Prof Roberts' documentaries are always fascinating and so well narrated. Although even then, decades ago, she was confident in front of the TV cameras, I would never have guessed that the 14 year old Alice, winning a drawing competition on Blue Peter, would go on to be this successful and expert archaeology broadcaster.
Yep History Hit's team of stunning intelligent women academics are now my go-to for top programming - Dr Roberts, Eleanor Janega, Mary Beard, Lucy Worsley and Bettany Hughes - top women, top history programming!! Wish our garbage state-owned TV network would do the same in NZ!
The comments about the pin holding the wheel on the chariot, omitted to mention the composition of that pin. The people who made that pin understood about metal composition too... because some metals are brittle and some are not. They clearly used the correct metal for the the task it was being used for. Analysis of the metals would be very interesting - will that work be undertaken. Not just any old metal can be used for every job. Each metal component of the chariot will no doubt have a different composition.
I am not sure to what extent our ancestors understood the capabilities of metals. My concern was- did we analyse the metal in this excavation to get an understanding of the extent of their knowledge of metals. This would have provided another dimension to the discussion altogether.
@LynneSheridan-ve2cm Iron-age smiths and metalworkers had centuries of accumulated and handed-down lore to draw on. They had been working copper, silver, tin and bronze for millennia before they began working with iron. They will have known which alloys were brittle and which not.
According to Irish verbal histories and legends, the charioteer was a highly respected warrior figure. His job was to transport the chief or champion to and from the site of battle, , but may have used a shield to protect himself, and/or his chief while steering the chariot. Some stories have it that spears were thrown from the chariot by the charioteer too, but his main job was to transport and protect. As the chariot became virtually useless once the charioteer was killed, it would make sense that he was protected as much as possible.
What a rush and so exciting for everyone working on this site! The person buried with the upright chariot w/horses must have been a really important person to be buried with something of such value back then. If they weren't the top individual of this community they were right up there with the top people. The craftsman that worked those timbers were amazing! So glad they found all these revealing finds.
Beautiful 3D scan of the chariot burial. The rendering is fantastic.The technology is becoming another invaluable tool to archeologists to capture the site, miles beyond the traditional drawing, surveying and draftsmanship used to record finds.
One was found literally four miles from where I am sat. Another was found in WetWang in the north. Yorkshire wolds about 50 miles from here. Allegedly, the tribe in this area was Parisi, the same Parisi from gaul, who Paris is named after.
I have just seen a repeat of this programme. Coming from Hull, I felt sure that I had read somewhere that there had been some chariots found elsewhere in the East Riding. I discovered yesterday that some excavations took place many years ago in Arras just east of Market Weighton where three burial sites were unearthed and "contained the dismantled remains of chariots and horse harness and in one case, the skeletons of the two ponies which had pulled the vehicle". This information came from Pevsner's book "The buildings of England first published in 1972. I don''t know which part of East Yorkshire you're from so don't know if this is the same site to which you refer. I wonder if any of these remains ended up in Hull Museum?
Fantastic episode. Wonderful to see Raksha again after watching her on Time Team episodes! The chariot burial is simply mind boggling. I've done some ironwork (as a hobby), and to imagine the amount of knowledge and effort that went into making iron tires for the chariot is staggering. Also, thank you for questioning the term hill "fort"! Mountaintops are for viewing and impressing, not for extended living or defending. How would you even store enough water for the inhabitants for one day of normal use, much less for a protracted defense? It never made sense to me.
l find Raksha extremely annoying. When she first appeared she was just one of a number of people working on a site, but was always thrusting herself in front of the camera. She now appears as a presenter, but brings nothing to the table - she just asks fairly obvious questions of real experts.
When travelling in remote parts of Australia you often find cart tracks remaining in the dry earth. Of course I know that it’s not comparable to finding ruts in Yorkshire from iron age British carts, but it is just as exciting to see and discover.
