I actually prefer episodes about smaller structures, because I find things that are remotely possible (given present technology or technology that we may reasonably hope to have in the near future) more interesting than stuff that is so far outside the realm of our technological capabilities it may as well be magic.
Yeah, As a Galaxy Population Minister, our cabinet decided we'll go for continent-size type only. I know, I know, many of you are disappointed but our Galaxy Budget is under revision because we need to weed out corruption our AI detected. Please be patient, on stardate 75/662/5 we'll have an announcement for future plans. Thanks.
@@alpha007org Lots of people might bad-mouth you guys, but I, for one, am an enormous supporter of our current GPM administration. Keep up the good work, guys!!
The only thing worse than the evil that is Ancient Egypt (Insert Star Wars Empire theme here) is putting it in space. (Insert Star Wars Empire theme here, but *harder* ) [Atop The Fourth Wall reference]
I love the idea of trees with different canopies having significantly different ecosystems than the forest floor because of a significantly lower gravity. A drum left to just ecosystem could generate a really cool species gradient between the different heights in the jungle.
I don't remember exactly what video of his I watched first, but I think it was part of his outbound series. At the very least, those videos are the first ones I remember watching.
This was legitimately interesting, and this is more or less the videos I actually come here for. The thing that's great about the O'Neil (or Oberth if one is German) is that we can already build them. It's the economic expense that's unjustifiable in the hellsociety we live in, not technological feasibility.
Economic expense for the first O'Neill "Island One" or the Stanford Torus, was like many large industrial of infrastructure developments down here. Much less than a small oil war. 3-5x the Apollo program (during the same timescale as Apollo, the US spent as much on cosmetics and large States spent more on liquor). About the same cost as building and maintaining maybe 3 of our CVNs and their air wings and escorts and logistics infrastructure to deploy them. The first small habitat for workers finished by '08, with all the launch and in-space infrastructure to reproduce it. The cost is paid for along with the national debt and several years of greatly expanded budget, but shipments of previously rare metals from NEAs. The fist entity that returns even a few kg of loosely sorted metals owns the world's markets in rare and precious and monetary metals and will never have a budget crunch again. IDK what money will be then, but owning large amounts of gold in vaults or oil underground won't be it. And this isn't something for a few centuries from now, but within 20 years of starting the effort.
@@hithere5553 well you see given that the universe is inclined to slowly decrease to a lower energy state over time, it lacks the energy to do so. In other words the universe is too lazy to fight.
Hmm, in this and some of the recent episodes I've had a bit of difficulty keeping up with scales and math when you read them out fast like that. Either slowing down when math comes up or using visuals (as in, show the math written out) would help quite a bit. In addition, since things of huge scales comes up so often on this channel, maybe have some kind of a custom visual that lets me see at a glance the rough ballpark of "hugeness" we're at in any given moment. Like, say, a scale at the top of the video that has an arrow pointing at "we're here now" and some additional points of interest around it to give a sense of scale for these somewhat mindbendingly huge structures. The same would work wonders on the other end of things too, it's kind of hard to get a good feel for how tiny things like nanomachines and exotic materials' structures can get.
I agree, as a tip for the future; I usually have subtitles on for these type of episodes so I can read along and quickly reference the text if I missed a huge number. Its also very helpful that the subtitles are of very good quality.
scale is a wierd problem in the sciences. once u get much larger than a small mountain(or the upper edge of microscopic on the small end of things)any intuitive sense of scale is pretty much lost. the human brain just isn't designed for these scales and anything outside the human scale becomes just a number
If you want to know how ridiculous it is to think of scales in these circumstances, here's the volume comparison of the sun in liters and an average human in liters. 1,409,272,569,059,860,000,000,000,000,000 liters is the rough volume of the sun, and the average volume of a human, is 62 liters. Let's rewrite that, a little bit, A human is 6.2×10^2 liters. The sun however is 1.4×10^31 liters. This is like comparing a human to the size of an atom, after all a Hydrogen atom has a volume of 6.2×10^-28 liters. So literally comparing a Human to the sun is like comparing an atom to a human. Do you even understand how ridiculous it is to even trying to picture things on these scales now?
Agreed. Space habitats (at least a few initial, more moderately sized prototypes) are something that, if humanity were to throw its weight behind the project, we could reasonably hope to complete in a lifetime or two; whereas even the most modest terraforming project would take many centuries at the least and require a far greater amount of resources than we can muster at this time.
We'll need to build rotating habitats to even get started doing anything in space, including terraforming. After a a certain amount of time, I can't help but think our habitats will get so good that people will question why we're bothering to terraform.
@@adamlytle2615 Well, the amount of material and time you'd need to build enough space stations to house as many people as a terraformed Mars could, would be quite a lot. Once Mars is done terraforming, you'd have far more living room than if you spent the same amount of time building lots of spin stations.
@@dgd947a15fl Well, that's questionable. Mars has 145 million km² of surface area. That's approximately 11 Mckendree cylinders, assuming radius of 460km and length of 4600km for each of them. That would represent a lot less mass than mars itself. As to how long it would take to mine said material from the asteroid belt and various moons, I don't know. But very possibly less time than required for the terraforming of mars.
Sometimes the only thing that reminds me a week has gone by is a new video from Isaac Arthur and company. Lockdown has been so strange! Thanks for the steady supply of optimism during these dark days.
How about to design your space habits projects(i.e. ships, settlements, interstellar gates and portals, etc), that's would be easier to get through some darkness.
@@musafawundu6718 and its not just a theory it was actually created in real life in 2016 were they managed to get photons to start behaving as if they were atoms creating actual solid light of course only one single atom of it
@@wilmagregg3131 Yes. I have since my comment learned of that... There are so many other states of matter beyond solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. That is one of them...
Just wanna say; Listening to Issac on my studio monitors, chilling in bed with my PSVR helmet, and sculpting abstract landscapes in that Dreams game with motion controllers has never been more relaxing. We literally live in the future! 💎
A cylindrical-centrifugal structure is going to need some ribbing for stiffness, like on a tin can. If you build the skin too flexible, the cylinder is going to turn into an extruded ellipse the first time you get too much weight in one place. You could make the skin in ridges and valleys, like a concertina, and maybe put habitats inside the ridges. Or you could build stiff structures up from the ground, like faux Roman aqueducts or monorail tracks.
