Concussion: Pathophysiology, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment, Animation
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- Опубліковано 4 жов 2024
- (USMLE topics, neurology) Concussion (mild traumatic brain injury): Pathophysiology, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Treatment.
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Concussion is a MILD traumatic brain injury that affects normal brain functions. It occurs as a result of a forceful blow, either DIRECT or INdirect to the head. An example of an INdirect blow is a whiplash-type injury that causes the brain to SHAKE quickly back and forth inside the skull. In a direct blow, injury may develop on the side of contact with the force, or on the OPPOSITE side of the head. Concussion may be caused by falls, contact sports, motor vehicle accidents, or physical abuse. Brain injury can occur with translational, rotational or angular movements of the head. Rotational and/or angular forces cause the brain to TWIST against the BRAINSTEM - the thin stalk that connects the brain to the spinal cord, and damage the structures within. Because the brainstem controls many VITAL bodily functions, including consciousness, rotational and angular injuries usually result in LOSS of consciousness and are often more serious.
Concussion is a FUNCTIONAL injury, rather than structural. A concussed brain usually looks NORMAL on a brain-imaging test. The damage occurs at a MICROSCOPIC level and generally affects a LARGE area of the brain. The mechanical impact exerted by the blow sends shock waves that diffuse through the brain tissues, STRETCHING and possibly SHEARING membranes of neurons, especially along the long axons that are responsible for transmitting signals from one neuron to another. The events that take place during and after concussion are complex and not fully understood, but likely to involve IONIC IMbalances and ENERGY CRISIS due to REDUCED blood flow. Ionic disturbances, such as ABnormal potassium EFflux and calcium INflux, INTERFERE with action potential dynamics, DISRUPTING normal communication between neurons. Reduced blood supply IMPAIRS cellular functions and makes the brain MORE vulnerable to further damage.
Children and teens are at GREATER risks for brain injury because their brain is STILL DEVELOPING and therefore more susceptible to insults. Axons in young brains are not FULLY myelinated, EASIER to get damaged and take LONGER to recover. Brain development may also STOP for some time after sustaining a concussion.
Signs and symptoms of concussion can be SUBTLE and may NOT appear immediately. It is common for the first signs to show up after 20 minutes to hours from the time of impact. COMMON symptoms include headache, drowsiness, dizziness, sensitivity to light, loss of memory, difficulty concentrating and feeling slowed down. Patients should be observed for at least 48h for worsening signs such as loss of consciousness, INcreasing headache, REPEATED vomiting, slurred speech, confusion, unusual behaviors, seizures, and limb weakness or numbness. Any of these would require emergency care.
Concussion usually revolves on its own, with PROPER physical and cognitive REST. The majority of people fully recover after a couple of weeks but some may take longer. During recovery the brain is MUCH more vulnerable to further insults and any activities that may potentially cause another impact SHOULD be avoided. A REPEATED injury while the brain is recovering may exacerbate symptoms, result in PERMANENT brain damage, and can be fatal.
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Its crazy our brain is just floating there like a extremely fragile pickled egg in a jar.
I have a question what are the symptoms of a grade 2 concussion and do you lose consciousness
That's how my dad explained it
@@EmmaDeFazio5938 you are recommended to test things yourself
Yup
Just like a bowl of jello ..
Very informative video, great visuals but I hate the fact that they have used the word - 'damage' so many times. As a concussion specialist, I think it is very important that my patients don't start believing that they have brain damage. It is a functional injury and there are shearing forces to the axons and dendrites, the actual brain tissue is pretty much fine. Please also remind people that our body has the ability to heal itself and concussions can heal as well.
I have a question what are the symptoms of a grade 2 concussion and do you lose consciousness
What's the way to heal?
@@user-gi4yx3wk8k Pacing. Think of your nervous system as a cell phone with poor battery life. In the beginning, perform activities for half an hr, rest for half an hour. Then increase activity to 45 mins, rest for 15 mins. Increase activity to 1 hour and rest for half an hour and keep increasing your tolerance for activities Gradually. The mistake most people make is perform hours of physical and mental work and are totally exhausted end of the day. Also rest means completely cutting off from cell phones, light or noise. You must use an eye mask or an ice pack and block all stimulation for 15 mins. That is when you are providing your body with the ability to heal.
sorry, I hit my head 2 hours ago against the angle of my window (I was waking up from my bed and hit my head), I bleed because it has a tiny metal thing. should I be worried about a concussion?
