The Cognitive Functions Explained
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- Опубліковано 25 лип 2024
- A breakdown of the cognitive functions making up what is commonly known as 'personality type' - many cognitive function descriptions you find online tend to conflate cognition with behaviour, and often perpetuate stereotypes such as 'Sensing being pleasure-seeking' and Feeling as incapable of rational thought.
In this video I do away with the stereotypes, metaphors and mythological archetypes commonly found elsewhere and present what the cognitive functions are at their core.
CPT Explained: • CPT Explained
Thanks to Kiara Kerrick for the subtitles!
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About me:
Hi, I'm Harry, and I'm intensely passionate about personality typing and self-development - so much so that I have created my own Jung-inspired system, taking a more high-resolution look at the factors making up personality.
Through Cognitive Personality Theory I examine the underlying mechanisms behind cognition, and the means through which a single type can have limitless individual variation - I believe type itself is just a set of cognitive predispositions that can according to the needs of the situation be overcome.
I don't believe any type is limited in what they can achieve, but have noticed sensationalist attitudes and internet trends propagating a culture in which type-development is actively discouraged in favour of conforming to simplistic archetypes. Through CPT I hope to dispel various myths and oversimplifications of what constitutes personality type, and along the way encourage a healthier attitude towards type that allows a person to become not who they are told they are, but rather who they want to be.
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00:00 - Introduction
02:05 - Extraverted Sensing
03:18 - Introverted Sensing
04:29 - Extraverted Intuition
05:12 - Introverted Intuition
08:09 - Extraverted Feeling
08:54 - Introverted Feeling
10:03 - Extraverted Thinking
11:26 - Introverted Thinking
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KEY
Ni/Introverted Intuition - Broad & plethoric perception of internal world.
Ne/Extraverted Intuition - Broad & plethoric perception of external world.
Si/Introverted Sensing - Specific and concrete perception of internal world.
Se/Extraverted Sensing - Specific and concrete perception of external world.
Fi/Introverted Feeling - Subjective codec; internal emotional data & harmony.
Fe/Extraverted Feeling - Subjective codec; external emotional data & harmony.
Ti/Introverted Thinking - Objective codec; internal logical order.
Te/Extraverted Thinking - Objective codec; external logical order.
Lens - Perceives data.
Codec - Rationalises data.
Convergent - Positive, creative, enacting change and seeking novelty.
Divergent - Negative, authoritative, instilling consequence and driving utility.
For more clarification on terms see the CPT eBook!
#16types #16personalities
I like to picture Ti-Fe; Te-Fi; Se-Ni; Si-Ne as a set of pedals. The more you press one of the pedals, the more the other one goes up. It's a beautiful symmetry.
This is a fantastic analogy! It brings to mind an organ, or even a harp - interesting how appropriate musical metaphors can be to this field of psychology!
Is the Ni-Ti Loop in an INFJ then slightly overrated? If the natural opposite of Ni is Se and Ti is Fe, would it be true that getting out of the Ni-Ti Loop should therefore not be much of a problem for INFJs generally? In any case, the function dynamics seem to be more multi-dimensional and fluid than I had thought - insightful video and great analogy!
@@katlccn Mostly just misunderstood :) Ni-Ti is the primary internal dialogue of this type - there is no loop per se, but it is possible for types to subdue their oppositional function and subsequently over-rely on their dominant stack and retreat from external (in the case of the INFJ) reality. Extraverted functions are still used, but they become hyper divergent and thus outside the realms of conscious responsibility.
Most people who talk about the Ni-Ti loop simply refer to a prolonged employment of primary internal dialogue, but there are cases whereby the only world an introvert is willing to take responsibility for is the internal one. In this instance, cognition is something closer to a loop as the other side of the psyche is purely antagonistic :)
Cognitive Personality Theory Beautifully said! To me, it sounds more like a mechanical device as I am not so attuned to music as a field of study haha.
I LOVE that!
I wish I would have watched this before anything else. This explanation helped is really essential for following your thoughts on the other videos. That you
Cool :)
Bruh you should make a questionnaire using your theory..it would help alot
I need subtitles urgently! I want to understand all of this and it seems like you explain this well, but my english is not that good as to understand complex matters just by hearing and without reading it again and again.
Captions should be enabled on the video?
I noticed the use of the "zooming in/out" metaphor!!! Kinda made my day!!!