I once started a project called AROL ONE - Amazing Ring Of Life If I remember it correctly, the best diameter for the ring would be about 10 km, because you'd get way less revolutions per minutes for the same amount gravity achieved. I think I also calculated that the cost to build such ring would cost a few trillions of dollars and could generate revenue of a few hundreds of billions a month from tourism, agreculture and asteroid mining. Very interesting, and I never posted it anywhere. Maybe I should, just to "plant the seed" and see if anyone contributes to the calculations.
I remember reading something like that though it was 12 miles in diameter, .9 miles in height, and having a 300 foot thickness for its rind layer though it was meant to be set near the asteroid belt and the Orts Cloud as well.
@@xermasboo5401 I think I had aproximately the same thickness calculation. Also, the only way to properly build it would be using huge 3D printers that use mined metal from asteroids that are melted with direct sun light, and the prints should be chicken-wire-like. And finally, different types of 3D printed patterns are used depending on where the structural integrity is needed.
@@bloodaid Its getting out that far away with a good intensity because we talking about something around 400,000,000-760,000,000 miles away from the sun, and to have it to at least 2 points to at most 60-100 points within the general area range. What I said was actually far more simple than what it would actually entail.
I have been eaglery waiting years for a highly detailed episode on very large space habitats since Isaac Arthur first mentioned about very large rotating space habitats such as Bishop Rings and McKendree Cylinders over three years ago...
Might actually lessen the weight load as well, as then the cylinder don't have to bear the weight of the whole tree. Or maybe I'm misunderstanding the physics.
Regarding weather, wouldn't we see an accumulation of gas particles at the center? There is no gravity, so it seems as though anything that evaporates, or otherwise is lower density than the general atmosphere will become stuck there. Perhaps this could be taken advantage of as a sort of "filtration" system for the atmosphere?
I love how blunt the video title is. Most episodes have a title that references some obscure concept, but this one just outright states it's about enormous spinning space buildings.
@@procrastinator99 Who needs clickbait when you're talking about things like "Continent-Sized Rotating Habitats" or "Let's Dismantle the Solar System!"? :)
"We can't artificially generate normal gravity under known science." Sure we can. Build a black hole and stand on a structure built around it. It's hilariously mass inefficient, as, for example, to generate 1 G on a habitat 1/1000th the scale of Earth, you need a black hole a millionth the mass of the Earth. Which means it has a mass efficiency that's equal to Earth's.
:) Peter, we have whole episodes on that idea and even discussed it in this episode, we're talking about stuff like gravity in spaceships or habs without mass or rotation there
At least garbage and nuclear waste wouldn't be a problem. Just make sure you drop it straight down as you wouldn't want an accretion disc blasting out X-rays for decades!
@@SocksWithSandals a black hole of that size would only have a event horizon of a few millimeters. Accretion disk won't be an issue because if you drop matter spinning the other direction it will only released as much energy as it had initially with potential energy until it falls into the black hole. If you drop two things an opposite spins the disks will collide with each other
The '70s NASA Ames / Stanford space settlement studies found that the largest 1G, shielded, pressure vessel we could build with then-known technologies was ~30km diameter. A torus is one thing, a drum or "Kalpana" shape is another. Maybe not continent sized, but province or large island sized. When you mention O'Neil habitats, everyone defaults to looking at the "Island 3" giant cylinders. These were purely theoretical examinations of what we could do, and O'Neill wrote that they're probably as far off from the reality of ~80 years after the first habitat, as "futurists" of 1900ad were accurate about 2000ad. The first generation "Island One" or Stanford Torus was done with no new inventions needed, within 30 years from start, for cost like any other large infrastructure or industrial developments down here. Yes, you could use active means to stabilize the inherently unstable long cylinder of an Island 3: The Space Shuttle is one glaring example of how short-sighted it is to rely on complexity to overcome severe inherent flaws in a design. For stability you want a massive spinning mass around the rim. This could be layers of underground decks of space. Your mountains don't need to be aerogel, but rock and steel and inhabited, and counterbalanced around the habitat. 3 mountains perhaps staggered around the middle of the length of a tube, could be the massive stable spinning rim it lacks. Attaching a second counter-rotating cylinder habitat is for pointing: to eliminate gyroscopic forces that make pointing difficult. It's a clumsy brute-force way to counter the axial instability suffered by any long structure that will want to tumble end over end. Giving it a massive stable spinning rim or separation of multiple heavy masses about the rim, eliminates the tendency to always want to wobble more. A river in a Stanford Torus could go from high ground all the way around to low ground and a lake, and pumped back up to go around again. In a long cylinder it could go from a mountain range around the middle, to either end. As for the cosmic spaghetti, How flexible are tubes of rock and steel many kilometers across going to be, spinning around themselves like twisting a hula hoop? I've never understood how people can talk about extending the cylinder habitat and looping it around, still spinning. Are habitats of graphene going to stretch and flow like taffy as it lengthens and around the outside of the tube and compresses going around the inside?s
I've been listening to the 'Heaven's River' Audiobook that I got through your Audible sponsorship promo. I'm a big fan of Dennis E. Taylor's 'Bob-iverse', as well as 'Singularity Trap' and several others! Thanks for bringing his work to my attention, back in 'Self-replicating Starships', I believe. 😊
The thing I've always had a hard time visualizing and can't find anything to simulate it is, say you have a 10 mile diameter habitat. Inside you put a giant LED covered cylinder a half mile or so up to display clouds. When you're looking towards spin or anti spin, what does the horizon look like? Would the horizon just be a flat line where the 'sky' meets the seemingly upward sloping ground? Can you make a convincing illusion of a natural horizon by scattering hills to break up that line? How big a diameter habitat would it take to hide the illusion of the ground sloping up? The only way I can think of to make it look natural is to divide the surface area into a bunch of low mountain ringed regions so that it looks like you're living in a series of mountain valleys.
Issac you truly are an inspiration (you are by far and away my fave youtuber) you attempt to answer the largest of questions an the grandest of scales. But you still haven't attempted to answer the biggest questions:- i.e. What's the point? What are we doing? Do we know what we are doing? Whats the endgame? How do we unite and all together dance towards this endgame? I suppose that the simple answer is love - but we have kind of known that forever and it has still not united us???? So right here, right now..................... (and this is where I reach my limit ) would really love to hear your take on this, for the love :) x
Honestly, along with Mega Cities and a Trillion People on Earth, this is my favourite SFIA video. I prefer continent sized rotating habitats such as McKendree Cylinders and Bishop Rings to O'Neill Cylinders, though a very large number of O'Neil Cylinders connect to form a Rung World with surface areas of space that are continent sized or greater is OK with me.