@@tenebrerossosangue if you hit your head against a metal you should be worried about tetanus more. Also if your head is bleeding you better get it checked immediately, there could be other worse things with internal bleeding apart from a concussion. If it is just 2 hours ago it’s too early to say anything. Concussion symptoms appear a few days after the injury.
Going on 6 months and Vision just started changing about 3 months in.
Better or worse?
@@asee818 seriously
I got one 2 days ago I have almost none of these symptoms except from memory loss when the blow happened. I had to get staples on my head Bc my open wound
WAIT WHAT!!!?!! It got worse??
What are the symptoms of a grade 2 concussion and do you lose consciousness
Been concussed for 3 months now, the main symptom is the head pain, which has been constant. And the pain gets worse depending on what I’m doing.
Greetings, please may I ask: do you also experience a tingling sensation in the head and are you showing any signs of recovery?
Asking because I've also been concussed for a month and symptoms are getting worse
@@VisionaryTech You should go to a doctor bro.
Change your diet plenty of fruit and fluids
Does you ok now
Are you ok now
I think I got a concussion? Went skating and tripped on a bump. I was going pretty slow too so braced and sadly rolled and hit top back left of head. I able to skate back home and felt 0 symptoms aside a sore head. Later that night my neck ached bad and my jaw was aching. I'm thankful what I got was probably a minor concussion but still. Headache every now and then. Sucks
I believe my father experienced this as he was targeted screaming in his bed holding his head as if severe pressure was happening and he woke up with virtigo as well and got committed to a psych ward and was held for a week and was set to the hospital and suffered sever weakness and emotional problems and then died of a heart attack
holy ducking sheep
I did have a mild concussion yesterday, wow
@@Sharkieangle I dunno if it's temporary or not but only way to find out is to remove the tms to see what real damage has been done? Or I dunno if tms would hide the evidence of a traumatic brain injury or not?
@@SomeGuyWho759 I went to the er, so
I’m sorry to hear if this is true mate, may you find peace in your life. Be strong
Thanks! I'm an old RMT, and this was short and sweet, and exactly the perfect first video for me to start my morning, of trying to be a good "Autodidact". You've a new subscriber, this is shared already with a peer. Cheers!
Glad it helped!
i suddenly feel like I'm not alon who facing this situation 🥺 but this video its really really nice
I was just assaulted badly. This is probably my 7th or 8th concussion due to abuse in my life. This was a really interesting and great video to explain how it feels. I was punched hard about 15 times. My head feels like it is in a vice.
I feel nauseous and very tired. Dizzy and also confused about time and events. I was hit and kicked to the head during my teenage years also. Its very scary.
I went sledding 2 years ago and I went on a big bump and landed on my head
Did you survive?
I'm watching this because I'm a worried why am I feeling drowsy and lightheadedness for 8 days already, because prior to that I was in heated argument with a member of my family and to my anger I head batted the door made of plywood then punched it several times leaving a hole and wounds on my knuckle now it is healed. Hope this goes away after several days.
How is it so far?
@@eliascontreras1951 he died
@@mentalbreakdown804 Not necessarily they don't reply cause they have deactivated notifications to all replies so they don't get notified 😐😑
What are the symptoms of a grade 2 concussion and do you lose consciousness
How are you?
I was crowd surfing at a concert and I was dropped and fell hard on my head. This was 5 days ago and now I’m here looking up whether I should go to the ER or not.
By the way I didn’t black out or anything I just fell and got up immediately
Did you feel dizziness or feels like vomiting but literally doesn't happen
@@geazygaming8644 I was at football practice and I hit my helmet against someone's thigh, I didn't black out,I immediately got back up and my eyes were blurry for about 1hr then it went away,the next day I feel good do I have a concussion
Get an MRI or whatever other imaging shows you didn't get an aneurysm
Dont crowdsurf, I was involved with a crowdsurfer that fell on me at a show, on the 5th of nov 2023 and that it causes injuries much like this. No Concussion just dont crowdsurf.
