You are the best sciece UA-camr, divulgative, you go straight to the point, you don't oversimplify, you don't take yourself too seriously and you always have things to surprise us
@@yaykruserI don't get why he's compared to them, his style of videos are very different. He shows everything as a practical demonstration, hence "Action Lab" and yes the explanations of it can sometimes fly over my head, the experimental observations always stick with you, and the explanation doesn't leave anything out so it can be used as a teaching tool without overly simplifying it as other UA-camrs might do.
The Joule Thompson expansion shows specifically how real gases are different from ideal. An ideal gas would not change temperature when undergoing free expansion, but real gases are sticky from van der waals. Except these rare exceptions. To be very explicit: refrigeration without phase change is only possible because of real gas being imperfect. Excellent video on thermal physics!
It would also be possible if expansion were to be done without massive turbulence, by reusing that energy to re-compress the expanded gases from the low pressure side of the system. Then your main losses would just be the extra work needed to compress the same volume of air at a warmer temperature vs at a cooler temperature.
Even with arguably complicated topics you always manage to make the explanation clear and simple enough for anyone to understand. I can’t imagine how much work it takes to read the research papers full of technical jargon and “translate” them in a way that makes sense
Chemical engineer here and this is one of the best explanations i have seen here. But all this can be totally changed when mixture of gases come into picture. I deal with hydrogen and even with above 50 mol% of hydrogen and rest being nitrogen and methane when you expand the gas mixture it cools. Thats different story
What if its only hydrogen and nitrogen? Your comment made my brain shout, " Haber-bosch" and how could this be temp and pressure difference be manipulated in some way to not need "9 gazillion" bars of pressure to produce ammonia.
@@patrickbowen9395 still the mixture cools. Newer process of ammonia production has only nitrogen and hydrogen as reactants and they still go to that higher pressure but comparrably lower than conventional ones
It sounds like you mixed it with some positive JT gases, so no wonder. Still, I would think even azeotropes exist for JT coefficients of certain gas mixtures.
This whole time I was thinking about duster cans as a way of applying this information. I'm glad you mentioned them at the end so I didn't come away with a false conclusion!
I love the counterintuitive things. One time at CalTech a student in a lecture about hypersonic airflow said to the prof, "But that's counterintuitive". The professor said, "When it comes to hypersonic flow, you have no intuition."
I've watched many of your videos, I just want to say BRILLIANT, I don't always like each one of them but. You do a dam good job in your delivery on most everything I've seen. So.. thanks for your diligence and subject matter, I believe I'm learning great things to know. Peace.
I want more of these videos about things I actually have never heard about before, not the usual science facts that are covered by every other science channel over and over.
1. The Video quality improved a lot 💯 2. I was wondering why H,HeNe heated up instead of being cold (I was too lazy to read all these complex words in the text book for morethan a year ). Thank you for making a video on this topic.
I love how you edit pauses just enough for me to mentally guess and then be like ohh yeah, that makes more sense when you explain shortly after asking a question.
Idk why but I am getting info about things right after or after sometime I study them in my classes. It has happened to me at least 10-12 times. Example my chemistry sir taught the states of matter and explained us ideal gas, real gas you have explained it a little better but as I have studied it so my info has been set in stone thanka
i work for oil and gas industry and we use this a lot (really a lot, arround 120 tons/h). We use some light hidrocarbons (C2/C3) im the cicle compression-cooling-expansion for a few times to reach -100Cº, and the JT effect will help to isolate H2 from C1, 90% of all oil polimers (PP/PVC/ and many others) start to take shape with this.. so almost everything cool you have today make use of this phenomena. I knew how it worked , but never been able to fully explain it to new workers. Thanks to this video i am fully capable of
Brilliant video! One thing to improve on would have been to explain inversion temperature which you indirectly mentioned but would have been useful to go into it in a little bit of depth to fully explain the concept here. Thanks
Awesome videos like always BUT i resently went on a marathon watching ur older videos and the ideas and things you tried were so cool it felt like i was kiddo again... Feel free to post any crazy videos thx!
An excellent story, well told! I have been teaching ideal gas laws to students for over 10 years and this is going to help me teach real gases better. Thanks!