Can’t wait for this, especially after all the hours I spent on Plates in the works of Iain Banks, which I’ve started to reread since he passed... the Culture books are best, but there are a few stand-alones to love.... thanks to Isaac for exploring the questions I always had and no one to ask.
Having an central structure is nice for zero g manufacturing and low gravity fun. Also larger ships needs to dock here. If you builds something like an Banks orbitals mach 9 is hardly an speed you care much about in space, yes it can be marginal benefit for raw materials. I guess you would have some layers below ground and probably inside hills for farming and industry. The below ground layers doubles as armor and you can use it to increase the structural rigidity with cross bracing down there.
The factory farms could be underground, with some gardens and parks above ground. The housing would be above ground and in many cities on the same spacestead in the case of the continent sized ones mentioned in the video.
this is our future. i can see it. obsessed with this topic. makes perfect sense. Ian Banks, Peter Hamilton. yes. yes. yes. please more content like this! want to get into the weeds of how you recreate the rock cycle/water cycle, etc.
Never commented before. Loved your topics so much, never thought to comment. Keep up your great work. Seems I've been enjoying your videos for decades...
Loved this episode, its so classic SFIA! Thanks as always for the great content Isaac and the team. I'm always so proud to be a patron for this channel, its a vision of hopeful and bright future and gives us all hope. PS. cool new studio for the live streams.
@@General12th I agree; it's a goal worth pursuing. Even if only a portion of humanity will move to live in space habitats it will be a vital first step; getting a foot in the door so to speak. It will create the necessary infrastructure to help humanity explore and colonize other parts of the solar system and maybe even nearby star systems.
probably, I used to but there's a horrible tendency when I do that to get a bit distracted and have a typo in them that no one catches, and I tend to cringe when one makes it to air with an extra zero or such. Probably not a good reason not to have them on there though :)
@@isaacarthurSFIA Do it! Also, another suggestion from these comments was to add in an in-depth logarithmic scale that goes from nanomachines and atoms to galaxies and super voids, so when you start discussing huge habitats you can zoom in to that part of the scale as a visual aid for what we're talking about. If an error ever makes it though, you can just add a little annotation or pin a comment (I guess YT removed annotations for some reason).
"Defining a continent: The dominating land mass of a major tectonic plate. North America is a continent, but Greenland is an island on the North American tectonic plate. Arabia is not a major tectonic plate, but Australia is. And the Pacific plate has no major landmass." Clint Carpentier.
My favorite subject on this channel! Great show! My heart leaped into my throat when I heard that there’s a new Bobiverse book coming. It’s definitely my favorite book series by far. I’m going to have to break down and cancel my current subscription to curiosity stream so I can resubscribe and get Nebula. They won’t add it as part of my old subscription. Awesome show Isaac and team and a special kudos to the graphics team. If you like space colonies, check out Bryan Versteeg’s spacehabs.com (his art was displayed on the show). My favorite of his is the “Interstellar Colony Builder”. I go to bed every night thinking of thousands of 3D printer heads producing that interstellar colony builder and it becoming a gardener ship.
Isaac Arthur if ur seeing this then I just want to say ur one of the people who expands my imagination and I always like sci-fi cause I have an interest in space and technology that’s why I want to become a businessman so I could join in colonizing space
Oi space Auz, that's me home planet! "you're from australia?" Space Australia, specifically space Brisbane. Go Space Broncos! "So it's like Australia, but in.." But in SPACE! Careful though, space dingoes'll eat your space baby, like my sister, poor sheila.
Something I have been wondering ever since I watched the first video about this sort of structure. How would convection and heat distribution work in a closed cylinder habitat. On a planet as you increase altitude the volume of available space increases (as the diameter increases) and as you go higher you get closer to the "heat sink" of the atmosphere radiating into space cooling the top of the convection cell and encouraging cooler air to sink. On a ring habitat the volume would decrease significantly with altitude, meaning convection may not function in the same way as there is nowhere for warmer air to rise into. The other problem would be if you were using a central heat/light tube at the axis; The rising air would be getting closer to the heat source in a closed habitat. Further complicated, because now you have all the hottest air trapped furthest away from your heatsink (the outer shell) Thus have restricted ability to cool the "top" of the convection cell.
Been hoping to see more things on the likes of the McKendree Cylinder (the topic alone deserves it's own super long episode as there is very little that's actually been done on them thus far). Given material limitations, how nuts could you go in trying to replicate environments (part ocean filled with life, rainforests, urban skyscraper cities etc, etc). One thing that you maybe could have touched on in this ep would have been a supersized torus a la Elysium style. Using CNT/Graphene, how big could it theoretically go without the need for active support etc. Probably due an episode of it's own as well. The Torus &/or Cylinder is probably the route we're going to go down (& stick by), so hopefully more on these scaled up habitats to come would be great.
Incredible how a channel like this was able to hide from me for so long. Fantastic stuff! What kind of accent is this? Never heard something qute similar. Subscribed 👍
Suggestion for a future episode: *Docking.* Yes, it's a mundane topic, but having watched the Crew Dragon dock with the ISS a while back, I couldn't help but notice that it took them 3 hours to open the door, and this after the need to have the Dragon creep up on the station at a very slow relative velocity for safety reasons. Apollo-Soyuz also had this 3 hour wait time, in order to equalize pressure between the ships. This would become a huge pain in the rear if you've got actual space traffic, dozens of ships lining up to dock at a given port. Which in turn becomes an obstacle to increasing expansion into space to the point that it becomes daily life for ordinary people. So it seems to me we would have to develop technology for quick, routine docking and departure of spacecraft long before we can get to building the giant space settlements. Any tricks up the Arthurian sleeve?
think one of the main reasons ship docking takes so long these days is for safety cuz ships are made paper-thin to save on weight. if uv got significant space industry u can afford to make hulls way thicker & docking areas especially robust. then u can get a little sloppy n rough with ur docking;)
@@virutech32 Unfortunately, we're not even started on the process toward being able to manufacture spaceships and stations in space with space resources, and build them like battleships instead of soda cans with rockets attached. :( Until then, it would be helpful if we could develop docking methods that would make it practical to run a space hotel or research station where we can begin to work on building that infrastructure.
I need to watch more of these megastructure videos. The potential fantasy settings on them is awesome. The mythology that would arise... and the wonder and mystery that a reader or player would go through as they tried to figure out how the way the world was described could make any sense... it's awesome. Who needs flat planar worlds when you can have a Ball Topopolis made by the gods?
