I’ve been a producer/ beat maker For well over 30 years. Started making beats I was 13 years old. I just turned 49 in November. So I’m a dinosaur😂😂😂. These tips are spot on. It’s very important to have some basic mixing skills. It’s also good to have your beats mixed. Here’s why... most artist will use the 2 track about 90% of the time. Very few will purchase the actual trackouts (or stems) of the beat. Usually because the trackouts will usually cost more. In order to compete with the industry standards. Your beats need to be mixed well straight out the gate. I can’t tell you how many times I’ve told the artist to reach out to producer to obtain the trackouts because the Two track beat sounds terrible. Mastering a song with a beat with a terrible mix it won’t yield good results. The worst thing to hear is an artist rapping over your beat and it sounds like shit on Apple Music and all the streaming platforms. Not only that but it makes you as a beat maker sound amateur due to bad sound quality. A mediocre beat with a great mix will stand out more than a great beat with a bad mix on it. If you’re gonna compete as a beat maker it’s imperative that you learn how to mix your own beats. Plus mixing your beats can and will give it your own unique sound signature. In these modern times you’re beats aren’t really finished until you’ve mixed it. It’s a part of the beat making process nowadays. He did a great job in this tutorial.
Great Tips to use from this video: Wave Candy Meter: 2:05 EQ'ing Your Sounds 2:21 (Mix in Mono) EQ'ing Melodies 2:55 Great Trick: 4:25 EQ'ing 808s: 4:55 (People can't hear beyond 20hz, Don't cut too much low end) Melody Effects: 5:51 (mess with panning and reverb, don't go too crazy) 808 Effects: 8:02 Leveling: 9:05 Ideal Levels to use: 10:25 Master Effects: 12:05 (Limiter also works, Make sure to turn envelope off) Awesome Video bro.
I did this on all of my last few beats and this actually works. You can hear every sound in its own little pocket without interfering with others sounds. I would bring up the frequency where the sound sounds good and then grab another sound and do the same. Then I grab both eq’s and turn down the frequency where the opposite sound sounds good at, on both sounds. This helps create space, avoids interference and allows both sounds to shine in where they sound good. Now when I master i dont have to do much. The bass frequencies sound perfectly and tucked in the melodies don’t interfere with the bass frequencies and don’t interfere with the hi hats. When i play each sound alone they sound empty but when you play all the sounds together they sound full because each sound fills its particularly frequency.
This is good for basics. Something really important to know is that you will mix differently depending on your genre. If I was making some heavy riddim/Dubstep I wouldn't follow some of these
@@janpieterbarneveld4538 I limit some stuff on occasion though, especially if I have a background sound and I need to cut out the sound. but damn you right😂💀
*Levels for drums:* Kicks: -7 to -5 db Claps: -10 to -8 db 808: -12 to -9 db Snare: -13 to -10 db Percs: -19 to -13 db Hats: -20 to 16 db Open Hats: -25 to 20 db Adjust levels according to the beat...
STONGLY dissagree. Modern mix is banging 808s. I mean close to 0 db. Most producers have the kick clipping as well. Soft clippers are used by everyone. Cxdy have gold placements with just a soft clipper and fruity limiter. Often they have hats and clap at -6db. Load beats>>>>
@@edavid5446 Lets say you send a beat to a big artist, i.e Kid Laroi or Lil Keed. If they use ur beat, thats a placement. Basicly means your beat is used for a song.
can be difficult with some low end frequencies you cant hear without a subwoofer...i like to use analizers like SPAN to "see" whats going on down there =)
Very true but even as an audio engineer for the last 6 months I can say there’s basic starting points for all types of frequencies to get a general sound quality then brighten it or darken it for yourself/your style
I definetly agree with a lot of teqniques in this video, and for youtube mixing/mastering it definetly works best with a loud kick. But it cannot be stressed enough that for spotify/apple music etc. releases, you need that snare/clap to be on the same level as the kick. Levelling your sounds according to DB is also a HUGE issue, since that is not a correct measurement for sound. You should instead use your ears and listen to the mix. Lol just hit 13:00 in th video and you said pretty mch that, great video man! Gonna support you for sure!!
Your right DB is the incorrect measurement for streaming. Its actually LUFS. There's a bunch of information on the correct LUFS for your track when uploading for streaming.