..a bit of a surprise to see chariot wheels; on down, including two horses in their place; less their heads of course, where they'd been decapitated; by years of farmer's plow impacts. the rest of this story, as revealed is curious, too.. Thank you for this presentation! ~ small town AK-USA 🇺🇸🌻❄☃🐻🍄🌿
Hey, I remember Raksha was part of The Time Team. What a great show! I also have the book that they ultimately released, ‘What Happened When.’ It’s great to see her still working on unraveling secrets of the past. 🎉
The shield is an interesting object, in Canada some indigenous cultures have what is called a copper. A shield like object that is often associated with a chieftain Usually hereditary but now elected. I can't help but think these shields of spectacular design being found could have a similar meaning to iron age people's. Perhaps the ones found in the Thames was a representation of the end of a hereditary line of ruler either by physically ending the genetic line followed by a ceremony to show everyone. Thank you for all the shows time and effort you guys put into this sharing of knowledge.
Double standards = Hypocrisy = 'Blame the Victim' = Accusations in a Mirror = Blood Libel = Incitement to Genocide = Antisemitism = Capital offence = Hanging out at the Hague _Accusations in a Mirror_ aka _Blaming the Victim_ is the same incitement to genocide that makes Antisemitism illegal. Illegal Occupation does not have a right of self defence in aid of an _illegal_ occupation and _illegal_ blockade, all peoples have a right to resist Colonial aggression and Terrorism Incitement to Genocide is the commission of a Warcrime punishable by hanging per the Nuremberg Tribunal and Geneva Convention and can be prosecuted anywhere in the UN Charter Member Nations; *_All affiliated assets can be seized as promoting Terrorism._* *There is no legal premise for a Supremacist Ethnostate* It's just called being a Terrorist. Breaking an illegal Blockade on your own land is not an 'invasion'. *_"All peoples have the legal _right_** to resist colonial oppression."*_ UN Charter Protocol 1 We must demand a Party of Peace: *Govt by People's Referenda, Single Issue Citizen Initiated Referendums with 70/30 split mean Communities can vote their own laws, by Mascot Candidates or Occupation of the Capitals. Make it an annual March every Oct 14 under a single white flag* 🏳️ 🙏 copy/share: *#DECOLONISE* 🕊️
I was about halfway through and Raksha Dave popped up. I KNOW HER ..!! .. says I .. Time Team etc. ..sweet. I just found it immensely fun to recognize one of the Archaeologists.
In the crannog section they're saying all the crannogs were built at the same time in a very short period, which shows they they were managing the woodland. I think it is, in fact, evidence that they weren't managing the woodland. I think it's likely that they had to stop building them because they'd used up all the suitable trees. PS the crannog shown in the clip burnt down 3-4 years ago, but they're building another one, and more, on the other side of the loch
The sword, spear and ax symbolize power, aggression and martial culture. The shield, when dissociated from any weapon of war, can symbolize the authority of the Law that defends the life and rights of those who have been unjustly attacked or harmed. The elderly man carrying the shield may be a judge, whose authority is independent of military threat and aggression.
Ah! Modern possible interprative symbolic associations (or even archaic ones) = facts...nice piece of logic there mate. The reality is that one should not free associate when establishing provenance or purpose...but hey! You do you on comment sections
The curator that said some of the cauldron copper was 0.1mm thick she couldn't possibly be suggesting that they were used at that thickness. That's the thickness of copper foil. It wouldn't have had enough structural integrity to even been handled, much less carry meal ingredients.
@@russell2952 OK, heavy foil. Lol It's about 0.004". That's 1/5th the thickness of a matchbook cover. There is no chance you could carry around any thing in a copper container that thickness much less cook with it.
@@johnscanlon8467 Coper is actually poisonous, which is why coper cookware is "tinned" on the inside & must be re-tinned if the copper becomes exosed. That said, the ppoisoning from small amounts ingested over time might not have been obvious to folks back then---you become slowly ill, & if you only occasionally feast from copper cauldrons, there may be little apparent harm. It would have been hard for them to connect the copper w/ any illness.
And this is why I respect archaeology so much. That's been the accepted truth for centuries if not longer. Now you've basically given these people their identities back and exposed the truth.
It is very tiresome the way modern man is surprised by the intelligence of our ancestors. They were exceptionally intelligent and very organised. The structures they left behind are all testimonial to this fact.
So true, they literally laid the groundwork for today's society. The average person back then faced death every single day. They had to adapt and work HARD to just to survive. We have it much easier now. We collectively have more information as a society but I would bet the average individual has less common sense and practical knowledge.