Here is a project to get started on: A topopolis world that is two AU in diameter, goes around the center of the galaxy and has stars inside of it for the day/night cycle.
These type of megastructures would probably be built in the asteroid belt, out of the asteroids that are there. That would be plenty of materials, if you didn't go too big. And if you have the tech to get out to the asteroid belt and back and travel that distance on a regular basis, you could just leave the megastructures where you built them (instead of moving them to a desired location). By leaving them where there were built, you have the benefit of having a human habitat out that far, and it makes us not go extinct if something disastrous/ devastating happens to earth. Sounds good to me. I liked this video. I'll be praying. Great video, keep up the good work. God bless. Have a nice day/night. -------------------------------------------------------- sincerely a nerdy Christian.
Love your videos of what might happen in the future it’s like a window to look into the future of a thousand years a place where we can’t go with are life span but we can go there in the mind !
I love O'Neill cylinders because there feasible/ realistic and provide gravity while given a real sci-fi experience there my favorite mega structure gundam origin anime depicted them at there best .
One final question I have that you might cover in next week's video. The earth has protection against most meteorites. I am guessing those same meteorites could be a big problem for large space habitats? The International Space Station has to be cautious of these things, and can be moved. Since the space habitat is so much larger, it is a much bigger target, and perhaps much harder to move.
Generation ships... sweet and tiny xD To be honest I don't know how I ended up here. I think someone mentioned him in the comment section from another channel...
Isaac Arthur says that he's not good at naming structures in this episode. Meanwhile I'm thinking of the far future in terms of fusion candles, birch planets, and quasar drives.
Are these ships maneuverable? You would think that they wouldn't be built where they will spend their time. Try to imagine just what engines and fuel you would need to move these leviathans around.
Today Issac gave his brain a rest, he only thought of creating something that was continent sized, rather than moving the entire Galaxy.
I actually prefer episodes about smaller structures, because I find things that are remotely possible (given present technology or technology that we may reasonably hope to have in the near future) more interesting than stuff that is so far outside the realm of our technological capabilities it may as well be magic.
antred11 I like that Isaac talks of what is more possible to us in the near term and also about the hypothetical stuff
Yeah, As a Galaxy Population Minister, our cabinet decided we'll go for continent-size type only. I know, I know, many of you are disappointed but our Galaxy Budget is under revision because we need to weed out corruption our AI detected. Please be patient, on stardate 75/662/5 we'll have an announcement for future plans. Thanks.
@@alpha007org Lots of people might bad-mouth you guys, but I, for one, am an enormous supporter of our current GPM administration. Keep up the good work, guys!!
A few of those structures were 100X larger than the Earth.
Thanks for setting a modest goal for humanity Isaac! This is the future i hope we'll realize as a species.
Me too
Drew McTygue
*Presses play at 9:45
Yep... Modest.
Honestly, I think _we'll make it though. Maybe even in my lifetime!
22nd century UA-cam: Topopolis is flat!
😂
The term "Space Egypt" is the best thing I've heard
Imagine an anime having done just that, but instead of using "space" they added "Neo" in front of it (its what G-Gundam did)
The only thing worse than the evil that is Ancient Egypt (Insert Star Wars Empire theme here) is putting it in space. (Insert Star Wars Empire theme here, but *harder* )
[Atop The Fourth Wall reference]
The Necrons have entered the chat.
Timestamp ples
@@gamingchamp6728 i dont think he specifically says "Space Egypt" but the topopolis part ~13:00 is what I think theyre referring to
I love the idea of trees with different canopies having significantly different ecosystems than the forest floor because of a significantly lower gravity. A drum left to just ecosystem could generate a really cool species gradient between the different heights in the jungle.
I dub this kind of thing a "babylon can" in honor of the hanging gardens of babylon.
Your channel is condensed positivity about the future and i love it
@Seth Hultkrantz epic
Blaze10523
I think it's _realism_ compared to doomer's takes, but same!
That moment you build a yarnball-style topopolis and actract space cats.
Fermi paradox SOLVED!!!
Mega Space Cats; the bane of sloppy topopoli [yeah, I am going with that as the plural] all across the observable universe!
The cats would have to be bigger than Jupiter for that!
@@chexhcatialo3889 fooking space cats. At least they keep space rats in check...
This guy is fricking genius I discovered him when I was looking up on black holes and I discovered his”black hole farming”video
Black hole farming would be cool!
That's the same video that brought me to him and it blew my mind wide open. Been coming back for more ever since.
I don't remember exactly what video of his I watched first, but I think it was part of his outbound series. At the very least, those videos are the first ones I remember watching.
It was this video for me also that had me click the subscribe button. Come a long way huh
Give a little credit to his parents for the physics knowledge. He was raised on this shit and even helped his parents out in the labs.
This was legitimately interesting, and this is more or less the videos I actually come here for. The thing that's great about the O'Neil (or Oberth if one is German) is that we can already build them. It's the economic expense that's unjustifiable in the hellsociety we live in, not technological feasibility.
Yeah, we have around 80-90% of the technical knowledge to do things like this but 0% of the orbital infrastructure.
@@alexandernorman5337 Gateway Station will bump that up to 1%, so there is that.
@@therealist3495 who OP?; thought the dark haired girl was cute
edit, and last i checked "cute" and feminist don't tend to fit together,
Economic expense for the first O'Neill "Island One" or the Stanford Torus, was like many large industrial of infrastructure developments down here.
Much less than a small oil war. 3-5x the Apollo program (during the same timescale as Apollo, the US spent as much on cosmetics and large States spent more on liquor). About the same cost as building and maintaining maybe 3 of our CVNs and their air wings and escorts and logistics infrastructure to deploy them.
The first small habitat for workers finished by '08, with all the launch and in-space infrastructure to reproduce it.
The cost is paid for along with the national debt and several years of greatly expanded budget, but shipments of previously rare metals from NEAs. The fist entity that returns even a few kg of loosely sorted metals owns the world's markets in rare and precious and monetary metals and will never have a budget crunch again. IDK what money will be then, but owning large amounts of gold in vaults or oil underground won't be it. And this isn't something for a few centuries from now, but within 20 years of starting the effort.
I feel this would be an amazing alternative to start to colonizing other planets like Venus, to have a structure orbiting it.
So we get these structures in orbit, a few satilites for communication, and a surface mining base, this will make interstellar colonization a reality.
Alternatively, floating continents could be constructed on Venus around 50km above the ground.
OMG I did’t think the Bobiverse was still going! I’m excited for a fourth installment, doubly so knowing you collaborated on it!
