What is H. Pylori? How to Diagnose and Treat H. Pylori

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  • Опубліковано 30 січ 2025

КОМЕНТАРІ • 494

  • @whitGGG
    @whitGGG 10 місяців тому +142

    This has been the BEST and by far the most informative video yet. I have had this bug for 2 months and have yet to get rid of it. My doctor gave me the 3 common antibiotics for only one week, refused to give me a few more days’ worth, told me nothing about probiotics and here I am still suffering. I refuse to go back on the antibiotics. Thank you so much for this information. 😊

    • @sheryla7721
      @sheryla7721 8 місяців тому +6

      I concur of what you’re saying I too have been put on three treatments of antibiotics, but I did take my probiotics along with it. I still write to this day hell and still suffering from it.

    • @imhoturnot1992
      @imhoturnot1992 7 місяців тому +1

      Do you have halitosis or bad breath that doesn't go away?

    • @whitGGG
      @whitGGG 7 місяців тому +6

      @@imhoturnot1992 not that I know of but I still have occasional gas & bloating. I’m still taking probiotics and Elemental Heal on occasion. So far I’m doing much better. 🤞🏼

    • @imhoturnot1992
      @imhoturnot1992 7 місяців тому

      How did you get cured?? ​@user-py2lh7zv3h

    • @Maxe_well
      @Maxe_well 7 місяців тому

      What are the foods and precautions to take please tell me help 🙏​@user-py2lh7zv3h

  • @melissaperrotta1054
    @melissaperrotta1054 Місяць тому +28

    I had it. Took almost 3 years for a diagnosis. Was hell, but I feel so much better now

    • @kimpeterson8090
      @kimpeterson8090 29 днів тому

      I probably developed lymphoma from h pylori!

    • @missthunderstormable
      @missthunderstormable 27 днів тому

      What made you feel better…my mum sufffering…had 3 antibiotics..

    • @melissaperrotta1054
      @melissaperrotta1054 27 днів тому

      @@kimpeterson8090oh no!

    • @melissaperrotta1054
      @melissaperrotta1054 27 днів тому +10

      @@missthunderstormableI did the 4 antibiotic treatment. Took a few months after that, to feel better. No more chronic fatigue. I try to stick with a high protein diet, take a good probiotic; and limit Sugar and gluten.

    • @soulsis6562
      @soulsis6562 24 дні тому +1

      I’ve had this for 20+ years it sucks!
      Has made me incredibly unwell.
      Would do anything to get rid.

  • @ninacaldwell3165
    @ninacaldwell3165 10 місяців тому +31

    Best video I've seen, you explained this in detail and it made sense thank you

  • @frs535
    @frs535 9 місяців тому +19

    Thank you for choosing such an interesting topic and presenting it in an incredible video with impressive effects and graphics.

  • @ladyhawk5245
    @ladyhawk5245 8 місяців тому +62

    This doctor is the most thorough I've heard so far.

    • @guts7518
      @guts7518 4 місяці тому +1

      i needed this after years of suffering fainting, shortness of breathe and like 20 other symptoms. I finally convinced my doctor to check my gut. i just finally got a barium swallow test which showed acid in the gi and a tiny hiatal hernia. So it would be bittersweet if i do have h pylori and can finally feel normal again.

    • @christownsend-q3s
      @christownsend-q3s Місяць тому +2

      Nurse

    • @LP-fz5xm
      @LP-fz5xm Місяць тому +2

      That’s because she is a Nurse, NP.

    • @JS-hb8nk
      @JS-hb8nk Місяць тому

      ​@@christownsend-q3sRuns rings around my Dr.

  • @sjsiwi
    @sjsiwi 10 місяців тому +22

    This is the most accurate description ever 👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻

  • @wakancun
    @wakancun Місяць тому +13

    I had it and the antibiotics didn't get rid of it...but I started trying natural stuff ..first I did , a week of garlic, ginger, lemon, honey shots.. morning and night...then I went with mastic gum, then Makuna honey, also lemon grass drops ...mixing that up.. 1week of one before meals etc. Drinking good quality cranberry juice, Kirkland, green tea, anis tea..
    After a few months I did the breath test again and came back negative...gone...but still had digestion problems...then started taking a product called Beet Flow , by Empirical Labs and feel much better...1 before each meal

    • @v.t.olasupo4953
      @v.t.olasupo4953 Місяць тому

      How did you take the shots? First thing on an empty stomach? Or just before eating? Did you take the manuka honey by itself and the lemon grass drops in water?