This fact is "used to" kill workers in refineries in units/pipelines working with hydrogen: hydrogen leaks, and then ignites with invisible flame (hydrogen have low ignition temperature), which is very hard to detect. Eventually pipe suffers catastrophic failure, massive amount of hydrogen escapes and mixes with oxygen and then explodes. Hydrogen is very dangerous gas to handle. I'd rather work with chlorine.
Very interesting, but you don't need an exotic effect like this to cause localized heating and cooling of a spot. It could be done by alternating hot and cold flowing brine, or by electrical resistance heating combined with a cooling fluid, or by periodically reversing the current flow through one junction of a thermocouple. So this innovation in surgery is just a way to get a patent.
0:57 No, it just means you equalized the pressure between the 2 containers. The volume of 9g of air is the combined volume of both containers + tube. With the way you said this, you'd have to vacuum out the air from the smaller container instead of just connecting them with a tube. Edit: Quoting what he said: "Since I vacuum the air out of this [pointing at the *larger* ] container, if I just connect the two, then all of the air from this [touching the *smaller* ] container will now *mix between the two* ". The pressure in the system he made is equalized between BOTH containers connected by the tube. In order for the LARGER container to get all of the 9g of air, he'd have to use a vacuum device INSIDE the already vacuumed larger container to suck all of the air out of the smaller container to make the smaller container a vacuum now (aka no air).
That's what he said though? "since I vacuum the air out of this container if I just connect the two then all the air from this container will now mix between the two and now this will be the volume of nine grams of air"
@isevo3666 He said "Since I vacuum the air out of this [pointing at the *larger* ] container". Next he said "If I just connect the two, then all of the air from this [touching the *smaller* ] container will now mix *between* the two". The *larger* container does NOT contain 9g of air given what he said! The way he said and performed all of this describes *equalizing* the air between BOTH containers. That means BOTH containers (+ the tube) contain the 9g of air, NOT that ONLY the larger container has all 9g of air.
Thank you, what an excellent video, clearly explaining the science with observations, and giving it a very real and useful practical example, these videos should be used in schools!
Cool video. One remark: the availalbe helium on earth is practically finite. We should use it accordingly for medicine, science,... and not waste it on bloons at parties and similar stuff.
The sound of compressed air being released is so horrible. Could you perhaps not include it so prominently in the future? You're the only youtuber I've ever really noticed actually emphasizing the sound; others tend to reduce its volume or remove it entirely. In fact, around 2:50, you *added* it as a sound effect.
I just had an interesting thought. If I was in a closed space with equal parts of oxygen and helium (or one of those other gases), and I want to turn up the temperature in the "room". Can I decrease the pressure to do so? Please let me know if I need to clarify my question.
For this process to work as James demonstrated, it is an isenthalpic process to expand the gas. An isentropic process will decrease the temperature significantly more, and will decrease the temperature in a way that is independent of the flavor of gas. Isentropic means the process takes place with constant entropy. Meaning no heat transfer and no irreversible processes. All expansion turns into mechanical work in some form or another. Isenthalpic means the process takes place with constant enthalpy. This means no heat transfer, and a process that is as irreversible as possible. In other words, all the work that the gas could do, is dissipated thermally by friction.
Thank you. I worked on ships in engine room. The exhaust gas from main engine has temperature sensors all along its path. I never understood why the temperature went up at 1 point as it expanded. Got it now
If you can’t experimentally tell the difference between two sentences and both work for predicting things, you can consider whatever you want as “truth”. That is what physical models are. They don’t care about what “is” or not true, they only care about propositions that help us predict things.
Really cool video! It is crazy to learn that this is being used to help eradicate cancer cells too. Thank you for all of your content, it is really great to get a dose of science.
If possible can you try an experiment that I came up with. The things you need are an empty room, a light source and you inside the room. What I have in mind is that , when the light source is turned on you are able to see the walls of the room because they reflect light from the light source. But what if we make the surface of the walls so imperfect that in whatever direction light may hit the wall it does not get reflected to atleast a single point in the room. Which means if you observe the room from that point, even if there is a light source in that room, you would not be able to see anything like the wall and the ceiling in the room.
Actually all matter has a definite volume, but that volume is always defined in relation to the environment it's in. Now the magnified effect of the environment is going to be greater on gas as opposed to solid, but the pressure in the surrounding environment is always going to be what defines that volume. If you change the temperature of any gas, liquid, or solid it will expand or contract accordingly. Thus changing its volume.
amazing. if this method is cheaper than methods like chemical therapy or radiological methods, it can save millions of lives! not everyone can buy expensive medicine!