Ooh, awesome! Your videos about space-habitats are my absolute favorites! IMO that's where our future should be, not in terraforming other planets.
In your face, extinction
lol
Can’t wait to get into space!
Please don't tempt the universe.
@@andreproudian7032 if the universe is so big, why won’t it fight me?
@@hithere5553 well you see given that the universe is inclined to slowly decrease to a lower energy state over time, it lacks the energy to do so. In other words the universe is too lazy to fight.
5 years and still interesting information. Really appreciate the content. Thank you.
Hmm, in this and some of the recent episodes I've had a bit of difficulty keeping up with scales and math when you read them out fast like that. Either slowing down when math comes up or using visuals (as in, show the math written out) would help quite a bit. In addition, since things of huge scales comes up so often on this channel, maybe have some kind of a custom visual that lets me see at a glance the rough ballpark of "hugeness" we're at in any given moment. Like, say, a scale at the top of the video that has an arrow pointing at "we're here now" and some additional points of interest around it to give a sense of scale for these somewhat mindbendingly huge structures. The same would work wonders on the other end of things too, it's kind of hard to get a good feel for how tiny things like nanomachines and exotic materials' structures can get.
I agree, as a tip for the future; I usually have subtitles on for these type of episodes so I can read along and quickly reference the text if I missed a huge number. Its also very helpful that the subtitles are of very good quality.
Great ideas!
scale is a wierd problem in the sciences. once u get much larger than a small mountain(or the upper edge of microscopic on the small end of things)any intuitive sense of scale is pretty much lost. the human brain just isn't designed for these scales and anything outside the human scale becomes just a number
If you want to know how ridiculous it is to think of scales in these circumstances, here's the volume comparison of the sun in liters and an average human in liters.
1,409,272,569,059,860,000,000,000,000,000 liters is the rough volume of the sun, and the average volume of a human, is 62 liters.
Let's rewrite that, a little bit, A human is 6.2×10^2 liters. The sun however is 1.4×10^31 liters. This is like comparing a human to the size of an atom, after all a Hydrogen atom has a volume of 6.2×10^-28 liters. So literally comparing a Human to the sun is like comparing an atom to a human. Do you even understand how ridiculous it is to even trying to picture things on these scales now?
lol i have discalculus (number dislexia) so you can imagine the problems i have but if i see it visually it really helps me understand it much better
Your videos on space habitats are always my favourite, they seem so much more exciting than terraforming planets.
Agreed. Space habitats (at least a few initial, more moderately sized prototypes) are something that, if humanity were to throw its weight behind the project, we could reasonably hope to complete in a lifetime or two; whereas even the most modest terraforming project would take many centuries at the least and require a far greater amount of resources than we can muster at this time.
We'll need to build rotating habitats to even get started doing anything in space, including terraforming. After a a certain amount of time, I can't help but think our habitats will get so good that people will question why we're bothering to terraform.
In many ways, building spacestead habitats would be better than trying to terraform a planet or moon.
@@adamlytle2615
Well, the amount of material and time you'd need to build enough space stations to house as many people as a terraformed Mars could, would be quite a lot.
Once Mars is done terraforming, you'd have far more living room than if you spent the same amount of time building lots of spin stations.
@@dgd947a15fl Well, that's questionable. Mars has 145 million km² of surface area. That's approximately 11 Mckendree cylinders, assuming radius of 460km and length of 4600km for each of them. That would represent a lot less mass than mars itself. As to how long it would take to mine said material from the asteroid belt and various moons, I don't know. But very possibly less time than required for the terraforming of mars.
Sometimes the only thing that reminds me a week has gone by is a new video from Isaac Arthur and company. Lockdown has been so strange! Thanks for the steady supply of optimism during these dark days.
How about to design your space habits projects(i.e. ships, settlements, interstellar gates and portals, etc), that's would be easier to get through some darkness.
Arthur, have you ever heard of "solid light?" Can you make a video about it?
possibly, it's an interesting idea
Solid light... Like the hard light in Halo, huh? That would be awesome...
@@musafawundu6718 Everything is a Halo reference.
@@musafawundu6718 and its not just a theory it was actually created in real life in 2016 were they managed to get photons to start behaving as if they were atoms creating actual solid light of course only one single atom of it
@@wilmagregg3131
Yes. I have since my comment learned of that... There are so many other states of matter beyond solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. That is one of them...
Just wanna say; Listening to Issac on my studio monitors, chilling in bed with my PSVR helmet, and sculpting abstract landscapes in that Dreams game with motion controllers has never been more relaxing.
We literally live in the future! 💎
This is d20 future campaign gold. Thank you.
You might like the website: orionsarm
It's pretty much wikipedia from the year 12,000 and Isaac crated some of the articles there too.
Just got home and there's an SFIA video! Yeah. Imma chill and watch. Thanks to all involved!
Happiness finds me again this Thursday.
Arthursday
Arthuwsday
A cylindrical-centrifugal structure is going to need some ribbing for stiffness, like on a tin can. If you build the skin too flexible, the cylinder is going to turn into an extruded ellipse the first time you get too much weight in one place.
You could make the skin in ridges and valleys, like a concertina, and maybe put habitats inside the ridges. Or you could build stiff structures up from the ground, like faux Roman aqueducts or monorail tracks.
I'm Commander Shepard, and this is my favourite video about the Citadel!
The first word of the title already *_blowed my mind_*
It got dun blowed it
@@kindlin what does that sentence mean? (No offense intended).
I once started a project called AROL ONE - Amazing Ring Of Life
If I remember it correctly, the best diameter for the ring would be about 10 km, because you'd get way less revolutions per minutes for the same amount gravity achieved.
I think I also calculated that the cost to build such ring would cost a few trillions of dollars and could generate revenue of a few hundreds of billions a month from tourism, agreculture and asteroid mining.
Very interesting, and I never posted it anywhere. Maybe I should, just to "plant the seed" and see if anyone contributes to the calculations.
Sounds lit
I remember reading something like that though it was 12 miles in diameter, .9 miles in height, and having a 300 foot thickness for its rind layer though it was meant to be set near the asteroid belt and the Orts Cloud as well.
@@xermasboo5401 I think I had aproximately the same thickness calculation.
Also, the only way to properly build it would be using huge 3D printers that use mined metal from asteroids that are melted with direct sun light, and the prints should be chicken-wire-like.
And finally, different types of 3D printed patterns are used depending on where the structural integrity is needed.