@@A_Class216 also there’s false/inaccurate information about LUFS, such as -14 being the magic number when having volume normalization off most trap songs reach from -9 to -6 LUFS. It all depends on the genre you’re going for, though
thx g, make sure to not eq them as much as i did in this video. I made a mistake by saying you can't hear past 30hz so you should cut up to there. But, it's actually 20hz.
you are my hero :D im so happy to have found someone who actually knows what he is talking about! there are so many producers who promise something in their titles and all they do is make an okay beat and be like. See thats how you have to do it. lol i dont know if you know what i mean... i subscribed. i am gonna like every video you upload and i turned on the notifications!
that was dope! need to start mixing in mono. One thing I find really helpful about wavecandy is that is has an RMS mode! If youre mix isnt sounding as loud as you want it to, you can mix against the rms meter and you'll know when your mixing decisions are actually making your track sound louder (as opposed to higher peak volume) - doing this really proved to me that the oxford inflator plugin is gold
Found you channel when you made that post over reddit regarding wheezy tutorial and m glad I was online that day. These tutorials have been 🔥🔥 and really helpful. Thanks and keep on the good work bro.
good tips, but reverb on hihats is a taste thing, not a "professional mixer" way, and can just flood your mix with unnecessary constant high frequencies
using an inconspicuous (correctly tuned) reverb is a very popular technique for professional mixing engineers, it allows you to glue the mix, it's not a matter of taste, it's a matter of the situation, whether this technique is needed or not for the mix
@@roman_volkov23 it can but again its not a tip there are tons of records without hihat reverb, and a good mix is depending on the mix not stuff like adding slight reverb
This is a dope tutorial and I have a bunch of old beats I can fix up now. One thing I would say is don't play beats in between "before and afters" because it's extremely hard to switch between before and your background beat and after. Keep it up your tutorials are amazing my guy.
yeah, I think some are also getting offended because it comes across as discrediting to engineers. But at the same time, ain't nobody say that this was a tutorial for making radio-ready mixes.
As always, thanks for the detail on this super important topic. Sound selection would be dope. Personally, I'd be interested to hear your take on automation tips, switching up drums, more on layering/sound design. Hope that sparks some ideas. Until next time dude!
You are correct, but now alot of producers push the kicks and 808's so the clip. i put a T-racks limiter on the master before i start anything. then i push the 808 and kick, plus i send all my drums to a buss,and add various things to it. but yeah what you did in this video is what i started out with doing. its a great starting point for producers. Great work.
yeah, mixing this way is definitely not something you need to do consistently, but it definitely helps if you're trying to distinguish yourself from other type beat producers. It also helps with training the ear.
Believe me you need just good ear for music thats all..Don't believe to these "gurus" that tell you that u need to cut to 150 hz etc..Just use ur ear and listen to all genres of music.Peace
@@darkovasiljkov3872 Imagine a mix/mastering engineer tells you cut everything below 30Hz. Mate you should do that because it's not audible at that range. Some of these "gurus" speant time learning
@@hyt8997 ik thats true but a lot of people follow numbers only and dont use their ears.Or they say like this guy told me below 30 Hz and more than that he dont do this..Its like robot doing things what people tell u
As a mixing engineer I'd say most of these tips are really production techniques. They are good to create more interesting productions, but won't get you a great mix. That's why you hire an engineer! Don't waste time on mixing, just make music.
@@Scarxcrow haha it's kinda true! Though I have seen many talented musicians bogged down and de-motivated because of their mixing skills. Everyone has their own talents, build on that!
@@BigPoppa_ Creative process is first and most important obv. But songs would sound NOTHING like they do without extremely talented mixer and mastering engineers gluing the track all together. Trust me. Music as we know it would sound entirely different without mixing/mastering. They deserve to get their bag 100%
@@BigPoppa_ Bro they are only “bosses“ because of the hard work of someone else. Its just that they have thier name on it. That mindest is disrespectful
finally a good quality tutorial about mixing that is straight to the point and simple to understand to give people a basic understanding and starting point. thank you.
Thank you so much for the drum mixing tips, I always felt like my drum mixes were a little too muddy but I just used those recommended ranges and the beat sounds so much better!