I pay for Prime (best money I ever spent!) so the ads don't bother me but I'm told if you drag the bar to the end then hit the "play again" symbol you can watch the whole thing with no ads. I'm not sure if it works but maybe...
@@hectorpascal Always been that way since the television age. It is meant to make you up and get your atention....primitive psychological tricks....you are right.
The adverts are numbered and controlled by UA-cam. The uploader has no control, unless they pay YT. There are Ad suppressors that work. Though you may find notifications periodically telling you that you are stealing money from the uploader creator.
Thank you for that. Looking into the past from present is full of surprises. How do the experts feel concerning accuracy of wikkitree degrees of relativity. With so few surviving pieces of documentary evidence. I am a Victoria day bundle of joy in last new world at present moment in time.
I worked with someone from Pocklington, he told me is was built on a smallpox mass grave, hence the name. But a quick search says it is derived from an Anglian name.
It makes sense to me that the “Chariot Warrior” would only have the shield 🛡️ buried with him. If he is actually the person driving the chariot then that was his job in battle to drive the team of pony’s pulling the chariot with a second warrior that they are said to have carried in and out of the battle very quickly. So they would fly in and dump out a naked sword and or spear wielding warrior who would fight then be picked up maybe for a breather more or less or most definitely when they were ready to change positions either strategically or more likely in retreat. So the charioteer would only need a shield to protect himself with and maybe only after leaving the second warrior who used his shield to protect them when still onboard the chariot.
Crannog built on water or close to water, well there is your answer, if you want to be clean, you need a lot of water, cleaning slaughtered meat, any other food stuffs, soaking tough items and then water to drink, wash and cook with. It might make sense if there were no big rivers to build over water for al of the above reasons and especially if there were fish, fish eating birds and eggs, all nearby.
I was unconvinced by the hill fort section, it the idea that you'd bring your sheep and cattle to trade at these site only works if there's a water source, this was not mentioned in the clip. Water is very heavy and difficult to transport and animals and humans need a lot. Even a seasonal township, the lack of water would make it a pain to live there. The only case I can think of of a hill fort in England continuing in use into the medieval period is Old Sarum, that's built on chalk so fairly easy to dig wells, and even then it was abandoned, except as a castle, in the later middle ages for the more conveniently situated Salisbury. If I were to guess their use I'd say that these big sites, on highly visible spots are saying look how powerful we are, don't mess with us. If it's display then you enclose a large area, and you can get away with small walls as long as they're visible. You'd probably have a nobles house (with slaves to carry water), and you'd have other houses of those who depended on that noble. Only occasionally would the populace at large resort to the hill fort, those who were prepared would have their houses built already, just needing repair. They'd come to the fort in times of danger, I also think it's possible that they'd go, possibly once a year, to pay their dues to the lord and probably what ever tax in kind he could impose.
I've seen more sunrises and sunsets from the top of that hill than I can remember, it's a beautiful and enigmatic place. As a local I can let you know that there are quite a number of springs around close to the summit, whether they were active at the time I don't know. Also the hill fort is sited around a natural depression at the summit and this creates a natural pool that holds water in all but the driest summer to this day. When you stand up there you can see every reason why they lived in the area. Pen y cloddiau is just one of a chain of hill forts that run along the Clwydian hills, well worth a look if you get the chance. 🧔 👍
Hmm , yes , kind of agree . But I have looked at a number of these places , particularly white sheet near Mere in Wiltshire . They seem to me to be very much about defence . All ancient accounts fro Julius Caesar right through to the end of the Middle Ages are full of accounts of minor wars where the invading host laid waste to the country they were attacking and those who could took refuge on higher ground in a fortified building . Yeah sure , you want your fortress to look impressive but as far as I can gather they just had big walls with not much inside them . Surely if you were out impress you would put up some really big mansion sort of structure inside . As far as I know archaeologists have never found anything like this , just a few basic huts . And yes water supply on most of these places would have been a problem . So I would guess that normally just the chief his family and a few armed retainers lived there on normal times and that when the enemy appeared those who were able grabbed a few belongings and any animals they could and fled to the safety of the hill fort hoping that they could stop the raiders breaking in and that it would be safe to leave before the water ran out . If you have not already done so ,have a read of Julius Caesar ‘s account of the siege of Alesia and try to see it as a scaled up version of what the hill forts were all about .