Wow that was good I always thought that down to the atom the faster the vibrate the hotter they are and that's what makes heat so when you compress them it slows down the vibration and that makes them colder but how you show it I guess that isn't right. Thanks for your video. Good job.
I think it should have been better explained by radiation of photons/heat than kinetic energy of atoms. Surely those are related phenomena but we or thermometers mostly feel temperature of radiation and not kinetic energy of atoms. Most matter radiates heat through infrared spectrum. Anyway, I like your shows, thanks for good work. Cheers
There is another cooling mechanism too, apparat from those 3 gases mentioned. When gas is released from the compressor, the pressure drops, the atoms fly apart, There is few times less of them per cubic centimeter. This will cause temperature drop regardless is they fly a bit slower or not. Temperature of the gas will be lower per cm3, therefore felt by people or thermometer, but temperature/speed of single atoms could be the same as in the compressor.
I just had a cryogenic nerve ablation where they shot nitrous at nerves to create ice balls around nerve and ablate outer part of nerve, cutting off pain signal.
All gasses cool as they expand at lower temperatures and heat when they expand at high temperatures. The temperature where the gas switches from cooling to heating is called its Joule-Thomson inversion temperature. For hydrogen and helium, they are already above their J-T inversion temperature at room temperature so they heat up while all other gasses cool. The JT inversion temperature for nitrogen is 621 K or 348°C.
That helium in your lab is probably 20% oxygen. I think party helium is not pure so that pranksters who breath it to change their voice do not suffocate.
I know this is going to be a dumb question, but. Could this effect keep car tyres warm during colder seasons? We know temperature differences can cause a tyre to deflate, but can using an ideal gas mitigate that due to this property of maintaining a higher temp?
don't know anything myself but here's my two cents. I don't think you can get a gas to keep its temperature but you could probably make a gas that expands and contracts less for the same amount of temperature change.
Not really. But to address the expansion and contraction issues due to temperature, nitrogen gas is used in place of air in some cases. Expensive and something that’s going to leak out eventually anyways, but still done in cases where the benefits outweigh the challenges and cost. It doesn’t cause the tires to be warmer in any way, but it does partially solve the pressure differential that happens during temperature changes. @Valgween has it right
Temperature differences are ALWAYS going to cause a tire to deflate. It isn't really deflating due to this factor, it is just appearing to deflate. The same population of gas molecules is still in the tire, assuming the tire is idealized as a perfect seal. The gas molecules just don't push on the walls of the tire as much. And changing the flavor of gas doesn't help here, because any gas following the ideal gas law, will have the same Amonton's law relationship between pressure and temperature. You'd have to fill the tire with a liquid to mitigate this effect, such that the density is a lot less sensitive to temperature, but that would come with its own problems.
Will the system under compression, entropy increases or decreases? Entropy is a measurement of randomness. Randomness can be anything among atoms from being different in atom's orientation or spin. Calling out a combination. If this is so then combination depends on temperature provoke by compression and expansion.
Could you try performing the communicating vessels experiment inside the vacuum chamber as what keeps them aligned is the atmospheric pressure so this experiment would prove it and you could try involving other phenomena and properties related to that experiment
Now that was very interesting, I couldn't process why a gas would cool, my only thought was that in some way under certain pressures the gas may have more degrees of freedom, more places to store energy other than through movement (kinetic energy), and by releasing to the air you lower the degrees of freedom hence transferring that energy to kinetic energy.
Any chance you got the video idea from my recent post in ELI5 about the same topic and cryoablation? If you did, thats awesome! Glad you shared this amazing medical procedure.
Can I ask if you can show a gas next to a vacuum doesn’t need a container because the gas is not pressurised and can you show it at the bottom of the vacuum tank
Thanks for a great video...however I have some questions: @4.44 you say the "attractive forces are huge compared to the molecules".....if either nitrogen or helium is under placed under pressure in a confined volume, would it be true to say repulsive forces will exist between the gas molecules, causing them to want to move apart once released? Or put another way: when a gas is pressurized, on average, repulsive forces outweigh whatever attractive forces there might be. My second question: is the heating of helium local (at the throttle point), or does the entire system heat up (the bottle, the throttle and the discharged volume)?