Hehe, I find it super useful! Always open to new analogies to get these points across :)
love analogies and metaphors-helps me understand concepts and any new information really (btw i’m an INFJ-A). without a big picture perspective to place and organize details into, i’m either lost and frustrated or i am sometimes able to push through the details (not yet presented under a conceptualized umbrella, and i get my own items top down understanding. i’d rather not have to go through that unnecessary frustration though; not only is it a time waster but i’m a big proponent of providing how concepts are related to facts/details, (usually objective, but if appropriate, subjective too) vise versa. this is especially true in any didactic situation-should i need to consult with other classmates or colleagues to hopefully interpret the underlying meaning of a presented topic? that’s not always helpful, and consulting the presenter who only focuses on details may or may not help me because sometimes it’s a catch 22. because i remain confused as the details are once again presented, as if that’s my problem…no, it’s my top-down learning style. it’s been a hinderance or a help to me, depending on the situation. i must say,…those that more easily process information bottom-up fascinate me! you’re helping me to understand, but until someone one day can literally show me (hence analogy/metaphor), i remain frustrated because i just can’t understand how bottom-up works in regard to teaching others. i understand science experiments can lead to unforeseen concepts or reading nonfiction leads to analysis and concept formation. usually though when nonfiction is taught, an overarching theme is presented first.
i realize i wrote too much. but no one is probably going to see this comment within a comment from a year ago lol! i at least got to let off some steam ha ha
Hi, thanks for really fleshing out the essence of the cognitive functions. This was very helpful and sparked some insights for me 👍
Your frustration has lessened significantly when comparing this video to your more recent ones
Wow, this was amazing!! Thank you for this. This makes so much sense! Putting functions into boxes makes it hard to take typology seriously. We can all do any function
Fantastic! Happy it helped :D
So happy to finally have an accurate, unbiased explanation of the lens and codec functions. If i understood it correctly, Se and Ne reffers to actual external lens a person uses the most. Se being very sharp and focused on central vision, and Ne being more perrephrial and broad, which relies more on the abstract and conjecture. Now, Si and Ni are more of abstract terms, that are used to describe a person having an specific, focused and intense internal perception (Si) versus more abstract and diluted internal dialogue (Ni). So, those who have more focused lens on the external reality, will also tend to have somewhat more abstract and less focused internal world as a result, and vice versa, because that's the nature of two polarities. However, these codecs and lenses exists in specific pairings, for the most part. That's why there are people who predominantly are certain of ther thinking patterns (TiSi, TeSe) and more uncertain, occasionally cold and abstract feeling patterns (FiNi, FeNe). So for example, even though an Esfp is on Se-Ni axis which means they have a specific and focused vision of the external world and more abstract internal perception, when they decide to engage ther Ti they will be able to do so in a very specific and detail-oriented manner (SeTe > SiTi), much more than for example, an Infp or Istj who has more of an intuitive, holistic thinking preference.
I would like to have some kind of imagery on this. Esp i, as an Ne user, really wonder how Se users tend to see the world.
So vague, so unfalsable, so not useful to predict anything
Also tries to explain something two entire field exist to explain, cognative neuroscience and cognative psychology
@@ghostofpast550 Well, it's just like most of these so called "soft" sciences. I think it explains the cognitive makeup of types far better than other systems and i see many of these cognitive predispositions as i observe people. That's what the original Jung mbti theory tried to explain, cognitive functions. I don't like stereotype based approach that many other systems have, i find it pointless.
And also, CPT is still new so there is a lot of work to be done ofc.
Love your in-depth descriptions!
Thanks so much!
Great video!
You made some great animations, to support your words.
I can't wait for part 2.
Cheers! Glad you liked the animations too - adding suitable visual accompaniment is becoming an increasingly high priority when editing :)
Part 2 will be filmed in the coming weeks!
Great to hear :)
Great content, amazing channel. Keep it up! 👍🏾
Thank you! Will do!
I had to rewatch this multiple times in order to properly understand all the functions lol.
Great video, as always.
Thank you :)
" Here be dragons " 😆🤣😆🤣😆🤣😆🤣
I just realised today that I find the same enjoyment in understanding your model than I have learning languages : specific vocabulary withholding nuanced meaning and a connection between words that mimic a set of grammar rules. 😍
And the chance to extract self growth from it is like cherry on a cake!