Yo great video bro great tips.. I agree with everything you said in here. Glad to hear it from somebody else to remind myself not to mix too long. Make your moves and keep it pushing. Those DB levels are very important. Salute Stay Up
What kind of headphones do you guys use for mixing and mastering? I need some recommendations...I tried Sony 7506, AGK k240, k361, k553 mkii, and the k371 which I like the most.
@@Finnathegod thx prof ^^ honestly iv been following since the pierre bourne tutorial i feel that most tutorial channel are repeating the same things where here I'm learning shit
I’ve been a producer/ beat maker For well over 30 years. Started making beats I was 13 years old. I just turned 49 in November. So I’m a dinosaur😂😂😂. These tips are spot on. It’s very important to have some basic mixing skills. It’s also good to have your beats mixed. Here’s why... most artist will use the 2 track about 90% of the time. Very few will purchase the actual trackouts (or stems) of the beat. Usually because the trackouts will usually cost more. In order to compete with the industry standards. Your beats need to be mixed well straight out the gate. I can’t tell you how many times I’ve told the artist to reach out to producer to obtain the trackouts because the Two track beat sounds terrible. Mastering a song with a beat with a terrible mix it won’t yield good results. The worst thing to hear is an artist rapping over your beat and it sounds like shit on Apple Music and all the streaming platforms. Not only that but it makes you as a beat maker sound amateur due to bad sound quality. A mediocre beat with a great mix will stand out more than a great beat with a bad mix on it. If you’re gonna compete as a beat maker it’s imperative that you learn how to mix your own beats. Plus mixing your beats can and will give it your own unique sound signature. In these modern times you’re beats aren’t really finished until you’ve mixed it. It’s a part of the beat making process nowadays. He did a great job in this tutorial.
@Rodney D do you have Instagram?
@@muramasaYT
rodneyd71
you and him just save me a ton of time
@Rodney D can I use this for my essay???🤣🤣
@@liloking
You sure can😂😂
Great Tips to use from this video:
Wave Candy Meter: 2:05
EQ'ing Your Sounds 2:21
(Mix in Mono)
EQ'ing Melodies 2:55
Great Trick: 4:25
EQ'ing 808s: 4:55
(People can't hear beyond 20hz, Don't cut too much low end)
Melody Effects: 5:51
(mess with panning and reverb, don't go too crazy)
808 Effects: 8:02
Leveling: 9:05
Ideal Levels to use: 10:25
Master Effects: 12:05
(Limiter also works, Make sure to turn envelope off)
Awesome Video bro.
v
vg q
I love that you’re talking about the 808 at 8:08! Nice work
lmao good find
Man, that's sharp!! 👍🏻😎
Aaaaaaaaw maaaaan you noticed that ??!! 🤯🤯🤯shhh this dude is a mad scientist👨🔬
@@Finnathegod maaan you're a fu... genius by the way your tuts are truly useful 👍🏽👍🏽👍🏽thanks for the sauce bruh
@@brave7033 thx gang
Yoooo you’re a different breed, you finna be the best producer channel on Yt in due time
I did this on all of my last few beats and this actually works. You can hear every sound in its own little pocket without interfering with others sounds. I would bring up the frequency where the sound sounds good and then grab another sound and do the same. Then I grab both eq’s and turn down the frequency where the opposite sound sounds good at, on both sounds. This helps create space, avoids interference and allows both sounds to shine in where they sound good.
Now when I master i dont have to do much. The bass frequencies sound perfectly and tucked in the melodies don’t interfere with the bass frequencies and don’t interfere with the hi hats. When i play each sound alone they sound empty but when you play all the sounds together they sound full because each sound fills its particularly frequency.
Knowledge is power. I now have THE POWER OF GRAYSKULL !!!!!!!! Thanx for sharing.
This is good for basics. Something really important to know is that you will mix differently depending on your genre. If I was making some heavy riddim/Dubstep I wouldn't follow some of these
Well this is obviously for hip pop/rap
thought thats just common sense?
hat tip about the sharp Q on the kick EQ made a HUGE difference thank you!