Pressurized gas itself isn't getting colder, the gas is absorbing external energy for expansion. The energy is being pulled from the thermometer causing it to get colder, the gas itself is more likely to be room temperature. The atmospheric pressure & how much compression is put on the gas will determine how much energy it can absorb to stabilize itself. Under extreme pressure the pressure is enough to stabilize it, so when the pressure is released it will need another external source of energy to balance itself out. In creates a micro vacuum. (can probably make warpdrive with this.) And for the gases that get hotter, Hydrogen is extremely reactive & probably reacting with the metal the thermometer is made of. Helium & neon are noble gas so during compression there is no room for valence shell to be shared, while other gases valence shell has room to share electrons to fit into together that would need heat to pull it apart. Since they are noble gasses they were squeezed and kept to themselves & thermo probably reads hotter because of friction.
Also the reason why other gases get hotter with already prexisting heat is because the heat at those temperatures is enough to keep those gases expanded & will just result in friction when it is being released.
I swear the blue helium in a box with yellow text was full on 3D to me. The blue helium was clearly a distance behind the yellow text. IIRC this is because colors focus slightly different on the back of your eye due to different wavelengths going through the same lense.
Bummer this could t have worked for my mom’s case or anyone like here. Primary peritoneal carcinoma. Crude (very) explanation: the cancer took over the liquid around her ovaries so it was like trying to target liquid. It’s definitely a layman’s term expiration of the dumbed down version that was given to me but y get what y get. Hopefully this is extremely effective and safe and starts to become used commonly
I have a question for you I have a balloon, an animal balloon if I let it go it rises, but if I make a balloon animal and let go it falls. Why is that? It doesn't go up or float but falls to the ground.
Who can guess what happens to the outlet temperature of an ideal gas coming out of a valve?
the outlet temperature of an ideal
gas decreases
Couldn't this work as a power plant using some sort of refrigeration cycle on a huge scale in the arctic or something?
What real gases seem to do is come out at only slightly reduced temperature while it is the liquid in the container which cools drastically.
What's an "ideal gas"?
not me
This is one of the best discussions of the Joule-Thompson effect I've seen. Wonderful!
e
@@cyby124e
Never realized that gas expansion could be so complex and useful in medical procedures. Thanks for the deep dive into the topic, learned a lot.
You are the best sciece UA-camr, divulgative, you go straight to the point, you don't oversimplify, you don't take yourself too seriously and you always have things to surprise us
fr
I wouldnt say the best, there are others that are very good too!
Codyslab, Veritassium, Smarter every day, Nile red, braniac etc.
ARE YOU HAVING A STROKE?💀💀
@@yaykruserI don't get why he's compared to them, his style of videos are very different. He shows everything as a practical demonstration, hence "Action Lab" and yes the explanations of it can sometimes fly over my head, the experimental observations always stick with you, and the explanation doesn't leave anything out so it can be used as a teaching tool without overly simplifying it as other UA-camrs might do.
Agreed!
The Joule Thompson expansion shows specifically how real gases are different from ideal. An ideal gas would not change temperature when undergoing free expansion, but real gases are sticky from van der waals. Except these rare exceptions. To be very explicit: refrigeration without phase change is only possible because of real gas being imperfect.
Excellent video on thermal physics!
It would also be possible if expansion were to be done without massive turbulence, by reusing that energy to re-compress the expanded gases from the low pressure side of the system. Then your main losses would just be the extra work needed to compress the same volume of air at a warmer temperature vs at a cooler temperature.
Refrigeration without phase change is possible even with an ideal gas. Just run the Carnot cycle in reverse...
Even with arguably complicated topics you always manage to make the explanation clear and simple enough for anyone to understand. I can’t imagine how much work it takes to read the research papers full of technical jargon and “translate” them in a way that makes sense
Chemical engineer here and this is one of the best explanations i have seen here. But all this can be totally changed when mixture of gases come into picture. I deal with hydrogen and even with above 50 mol% of hydrogen and rest being nitrogen and methane when you expand the gas mixture it cools. Thats different story
What if its only hydrogen and nitrogen? Your comment made my brain shout, " Haber-bosch" and how could this be temp and pressure difference be manipulated in some way to not need "9 gazillion" bars of pressure to produce ammonia.