@@xermasboo5401 you could just focus the light on a relativelt small point on the metal anf melt it.
No need to complicate stuff.
@@bloodaid Its getting out that far away with a good intensity because we talking about something around 400,000,000-760,000,000 miles away from the sun, and to have it to at least 2 points to at most 60-100 points within the general area range.
What I said was actually far more simple than what it would actually entail.
Yes, please
Happy Arthursday, everyone! Looking forward to this one.
I have been eaglery waiting years for a highly detailed episode on very large space habitats since Isaac Arthur first mentioned about very large rotating space habitats such as Bishop Rings and McKendree Cylinders over three years ago...
It seems he did one right around the time you left this comment: ua-cam.com/video/tqs1iQlvV-g/v-deo.html
When Isaac tries for the *_Guiness Book of World Records,_* he's competing in the category of record sizes of worlds.
Best thing about Isaac’s videos is when I finish my meal and expect the video is likely over, I click and see it’s only halfway done. Yay!
I would imagine that trees on one of these would grow much larger than the ones on earth would be interesting to see.
Might actually lessen the weight load as well, as then the cylinder don't have to bear the weight of the whole tree. Or maybe I'm misunderstanding the physics.
Regarding weather, wouldn't we see an accumulation of gas particles at the center?
There is no gravity, so it seems as though anything that evaporates, or otherwise is lower density than the general atmosphere will become stuck there.
Perhaps this could be taken advantage of as a sort of "filtration" system for the atmosphere?
I love how blunt the video title is. Most episodes have a title that references some obscure concept, but this one just outright states it's about enormous spinning space buildings.
This is definitely one of the most direct, anti-clickbait channels out there.
Absolutely loved it...
@@procrastinator99 Who needs clickbait when you're talking about things like "Continent-Sized Rotating Habitats" or "Let's Dismantle the Solar System!"? :)
Can't get any more direct than that!
I would have shrunk the title a bit but I couldn't think of any genuinely descriptive but shorter titles :)
"We can't artificially generate normal gravity under known science."
Sure we can. Build a black hole and stand on a structure built around it. It's hilariously mass inefficient, as, for example, to generate 1 G on a habitat 1/1000th the scale of Earth, you need a black hole a millionth the mass of the Earth. Which means it has a mass efficiency that's equal to Earth's.
:) Peter, we have whole episodes on that idea and even discussed it in this episode, we're talking about stuff like gravity in spaceships or habs without mass or rotation there
"Sure we can. Build a black hole and stand on a structure built around it." lolol... get back to me when you get that working brah.
At least garbage and nuclear waste wouldn't be a problem. Just make sure you drop it straight down as you wouldn't want an accretion disc blasting out X-rays for decades!
@@SocksWithSandals a black hole of that size would only have a event horizon of a few millimeters. Accretion disk won't be an issue because if you drop matter spinning the other direction it will only released as much energy as it had initially with potential energy until it falls into the black hole. If you drop two things an opposite spins the disks will collide with each other
@@schvanger There's actually an episode on black hole civilizations here if you're interested.
I straight up read "continent sized space inhabitants"
We can have those too
That's what genetic engineering is for. That might be its own episode.
:)
The '70s NASA Ames / Stanford space settlement studies found that the largest 1G, shielded, pressure vessel we could build with then-known technologies was ~30km diameter. A torus is one thing, a drum or "Kalpana" shape is another.
Maybe not continent sized, but province or large island sized.
When you mention O'Neil habitats, everyone defaults to looking at the "Island 3" giant cylinders. These were purely theoretical examinations of what we could do, and O'Neill wrote that they're probably as far off from the reality of ~80 years after the first habitat, as "futurists" of 1900ad were accurate about 2000ad.
The first generation "Island One" or Stanford Torus was done with no new inventions needed, within 30 years from start, for cost like any other large infrastructure or industrial developments down here.
Yes, you could use active means to stabilize the inherently unstable long cylinder of an Island 3: The Space Shuttle is one glaring example of how short-sighted it is to rely on complexity to overcome severe inherent flaws in a design.
For stability you want a massive spinning mass around the rim. This could be layers of underground decks of space. Your mountains don't need to be aerogel, but rock and steel and inhabited, and counterbalanced around the habitat. 3 mountains perhaps staggered around the middle of the length of a tube, could be the massive stable spinning rim it lacks.
Attaching a second counter-rotating cylinder habitat is for pointing: to eliminate gyroscopic forces that make pointing difficult. It's a clumsy brute-force way to counter the axial instability suffered by any long structure that will want to tumble end over end.
Giving it a massive stable spinning rim or separation of multiple heavy masses about the rim, eliminates the tendency to always want to wobble more.
A river in a Stanford Torus could go from high ground all the way around to low ground and a lake, and pumped back up to go around again.
In a long cylinder it could go from a mountain range around the middle, to either end.
As for the cosmic spaghetti, How flexible are tubes of rock and steel many kilometers across going to be, spinning around themselves like twisting a hula hoop?
I've never understood how people can talk about extending the cylinder habitat and looping it around, still spinning. Are habitats of graphene going to stretch and flow like taffy as it lengthens and around the outside of the tube and compresses going around the inside?s
I've been listening to the 'Heaven's River' Audiobook that I got through your Audible sponsorship promo. I'm a big fan of Dennis E. Taylor's 'Bob-iverse', as well as 'Singularity Trap' and several others! Thanks for bringing his work to my attention, back in 'Self-replicating Starships', I believe. 😊
Every Thursday I tune in, always. It makes for a great break from work while working from home.
I have been watching for about five years ago. Every video is very educational and always gives me something to think about. Please never stop.
Thanks again for the high-quality content!
I first learned of the Bob series of books on this channel. 3 books later I am so hyped to learn of another installment
I love these episodes
This is one of the more specific titles :)
Your channel is incredible, I have learned a lot. I watch it almost every night. Even repeating videos. Thanks.
Great videos with fantastic content. Thanks Isaac
Even more hyped for bobiverse 4 now... didn't think that was even possible...
The thing I've always had a hard time visualizing and can't find anything to simulate it is, say you have a 10 mile diameter habitat. Inside you put a giant LED covered cylinder a half mile or so up to display clouds. When you're looking towards spin or anti spin, what does the horizon look like? Would the horizon just be a flat line where the 'sky' meets the seemingly upward sloping ground? Can you make a convincing illusion of a natural horizon by scattering hills to break up that line? How big a diameter habitat would it take to hide the illusion of the ground sloping up?