Cheers !
What a fascinating parallel! I recently received a comment comparing the theory's structure to a musical composition too - I guess the emphasis on the interconnection between all moving parts makes these two parallels work :D
Haha, I thought that insert was suitably medeival - it sometimes does feel like we're going back to the dark ages when people start throwing around devils and tricksters alongside psychological concepts!
@@CognitivePersonalityTheory Yes, I noticed that comment and really enjoyed pondering upon it.
I do think that the fluidity that you put forward in your system can somewhat be found in languages. The meaning of a word being influenced by the context of the sentence, it can't be described either " in a vacuum ".
Tricksters and devils, my oh my!
My thought was that the dragon reference coming from a L.O.T.R. fan was a nice illustration of synergy with all things pointing in the same direction. 😊
@@kcl7864 So interesting! I absolutely agree :)
Hah, synergising with my LOTR geekdom was definitely an influence there too!
¨Lens functions assigns no value¨ It just struck me when being taught how to draw one of the biggest things that is taught is observation, detail or how to look at things a lot of times people actually perceived a detail or could easily after it was pointed out but don´t initially see the value of observing it.
Great example!
The last couple of days I was wondering if it makes sense to separate the cognitive functions into two opposing dichotomies altogether. A holistic system, where the functions dip into each other and are interdependent, makes a lot of sense to me!
Great video as always! MBTI makes so much more sense with these concepts.
Btw, I wanted to put Spanish subtititles, but I noticed you don't have that option enabled, if you don't have a problem with that it would be great to put captions, at least in Spanish there's almost no good mbti content.
Ah! I never knew there was the option - I'll see what I can do :)
Cheers!
@@CognitivePersonalityTheory Ok 😁
I feel returning to "feeling is subjective, thinking is objective" is a step backwards in linking terminology to understanding as compared to Jung. Objective is a better term when used to describe orientation to the object. It is more useful to simply say dispassionate, when that is what is meant, rather than objective. Feeling can be oriented towards the subjective or objective. Subjective and objective parallel introverted and extraverted. Fe can be linked to objective evaluative judgement, even if it is not logical or dispassionate. (INFP)
Also quite separately, you have here and previously mentioned the example of a direct cognitive interplay between Si and Ni. How would you answer, for instance, certain socionists who would state that your impression of this Si usage is really more an internal awareness than an employment, born of respect and responsibility towards the associated particular merits and advantages of that function, rather than any actual activation of it? I compare this to my own laboured efforts at "emulating" Ti, which is a desired effect produced through what appears to be a Frankenstein-like amalgam of the Si, Fi, Ne and Te I "do use".
Your content is quite bold and certainly worth attention.
When objective thought and subjective thought are placed on a spectrum, it is clear neither exist in their purest form - humans are constantly dipping in to both. Feeling is posited here as subjective as even the most extraverted form originates from a limbic centre absent (speaking in extremes) that detached objectivity - it always stems from the self, and perception of another as a variant of self, and as such is always subjective. This is not to place the functions on a binary, but rather present how cognition fluctuates between the objective and subjective, and indeed how in one form or another there will always be a limbic component alongside the cerebral - this is what makes us human.
I would say cognition is far too fluid to paint a point on the perceptual spectrum closer aproximating Si within an Ni dominant as simply an emulation of this point on the perceptual spectrum by other functions. I do believe 'results' we associate with a cognitive function can absolutely be pulled off in many instances by a combination of others, but this does not change the cognition itself. So, yes, an Ni-dominant can pull of an 'Si-associated' result without necessarily engaging the function/extremity in a conscious manner, but the internal cognition would still lack specificity. Sure, it can be uncomfortable to employ certain cognitive extremeties, but while I do believe we are somewhat 'niched-in' by our respective types, this would be perceived more as the tendency to favour certain styles of cognition over a complete inability to think and feel in a manner contrary to what one is used to.
This video itself has helped me dip into Si enough to realize that what happens to me is this: "ALARM! Something doesn't fit here. Stop! Don't trust this." Then I step back. "Now...*what* doesn't fit? Where's the broken piece (or most likely, lie)?" Take it apart. Look at the pieces. Make a decision based upon the data (which can be days or weeks of research).