@@patrickbowen9395 still the mixture cools. Newer process of ammonia production has only nitrogen and hydrogen as reactants and they still go to that higher pressure but comparrably lower than conventional ones
You can tell he's an Engineer by the fact he used lowercase I when addressing himself
It sounds like you mixed it with some positive JT gases, so no wonder. Still, I would think even azeotropes exist for JT coefficients of certain gas mixtures.
You described Joule-Tomson coefficient better than my Physical Chemistry professor! Absolutely best science youtuber!
The visuals you added in this video is great.
Audibles are even better
Wow, it’s so nice seeing your video production continue to improve year after year with your popularity and success! I love seeing this channel grow 😁
Ty babe!
You love this channel? Name every video on this channel!
@@Amkjmi99 foreach video in videos
regurgitate video title
I could not stand the music/sounds, could not watch!
this channel better than teachers so its good
This whole time I was thinking about duster cans as a way of applying this information. I'm glad you mentioned them at the end so I didn't come away with a false conclusion!
The gas isn't gasing
YOU THINK YOU CAN SMOKE ALL MY GAS AND GET AWAY WITH IT?!? -a hood sage
@@giosuezze maybe
@@giosuezzeWanna smoke my fart, i haven't pooped for 4 days, u can use it to cook food or use as perfume
That’s how we ask for Pepto Bismal at the drug store in Canada 😀
What a gas man.
the quality of the videos got so good
I love the counterintuitive things. One time at CalTech a student in a lecture about hypersonic airflow said to the prof, "But that's counterintuitive". The professor said, "When it comes to hypersonic flow, you have no intuition."
Reminds me of the famous quantum mechanics saying: "If you think you understand quantum mechanics then you don't." [Richard Feynman]
Your scientific explanation is superb. Never understood what the concept of enthalpy and learnt something interesting. Absolute gold!
It really shows the important impact of even the Slightest differences in a given environment. Temperature, density, pressure, charge, etc. Etc.
I've watched many of your videos, I just want to say BRILLIANT, I don't always like each one of them but. You do a dam good job in your delivery on most everything I've seen. So.. thanks for your diligence and subject matter, I believe I'm learning great things to know. Peace.
Finally a clean explanation of the Joule-Thompson coefficient/effect.
I want more of these videos about things I actually have never heard about before, not the usual science facts that are covered by every other science channel over and over.
Yo i love the editing on this vid. Good job!
this is probably (no pun intended) your coolest video yet!
1. The Video quality improved a lot 💯
2. I was wondering why H,HeNe heated up instead of being cold (I was too lazy to read all these complex words in the text book for morethan a year ).
Thank you for making a video on this topic.
all happen to be lighter than air
It is amazing to me that so simple an action as opening a valve can lead to a deeper understanding of material behaviors at an atomic/molecular level.
Wow! Saving this video to watch again to integrate full understanding. Thank you for teaching beyond Charles and Boyles laws.
I love how you edit pauses just enough for me to mentally guess and then be like ohh yeah, that makes more sense when you explain shortly after asking a question.
Idk why but I am getting info about things right after or after sometime I study them in my classes.
It has happened to me at least 10-12 times. Example my chemistry sir taught the states of matter and explained us ideal gas, real gas you have explained it a little better but as I have studied it so my info has been set in stone thanka
i work for oil and gas industry and we use this a lot (really a lot, arround 120 tons/h). We use some light hidrocarbons (C2/C3) im the cicle compression-cooling-expansion for a few times to reach -100Cº, and the JT effect will help to isolate H2 from C1, 90% of all oil polimers (PP/PVC/ and many others) start to take shape with this.. so almost everything cool you have today make use of this phenomena.
I knew how it worked , but never been able to fully explain it to new workers. Thanks to this video i am fully capable of
this is one of your harder videos to understand. great jobs explaining
Brilliant video! One thing to improve on would have been to explain inversion temperature which you indirectly mentioned but would have been useful to go into it in a little bit of depth to fully explain the concept here. Thanks
I never knew this was a thing! I like learning new things. Thank you.
Awesome videos like always BUT i resently went on a marathon watching ur older videos and the ideas and things you tried were so cool it felt like i was kiddo again... Feel free to post any crazy videos thx!
An excellent story, well told! I have been teaching ideal gas laws to students for over 10 years and this is going to help me teach real gases better. Thanks!
this is the type of video i subscribed for. amazing video and always happy to learn something new.
I was guessing Helium in the intro, and I got it right! My physics class is paying off, now I can properly pretend to be smart on the internet!