@@davidbarrass when you look at these places one of the latter things you notice is that they all sit above areas that could be described as 'bread baskets', large areas of fertile, productive land. In the bronze age these lands would be used to support extended family groups that lived and worked in the valleys. The hill tops were for the dead with many burial mounds being made up there, close to the gods. The iron age was a very different matter, society became more tribal, more conflict with what we would call a more structured hierarchy. Life stopped being just about survival but more about personal wealth and power. When you have an individual in sole leadership you get paranoia cos everyone else wants what you've got. It makes perfect sense to build a fortified enclosure, that way during a raid the farmers in the valley will be looted but the leaders will be safe on the hill top, their wealth intact and their power over their subjects increased because their subjects now have to go to them for food. Debt was created, slavery was a very real possibility. Hill forts were about the survival of the elite. The Iron Age was a brutal time but the foundation for the world as we know it today.
34:50 Superstitions in medieval times like the superstition of dropping swords, shields, knives and other metal objects into bodies of water while crossing for safe travels is one of the reasons that we see so many of these objects exhumed from their watery graves. That tradition may have gotten their origins from early religious sacrifices.
It's so interesting to compare the intersection of the Britain and Roman cultures. So much in common as far as advancing human developments in areas like metal working, religious practices, farming and trade. The Roman "advantage" wasn't in the belief that external cultures were simply unskilled barbarians. Their power in this time was being an order more advanced in organization. There is an exponential difference in the "systems" that Rome was built on. Something as simple sounding as efficient bookkeeping gives a huge advantage in everything from military capability to commerce to infrastructure. It's great to see evidence that Iron Age tribes could build sophisticated chariots, build villages in lakes. But in comparison Rome had libraries with research papers on chariot building that anyone with access and education could copy. Their organization was what gave them the edge over even numerically superior peoples that had similar weaponry. As the "barbarians" learned to adapt the Roman advantage for themselves it altered who was in control.
@@robw7676 Rome had the advantage of the Greeks living next door. Why not pick the best ideas and make them their own? Rome incorporated vast amounts of culture and knowledge from surrounding peoples. My point was: their strength was in how they organized what they learned. Record keeping and how they communicated that data gave them a huge advantage over those were less structured. Eventually people like the Visigoths learned those same lessons from Rome itself.
I agree, they knew how to take advantage of and improve others' ideas very well. I respect Dr. Alice, but it's logical that a culture with an organization at all levels like that of Rome would see as "uncivilized" those who didn't have such a degree of advancement (not "barbarians", since they began to use that term for all foreigners, as the Greeks used it for all those who didn't speak Greek before).
I think you could have placed this a bit more firmly in the archeological record by elucidating the fact that chariot burials are not particularly uncommon on the Pontic Steppe and at a significantly earlier date. The Sintashta chariot evidence is dated approximately 1700 BCE and its location is east of the Urals. If the Roman description of battles in Britain are correct, the British use of chariots in warfare at the time of the Roman incursion was quite anachronistic. For various reasons ranging from their expense to a change in weaponry, they had fallen out of favor in warfare a millennium previous to their continued use in Britain. On the other hand as objects of personal display and for racing they still had a lot of life left.
The original roads in Britain followed trackways that had been used for generations, the Romans just made straight tracks that became straight roads, so they didn't introduce roads they just straightened some roads to make it easier for troops to march.
