered safer, and maintaining structural integrity was a key part of thier plan.
I think there is plenty of proof that all the 4th dynasty pyramids were originally step-pyramids. First and foremost we have the Meidum pyramid. Next we have the slippage seam in both entranceways, of the Bent pyramid. This seems to indicate that the slippage happened along the line between the original step-pyramid structure and true pyramid shell. Next, there is the breach of the Menkaure pyramid which seems to reveal the step-pyramid core. Also, there is a satellite pyramid at Giza which had its outer layers removed, revealing a step-pyramid core. Next, there are scans done on the Great pyramid (which have been used in the past to promote the internal ramp theory) which seem to indicate that there is a step-pyramid core. Overall I think the idea of multiple construction phases is better supported than the mainstream view that Sneferu created 2 or 3 pyramids from scratch.
A question you are probably wondering is if the Great Pyramid step-pyramid core wasn't created by the Egyptians then why was it created and by whom. My theory(and one that I've poured hundreds of hours into) is that the Great Pyramid was originally designed to be a water-powered Tesla tower created by remnants from the lost empire of Atlantis. Granted when it comes to the power plant, the who/why are not important as the how, so much of my time has been spent on that. I'm confident that I've figured out how the Great Pyramid can operate as a Wardencliffe tower esque device and how it could be used to wirelessly transfer electricity around Giza(and possibly beyond) with great efficiency. If you are interested I'd be happy to share more details about how this power plant would function. As far as why I'm going with Atlanteans as the builders, and what purposes they could have had with the structure, it comes down it being the most convenient explanation. I imagine them using the pyramid as a doomsday shelter. It pumps water underground, it deflects radiation, and it can stimulate plant growth. As far as what they used the electricity for, my best guesses are lighting and stoneworking. But the power plant could theoretically move hundreds of millions of volts per second so sky is the limit when it comes to the electrical generation. That's why I'm fairly keen on promoting my ideas, because if I'm correct, and we can create a power plant like this, then it would solve the world's energy problems. My major goal behind all the countless hours of research is to prove that such a stone power plant is possible. Whether or not the Great Pyramid actually was a power plant(and the implications of such scenario) is secondary. Lastly monetization of my ideas sounds nice considering how hard I've worked on them, but if I never made a dime it wouldn't matter to me, so long as I could prove my ideas and that they benefit man-kind. I want so desperately to prove my ideas just because I want to be able to make the world a better place. Nearly free, nearly infinite electricity, broadcast wirelessly to the world was the dream of Nikola Tesla. I'd love to see that become a reality.
Thank you for this video, was just trying to look this up the other day, following seeing all the original wooden beams at dashur in your previous videos.
Thank you for your reasearch mr Granite !🙏 as someone who knows nothing i say theres no reason someone who stumbled upon the pyramids couldnt have done renovations. Just a thought❤
Thanks for this. Highly informative & revealing.
Welcome back! Interesting topic. I hope your videos spur current and future archaeologists, Egyptologists, etc. to focus on this issue. Perhaps the Old Guard has to die off before others can make headway. Regardless, you continue to put forward important information that helps even this most non-scientific, doesn’t-know-enough-to-be-dangerous subscriber. Hope you and yours had a happy new year. Best wishes for a safe and successful 2023. Please keep the videos coming!
"I hope your videos spur current and future archaeologists, Egyptologists, etc. to focus on this issue. Perhaps the Old Guard has to die off before others can make headway"
I think you may be misreading this somewhat.
It's less a case of set attitudes as funding in many cases.
HfG implies that Koch 'pressured' events in his favor - but all Koch has power to do is throw money at the right people for the job in this case.
Ergo archaeologists simply did not view carbon dating as a priority when targeting new research paths, or applying for funding to pursue any such investigations.
Money makes the world go round - and Koch knows that better than most.
Every time an archaeologist comes begging for funding from person x they are potentially drawing from a finite well of philathropic goodwill - each request could be the last time they get anything, so it follows that they will only pursue funding for the research that they actually want to do.
When an entitled rich pr**k like a Koch comes knocking you say "OK, we don't want to pursue this personally, but if you drop enough cash to fund excavations for another 5-10 years besides what you want, then we will be happy to drop what we are doing to pursue this for you".
Simple give and take.