This fact is "used to" kill workers in refineries in units/pipelines working with hydrogen: hydrogen leaks, and then ignites with invisible flame (hydrogen have low ignition temperature), which is very hard to detect. Eventually pipe suffers catastrophic failure, massive amount of hydrogen escapes and mixes with oxygen and then explodes.
Hydrogen is very dangerous gas to handle. I'd rather work with chlorine.
It forgot how to gas.
Add longer fade-in / fade-out ramps to the mood music snippets to make it feel less jarring.
Nice addition.
Very interesting, but you don't need an exotic effect like this to cause localized heating and cooling of a spot. It could be done by alternating hot and cold flowing brine, or by electrical resistance heating combined with a cooling fluid, or by periodically reversing the current flow through one junction of a thermocouple. So this innovation in surgery is just a way to get a patent.
0:57 No, it just means you equalized the pressure between the 2 containers. The volume of 9g of air is the combined volume of both containers + tube. With the way you said this, you'd have to vacuum out the air from the smaller container instead of just connecting them with a tube.
Edit: Quoting what he said: "Since I vacuum the air out of this [pointing at the *larger* ] container, if I just connect the two, then all of the air from this [touching the *smaller* ] container will now *mix between the two* ".
The pressure in the system he made is equalized between BOTH containers connected by the tube. In order for the LARGER container to get all of the 9g of air, he'd have to use a vacuum device INSIDE the already vacuumed larger container to suck all of the air out of the smaller container to make the smaller container a vacuum now (aka no air).
That's what he said though?
"since I vacuum the air out of this container if I just connect the two then all the air from this container will now mix between the two and now this will be the volume of nine grams of air"
@isevo3666 He said "Since I vacuum the air out of this [pointing at the *larger* ] container".
Next he said "If I just connect the two, then all of the air from this [touching the *smaller* ] container will now mix *between* the two".
The *larger* container does NOT contain 9g of air given what he said! The way he said and performed all of this describes *equalizing* the air between BOTH containers. That means BOTH containers (+ the tube) contain the 9g of air, NOT that ONLY the larger container has all 9g of air.
4:09 Slightly attracted to eachother, or repelled, with music from Carmen. Perfectly on point!
Dang it, I keep learning stuff when I watch your channel!
Thank you, what an excellent video, clearly explaining the science with observations, and giving it a very real and useful practical example, these videos should be used in schools!
Awesome, I learnt joule Thompson effect in chemistry, but helium and some other gases were exceptions. Good to see it practically.
Effing goldmine this channel is ❤
Cool video. One remark: the availalbe helium on earth is practically finite. We should use it accordingly for medicine, science,... and not waste it on bloons at parties and similar stuff.
The sound of compressed air being released is so horrible. Could you perhaps not include it so prominently in the future? You're the only youtuber I've ever really noticed actually emphasizing the sound; others tend to reduce its volume or remove it entirely. In fact, around 2:50, you *added* it as a sound effect.
excellent explanation of Joule-Thomson effect.
New editing! New editing?! Nice! Its like a new season of the action lab, thats so cool hah
I just had an interesting thought. If I was in a closed space with equal parts of oxygen and helium (or one of those other gases), and I want to turn up the temperature in the "room". Can I decrease the pressure to do so? Please let me know if I need to clarify my question.
For this process to work as James demonstrated, it is an isenthalpic process to expand the gas. An isentropic process will decrease the temperature significantly more, and will decrease the temperature in a way that is independent of the flavor of gas.
Isentropic means the process takes place with constant entropy. Meaning no heat transfer and no irreversible processes. All expansion turns into mechanical work in some form or another.
Isenthalpic means the process takes place with constant enthalpy. This means no heat transfer, and a process that is as irreversible as possible. In other words, all the work that the gas could do, is dissipated thermally by friction.
Always love your videos! Sometimes I play them at .25 speed. It makes you look like you’re drunk! I’m easily amused!!
Why wasn't this taught to me in school?! Thank u so much!
You could basically build a high school chemistry and physics curriculum with all of these videos!
Thank you. I worked on ships in engine room. The exhaust gas from main engine has temperature sensors all along
its path. I never understood why the temperature went up at 1 point as it expanded. Got it now
If you can’t experimentally tell the difference between two sentences and both work for predicting things, you can consider whatever you want as “truth”. That is what physical models are. They don’t care about what “is” or not true, they only care about propositions that help us predict things.