Crashed my motorcycle at the race track last week. I flew head first into the dirt at like 80mph. Doc said I have a concussion so I’m just watching vids on it
Hope you're doing well
How are you know brother?
@@Aditya_raj_17 I’m feeling about 95%.
@@richardcole1280 healed 95%?
@@Aditya_raj_17 yes. I’d say my sense of balance is 98%. Zero headaches or light sensitivity at this point. My perception of speed and distance have really come back over the last two weeks and I’m probably like 98% on that. My memory and concentration is probably like 95% as I get hung up on a sentence probably once a day. Riding a motorcycle still feels strange, not like it’s an extension of my body… yet. My mood is definitely way more chill than normal but I have aggressive spikes from time to time almost like the emotions hit way faster than my mind can process them so I need to be cognizant of that. I used to have the ability to feel where others in space around me are (while driving/riding) by just knowing where everything is. I could keep track of 5 vehicles around me while being an inch from all of them…. Well let’s just say that’s on hiatus and it’s slowly coming back as I begin pushing my limits again. I’m working and doing daily tasks just fine at this point (working out too) but the racing/riding thing is taking time as those activities require a lot more concentration. I’m really happy that I’m recovering and I feel so fortunate. Tell me about your head injury
I ran into a pole, it knocked me out and I also hit the back of my head when I fell on the concrete floor, I was taken to the hospital by an ambulance and I had to wear a neck brace, I’m fine now but 6 years later and I still have a bump on my head, I was 14 when this happened and I just want to know why I still have a bump 😂😩
😢😢how are you now
I myself think i have concussion cause of same symtoms of nausea lightheadache and quite groogy but i kind scared and go for a doctor and the doctor said same thing less than a minute after i tell whats im feeling😂 its kind a waste of money but a great insurance and relief of my safety even get xray to be safe
Thanks for the double ad before 😊
Thank you
Thanks!
Very helpful, thank you
what do you mean increasing headace?
I suggest for you
to make video about
{ Tourette syndrome }
which is neurological disorder
since 7 years, after I got hit several times by a guy on my head, the shaking and hitting of my brain towards the skull has increased to an extent when normal jumping/jogging/tilting the head causes the brain to shake. I didn't feel this before concussion. It's really horrible and even I can feel the brain hitting the back side of the skull while walking on stairs. ANYBODY PLEASE HELP ME WITH THIS!
did you visit a doctor?
bro ur dead affff
I agree, a doctor would be better than randos on UA-cam
How are you now sir
I got a concussion playing rugby on July 16th 2022 and I’m still suffering from it today. I took a direct head butt to the face and the back of my brain has been hurting since then. it’s currently October 27th 2022 and I’m still experiencing headaches, sensitivity to light and sound, frustration, trouble focusing and trouble managing my emotions and fast motions. I’ve been out of work for over a month now trying to recover but it still won’t go away. I’ve been bed resting in a dark room with very limited phone usage for 3 weeks now and although I’ve slowly been feeling better it still hurts and I’m getting frustrated feeling like this. I haven’t felt my self in over 3 months now and I just want to recover so I can get on with my life. Can someone help me?
Update
I think you should go to a doctor to clear any doubts you have
Any updates
It takes about 60 G forces to bruise your brain in your skull. Most impacts are far under this amount... so why do people still get symptoms? The truth is many times the problem lies in your neck, specifically the top bone the atlas which houses the brain stem. This bone is very light and has no protective cartilage disc like the rest of your spine - this is so you can move your head in many different directions. If you have enough cranial impacts it can get pushed out of position and damage the soft tissue around it. The inflammation this causes can interrupt blood and more importantly cerebral spinal fluid flow from your brain to your body and back. This in turn is the root cause of many concussion symptoms which are indistinguishable from whiplash injury.
If you are suffering from post concussion syndrome I would see an upper cervical care doctor and get x rays to look at your neck. They can see exactly how to make small adjustments to the atlas and correct it to a centered position. I wish someone had told me about it years ago because it cured a lot of health issues. The best kind use atlas orthogonal method which uses an instrument to make the corrections, I tried NUCCA (which uses hand adjustments) first and it worked but I didn't hold the corrections long enough and took longer to heal.
