Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace and Kant | Formation of Solar System | सौर्यमण्डलकाे उत्पति कसरी भयो?

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  • Опубліковано 20 лют 2022
  • BEST VIDEO ON INTERNET about Kant and Laplace Nebular Hypothesis and Formation of the solar system, formation of sun, formation of planets. This is PART 2 of Formation of Solar System by Nebular Hypothesis.
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    More about Nebular Hypothesis :
    Kant's central idea was that the solar system began as a cloud of dispersed particles. He assumed that the mutual gravitational attractions of the particles caused them to start moving and colliding, at which point chemical forces kept them bonded together. As some of these aggregates became larger than others, they grew still more rapidly, ultimately forming the planets. Because Kant was highly versed in neither physics nor mathematics, he did not recognize the intrinsic limitations of his approach. His model does not account for planets moving around the Sun in the same direction and in the same plane, as they are observed to do, nor does it explain the revolution of planetary satellites.
    A significant step forward was made by Pierre-Simon Laplace of France some 40 years later. A brilliant mathematician, Laplace was particularly successful in the field of celestial mechanics. Besides publishing a monumental treatise on the subject, he wrote a popular book on astronomy, with an appendix in which he made some suggestions about the origin of the solar system.
    Laplace's model begins with the Sun already formed and rotating and its atmosphere extending beyond the distance at which the farthest planet would be created. Knowing nothing about the true source of energy in stars, Laplace assumed that the Sun would start to cool as it radiated away its heat. In response to this cooling, as the pressure exerted by its gases declined, the Sun would contract. According to the law of conservation of angular momentum, the decrease in size would be accompanied by an increase in the Sun's rotational velocity. Centrifugal acceleration would push the material in the atmosphere outward, while gravitational attraction would pull it toward the central mass. When these forces just balanced, a ring of material would be left behind in the plane of the Sun's equator.
    100 years. Another problem with the nebular hypothesis was the fact that, whereas the Sun contains 99.9 percent of the mass of the solar system, the planets (principally the four giant outer planets) carry more than 99 percent of the system's angular momentum. For the solar system to conform to this theory, either the Sun should be rotating more rapidly or the planets should be revolving around it more slowly.
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    कान्टको केन्द्रीय विचार यो थियो कि सौर्यमण्डल फैलिएको कणहरूको बादलको रूपमा सुरु भयो। उसले मानेको थियो कि कणहरूको पारस्परिक गुरुत्वाकर्षण आकर्षणले तिनीहरूलाई चल्न र टक्कर गर्न थाल्छ, जुन बिन्दुमा रासायनिक बलहरूले तिनीहरूलाई एकसाथ बाँधिएको थियो। जसरी यिनीहरू मध्ये केही अन्यहरू भन्दा ठूला भए, तिनीहरू अझै छिटो बढ्दै गए, अन्ततः ग्रहहरू बने। किनकी कान्ट भौतिकशास्त्र र गणितमा अत्यधिक निपुण थिए, उनले आफ्नो दृष्टिकोणको आन्तरिक सीमितताहरू पहिचान गरेनन्। उसको मोडेलले सूर्यको वरिपरि एउटै दिशामा र एउटै विमानमा घुम्ने ग्रहहरूको हिसाब गर्दैन, जसरी तिनीहरूले देखेका छन्, न त यसले ग्रहीय उपग्रहहरूको क्रान्तिको व्याख्या गर्दछ।
    करिब ४० वर्षपछि फ्रान्सका पियरे-सिमोन लाप्लेसले एउटा महत्त्वपूर्ण कदम अगाडि बढाए। एक प्रतिभाशाली गणितज्ञ, Laplace विशेष गरी आकाशीय मेकानिक्स को क्षेत्र मा सफल थियो। यस विषयमा एक महत्वपूर्ण ग्रन्थ प्रकाशित गर्नुको अलावा, उनले खगोल विज्ञानमा एक लोकप्रिय पुस्तक लेखे, जसमा उनले सौर्यमण्डलको उत्पत्तिको बारेमा केही सुझावहरू दिए।
    ल्याप्लेसको मोडेल सूर्यसँग पहिले नै गठन भएको र घुमिरहेको र यसको वायुमण्डल सबैभन्दा टाढाको ग्रह सिर्जना हुने दूरीभन्दा बाहिर फैलिएको सुरु हुन्छ। ताराहरूमा उर्जाको साँचो स्रोतको बारेमा केही थाहा नभएको, लाप्लेसले मानेका थिए कि सूर्यले यसको तापलाई विकिरण गर्दा चिसो हुन थाल्छ। यस शीतलताको प्रतिक्रियामा, यसका ग्यासहरूले प्रयोग गरेको दबाब घट्दै जाँदा, सूर्य संकुचित हुनेछ। एङ्गुलर मोमेन्टमको संरक्षणको नियम अनुसार, आकार घट्नुको साथमा सूर्यको परिक्रमा गतिमा वृद्धि हुनेछ। केन्द्रापसारक प्रवेगले वायुमण्डलमा रहेको सामग्रीलाई बाहिर धकेल्नेछ, जबकि गुरुत्वाकर्षण आकर्षणले यसलाई केन्द्रीय द्रव्यमानतर्फ तान्नेछ। जब यी बलहरू सन्तुलित हुन्छन्, सामग्रीको एक औंठी सूर्यको भूमध्य रेखाको विमानमा छोडिनेछ। यो प्रक्रिया धेरै केन्द्रित छल्लेहरु को गठन को माध्यम बाट जारी रहने थियो, जस मध्ये प्रत्येक पछि एक ग्रह बनाउन को लागी एकताबद्ध हुनेछ। त्यसैगरी, कुनै ग्रहको चन्द्रमा बन्ने ग्रहहरूले उत्पादन गरेको छल्लेबाट उत्पन्न भएको हुन्छ।
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