    • @wakancun
      @wakancun Місяць тому +1

      The week of the shots I did one in the morning on empty stomach, the other before bed.
      The lemon grass drops I would put 3 drops in a small glass of water before each meal, and gulp it down, pretty strong stuff. So I would do that for a few days, then next for some days take a half teaspoon on Manuka in the morning empty stomach and night before Bed.
      Then Mastic gum , I would empty the capsule in a spoon, add a bit of water, and wash it down with water. Before each meal. I did that for a while.
      In the meantime I always drank good quality cranberry juice, Kirkland, for my drinks, and green or anis tea at night...I can't say if one was the solution or all were...but the courses of antibiotics didn't work and this did.
      Now I'm taking BEET FLOW, by Empirical Labs , which has helped get my digestion going better... Probiotics made me sick to my stomach..but I'm still trying to figure that out....

    • @wakancun
      @wakancun Місяць тому

      I was doing this and mixing it up for several months

    • @v.t.olasupo4953
      @v.t.olasupo4953 Місяць тому

      @ thank you for sharing did you ever get acne symptoms or belching?

    • @wakancun
      @wakancun Місяць тому

      @@v.t.olasupo4953 ...no, mostly stomach cramping, bloating, weight loss

  • @mrmene2144
    @mrmene2144 5 місяців тому +20

    wow this woman knows what she is saying...the best I have seen

  • @georginaagathos8391
    @georginaagathos8391 20 днів тому +3

    I was diagnosed with H pylori after a trip to the maldives back in 1991 when that region was still not as commercialised like it is now. I was sick as a dog. Had to be hospitalised 3 weeks after I got back home. They put me on heavy duty antibiotics for 4 months. It was hell!!!

  • @Shalin1964
    @Shalin1964 10 місяців тому +11

    Thank you so much for this video! The best and most helpful explanation I have come across to date.

  • @sgtnik4871
    @sgtnik4871 10 місяців тому +52

    best video on pylori i found so far

  • @megmeg890
    @megmeg890 Місяць тому +20

    Drink cayenne pepper mixed with water.... twice daily.
    Start from quarter spoo to half to more according to your tolerance.

    • @foghornleghorn100
      @foghornleghorn100 17 днів тому +4

      what does that do doesnt sound good?

    • @pennyk1943
      @pennyk1943 8 днів тому +1

      Cayenne pepper thins your blood.

    • @PuntlandFirstCreator
      @PuntlandFirstCreator 3 дні тому

      If you have ulcers or whole in your stomach that caused H pylori, please be careful taking cayenne pepper and anything hot.

    • @Watchoutforsnakez
      @Watchoutforsnakez 2 дні тому

      What is this supposed to do and based on what evidence?

  • @GO-gh2cp
    @GO-gh2cp 7 місяців тому +16

    By far, the best explanation!
    Thanks! I now know what steps to follow.

  • @sjsiwi
    @sjsiwi 10 місяців тому +7

    Thank you so much Julian 👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻

  • @reginadzeagu3074
    @reginadzeagu3074 10 місяців тому +6

    Good video❤🎉 God bless you. I learned a lot

  • @aglaheaven2777
    @aglaheaven2777 23 години тому

    I am satisfied with the video because with a clear information.thank u so much Doctor

  • @desiree1802
    @desiree1802 10 місяців тому +14

    what do you recommend for those who do have gastritis instead of hcl

  • @EnglishVirgo
    @EnglishVirgo 4 місяці тому +7

    I have this right now. What made me get tested? Well, I noticed that I have a chronic sore throat and when an issue becomes chronic in me, I like to eliminate causes because 1.I have a big cancer risk on both sides and 2.I previously had cancer, so I don't mess around with newer, chronic issues. So I asked my GP (online appt) and was asked to do a stool sample. Shocked me because I thought, wrong end surely lol So I researched H Pylori once I saw the request form and found out why she might be testing that for a sore throat. I don't have acid issues and as I have a gastric bypass, I have lower acid anyway.
    So then I get the result and yes indeed, I'm positive. I start on Amoxycilin and Metranozidole this week. Just regular antibiotics make me feel 'yucky', so I'm a little nervous of what such a big bunch of two types will do to me, but hopefully just the one course will work.
    P.S my doctor didn't tell me to but I have also bought myself some probiotics to take alongside it and they contain Lactobacillus rhamnosus Rosell-11, Bifidobacterium lactis Lafti B94, Lactobacillus acidophilus/helveticus Rosell-52.