The only way I can think of to make it look natural is to divide the surface area into a bunch of low mountain ringed regions so that it looks like you're living in a series of mountain valleys.
y should it be a copy of earth.where we cant tell the difference.
Issac you truly are an inspiration (you are by far and away my fave youtuber) you attempt to answer the largest of questions an the grandest of scales. But you still haven't attempted to answer the biggest questions:- i.e. What's the point? What are we doing? Do we know what we are doing? Whats the endgame? How do we unite and all together dance towards this endgame? I suppose that the simple answer is love - but we have kind of known that forever and it has still not united us???? So right here, right now..................... (and this is where I reach my limit ) would really love to hear your take on this, for the love :) x
Honestly, along with Mega Cities and a Trillion People on Earth, this is my favourite SFIA video. I prefer continent sized rotating habitats such as McKendree Cylinders and Bishop Rings to O'Neill Cylinders, though a very large number of O'Neil Cylinders connect to form a Rung World with surface areas of space that are continent sized or greater is OK with me.
I am really glad to find out that Isaac consulted on the bobiverse!
Thank you for sparking my creativity in space
Subscribed to isaac way back. watching this channel grow just shows how good the content is . I look forward to watching thursday vids 👌
I love your videos Issac, so informative
This video is looking great!
@@aruspice thank you.
Can’t wait for this, especially after all the hours I spent on Plates in the works of Iain Banks, which I’ve started to reread since he passed... the Culture books are best, but there are a few stand-alones to love.... thanks to Isaac for exploring the questions I always had and no one to ask.
Having an central structure is nice for zero g manufacturing and low gravity fun. Also larger ships needs to dock here.
If you builds something like an Banks orbitals mach 9 is hardly an speed you care much about in space, yes it can be marginal benefit for raw materials.
I guess you would have some layers below ground and probably inside hills for farming and industry. The below ground layers doubles as armor and you can use it to increase the structural rigidity with cross bracing down there.
The factory farms could be underground, with some gardens and parks above ground. The housing would be above ground and in many cities on the same spacestead in the case of the continent sized ones mentioned in the video.
Not to mention, you could have many countries within such a large habitat!
Also, if the beams are thick enough, additional rooms and corridors could be placed inside them
@@chexhcatialo3889 A few libertarian countries? Yes please!
Drink and Snack Crew Assemble!
The background music brings back Master of Orion 2 memories.
I love your videos. I find your voice very soothing, and I appreciate the mental stimulation. Thanks for being awesome.
TBH, I always love seeing artwork about content sized megastructures.
Makes me hope we see them in Homeworld 3
this is our future. i can see it. obsessed with this topic. makes perfect sense. Ian Banks, Peter Hamilton. yes. yes. yes. please more content like this! want to get into the weeds of how you recreate the rock cycle/water cycle, etc.
"... unless your unobtanium building material..." -- hahahaha that caught me off guard, tears in my eyes from that.
When you first saw continent-sized rotating space habitats, were you blinded by their majesty?
Liked the bobavers sneak peek glade you are having input love the books
Quality content as always!
Never commented before. Loved your topics so much, never thought to comment. Keep up your great work. Seems I've been enjoying your videos for decades...
Continent size? Where did this small scale thinking come from?!
right most of that stuff not even large enough to collapse n circularize from its own gravity. may as well be talkin bout a trailer home:)
gotta nail your intermediate goals before you get to the stretch goals
Loved this episode, its so classic SFIA! Thanks as always for the great content Isaac and the team. I'm always so proud to be a patron for this channel, its a vision of hopeful and bright future and gives us all hope. PS. cool new studio for the live streams.
oh god Isaac, another video that's posted just after midnight on a worknight... didn't need that sleep anyway
These videos are why I look forward to Thursdays
Build the Space Habitat! Make Earth Great Again!
Some time I want off this rock 😕
@@General12th I agree; it's a goal worth pursuing. Even if only a portion of humanity will move to live in space habitats it will be a vital first step; getting a foot in the door so to speak. It will create the necessary infrastructure to help humanity explore and colonize other parts of the solar system and maybe even nearby star systems.
@@General12th I thought his plan was to create a utopia for the ultrarich, and just leave the rest of us peasants on this polluted hellscape.
@@RovingTroll
Serving the ultra rich is the goal of every other billionaire investing in space. Bezos is the only one with a good goal for space.
Make the Galaxy Great Again
Hey. Isaac.When you discuss equations, it is nice if you just edit in some text that shows the equation as you discuss it.
probably, I used to but there's a horrible tendency when I do that to get a bit distracted and have a typo in them that no one catches, and I tend to cringe when one makes it to air with an extra zero or such. Probably not a good reason not to have them on there though :)
@@isaacarthurSFIA
Do it! Also, another suggestion from these comments was to add in an in-depth logarithmic scale that goes from nanomachines and atoms to galaxies and super voids, so when you start discussing huge habitats you can zoom in to that part of the scale as a visual aid for what we're talking about.
If an error ever makes it though, you can just add a little annotation or pin a comment (I guess YT removed annotations for some reason).
Wait what?!? My favorite UA-camr helped make my favorite book??? I’m beyond mind blown right now … just wow 🙏🏽
"Defining a continent: The dominating land mass of a major tectonic plate. North America is a continent, but Greenland is an island on the North American tectonic plate. Arabia is not a major tectonic plate, but Australia is. And the Pacific plate has no major landmass." Clint Carpentier.
It's not quite that easy. ua-cam.com/video/3uBcq1x7P34/v-deo.html
aren't the Hawaii islands in the middle of the pacific?
@@ZacMoroney
I'm going to pretend I didn't read that.
Europe says no.
@@jimsonbonilla8233
Does it now.
My favorite subject on this channel! Great show! My heart leaped into my throat when I heard that there’s a new Bobiverse book coming. It’s definitely my favorite book series by far. I’m going to have to break down and cancel my current subscription to curiosity stream so I can resubscribe and get Nebula. They won’t add it as part of my old subscription. Awesome show Isaac and team and a special kudos to the graphics team. If you like space colonies, check out Bryan Versteeg’s spacehabs.com (his art was displayed on the show). My favorite of his is the “Interstellar Colony Builder”. I go to bed every night thinking of thousands of 3D printer heads producing that interstellar colony builder and it becoming a gardener ship.
Isaac Arthur if ur seeing this then I just want to say ur one of the people who expands my imagination and I always like sci-fi cause I have an interest in space and technology that’s why I want to become a businessman so I could join in colonizing space
I want space Australia to exist so badly.