Found this channel by chance (or the algorithm got me) and it is remarkably well documented and very well presented. I hope to visit Egypt some day and the day I sturdy its ancient history in more depth I will for sure explore your channel in detail.
I think the Great Pyramid was built around 2800 BC, based on astronomy at that date. I used a program called Starry Night and found that at that time the stars Procyon and Gomeisa, the two brightest stars in Canis Minor, matched the angle between the Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber, respectively, when Procyon was due East. I mean the chambers as viewed looking East, most diagrams show the pyramid as see looking West so you have to mirror the image to see what I mean. I used the date of about July 20 in that year, because that was the time of the heliacal rising of Sirius, which marked the time of the Nile inundation, in those days, and Canis Minor was visible because it was shortly before sunrise when Procyon was due East so the sky was still dark. Sirius would rise heliacally shortly after that, being only about 3 degrees below the horizon. Another interesting thing is that at that very time of Procyon being due East, Thuban was at azimuth 359 degrees, 54.5 minutes, the azimuth of the Great Pyramid passages, which which Flinders Petrie gauged as an average of 5.5 arc minutes West of due North.
To see the same two stars matching the chambers when in the western sky instead of the eastern sky, you need to set the date to about early May. This time you set it to when Gomeisa is due West, Procyon is then above and to the right of it, matching the position of the King's Chamber while Gomeisa matches the Queen's Chamber, the reverse of the situation in the eastern sky.
So what the idea behind the chamber positioning may have been is to depict Procyon, known to the Egyptians as the "star of Osiris", in the King's Chamber shortly after sunset in early May, then rising from the underworld in July, first becoming visible around July 5- 10, and appearing in the Queen's Chamber position, as if Procyon/Osiris/Khufu had traveled from the King's Chamber down to the Queen's Chamber, maybe to enter his ka statue in the Queen's Chamber niche, or to be in the presence of a statue of Sopdet, Hathor or some other god or goddess, whatever was supposed to be in there.
Think about it, why two chambers with a coffer in one and a statue niche in the other, unless the dead king was expected to move from one to the other? Since his coffer was in the upper chamber, I would assume he was expected to leave his coffer, in spirit form, and move down through the Grand Gallery and then the horizontal passage to the Queen's Chamber.
Another thing that may be what it was depicting is that when in the eastern sky you would see Procyon due East in the Queen's Chamber position shortly before Sirius rises and then by the time it does rise Procyon will have moved up to the King's Chamber position, where Gomeisa had been earlier when Procyon was still due East. So you could say that Procyon had two different ways of moving between the two chamber positions, one moving down and the other moving up. BTW, I also posted about this on the UnchartedX channel under a different account name. I don't know if either channel owner will actually see it or care but I thought they might find it interesting.
I've been binge-watching the videos on this channel for the last few days, and it really baffles me just how much politics is involved in Egyptology research. I study archaeology and know that famous archaeological sites will always have some controversy around them, but especially Hawass is just of another realm. His influence around the scientific narrative is insane.
Brilliant video. I've been in this neighborhood of UA-cam for a few years now, first brought in by Bright Insight and the Atlantis - Richot Structure videos. It's been a wild ride moving from "THE PYRAMIDS WERE BUILT BEFORE THE FLOOD!!" to a more charitable and critical view of traditional Egyptology, and this is the best take I've seen with some data I've never seen anywhere else. Here's hoping we can get more studies done without the profit-driven rhetoric on either side blocking progress.
An ancient egypt youtuber not mentioning anti-gravity, giant batteries, secret high technology, or aliens? So rare!
I hear ya Bro 😎
And small metal discs with peoples' faces on. Ouuuuuu! What could they be?
@@JohnFlower-NZfook knows. We can all speculate though.
They neglect to mention that the wood probably came from Lebanon, not Egypt and that could account for some of the difference. In general, the carbon dating is consistent with Egyptologist’s dates.
Right and saying they are sooooo old the egyptians inherited them.
Hey is there any videos of all the pyramids around the world and by date of creation? I’m wondering if these pyramids would properly determine the migration. Also where did the cult originated from. You have a great outlook on these things.
In Australia there’s really no pyramids but one called black mountain. I live in this area. Also they said the In active volcano in Cairns is Actually a man made pyramids with fauna growing over it.
I look forward to learning more. Thank you. Keep up the awesome work!
This is a very good video, keep up the good work.