I've recently started watching your videos and they are brilliant. I'm really trying not to be distracted by the soft music in the background though... Unless I'm imagining it, which is possible 👀
I really appreciate that! Haha, I'm still trying to get the balance right re: background music and it is possible the softer volumes are (almost paradoxically) more distracting than higher ones!
@@CognitivePersonalityTheory I see! Thanks for replying. I would say you don't even need music though - what you're saying is so engaging and thought provoking on its own. Unless you like to add it as part of the channel's identity? 😊
@@rinnie35 Hmm I certainly don't feel the music is essential and those videos without it seem to have done equally well, so perhaps you're right!
@@CognitivePersonalityTheory I think it's really great that you're open to suggestions, and you seem like a really nice, genuine person all round. Thanks for sharing such great content with us, and best of luck with your next videos - I look forward to them!
This is a really interesting video, and it kind of gets at some things I'd been thinking about. It seems to me like the fluidity of functions can explain the typology youtubers I've seen who come out as having been mistyped. The example that comes to mind is the TypeMatch channel -- I don't know her name -- went from thinking she was ENTP to recently re-typing as ESTP.
I'd also been thinking about how the 8-function model seems to position the 7th slot as a "blind spot". I'd been thinking about it in the context of trying to figure out my own type, and finding myself a bit confused about it. Does your model do away with the "blind spot" concept, or do you find that the ability to dip into a function's opposite is stronger at some positions in the function stack than others?
Interesting! It is certainty true that ESTPs frequently mistype as ENTPs :)
As for the blind function, in terms of consciousness the co-aux's opposite orientation (Te in an INFJ) that is the most naturally unconscious. This is owing to the pull of the divergent auxiliary as an authority function - for as long as that function is triggered, its natural opposite will be suppressed. This function must be deactivated or passed through to overcome said blindspot :)
It's interesting, your understand of Jung typology resembles me the hegelian dialects and fenomenology, because it takes oposites (like Ne and Se) and put in a movement of the mind.
when you created the intuitive functions, was in your mind low latent inhibition, right? I remember an article saying that open big five-wise people are aware of things others block out (less prone to inatentional blindness).
I think I figured out a method for visualizing personalities as shapes formed by these 8 functions. As a cube has 8 corners, you could assign a function to each corner, so that extraverted functions are on one side and introverted one the opposite. Then different perceiving and different valuing functions on opposite sides. This could be arranged so that there is an thinking edge, a feeling edge, an intuitive edge and a sensing edge.
The distance of each corner from the center of the cube would reflect one's aptitude in utilizing each of the functions and thus each type stereotype and generally every personality would be a different shaped "cube".
I'll try to map out the cube in text. Top side for example could be
Ne Fe
Te Se
And the bottom could be
Ni Fi
Ti Si
As an ENTP I for example would have a pronounced Ne corner and a severe lack of Fi and Se. As I've matured I've gotten a grasp on Ni and Te so my "cube" would look like a house with a diagonal ridged roof and a squarish floor with the roof being
Fe
Si
And the floor being
Ne Ni
Te Ti
(yes the cube has been rotated from the previous example)
With personalities being so abstract entities I like the idea of capturing something so complex into a concrete shape. It makes for easy comparisons between different personalities and is not limited to dichotomic nature of MBTI and instead facilitates measuring a persons capacity to utilize any and all of the functions as a gradient.
Now the 3d diagonals of the cube link the functions that appear in pairs (Ne-Si, Fe-Ti, Te-Fi and Se-Ni).
I hope this visualization matrix provides another curious soul with a way to visualize personalities or as a target for intense optimization (let's face it I'm gonna need an INTJ to really make this method work)
I would like to hear your opinion on the potential usefulness of this, Harry, although everyone's opinion is of course welcome.
Feel free to tell me what your personality would look like on this model!
If you have any questions about this or if there's something wrong with this I'd love to hear and try to hone this model as a consequence.
I love it! I do this this model could be employed very effectively - bit of an ask, but I don't suppose you'd be willing to draw out a rough sketch and send it to me over email!
Always open to new ways of visually getting this information across :)
Very interesting ! The concept of "rotating on one's axis" might fit well with this geometric idea 👍👍
@Susana A Only high IQ people can use more than 4 functions.
@Susana A waht?