As I understand it, the chariot of the Iron Age you reference is thought to have carried Two passengers. One was the fighter, the noble, or the 'passenger'. They would perch on the rear of the chariot to be taken into or out of battle. The Chariot itself was controlled by the 'driver' who rode in front, managing the reins, and controlling the horses. They developed a relationship with their horses, and were said to have not been usually attacked during battle. During that time, chariot Drivers were not considered Combatants. They were "too busy" to fight, and were of too high a skill status to kill. Moreover, they usually operated far back in the line as 'an ambulance' of sorts. I could Absolutely see a driver carrying a shield however. Such a man may also gain great renown and admiration by accomplishing a feat of great Protection or Escape. The possibility this brings forth therefore, is one of The Greatest Chariot Driver of the Ancient British Isles! He would cut around the landscape like the Fast and the Furious of prehistory. His fingers Would show signs of wear from reigns. In a world without seatbelts, guardrails, paper maps, or first aid, his Age proves his skill most of all. Killed at last saving, perhaps, the clan master's child or spouse, he is given the greatest honor in burial. After Years of learning to Trust their master and listen to his wishes, his ponies walked willingly into his grave, bearing his body. Perhaps slightly drugged, they then stood while the soil was filled in around their legs and feet.. Always obedient, they waited patiently until it was their time also to go. (Sorry so long)
Did the charioteer die along with his passenger, or was he deliberately killed before/during the funeral? Was he expected to die with his chariot and horses, like a captain going down with his ship?
The statement that the ramparts were not actually built for defence [45'-30"] is a 'slip of the tongue' of course it was defence ! A big , thick high wall with a total enclosure of the site....to keep out intruders, with ring ditches, this was a massive undertaking involving a definite fixed plan & scheme carried out by hundreds of organised citizens, over a lengthy period of time, the overall oversight being [ and required ] a body of highly respected individuals, a planning Committee if you like of Authority figures with a clear vision of the final result.The whole could be termed as civil Engineering, hundreds of years before the Romans arrived. So, the Roman 'War machine' was not Barbaric, is that what they the 'Invaders' would have us believe ??
All of what you say regarding planning is certainly true, but does not prove military use. There is a large and growing body of evidence that there was little or no military 'sense' to the way they are built (size, position, wall height, lack of weapons/bodies, etc). Later, they may have played a growing defensive role in some places (lowland areas?), but not at the top of highland grazing areas from the bronze to early iron ages - romance grazing pastures, meeting places and 'markets' make much more 'sense'. Today, we see a walled structure and assume defence; then, walled spaces could have delineated an important space and, perhaps, stopped livestock from wandering over the period of the event. My personal feeling is that they served the purpose of a temporary 'town' when static towns, as we understand them, did not exist. They allowed administrative, legal, religious, marriage, trade and news-spreading to take place at regular intervals, all factors necessary for binding a society together - in the absence of permanent towns.
Not from my extensive knowledge reading & study. Right from the beginning when banding together for mutual support & allied social benefits were realised, ie;- safety in numbers,& the rule ( even though it may not have been written in Iron Age times) " united we stand-divided we fall'.. Raiding parties from neighbouring or roaming tribes was always a threat, & being on constant alert, watch, & guard was a must !..and nothing has changed, even so today Security everywhere is paramount.
The name London comes from the Cymric name Llundain meaning a place of Shallow Lakes, the name is much more Ancient than the Roman name, the Ancient names of that area were Cymric( Brythonic Celtic) , there the Celts would throw their Highest Value objects in to the Lakes and Rivers.
@@billythedog-309 Obviously you have never read up Celtic History, I have not needed to, for it is my knowledge of my Ancestors and my DNA is virtually all from Ceredigion , I was part of a group from Wales that were Checked for the Skeleton DNA, I am 88 and then my Father was still alive he also had it checked, we have had Lands in that part of Wales on Farms for over 850 Years known, given by Charter from the De Clare family a Norman of Cymric descent but he was just granting our Land that had already been ours for Centuries, my DNA 96% Brythonic 1% Gael 1% Iberian the other made up of unknown lines. Shield were objects of Status, usually like this in Bronze even Gold and Silver they have been found in many Rivers Lakes and Bogs not only in Britain and Ireland but on the Continent as well. London when this was thrown in to the Thames was just an area of Shallow Lakes and rivulets, called Llundain, that is where the Romans some 300 Years or so later called the place Londinum, Lincoln also is Celtic objects were found there also in Lakes, the Romans knew which areas would be special to Celts and they Built there Colchester Col like the other names is Cymric , same Manchester, York comes from the Roman Eboracum which comes from the Celtic King Efrog. I have a very good diary on place names in Britain written down well over 120 Years ago by a Ancestor of mine Sir Arthur Evans the Archaeologist, many English do not know that many of their Towns and Villages have a Celtic background in their names, places that have a name Coombe, comes from the Cymric Cwm a Valley. Rivers many still keep their Cymric name Trent Derwent Avon ( Afon) Lugg Wye Thames Teme Dee Clyde ( Clwyd) grey in English Firth Fal ouse (ewys) Cam Catterick ( Catraeth) Penrith Carlisle Glasgow,( Glasgwyr) Edin( Burgh) Caereddynt Fal(Kirk) Aberdeen, Aberddu and Dozens of other names in Scotland. Maes howe is a Brythonic name in Orkney, how it got it you tell me Maes is Field in Cymric Howe is possibly Huw. Yes I do know that Shields were a Status symbol to the Celt but not for War, as a Gift to the Gods. Diolch yn fawr i chi, pob hwyl, prynhawn da. Vote Labour!