Everyone be wanting the mixing sauce the top producers use but in reality they just throw fruity soft clipper on and toss it to an engineer lol
Lol I’ve never heard a truer statement in my life
@@MixedByMonroe lmao on me really be thinking it's some cheat code
shit so tru soft clipper and maybe a limiter 😂
@@danielcrase only soft clipper, limiter runes your mix
@@janpieterbarneveld4538 I limit some stuff on occasion though, especially if I have a background sound and I need to cut out the sound. but damn you right😂💀
*Levels for drums:*
Kicks: -7 to -5 db
Claps: -10 to -8 db
808: -12 to -9 db
Snare: -13 to -10 db
Percs: -19 to -13 db
Hats: -20 to 16 db
Open Hats: -25 to 20 db
Adjust levels according to the beat...
STONGLY dissagree. Modern mix is banging 808s. I mean close to 0 db. Most producers have the kick clipping as well. Soft clippers are used by everyone. Cxdy have gold placements with just a soft clipper and fruity limiter. Often they have hats and clap at -6db. Load beats>>>>
Can someone explain me what is a placement (sorry for the question but i dont know)
@@edavid5446 Lets say you send a beat to a big artist, i.e Kid Laroi or Lil Keed. If they use ur beat, thats a placement. Basicly means your beat is used for a song.
no one please listen to this... theres no cheat sheet for mixing. 🤦🏽♂️🤦🏽♂️
@@lilchili647 lol well that explains why I'm clipping many sounds, some sounds just sound best with others when they clip
I just mixed the tips from here with the tips on the Metro tutorial and it's my most pro sounding beat ever WTF you're a wizard.
can i hear a beat u did with the methods
Just mixed my beat only thing I don’t have is the sausage fattened plug in but just that tip about the sharp Q on the kick EQ made a HUGE difference
You’re officially GOATed and nobody can deny that
This is the first mixing tutorial I’ve seen that has helped me immensely thank uuuuu
#1 rule: learn with your ears not your eyes
can be difficult with some low end frequencies you cant hear without a subwoofer...i like to use analizers like SPAN to "see" whats going on down there =)
“We’re enginEARS, not enginEYES” - my professor
Very true but even as an audio engineer for the last 6 months I can say there’s basic starting points for all types of frequencies to get a general sound quality then brighten it or darken it for yourself/your style
True!
both is better.
All the mixing engineers be hating on the comment section lmaooo
Who uses FL Studio for mixing and mastering?
@@instanturbannews only for the beat
Original Beat 12:28
Mixed Beat: 12:37
love the tutorial, really helped me out!
Thank you!
I definetly agree with a lot of teqniques in this video, and for youtube mixing/mastering it definetly works best with a loud kick.
But it cannot be stressed enough that for spotify/apple music etc. releases, you need that snare/clap to be on the same level as the kick.
Levelling your sounds according to DB is also a HUGE issue, since that is not a correct measurement for sound. You should instead use your ears and listen to the mix.
Lol just hit 13:00 in th video and you said pretty mch that, great video man! Gonna support you for sure!!
thx g
Your right DB is the incorrect measurement for streaming. Its actually LUFS. There's a bunch of information on the correct LUFS for your track when uploading for streaming.
@@A_Class216 also there’s false/inaccurate information about LUFS, such as -14 being the magic number when having volume normalization off most trap songs reach from -9 to -6 LUFS. It all depends on the genre you’re going for, though
@@tomasmileguir5659 In edm, it’s very common for producers to mix to -2 LUFS as-well lol
So snares/claps n kicks need to be same volume u mean?
Yeah, we're going to need that sound selection video.
EQing the sub frequencies on the 808 was something that never occurred to me and 100% makes them harder. This video has 2 much sauce 🖤
thx g, make sure to not eq them as much as i did in this video. I made a mistake by saying you can't hear past 30hz so you should cut up to there. But, it's actually 20hz.
you are my hero :D im so happy to have found someone who actually knows what he is talking about! there are so many producers who promise something in their titles and all they do is make an okay beat and be like. See thats how you have to do it. lol i dont know if you know what i mean... i subscribed. i am gonna like every video you upload and i turned on the notifications!
For sure one of the best channels on UA-cam. Points are clear and to the point. Thank you bro your videos are much appreciated
who is this guy dropping gems like this?!
@@BrandonAdams1010 LMAOOO
The amount of information packed into your videos is impressive. Please don't stop
that was dope! need to start mixing in mono. One thing I find really helpful about wavecandy is that is has an RMS mode! If youre mix isnt sounding as loud as you want it to, you can mix against the rms meter and you'll know when your mixing decisions are actually making your track sound louder (as opposed to higher peak volume) - doing this really proved to me that the oxford inflator plugin is gold
Bro you are a saint, giving us the sauce for free
life changing tips
Found you channel when you made that post over reddit regarding wheezy tutorial and m glad I was online that day. These tutorials have been 🔥🔥 and really helpful. Thanks and keep on the good work bro.