  • @lilmsbambi
    @lilmsbambi 10 місяців тому +7

    Thank you SO much!!!

  • @Kathyahedrick3
    @Kathyahedrick3 20 днів тому +1

    You have a very informative presentation here! I have been through this and it seemed that after treatment was finished, it took months the get rid of the bloating That I felt for several months!
    I now use a ACV, lemon and green tea tincture in the am on empty stomach! Then wait 20-25 minutes to take my medication and have coffee! I’ve only used this for a week , I hope it helps with the bloating! Thanks for providing this information 🙏

  • @lorrainewilliams2549
    @lorrainewilliams2549 8 місяців тому +11

    I got the most and best info here than anywhere else. Took notes to follow.

  • @toddbrayshaw
    @toddbrayshaw 9 місяців тому +20

    This is so informative. I’ve watched a handful of H PYLORI videos and this one is the most comprehensive. Only thing I would add is Diatomaceous Earth as a way to scour your insides and rid yourself of all sorts of baddies.

    • @lmsalgado3
      @lmsalgado3 3 місяці тому +2

      Yes very effective, but make sure you use ‘food grade’ only diatomaceous earth. Very important. The other kind is toxic to humans.

  • @shinola228
    @shinola228 9 місяців тому +3

    Really great video. I suspect l have this so thank you for the information.

  • @EhighibeOnyedikachi
    @EhighibeOnyedikachi 13 годин тому

    very informative and educative

  • @Yvette-j3j
    @Yvette-j3j 5 місяців тому +5

    So informative I have been studying this bacteria, I read that medical testing that was done and printed in a medical journal has found it in the middle ear of children and in the mouth or tonsil area from having acid reflux issues

  • @marthaloreto3088
    @marthaloreto3088 6 місяців тому +11

    I WISH YOU WERE MY DOCTOR. Thank you so much for all the information. You are the best! 🥰🙏

  • @sunshinejones4124
    @sunshinejones4124 16 днів тому +1

    This is the best video and description ever! Thank you Dr.❤

  • @RachaelArpilleda
    @RachaelArpilleda 10 місяців тому +5

    Thank you for the information ma'am ♥️👍👍👍god bless you

  • @wordivore
    @wordivore 10 місяців тому +16

    This was so helpful. I'm doing most of it already but there's a few things I'm going to add. Especially interesting is the probiotics. I've read that L. Reuteri is really helpful as well.
    As for kombucha, it's usually made with caffeinated tea. Some companies add additional caffeine (extract) too.
    The other thing about tea is that it contains nickel if anyone is interested in that factor.

    • @aprilgayles8389
      @aprilgayles8389 4 місяці тому

      May I asj what probiotic brand you used?

  • @melkamutsegaye-kumsa3024
    @melkamutsegaye-kumsa3024 11 місяців тому +10

    Bravo Sister nurse, you are doing a great. God bless!!

  • @chavogarland4145
    @chavogarland4145 7 місяців тому +13

    Very good video doctor, all good information. The only thing i would say is people should not take betaine HCl or pepsin or digestive bitters while they have an active h. Pylori infection because it can potentially cause the bacteria to go deeper into the stomach making it harder to kill

  • @emansrour472
    @emansrour472 3 місяці тому +3

    I watched many videos but that one is the best one even though my English is my second language it's simple to understand, thank you

  • @taniagomez1685
    @taniagomez1685 7 днів тому +1

    Thank you for this amazing video.

    • @taniagomez1685
      @taniagomez1685 6 днів тому

      How much and for how long I should be on the mastic gum?

  • @augustsnowfall5189
    @augustsnowfall5189 25 днів тому +1

    This is the best information video on this subject I have watched. Thank you ☺️

  • @meerabakshi2676
    @meerabakshi2676 9 місяців тому +3

    very informative video. Thanks.