Tbh I didn’t understand any of what you just said. This is to high level for my slow and stupid brain. Guess I’ll never understand.
lol
No one understands anything those you think who understands are just using big words, if you ask them to manipulate information to simply things that they understand they would fail or if you ask them to use real world examples using what they understand then they will also fail
Understanding is not memorising, it's the ability to manipulate the information you learnt however you desire
Always be wary of those who use big words or twisted arguments to get their point across , it will aid you seeking truth
I recently got into your channel, and you offer very new insights into function interplay. Very impressed with the content! I had a query on tangibly defining Ne vs Se. Is Ne supposed to be a detached observation? So for example if I look at a set of adjoining sofas, I would go on to picture a row in a cinema theatre seating, so in this observation instead of concrete detail based observation of the sofa (color/texture/geometry) there is a functionality assigned (a repetition of a seating arrangement) which is linked to a cinema theater row (Te?) and hence this observation is not about the objective reality of what it is but what attribute of it can be liked to a functionality or value that is also present in another object outside of the current reality (correlation). Is this a primary way in which Ne dominants differ in primary observation compared to Se dominants? So should an Ne dominant look at reality but spend less time processing the details but quickly shift to associating the limited perceived information to various ideas/utilities/imagery/memory etc? So for example, i can look at a leaf painting on a bedsheet to suddenly shift to imagining this leaf floating on the surface of a stream, in reality there is no stream or water, but the time spent in conscious observation of details is much lesser than extrapolation of what it can be?
Sorry for the long comment, but I hope you can give me some confidence on this.
Hi, cheers! Ne is more detached from the singular component, but, conversely, more attached to the picture said component is contained within.
If you were employing Ne-Te (or Te-Ne), what you say is correct - the Te functionality flows across all perceived components to determine the overall concept.
Both Se and Ne dominants do both, but there is certainly a different emphasis. However, the extrapolation you mention is more congruent with a small Se intake and an Ni-Ti process 'filling in the blanks'. This process occurs within all types, just to differing degrees.
However, Ne would perform a similar 'assumption' from a 'sense datum', just without the internal process :)
I enjoyed your wording!
@@CognitivePersonalityTheory The sense datum makes a lot of sense! Also, you mention that you are also a musician, so do you have a separate channel where you post your music?
@@psydart5945 Indeed I do! Link in the description :)
2:17 the system
I wish he gave more simple examples
So, what I should be understanding is that the fluidity of the functions are what's most important? An introverted feeler can access an extraverted feeling side also? That being said, so being typed as a INFP, INTJ, ENFJ, or any other personality type should not be the main concern, because we are able to use many of the same cognitive functions?
I have wondered when taking the test why so many of the types seem to overlap with similarities in their cognitive and behavioral qualities. I still have a ways to go in understanding these concepts. But, I agree we should all be able to be who and what we want, personality type not withstanding. Thanks!!
Type is definitely not a static concept, but the origins from which our cognitive dialogue stem are definitely important to bear in mind.
An INFP dipping into Fe is still doing so from an introverted limbic origin - being able to employ any function in any manner doesn't change our natural predisposition to favour a certain style of cognition :)
@@CognitivePersonalityTheory Okay, I think I get it. Thanks!🙏
How would I make use of your typing service ?
Link to my website (and services) on my channel page - or shoot me an email :)
I dont know why someone will think infps are not capable of "rational" taught.when i decide to do something with my Fi Te will switch on and tell me how to integrate it in the system.It is just that even if im aware of Te decisions i will dismiss it.I will share Fi decisions with intj and he will tell me exactly what my Te said.And thats why i will dismiss it,because the external decisions are existing and im looking for "unique" reason to do that thing.Also i am waiting for Ne scenarios.
I agree that we can access all the functions, but do you agree that when we do primarily use the ones that's not in our main stack -- the so called "bottom 4" -- that it feels unnatural or at the very draining? Like I can use it, but my brain is only using it as a necessary evil and wants to dip back to the other side it's used to?
Also, I think these stereotypes for each type, while bad, formed for a reason. Maybe a focus on unhealthy unmatured people? I don't know.
(ISFJ btw)
Only in the convergent sense - as such, it feels unnatural for an ISFJ to consciously and deliberately use Ne to affect the world, but natural to engage it in a passive observational manner :)
As such, the problem is not whether one uses a function as much as it is uses it convergently.
@@CognitivePersonalityTheory Thanks! I also find that it's less draining go use Ne when I'm talking to those who use Ne more naturally/frequently -- not sure why. Then I kind of get into that ENTP mentality where it feels likes Ne is dominating like you mentioned in one of your previous videos.