What happenf to you
@@TarikRom-hu3jj I was very optimistic about the chiropractic at first but eventually it seemed like it wasn't really solving my issues and I gave up on it. I heard about something called nasal release technique on a FB forum and it looked really interesting. Unfortunately nobody in my area did it but I did find someone to do neuro cranial restructuring (which is very similar) and I have to say after about 6 months I was pretty much symptom free. I believe the key to solving concussion issues is to get the cerebral spinal fluid moving through your cranium properly and just working on the neck isn't enough.
@@wesporter2176 i broke my back and neck in an accident no spinol codrd injuroe though still have lot of of symptoms even though almost 4 months now did u brak anything ?
What happend to you??
@@wesporter2176 what happend to you
What about sharp shooting pains? I have those and some times my whole body will spasm hard while lying down. Headaches as well but these sharp shooting pains are excruciating at times . They just run through my head.
my 20 year old daughter has bad concussion, Last week she fainted but before she fell, she passed out then hit her head on something, we dont know what it was either does she, she woke up after a few minutes confused and scared she had no clue where she was, we have been to the hospital 3 times this week because she keeps fainting and falls, she actually fell down stairs today from an episode we have had 3 CT scans MRI blood work diabetes test everything checks out great the pain is just consistant and she feels a bit nauseous can anyone please maybe give me some advise on how to help her with pain we give her extra strength tylenol and advil gel capsules but it doesnt help so today the doctor gave her a week worth of tylenol 3 but how long will this pain last me and my husband do not want to give her all these pain pills either, I forgot to mention the impact was on her right side of her head but the whole right side is sore
I bump my head a weak ago. The symptoms appeared 2 days later and now i am dizzy for 9 days waiting for ct scan
What diagnose
It’s important too see a doctor right away after an concussion. The reason is you could develop long term issues later on if you just let it go and not get the proper help in the healing process. If you are experiencing headaches , dizziness , memory loss , bad speech , nausea , loss of focus or basic motor functions like holding a pencil or a fork for examples you should really go see a doctor. Better to do it sooner then later.
My younger brother is now 12 years and normal... When he was new brown baby he had fallen down from bed 2 or 3 times and I noticed he had consciousness for little time like 1minutes.. I heard that sometimes people effect its when they grow up.
will it effects for my brother in future
(Sorry about my English.. ,,)
@@anjalikasituge1613 your English is fine I was just saying people get those symptoms and don’t go and get it looked at and later on in their life they get bad headaches or can’t remember things or lose sense of smell all because they didn’t get the proper care. For your brother that probably won’t effect him later on did he have any of those symptoms if not he will be okay.
No he don't.... Thank you so much for your reply... I really appreciate your kindness
@@anjalikasituge1613 👍
@@ryans413 I had dizziness headache and vomiting but after sleeping they were gone should I still get checked
Hi everyone, I was hit by a gate 6 months ago. I was unconscious for about 20 minutes and had loss of memory for up to an hour. The symptoms I had were pressure, movement in my head and pain. I was given some painkiller drugs and an anti inflammatory drugs. The symptoms quickly disappeared after few weeks and I was fine for about 2 months. Right now, the symptoms are back and more serious. Heaviness in my head, pain, pressure, sound sensitivity, fast heart beat, noisy ears and movement sensation. No balance issues, no blurry vision, discharge nor memory issues.
My CT scan appears normal
What do you advise I do? What type of treatment do I need. It’s difficult to find a doctor who Understands this.
Please share your experience, what type of treatment did you undergo?
Go on a 3 day water fast drinking just rain and real spring water for the vitamins and minerals. Continue drinking that for the rest of your life.
@@preciousigbokwe6097what was your cure?
I got hit in the left side of my head with a hatchet, 2 years ago i had seizures but lately i haven't had one since last year, but i have slught slur speech sometimes, hurts every now and then where i was hit, dizziness, cant balance my self when i shower or i stagger when i walk sometimes, i forget things once its been told to me or was ask to do something i was let go cause of my job twice cause of these signs i have how can i get paid now since i can't work now?
How bout a video on glutamate catabolism of intestinal epithelial cells.