  • @nidhitikoo1519
    @nidhitikoo1519 4 місяці тому +8

    The best informational video on h.pylori👍

  • @lovc1962
    @lovc1962 7 місяців тому +5

    The best information and delivery of information by far. So impressed and helpful!

  • @bellasue02
    @bellasue02 11 місяців тому +23

    Ive been taking berberine daily for a while. Good to k ow it helps with hpyloi

    • @kathrynrealhealthtalk910
      @kathrynrealhealthtalk910 11 місяців тому

      Oregon grape root is best herb with berberine. Helps potential blood sugar issues too. go to well educated natural health food store. MASTIC GUM IS SPECIFIC FOR H PYLORI. bland diet. No gluten and no cows milk products. Strong probiotics and digestive enzymes each meal. Good luck.

    • @rtappy01
      @rtappy01 11 місяців тому +5

      Seniors be careful with this supplement may decrease muscle mass. My daughter loves it.

  • @Sir_Chris346
    @Sir_Chris346 4 місяці тому +27

    Can I like this video 100 times

  • @nickt.2825
    @nickt.2825 4 місяці тому +1

    Very thorough presentation. You touched on a lot of my symptoms. I took antibiotics and the breath test came back negative. I started feeling better but have not gone back to how I felt before my GI issues.

  • @MARIPILIPM
    @MARIPILIPM Місяць тому +2

    A thorough review greatly appreciated🙏🏻

  • @HectorEsparza-q3x
    @HectorEsparza-q3x 10 днів тому +3

    Since I’ve had h pylori my stomach almost feels inflamed and I get nausea did two weeks of antibiotics waiting to go back and see if it was eradicated….but iam curious if inflamed stomach is caused by h pylori.

  • @madhumitachakola3021
    @madhumitachakola3021 7 місяців тому +5

    Extremely informative and exhaustive video. Thanks a bunch

  • @ibrahimjaiteh7113
    @ibrahimjaiteh7113 8 місяців тому +6

    Thank you and you be bless for the rest of your life

  • @IreneYoungFoto
    @IreneYoungFoto 3 місяці тому

    Absolute best information I have watched on UA-cam, and I have watched many. Thank you!

  • @Elisa-yw4bp
    @Elisa-yw4bp 7 місяців тому +7

    New subscriber.. Best 😮informative and helpful video

  • @Hj-jv3bw
    @Hj-jv3bw 10 місяців тому +3

    Hi! Does anyone know where u can get the probiotic she is talking about or they all different bottles?

    • @shinola228
      @shinola228 9 місяців тому

      CVS pharmacy has a lot of them.

  • @michaelboyd8693
    @michaelboyd8693 10 місяців тому +12

    I join the other viewers in complimenting you!….This is extremely well organized, very clear in delivery and extremely helpful getting someone affected knowledgeable & ready to take H-Pylori on!…Thank you!!

  • @carolbuckner1647
    @carolbuckner1647 13 днів тому

    Great informative thorough info! Thank u ☺️!!

    • @sukrunazl3918
      @sukrunazl3918 12 днів тому

      @@carolbuckner1647 ı haven’t received an answer yet😄

  • @Elizabeth-yx7yr
    @Elizabeth-yx7yr 3 місяці тому +3

    Best video ive seen in forever!!! Wow

  • @jiajiaxu2780
    @jiajiaxu2780 3 місяці тому +1

    So clear and simple to understand!

  • @beelee9998
    @beelee9998 7 місяців тому +2

    Incredibly Informative Video. This could really help a lot of people. Thank You.🙏

  • @wakancun
    @wakancun 6 днів тому

    I bought it off Amazon...Horbaach...and I took it in a spoon, emptying the capsule . I took it before each meal, for about 2 months...but was alternating with other things

  • @aliced7505
    @aliced7505 Місяць тому

    Thank you for your excellent explanation of this condition. Good teacher.

  • @cuteboy-sb6rc
    @cuteboy-sb6rc 10 місяців тому +21

    Thanks for your advice sister God bless and He will take care of all our sickness amen

  • @MH-cp2yr
    @MH-cp2yr 11 місяців тому +16

    Very well explained in important details. Thank you so much! God bless you!❤

  • @liliwonka1637
    @liliwonka1637 8 місяців тому +8

    Thank you for this. I’ve struggled with HP for years on and off and I cannot take anything probiotic for the life of me (including simple yogurts), it actually triggers gastric episodes of stomach pain and esophagitis. Do you have any idea why this may be the case?