Really cool video! It is crazy to learn that this is being used to help eradicate cancer cells too. Thank you for all of your content, it is really great to get a dose of science.
Every video lets me learn new things Thank you 💖.
Never knew about the mechanism for Argon/Helium cryoablation, neat!
jesus, you went ham on the SFX this time.
Amazing! When some people ask why learning physics!
If possible can you try an experiment that I came up with. The things you need are an empty room, a light source and you inside the room. What I have in mind is that , when the light source is turned on you are able to see the walls of the room because they reflect light from the light source. But what if we make the surface of the walls so imperfect that in whatever direction light may hit the wall it does not get reflected to atleast a single point in the room. Which means if you observe the room from that point, even if there is a light source in that room, you would not be able to see anything like the wall and the ceiling in the room.
Now this is an actual practical explanation which should have been done in the Thermodynamics class
That was great, felt like I learned something today!
This one really blew my mind
Isn't our world just amazing?!❤
Actually all matter has a definite volume, but that volume is always defined in relation to the environment it's in. Now the magnified effect of the environment is going to be greater on gas as opposed to solid, but the pressure in the surrounding environment is always going to be what defines that volume.
If you change the temperature of any gas, liquid, or solid it will expand or contract accordingly. Thus changing its volume.
Physics is so dynamically complex. lol.. I love it
Wow! This is super cool! I had no idea this was a thing!
amazing. if this method is cheaper than methods like chemical therapy or radiological methods, it can save millions of lives! not everyone can buy expensive medicine!
Wow that was good I always thought that down to the atom the faster the vibrate the hotter they are and that's what makes heat so when you compress them it slows down the vibration and that makes them colder but how you show it I guess that isn't right. Thanks for your video. Good job.
This was really great. Thanks for the amazing content
I think it should have been better explained by radiation of photons/heat than kinetic energy of atoms. Surely those are related phenomena but we or thermometers mostly feel temperature of radiation and not kinetic energy of atoms. Most matter radiates heat through infrared spectrum.
Anyway, I like your shows, thanks for good work. Cheers
Thermometers are not heated by infrared radiation
No? Put them in direct sunlight. @@hantrio4327
There is another cooling mechanism too, apparat from those 3 gases mentioned. When gas is released from the compressor, the pressure drops, the atoms fly apart, There is few times less of them per cubic centimeter. This will cause temperature drop regardless is they fly a bit slower or not. Temperature of the gas will be lower per cm3, therefore felt by people or thermometer, but temperature/speed of single atoms could be the same as in the compressor.
I just had a cryogenic nerve ablation where they shot nitrous at nerves to create ice balls around nerve and ablate outer part of nerve, cutting off pain signal.
All gasses cool as they expand at lower temperatures and heat when they expand at high temperatures. The temperature where the gas switches from cooling to heating is called its Joule-Thomson inversion temperature. For hydrogen and helium, they are already above their J-T inversion temperature at room temperature so they heat up while all other gasses cool. The JT inversion temperature for nitrogen is 621 K or 348°C.
Only if they expand isenthalpically, instead of isentropically.
That helium in your lab is probably 20% oxygen. I think party helium is not pure so that pranksters who breath it to change their voice do not suffocate.
My only note is that it might have been good to mention early on that temperature is a measure of the energy of the molecules giggling around.
I know this is going to be a dumb question, but. Could this effect keep car tyres warm during colder seasons? We know temperature differences can cause a tyre to deflate, but can using an ideal gas mitigate that due to this property of maintaining a higher temp?
don't know anything myself but here's my two cents. I don't think you can get a gas to keep its temperature but you could probably make a gas that expands and contracts less for the same amount of temperature change.
Not really. But to address the expansion and contraction issues due to temperature, nitrogen gas is used in place of air in some cases. Expensive and something that’s going to leak out eventually anyways, but still done in cases where the benefits outweigh the challenges and cost.
It doesn’t cause the tires to be warmer in any way, but it does partially solve the pressure differential that happens during temperature changes.
@Valgween has it right
Temperature differences are ALWAYS going to cause a tire to deflate. It isn't really deflating due to this factor, it is just appearing to deflate. The same population of gas molecules is still in the tire, assuming the tire is idealized as a perfect seal. The gas molecules just don't push on the walls of the tire as much. And changing the flavor of gas doesn't help here, because any gas following the ideal gas law, will have the same Amonton's law relationship between pressure and temperature.