So good to see Raksha here.
I always loved her energy & enthusiasm on
Time Team. 🌻
Prof Roberts' documentaries are always fascinating and so well narrated. Although even then, decades ago, she was confident in front of the TV cameras, I would never have guessed that the 14 year old Alice, winning a drawing competition on Blue Peter, would go on to be this successful and expert archaeology broadcaster.
Dr. Alice Roberts has repeatedly brought a tear or two to my eyes for the last 15 years.Clearly, she’s one of a kind.
Dr Roberts enthusiasm and joy in her work is quite infectious.
Yep History Hit's team of stunning intelligent women academics are now my go-to for top programming - Dr Roberts, Eleanor Janega, Mary Beard, Lucy Worsley and Bettany Hughes - top women, top history programming!! Wish our garbage state-owned TV network would do the same in NZ!
@@brettcurtis5710 Yep she'd do'able!
The artist rendition used brown eyes. Romans recorded native Brittons had bleu eyes as well as some covered themselves in blue pains.
@@ekspatriat indeed. And besides all of that professionalism, she's also very "easy to the eye". 😉
@@chrispaulissen1123 Fortunately I’ve been vaccinated…
I've definitely been enjoying this series and seeing Raksha was a wonderful treat!
This is by far my favourite history channel, mainly for the narration ❤
What an amazing episode and the information gained from ONE burial is unquestionably significant! Sheer amazement...
Dr Alice's whole demeanor just radiates intelligence, knowledge and virtue. What a treasure you are.
She's married. She's not polyamorous either.
@@sirensynapse5603my boy might still have a chance
@@sirensynapse5603 Its possible shed accept the compliment without the need for someone protecting her from it.
@@sirensynapse5603 a) Yes b) How do you know? c) You have a revolting mind.
@@killslay just wait till he finds out she is in her 50's now, like finewine
The comments about the pin holding the wheel on the chariot, omitted to mention the composition of that pin. The people who made that pin understood about metal composition too... because some metals are brittle and some are not. They clearly used the correct metal for the the task it was being used for. Analysis of the metals would be very interesting - will that work be undertaken. Not just any old metal can be used for every job. Each metal component of the chariot will no doubt have a different composition.
Tried & tested no doubt. 🧐:)
Bronze angled tips with a iron rod centre & 'copper'? studs? just guessing - as I found one & told Flo, no response
of course they'd know about it they had years of experience..
I am not sure to what extent our ancestors understood the capabilities of metals. My concern was- did we analyse the metal in this excavation to get an understanding of the extent of their knowledge of metals. This would have provided another dimension to the discussion altogether.
@LynneSheridan-ve2cm Iron-age smiths and metalworkers had centuries of accumulated and handed-down lore to draw on. They had been working copper, silver, tin and bronze for millennia before they began working with iron. They will have known which alloys were brittle and which not.
Oh man, my Achilles heel for UA-cam videos - those with Dr. Alice Roberts - can listen to whatever she's talking about all day long.
well said sir well said
Wanker
Yes professor Roberts is excellent.
Agreed and easy to look at too lol
Me too
According to Irish verbal histories and legends, the charioteer was a highly respected warrior figure. His job was to transport the chief or champion to and from the site of battle, , but may have used a shield to protect himself, and/or his chief while steering the chariot. Some stories have it that spears were thrown from the chariot by the charioteer too, but his main job was to transport and protect. As the chariot became virtually useless once the charioteer was killed, it would make sense that he was protected as much as possible.