    • @Jewell55737
      @Jewell55737 8 місяців тому

      Probiotics are super high histamine.

    • @JBgoodiebag
      @JBgoodiebag 26 днів тому

      @@Jewell55737a company called Seeking Health has probiotics that don’t trigger histamine release

    • @Sparkplug4712
      @Sparkplug4712 20 днів тому

      ​@@Jewell55737 I recently had a allergic testing done and found I'm highly allergic to cats as I've known all my life can't be around them but what surprised me was I'm extremely allergic to histamine !! I'm 63 yrs young and have been severely suffering with everything she's telling us. No doctor or specialist can tell me why I'm suffering with many stomach issues

  • @kibeast
    @kibeast 14 днів тому +2

    Long term use of Omeprazole can cause bone cancer also.

  • @kaakedebbie8100
    @kaakedebbie8100 9 днів тому

    Thx for breaking it down

  • @ancaiordachescu7082
    @ancaiordachescu7082 8 днів тому

    The best information!

  • @nancyjoy6941
    @nancyjoy6941 Місяць тому

    Thanks for this 😊very educative

  • @najmabegum5789
    @najmabegum5789 11 місяців тому +9

    Thank you for straight forward clear massage .

  • @ajitkapadia8950
    @ajitkapadia8950 4 місяці тому +1

    VERY CKEAR AND CHAR.ING PRESENTATION. GOD BLESS U WITH A VERY LONG AND ACTIVE LIFE. KEEP IT UP ON OTHER TOPICS ALSO.

  • @Sunshine-p5o
    @Sunshine-p5o Місяць тому +4

    You need three types of antibiotics to work. Not everything gets killed with natural route especially HPylory. Feel so much better after I used the antibiotic and eradicated it

  • @curiousengineer6436
    @curiousengineer6436 8 місяців тому +3

    excellent explanation 👍🏻

  • @caterinascarcella
    @caterinascarcella 6 днів тому +1

    My mom and sister and I all had it. Sadly my mom had it for decades which led to stomach cancer.

  • @suhaybsiyad2709
    @suhaybsiyad2709 2 місяці тому

    Very good information and helpful tip thanks Drs. I am a new subscriber.

  • @ΑικατερινηΦραγκου-θ7κ

    Is there any hope in treating e coli ?? Cannot take antibiotics due to difficil c...thankyou!!

  • @sharmilarao2419
    @sharmilarao2419 25 днів тому

    I really needed to hear this explanation ❤

  • @Elena-dk4fu
    @Elena-dk4fu 10 місяців тому +1

    Good morning, I love your video. I had an endoscopy and had a biopsy for H. Pilory that came back negative, but I was on a week's worth of antibiotics, 500 mgs of Cipro and the week before I was on macrobid. I was wondering if that could have caused a false negative and if I should get retested now that I'm off everything. Thank you
    I was diagnosed with Intestinal Metaplasia and I'm trying to work through that with diet changes.

  • @sorwithdyslexia
    @sorwithdyslexia 5 місяців тому

    Great slide deck to match audio and good transition timing!

  • @gerhardfourie8150
    @gerhardfourie8150 10 днів тому +1

    Will normal ethanol type sanitizers used at cleaning cutlery at restaurants and clean cutlery effectively to remove the risk of H.Polari

  • @daisyrubio9978
    @daisyrubio9978 5 місяців тому +1

    Great informative video . Thanks

  • @helengabr5743
    @helengabr5743 8 місяців тому +1

    Brilliant video. Comprehensive and very helpful. Thank you! ❤

  • @nottoday.c
    @nottoday.c 10 місяців тому +2

    Very good info thay

  • @RobinLizac
    @RobinLizac 4 місяці тому +5

    If you do not have a lot of money which one of all those treatments that work would you recommend?

    • @SterlingSimmons22
      @SterlingSimmons22 Місяць тому

      I’d like to know too… I’m disabled no income because of these digestive issues

    • @RobinLizac
      @RobinLizac Місяць тому

      @SterlingSimmons22 I started using mastic gum! For me it worked. Not for everyone though.