Can a young adult Inf-ts or est-fn not have a strong sense of identity/rely on external validation? Can ni-fi fake Ne-Fe? Can an introverted sensor-feeler or introverted intuitive-feeler masquerade as the extroverted counterpart? And would that be true for lens-thinking codec dialogues
The two usually inform eachother in these instances :)
Ni-Fi is generally too preoccupied with itself to completely flip orientation, but Ne-Fe can certainly be dipped into when the type is at ease. This very much applies to Si-Fi too!
@@CognitivePersonalityTheory Thanks! That makes a lot of sense. Thanks for clearing this up!
these alot of people and online articles that claim mbti is fake or not scientificaly accepted what do you say to this?
I might make a video on this subject. The field is not backed up by data - the research disproves the idea of dichotomies (e.g. I N F J) being related to cognitive functions, which is the basis of the MBTI instrument.
MBTI is certainly not fake, but in the sense of people who have Ni and Ti in the dominant stack always being Introverted Intuitive Feeling Judging types has been disproven.
The system cannot challenge the Big 5 because the latter only assigns behavioural traits, without seeking to connect fixed cognitive patterns to these traits.
Cognitive patterns cannot be proven as they rely upon traits, which do not correlate sufficiently :)
As it stands, we all know people think and feel differently to one another, and certain learning styles are backed up by research. Cognitive functions are valid when used as metaphors to explain how one person thinks differently to another, and valid when used as such on an individual (rather than group) level.
Te - What "Works" for the group and puts things into boxes
Ti - What is the core "Truth" and views things from various angles
Fe - What are the "group's values" and harmonizes the group
Fi - What are "my values" and harmonizes one's self
Dr. Dario Nardi's work shows that the 6 function is particularly strong, so a Fe auxiliary will have strong Fi. Socionics backs this, and also backs that each function's opposing function works together. A Ni Fe X X will have strong Ne Fi, but won't be valued consciously as much as Ni Fe even though Ne Fi are strong functions in the cognitive process. This is why an INFJ can have trouble with distinguishing between their Fe and strong 6th function Fi since they are both feeling functions. They can treat their Fi as if it were Fe if they project their Fi onto others. EXE: An INFJ wonders what another person might be thinking about them, and in milliseconds, since they are poor at this, not know, out of fear of the unknown fill in the blank with a negative Fi and maybe a Ti out of the negative Fi, and try to make their negative Fi and possibly Ti out to not be true. They will respond to make sure they negate their own negative Fi and possibly Ti doesn't become true. INFJs are great at knowing what others feel towards them and are highly self-aware. They will always run into trouble when they wonder what others are "thinking" about them. This framework of thinking for an INFJ is toxic and should be abandoned, and in its place, they have knowledge of what others feel towards them and a high self-awareness. They are feelers first not thinkers first. Hope this helps someone as it did for me!
Te is not what works for the group.It is personal efficiency.What will bring maximum pleasure satisfaction to the individual.Thats why they use argument(pseudo logic) to persuade and convince others.Actualy with high Te the individual is trying to convince others Fi's to accept his view.ITxJs constantly try to convince me with their childish "reasons" to accept some rules but they can't.Good luck to pass the Fi wals
Wow
I thought the opposite of Ni would be Se...technically?
Si would be the opposite side of the continuum, whereas Se is opposite in both function and orientation!
Here be dragons 🤣
+
Function 1
Function 2
Function 3
Function 4
Me: Yes, I see. All the functions---
HERE BE DRAGONS
Me: YES, DRAGONS EXIST
...wait, that's not what the video's about, oops.
Later:
"Now, let's deal with the extraverted-orientation of this function, known as Extraverted Sensing."
Me: *Editor side is triggered by the use of unnecessary words.
This has been a random reaction comment.
AHEM, on a more serious note, the Fi-Ti connection is a deadly poison that can easily suck all your hopes and dreams away on a bad day. Avoid it at all costs.
Haha, love this!! Poison's in the dose :)
@@CognitivePersonalityTheory XD yes to that as well.
Really though, you did a good job of explaining the functions and I learned a lot, as usual.
Thank you!
--Now tell me if dragons exist, man!--
He boring.
why u here watching this than? nobody told you click the video