Oh nice one Dr Alice does it again 😊great to see Loch search ,,,,Angie in Scotland
Huge respect for Raksha Dave... I could listen to her all day long. 🤩
Now HE is an expert.
@@MaisiewupppRaksha is most definitely a woman,
Ew, an invader to a good island. Gross looking.
@@Maisiewuppp ???
Dr Alice's voice is so clear and beautiful to attract every listener's attention to the fullest. Thank you for your informative documentary.
Alice your voice is like an angel to me you have the right voice for the right program
Very interesting indeed. Many thanks to everyone involved with this production.
What a rush and so exciting for everyone working on this site! The person buried with the upright chariot w/horses must have been a really important person to be buried with something of such value back then. If they weren't the top individual of this community they were right up there with the top people. The craftsman that worked those timbers were amazing! So glad they found all these revealing finds.
Just incredible. Hard to find the right words. I’m amazed by the patience of the archeologists doing the digging. So much respect. Thank you!
Absolutely amazing !!!!!
Amazing informative video. Thank you Prof Roberts.
Beautiful 3D scan of the chariot burial. The rendering is fantastic.The technology is becoming another invaluable tool to archeologists to capture the site, miles beyond the traditional drawing, surveying and draftsmanship used to record finds.
Fascinating and enlightening. Thanks to Dr. Roberts and the archaeologists involved.
Professor Roberts
Thank you for your amazing work of investigation in all your videos.. LOVE archeology,the awesome travel to our ancestral legacy..Class
Thanks Alice enjoyed this great history ❤
I’m in love with Dr Alice omg
One was found literally four miles from where I am sat.
Another was found in WetWang in the north. Yorkshire wolds about 50 miles from here.
Allegedly, the tribe in this area was Parisi, the same Parisi from gaul, who Paris is named after.
@michaeldoolan7595 that's interesting, never heard of that before.
They had a presence in Ireland too, the Parisi. Apparently.
I have just seen a repeat of this programme. Coming from Hull, I felt sure that I had read somewhere that there had been some chariots found elsewhere in the East Riding. I discovered yesterday that some excavations took place many years ago in Arras just east of Market Weighton where three burial sites were unearthed and "contained the dismantled remains of chariots and horse harness and in one case, the skeletons of the two ponies which had pulled the vehicle". This information came from Pevsner's book "The buildings of England first published in 1972. I don''t know which part of East Yorkshire you're from so don't know if this is the same site to which you refer. I wonder if any of these remains ended up in Hull Museum?
Thank you, Alice!
Fantastic episode. Wonderful to see Raksha again after watching her on Time Team episodes! The chariot burial is simply mind boggling. I've done some ironwork (as a hobby), and to imagine the amount of knowledge and effort that went into making iron tires for the chariot is staggering. Also, thank you for questioning the term hill "fort"! Mountaintops are for viewing and impressing, not for extended living or defending. How would you even store enough water for the inhabitants for one day of normal use, much less for a protracted defense? It never made sense to me.
l find Raksha extremely annoying. When she first appeared she was just one of a number of people working on a site, but was always thrusting herself in front of the camera. She now appears as a presenter, but brings nothing to the table - she just asks fairly obvious questions of real experts.
thank you for this wonderful history presented so nicely
VERY ENLIGHTENING
When travelling in remote parts of Australia you often find cart tracks remaining in the dry earth.
Of course I know that it’s not comparable to finding ruts in Yorkshire from iron age British carts, but it is just as exciting to see and discover.
So informative - this is a series without rival
..a bit of a surprise to see chariot wheels; on down, including two horses in their place;
less their heads of course, where they'd been decapitated; by years of farmer's plow
impacts. the rest of this story, as revealed is curious, too..
Thank you for this presentation!
~ small town AK-USA
🇺🇸🌻❄☃🐻🍄🌿
You have just the right quality of voice for narration.