Hi everyone I have a situation that needs to be adressed . I was playing cricket and all of a sudden the bat had touched me on my head and after waking up I have discovered that the inner part of my head was hurting . After taking the results I have discovered that I was normal but I keep getting seizures sometimes . Are those signs of a concussion ?
Can you please respond because I need you all to give me some feedback .
Hello Joshua, after reading this I think you’re fine. As far as the seizures, those might be related to different things, but i’ve experienced many injuries to the head and am completely fine. Our heads are very strong and can take blows. But going to a doctor is your call and depends on how you’re feeling. Hope this helps
Will hitting ur own head with your own hand can cause injury to your brain? I do this recently when I'm angry!
me too l'm also here for the same reason bro l'm afraid i damaged my brain
@@EzequielMartin55vf no bro... It's not damaged i consulted a doctor.. He said ur own hand hit will not cause it.. We both are just losing our anger management
No i think u need anger management sessions instead
I was in a car accident almost 3 days ago and smacked my head. I was going 60 mph and didn’t go to the hospital because I walked away and was convinced I’m fine. Today I passed out and threw up I’m scared
Any updates with you?
Doctor my last born was involved in a head collision during soccer and he passed out. He lost consciousness but he’s awake now but always dizzy and have this very big headache that doesn’t go away, please is this normal and he just needs rest? or is it possible that he has internal bleeding? I’m so worried and scared
How is he now
Does a low impact cause concussion
I had highside motorcycle accident in july 2020 ! My mom said when I got accident I lost consciousness approximately 15 to 20 minutes! And now I have slurred speech , limb weakness and ringing in ears! Is this serious problem? one more thing to say recently I got sinusitis and completed surgery (septoplasty+FESS+TURBINOPLASTY), i asked my ENT doctor why ringing in ears? He said " may be you blowed your nose roughly " ! is it true ? Then why I have limb weakness ? Is this bcoz of medicines given for sinusitis ? It's k then why I have slurred speech ? Is slurred speech also symptom of high BP ? Lot of doubts in my mind what happening to me 😖 what's the problem !
Any updates
My father's right side totally paralyzed since 1 year. He gone through IC bleed craniotomy.He is not recovering 😔
Any one here who have improved from this stage please comment here for suggestion
😪
😥😥
This happened to me years ago probably like 5 years ago. But I fell down facing the ice n hit my head on it. N got a bursting headache n my head was burning n I didn’t do anything to it because I was only like 10 I didn’t even know what a concussion was then. But is it bad that it’s untreated because I feel like my memory is starting to get weak even tho I’m only 15, even my math teacher who’s in her 40s or 50s has better memory than me. It takes me forever to do my school work. So I want to know if this has something to do with hitting my head or if I’m just really stupid or possibly have dyslexia. Someone pls answer so I can feeler calmer. 😭
Lmao no u perfect but still if you have probs you can go to the doc
A stitch in time saves nine
Sounds like you’re a teenager? If so, I remember those years being a tough time for me and it was very hard to focus. I’m sure you’re ok
I feel off a swing and did a backflip and my leg hit ice and my head got damaged hard by snow
Don’t listen to anyone here, get checked out but don’t panic. There are tests you can take then take again in one year.
What are the symptoms of a grade 2 concussion and do you lose consciousness
My memory is bad😢yes you right
I have hit my head on jan end of 2021..its paining 15 mins but no more anyother symptoms..but after a week on that area of skull that was ache and I feel not well I mean mild headache now feb 20 I have mild numbness in right hand and leg...limb weakness and right side chest innrr muscles paining... now am scared
Me too
So sorry for o injured irs
nd worry
Me also my friend hitted me on head
How are you feeling now bro?
@@Flexpanthers now I crossed 7 months now totally am okay... but for my satisfaction I need to take MRI
@@ajnanmenon1356 what was your symptoms? I’m having severe headaches, eye floaters, and weakness
Hello I have had a blow to my head on right side of my head 10 years ago , I was unconscious for 10 minutes and I had headache the whole day and for 30 days after getting up in the morning , I have not consulted doctor and not taken any treatment
Now from last 3 years I am having symptoms of TBI
Mental confusion, blurry vision in one eye , sensitivity to light and sound, I feel as if my right ear drum is broken, balance problem while driving please let me know whether the symptoms are serious and I need to get an MRI scan done.