10:25 ( Ideal leveling points for drums ) you're welcome.
good tips, but reverb on hihats is a taste thing, not a "professional mixer" way, and can just flood your mix with unnecessary constant high frequencies
using an inconspicuous (correctly tuned) reverb is a very popular technique for professional mixing engineers, it allows you to glue the mix, it's not a matter of taste, it's a matter of the situation, whether this technique is needed or not for the mix
@@roman_volkov23 it can but again its not a tip there are tons of records without hihat reverb, and a good mix is depending on the mix not stuff like adding slight reverb
plus these tutorials are made for ppl who dont know much abt mixing, theres no telling on how wet the reverb should be, just stock reverb
@@iMobinator true
it depends what you do with the reverb, sometimes eqing it to only give you a very narrow range of frequencies can help
How Industry Producers Perfectly Mix Their Beats: Engineer Inbox +1 Message*
True
This is a dope tutorial and I have a bunch of old beats I can fix up now. One thing I would say is don't play beats in between "before and afters" because it's extremely hard to switch between before and your background beat and after. Keep it up your tutorials are amazing my guy.
will do g, I think I might just keep the background beat the same as the one I'm deconstructing in the tutorial.
best channel i´ve come across so far
Mixing engineers: nope, this is wrong, hire me instead
Also mixing engineers: **does the exact same thing**
yeah, I think some are also getting offended because it comes across as discrediting to engineers. But at the same time, ain't nobody say that this was a tutorial for making radio-ready mixes.
@@Finnathegod you did a great job. dont even sweat these haters bro
@@survive678 fashoo
As always, thanks for the detail on this super important topic. Sound selection would be dope. Personally, I'd be interested to hear your take on automation tips, switching up drums, more on layering/sound design. Hope that sparks some ideas. Until next time dude!
U actually give some very good tips and not those obvious and basic ones. Thank you dude, good content👍🏼
this helped so much, thanks! all of your tutorials are amazing - some of the best on youtube.
Thx g
ive been producing since late 2018 and i now realize i havent been mixing my tracks well enough. subscribed
Awesome video bro! Definitely tuning in next time
Thanks bro!!!
You are on bro. Definitely coming back to this video as a reference. Cheers from New Zealand my dude, keep up the solid work!
thx perfectly explain in one video! Good job.
You are correct, but now alot of producers push the kicks and 808's so the clip. i put a T-racks limiter on the master before i start anything. then i push the 808 and kick, plus i send all my drums to a buss,and add various things to it. but yeah what you did in this video is what i started out with doing. its a great starting point for producers. Great work.
yeah, mixing this way is definitely not something you need to do consistently, but it definitely helps if you're trying to distinguish yourself from other type beat producers. It also helps with training the ear.
@@Finnathegod very true indeed
Your videos have made my beats 3x times better
I mix my tracks... How I want... And my ears like it
If you're making beats for artists it's different mate.
Believe me you need just good ear for music thats all..Don't believe to these "gurus" that tell you that u need to cut to 150 hz etc..Just use ur ear and listen to all genres of music.Peace
@@darkovasiljkov3872 Imagine a mix/mastering engineer tells you cut everything below 30Hz. Mate you should do that because it's not audible at that range. Some of these "gurus" speant time learning
@@hyt8997 ik thats true but a lot of people follow numbers only and dont use their ears.Or they say like this guy told me below 30 Hz and more than that he dont do this..Its like robot doing things what people tell u
that's the way to go. this video doesn't teach shit
This guy by far is the best for learning
Mono is a game changer! Thank you. Subscribed.
broo, i was waiting for mixing tutorial like this, rly good
pls make vid about plug/ mexikodro type beats
YOU KILLED THE GAME ON THIS!
As a mixing engineer I'd say most of these tips are really production techniques. They are good to create more interesting productions, but won't get you a great mix. That's why you hire an engineer! Don't waste time on mixing, just make music.