  • @dondean2132
    @dondean2132 8 місяців тому +2

    Very specific, well done, thanks

  • @adamfernandes3347
    @adamfernandes3347 Місяць тому

    Amazing video - Thank you!

  • @noushinhosseini7996
    @noushinhosseini7996 9 місяців тому +1

    Thanks so much Dr for all useful information ❤

  • @audreysmith8jjpooojkjbv
    @audreysmith8jjpooojkjbv 2 дні тому

    Thank you x

  • @FG6530-b7q
    @FG6530-b7q 4 місяці тому

    This presentation is excellent. Thank you👍

  • @pammahlenhoff5550
    @pammahlenhoff5550 5 місяців тому

    Hi great info , so how do the ones with gastritis increase stomach acid 😢

  • @elbezkais5489
    @elbezkais5489 7 місяців тому +2

    the best video abt h pilori

  • @mindfree198
    @mindfree198 3 місяці тому

    Very impressed with this information

  • @jessburges3181
    @jessburges3181 5 місяців тому +2

    Thank you so much for this informative post. I have tested positive for H. Pylori and have done a round of antibiotic treatment that hasn't worked. My only symptoms are high WBC elevated Eosinophils and extremely itchy welts on my skin (like hives) in the evening. I have been to numerous doctors about this and only one connected and organised a H.Pylori test. I am supposed to start another round of antibiotics but would love to treat without them, how long do the recommended supplements take before you see results. Also do you have any advise on how much we should take of everything? Thanks kindly!

    • @lovelyme7107
      @lovelyme7107 4 місяці тому

      Did you ever start the new treatment?

  • @NellyNelleNel
    @NellyNelleNel 7 місяців тому +1

    God bless! Thank you for helping me understand the nasty bacteria.

  • @Zckwarriar2009zi
    @Zckwarriar2009zi 9 місяців тому +2

    Very complete. Thank you.

  • @NateDietrich
    @NateDietrich 7 місяців тому

    Very comprehensive and informative video! Thank you!

  • @olamigokeanuoluwapo9755
    @olamigokeanuoluwapo9755 8 місяців тому

    This is a very educative and detailed information. Thank you

  • @meirabalderas9193
    @meirabalderas9193 6 місяців тому

    You are amazingly thorough ❤

  • @esperanzanemec7003
    @esperanzanemec7003 Місяць тому

    Where can I find all that

  • @RohanaSamanthaJayasekara-ll4qc
    @RohanaSamanthaJayasekara-ll4qc Місяць тому

    Great explanation

  • @sukrunazl3918
    @sukrunazl3918 Місяць тому +1

    Dear doctor. I also had helicobacter (++). My doctor gave me a 10-day antibiotic treatment (4). I didn't want to use antibiotics. My pharmacist recommended vana berberine tablets. I take them with a little water, morning and evening, with food. My question is this, if you allow me; Would it be enough if I used this medicine in this order for a month? Would two months be necessary? I am 65 years old. Thank you.

  • @warrenbryant1485
    @warrenbryant1485 3 місяці тому

    Super great info. Thank you much!🔆

  • @blessedtoquest
    @blessedtoquest 5 місяців тому +1

    Do you take clients? I think i have this and now i have an infected belly button. I really would love a functional doctor to resolve this. Do you do teledoc appointments?

  • @christineobadun1794
    @christineobadun1794 Місяць тому

    Thanks very educative and helpful. Thanks

  • @jotdhillon5365
    @jotdhillon5365 3 місяці тому

    This was such a helpful video

  • @JRR31984
    @JRR31984 11 місяців тому +3

    Very GOOD.

  • @MyrnaDiaz-u4l
    @MyrnaDiaz-u4l 2 місяці тому

    thank you for the info.

  • @wakancun
    @wakancun 3 дні тому

    I'm not a Dr. But the natural treatments worked for me...which includes, Mastic gum, Makuna honey, lemon grass drops, shots of , a mixture of raw garlic , ginger, lemon quarters, a little water, blended and add honey after blend...big shot glass morning empty stomach, and evening. I also did a 7 day organic celery juice drink in the morning...I drank organic cranberry juice with every meal..Costco Kirkland was the best. I didn't do everything at once, but would do one for a couple weeks then switch...It's not always pleasant because the bacteria is fighting...
    I