Have your eyes checked for (Binocular Vision Dysfunction)
How are you feeling today?
Do I need emergency care if I lost consciousness for one to five minutes but woke back up and only had confusion and loss of memory
Go to urgent care at least! Better overdo than sorry!
I have concussion
My younger brother is now 12 years and normal... When he was new brown baby he had fallen down from bed 2 or 3 times and I noticed he had consciousness for little time like 1minutes.. I heard that sometimes people effect its when they grow up.
will it effects for my brother in future
(Sorry about my English.. ,,)
I habed bad injuries at my cráneo y my Spain cords collapsed my all back y neck end legs
I hit the back of me head on a helmet during football I have all symptoms and hurt neck should I go to hospital orvm am I overreacting
My son fell on the stair case n had a bruise on his skull .. Now there's a blood clot on his skull n his head is constantly hot...it freaks me out...but just hoping it's nothing seriously
You should get him checked by a doctor as soon as possible! Better be too careful than too late!
@@Alilamedicalmedia thank you.. i will
Anyone can help me because when I'm 15 years old ago I fall from star apple tree and within a months i suffer from pain in my headache I lose of consciousness my concentration in smell loss
How are you now ?
What's your feeling right nowM
Yeah I just fainted and hit my head on some concrete without breaking my fall
Definitely lost some brain cells
My concussion cured my childhood ptsd , but how?
So that's why I feel seizure-triggerish... not good. Knew I slammed my head good 😢
I took a knock to the head last week & I have no noticeable pain, but recently I’ve been feeling pressure in my head. Hopefully it will go away soon, just need to rest a lot
😎 And a 🥊Boxing Match.
Today doc said I had a mild concussion
What happened?
hope you’re feeling better now
❤
3 concussions in last 1.5 years i am so unlucky and i am super worried about my IQ
Ghani hii
What about by getting hit by a phone hard
I don't when this going away it so sucks I can't even do my job which deals with cash transactions I hate this it's been a week so maybe I should just stay home. But work needs me.
i had one on May 10th 2021 after being on bike hit by car and feeling unconscious..
You still got symptoms ?
@@archington1851 not too much now. i recovered for most part.
@@MilesRobinson2001 how much days it will take
@@jaykumaraa8043 probably about few days to a week
@@MilesRobinson2001 can you take treatment about it
I was born with cp on my left side of the body
Mines on top left
Also it is direct
0:38 Physical trauma not abuse.
Can a sneeze cause concussion am so worry 😭
No lmao🤣
Y’all treating this comment section like a medical clinic 💀
Guys I am sorry that I got a concussion so my head is a pimple
This video wasn’t recommended to you. You have a concussion.
I feel like I forgot everything please HELP
Listen to hold on by peezy
see a doctor as fast as you can. get better man
watching w a fresh concussion, made it worse tbh☠️
I’m pretty sure I don’t have a concussion I am positive my brain seems ok and after 1 day I’m all better my bro says I’m not okay cause I couldn’t solve 9 times 9 but bruh he didn’t even let me solve it the way i do and I usually am funny and I’m still normle so I’m postive I didn’t hit my head so bad
Are you from uk 🇬🇧
Warning for Anime fans(who suck)
what is the warning ;-; how am i gonna stay safe if im not warned
Weaponized sonar to see inside ur homes.. 🤔
i was in resort working when i had an accident on a gokart (i got hit from behind and slammed full speed into a wall so bad my helmet broke)
after finishing the race i started throwing up and had to stay in my room without painkillers for a few days. didnt wanna get in trouble because the gokarts are for the guests usually but all staff used them at night. it was so horrible that the same night i thought about calling an ambulance but we were 2 hours from the nearest hospital. now im starting to feel normal again but it took me like 8 months
it was horrible lol
but it amazes me how much adrenaline helps u
i felt totally fine right after, only when the race finished and i sat down did it really kick in
i literally threw up a few times that night but next time 10/10 im calling the ambulance.
for the first few months i had problems with thinking and memory buy it just felt like i was suddenly stupid