Preferably without the space tarantula hawk wasps.
I think Jeice from DBZ Abridged is from there
I want a space colony to collide with Australia
Oi space Auz, that's me home planet!
"you're from australia?"
Space Australia, specifically space Brisbane. Go Space Broncos!
"So it's like Australia, but in.."
But in SPACE! Careful though, space dingoes'll eat your space baby, like my sister, poor sheila.
I would like a space New Zealand so that we can have laser kiwis.
Something I have been wondering ever since I watched the first video about this sort of structure. How would convection and heat distribution work in a closed cylinder habitat.
On a planet as you increase altitude the volume of available space increases (as the diameter increases) and as you go higher you get closer to the "heat sink" of the atmosphere radiating into space cooling the top of the convection cell and encouraging cooler air to sink.
On a ring habitat the volume would decrease significantly with altitude, meaning convection may not function in the same way as there is nowhere for warmer air to rise into. The other problem would be if you were using a central heat/light tube at the axis; The rising air would be getting closer to the heat source in a closed habitat. Further complicated, because now you have all the hottest air trapped furthest away from your heatsink (the outer shell) Thus have restricted ability to cool the "top" of the convection cell.
www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/comments/cschsi/removing_waste_heat_from_an_oneill_cylinder/
Been hoping to see more things on the likes of the McKendree Cylinder (the topic alone deserves it's own super long episode as there is very little that's actually been done on them thus far). Given material limitations, how nuts could you go in trying to replicate environments (part ocean filled with life, rainforests, urban skyscraper cities etc, etc).
One thing that you maybe could have touched on in this ep would have been a supersized torus a la Elysium style. Using CNT/Graphene, how big could it theoretically go without the need for active support etc. Probably due an episode of it's own as well.
The Torus &/or Cylinder is probably the route we're going to go down (& stick by), so hopefully more on these scaled up habitats to come would be great.
Cool to hear you consulted with Taylor, that's awesome! Love both of your work!
Incredible how a channel like this was able to hide from me for so long. Fantastic stuff! What kind of accent is this? Never heard something qute similar. Subscribed 👍
Not an accent, just a small speech impediment.
I was happy with giant space gantries. I was impressed you gave us interstellar lasers. This is BIG.
Isaac Arthur, you are a man after my own heart. Thank you.
Suggestion for a future episode: *Docking.* Yes, it's a mundane topic, but having watched the Crew Dragon dock with the ISS a while back, I couldn't help but notice that it took them 3 hours to open the door, and this after the need to have the Dragon creep up on the station at a very slow relative velocity for safety reasons. Apollo-Soyuz also had this 3 hour wait time, in order to equalize pressure between the ships. This would become a huge pain in the rear if you've got actual space traffic, dozens of ships lining up to dock at a given port. Which in turn becomes an obstacle to increasing expansion into space to the point that it becomes daily life for ordinary people. So it seems to me we would have to develop technology for quick, routine docking and departure of spacecraft long before we can get to building the giant space settlements. Any tricks up the Arthurian sleeve?
think one of the main reasons ship docking takes so long these days is for safety cuz ships are made paper-thin to save on weight. if uv got significant space industry u can afford to make hulls way thicker & docking areas especially robust. then u can get a little sloppy n rough with ur docking;)
@@virutech32 Unfortunately, we're not even started on the process toward being able to manufacture spaceships and stations in space with space resources, and build them like battleships instead of soda cans with rockets attached. :( Until then, it would be helpful if we could develop docking methods that would make it practical to run a space hotel or research station where we can begin to work on building that infrastructure.
I need to watch more of these megastructure videos. The potential fantasy settings on them is awesome. The mythology that would arise... and the wonder and mystery that a reader or player would go through as they tried to figure out how the way the world was described could make any sense... it's awesome. Who needs flat planar worlds when you can have a Ball Topopolis made by the gods?
Listen, I know you posted this 2 years ago, but I'm currently writing a fantasy novel set on a Banks Orbital!
Nice video i really love your content
Here is a project to get started on: A topopolis world that is two AU in diameter, goes around the center of the galaxy and has stars inside of it for the day/night cycle.
These type of megastructures would probably be built in the asteroid belt, out of the asteroids that are there. That would be plenty of materials, if you didn't go too big. And if you have the tech to get out to the asteroid belt and back and travel that distance on a regular basis, you could just leave the megastructures where you built them (instead of moving them to a desired location). By leaving them where there were built, you have the benefit of having a human habitat out that far, and it makes us not go extinct if something disastrous/ devastating happens to earth. Sounds good to me.
I liked this video.
I'll be praying.
Great video, keep up the good work. God bless.
Have a nice day/night.
-------------------------------------------------------- sincerely a nerdy Christian.
Love your videos of what might happen in the future it’s like a window to look into the future of a thousand years a place where we can’t go with are life span but we can go there in the mind !
The wold records on literally artifical worlds would be entertaining to see.
I love O'Neill cylinders because there feasible/ realistic and provide gravity while given a real sci-fi experience there my favorite mega structure gundam origin anime depicted them at there best .
They are too small for me. I prefer Bishop Rings and McKendree cylinders.
One final question I have that you might cover in next week's video. The earth has protection against most meteorites. I am guessing those same meteorites could be a big problem for large space habitats?
The International Space Station has to be cautious of these things, and can be moved. Since the space habitat is so much larger, it is a much bigger target, and perhaps much harder to move.
04:57 - Upper left hand corner, someone made the World Trade Center in space.
It's funny the way I found out about Isaac Arthur a couple of years ago.. was by searching generation ships...🙂
I was searching for the Fermi paradox about 4 or 5 years ago
Became one of the first channels I subbed to and the only one I donate to.
I did so by in around 2017 by searching Alcubierre Drives...
Generation ships... sweet and tiny xD To be honest I don't know how I ended up here. I think someone mentioned him in the comment section from another channel...
@@Jameson1776 I, also, was searching the same. Also, Dyson Sphere.
Isaac Arthur says that he's not good at naming structures in this episode. Meanwhile I'm thinking of the far future in terms of fusion candles, birch planets, and quasar drives.
thanks to Issac now Arthur Dent finally can get the hang of Thursdays!
29:14 subtitles unclear, Brian is now trapped in a jar.
Are these ships maneuverable? You would think that they wouldn't be built where they will spend their time. Try to imagine just what engines and fuel you would need to move these leviathans around.
Bobiverse #4 is out? That's awesome!
September, first on Audible, Then later the regular book.