You'd have to fill the tire with a liquid to mitigate this effect, such that the density is a lot less sensitive to temperature, but that would come with its own problems.
Excellent video!
Really good explained, you have definitely improved over the years.
Will the system under compression, entropy increases or decreases?
Entropy is a measurement of randomness. Randomness can be anything among atoms from being different in atom's orientation or spin. Calling out a combination. If this is so then combination depends on temperature provoke by compression and expansion.
Could you try performing the communicating vessels experiment inside the vacuum chamber as what keeps them aligned is the atmospheric pressure so this experiment would prove it and you could try involving other phenomena and properties related to that experiment
Yeaaaa… this may have been the least fascinating video I’ve seen from this channel. Which is STILL interesting.
Great video! My question is: why I have a physics degree and never heard about this effect???
Now that was very interesting, I couldn't process why a gas would cool, my only thought was that in some way under certain pressures the gas may have more degrees of freedom, more places to store energy other than through movement (kinetic energy), and by releasing to the air you lower the degrees of freedom hence transferring that energy to kinetic energy.
Are gasses affected by friction? Like when you rub two sticks together it starts to get warm. Does the same happen to gas on a windy day?
Any chance you got the video idea from my recent post in ELI5 about the same topic and cryoablation? If you did, thats awesome! Glad you shared this amazing medical procedure.
I’ve learned something! Very interesting and well explained.
Should the helium atoms not do the opposite of clumping together, if they repel each other at short distances?
This just made it more complex for me
Can I ask if you can show a gas next to a vacuum doesn’t need a container because the gas is not pressurised and can you show it at the bottom of the vacuum tank
Learn something everyday..Very nice.
Thanks for a great video...however I have some questions: @4.44 you say the "attractive forces are huge compared to the molecules".....if either nitrogen or helium is under placed under pressure in a confined volume, would it be true to say repulsive forces will exist between the gas molecules, causing them to want to move apart once released? Or put another way: when a gas is pressurized, on average, repulsive forces outweigh whatever attractive forces there might be. My second question: is the heating of helium local (at the throttle point), or does the entire system heat up (the bottle, the throttle and the discharged volume)?
Pressurized gas itself isn't getting colder, the gas is absorbing external energy for expansion. The energy is being pulled from the thermometer causing it to get colder, the gas itself is more likely to be room temperature. The atmospheric pressure & how much compression is put on the gas will determine how much energy it can absorb to stabilize itself. Under extreme pressure the pressure is enough to stabilize it, so when the pressure is released it will need another external source of energy to balance itself out. In creates a micro vacuum. (can probably make warpdrive with this.)
And for the gases that get hotter, Hydrogen is extremely reactive & probably reacting with the metal the thermometer is made of. Helium & neon are noble gas so during compression there is no room for valence shell to be shared, while other gases valence shell has room to share electrons to fit into together that would need heat to pull it apart. Since they are noble gasses they were squeezed and kept to themselves & thermo probably reads hotter because of friction.
Also the reason why other gases get hotter with already prexisting heat is because the heat at those temperatures is enough to keep those gases expanded & will just result in friction when it is being released.
I swear the blue helium in a box with yellow text was full on 3D to me. The blue helium was clearly a distance behind the yellow text. IIRC this is because colors focus slightly different on the back of your eye due to different wavelengths going through the same lense.
That's fascinating, thank you.
Bummer this could t have worked for my mom’s case or anyone like here. Primary peritoneal carcinoma. Crude (very) explanation: the cancer took over the liquid around her ovaries so it was like trying to target liquid. It’s definitely a layman’s term expiration of the dumbed down version that was given to me but y get what y get. Hopefully this is extremely effective and safe and starts to become used commonly
1:31 "Or is it?"
I wish professors could have explained that part of chemistry (physikalische chemie) in this manner to me back when I studied chemistry 20 years ago.
Helium:ok Fine, I confess! My bionuclear cells of quantum physics aren’t gasing! Me:Your videos are so entertaining but so confusing at the same time
Please make a detailed video on demonstration and explanation of the super cool phenomenon called "Sonoluminescence
I have a question for you I have a balloon, an animal balloon if I let it go it rises, but if I make a balloon animal and let go it falls. Why is that? It doesn't go up or float but falls to the ground.