True dat
That's what every mix engineer says to get more clients
@@pranayavnish8028 Exactly haha
"dont waste time on mixing"? Sounds sl lazy... Plus all the engineers would say that just to get hired haha
@@Scarxcrow haha it's kinda true! Though I have seen many talented musicians bogged down and de-motivated because of their mixing skills. Everyone has their own talents, build on that!
The truth: they don’t
@Strmy Nghts why scummy? That’s just how life is 🤷♂️ some were born to be bosses & some others were just born to be regular people
@princess peach everyday wtf r u dumb
@@BigPoppa_ Creative process is first and most important obv. But songs would sound NOTHING like they do without extremely talented mixer and mastering engineers gluing the track all together. Trust me. Music as we know it would sound entirely different without mixing/mastering. They deserve to get their bag 100%
@@BigPoppa_ Bro they are only “bosses“ because of the hard work of someone else. Its just that they have thier name on it. That mindest is disrespectful
@@BigPoppa_ Sounds like someone burned some bridges to get ahead....
Good stuff bro covered everything🔥
If I’ve seen this video by the age of 20, ill probably be a billionaire right now 😂😂🤘🏼 major gems
Side note: Im 21 🤣
@@MayFlowersGarden that ad is legendary and annoying at the same time
This was very helpful. You don't know how bad my mixing was on what would otherwise be a good beat before watching this.
This video was a game changer for me. Thanks, Finna, you fire :D
Your videos are the best, keep it up man
You make the best tutorials i seriously love you
Bro why so much kindness I'm grateful thanks again !
i will be very glad if you make a video on how to mix and master vocals please
Giving good game appreciate it, gods work bless
Goat 🐐
finally a good quality tutorial about mixing that is straight to the point and simple to understand to give people a basic understanding and starting point. thank you.
idk why u dont charge ppl for these tutorials these r so helpful
goodacre cause hes not an asshole lol😂
How can I expect people to help me If I don't help them? That's the motto
@@Finnathegod your to nice its scaring me lol
@@servidaloyalson338 lmao
All those tips are legit. you fire 🔥💯
🔥🔥.. Good vid..
Shit you're like a genie poppin outta nowhere mate
Really great work!!
this is so gold , thank you a lot bro
I feel like u saved years of my life! Thank you so much.
Literally just saved my life
This tutorial is definitely a game changer to me 💪🏽💪🏽💪🏽
very helpful, thank you
Good video man. Good samples and good mixing = 90% of a nice track.
Thank you so much for the drum mixing tips, I always felt like my drum mixes were a little too muddy but I just used those recommended ranges and the beat sounds so much better!
this guy said i put the flp with all the sounds in the description so u could follow along. had to drop a subscribe for that.
This is the perfect one 🔥🔥🔥
I was doing this for fun but this actually helped! Thanks.
Definitely want that sound selection vid 👌
keep up the amazing work 🔥 💯
what are your thoughts on using the gain-staging mixing technique?
it's unhealthy how many times ive watched this
Genius. This will definitely help.
Great video bruh
Great vid bro!!! Thanks 💯
Yo great video bro great tips.. I agree with everything you said in here. Glad to hear it from somebody else to remind myself not to mix too long. Make your moves and keep it pushing. Those DB levels are very important. Salute Stay Up
great video. def recommend to anyone new to hip hop production
That’s literally what I thought about the beat.
ur channel is goated
all noted
best mix vid out there no cap
Nah. That's definatley a "cap" statement.
Thank you!!! You have seriously helped my drums tremendously!!!! Thank you
This was super helpful man. Definitely learned a few new tricks in such a short time. Thank you!
ground in just 17 minutes, amazing.
the tone and control of ur voice says "I know my sNice tutorialt!". Good stuff buddy.
What kind of headphones do you guys use for mixing and mastering? I need some recommendations...I tried Sony 7506, AGK k240, k361, k553 mkii, and the k371 which I like the most.
thanks for this bro, dope tutorial, im finna finesse now
Damn thank you soo much g all that knowledge u giving it's so cool
Np G. That's why they call me professor finesser
@@Finnathegod thx prof ^^ honestly iv been following since the pierre bourne tutorial i feel that most tutorial channel are repeating the same things where here I'm learning shit
ayyyyy good shit fam
🔥🔥✨
Very good video homie! Good stuff!
Saving all these videos the case the big game producer mafia decides to finally silence Finna, ending the path of the man who knew too much.