Hey, I remember Raksha was part of The Time Team. What a great show! I also have the book that they ultimately released, ‘What Happened When.’ It’s great to see her still working on unraveling secrets of the past. 🎉
Another, easy to watch and listen to and understand from the good Doctor Alice
Wonderful and fascinating.
Thankyou. This is just so fascinating. It's always a good 'un if it's hosted by Dr Roberts. 😊
The British historical documentaries are always excellent, but then what a wealth of history to choose from, it's almost ridiculous.
Lovely to see Raksha Dave 💕
Great documentary. We really do have a fantastic history ✌🏻✌🏼✌🏽 🇬🇧
Some do..like the first one in your emoji... Proad Coritani, Kingdom of Mercia 🏴... Take your virtue signaling and ram it..
@@wor53lg50Troll off 😊Catuvellauni 👊🏻👊🏼👊🏽 🏴
Loved the picture of how feast at body May have looked. Helps a lot in understanding.
Really interesting documentary thank you 😊
Thank you Alice your voice is so relaxing u help me relax thenzzzzz many thanks haha ❤
The shield is an interesting object, in Canada some indigenous cultures have what is called a copper. A shield like object that is often associated with a chieftain Usually hereditary but now elected. I can't help but think these shields of spectacular design being found could have a similar meaning to iron age people's. Perhaps the ones found in the Thames was a representation of the end of a hereditary line of ruler either by physically ending the genetic line followed by a ceremony to show everyone. Thank you for all the shows time and effort you guys put into this sharing of knowledge.
The Romans called anyone besides themselves barbarians .
So did every other major "tribe". It's called tribalism.
Double standards = Hypocrisy = 'Blame the Victim' = Accusations in a Mirror = Blood Libel = Incitement to Genocide = Antisemitism = Capital offence = Hanging out at the Hague
_Accusations in a Mirror_ aka _Blaming the Victim_ is the same incitement to genocide that makes Antisemitism illegal. Illegal Occupation does not have a right of self defence in aid of an _illegal_ occupation and _illegal_ blockade, all peoples have a right to resist Colonial aggression and Terrorism
Incitement to Genocide is the commission of a Warcrime punishable by hanging per the Nuremberg Tribunal and Geneva Convention and can be prosecuted anywhere in the UN Charter Member Nations;
*_All affiliated assets can be seized as promoting Terrorism._*
*There is no legal premise for a Supremacist Ethnostate*
It's just called being a Terrorist.
Breaking an illegal Blockade on your own land is not an 'invasion'. *_"All peoples have the legal _right_** to resist colonial oppression."*_
UN Charter Protocol 1
We must demand a Party of Peace: *Govt by People's Referenda, Single Issue Citizen Initiated Referendums with 70/30 split mean Communities can vote their own laws, by Mascot Candidates or Occupation of the Capitals. Make it an annual March every Oct 14 under a single white flag* 🏳️
🙏 copy/share: *#DECOLONISE* 🕊️
The Greeks and Romans were right.
@@Diogenes_43 lol.
@Pax.AlotinThe Romans brought 2 languages with them, Latin and the more common Greek. Greek was the “lingua Franca” of the ancient Roman world.
31.11 is one of the most honest and adorable moments I've seen on tv. ❤
Are there any follow up videos detailing what the team experts found and concluded after studying all the artifacts?
Excellent!
Weird that I was just reading about this in Prof Alice’s book Ancestors, this morning. A brilliant book about a fascinating time in prehistory.
I was about halfway through and Raksha Dave popped up. I KNOW HER ..!! .. says I .. Time Team etc. ..sweet. I just found it immensely fun to recognize one of the Archaeologists.
I look at the Crannog and being in Scotland, they must have been chilly to live in.
Agree. And dark.
Wow that was truly amazing, would love to know where and when that find is on display.
In the crannog section they're saying all the crannogs were built at the same time in a very short period, which shows they they were managing the woodland. I think it is, in fact, evidence that they weren't managing the woodland. I think it's likely that they had to stop building them because they'd used up all the suitable trees.
PS the crannog shown in the clip burnt down 3-4 years ago, but they're building another one, and more, on the other side of the loch
I wonder how they managed fires for heating and cooking?
Just wonderful ❤
The sword, spear and ax symbolize power, aggression and martial culture. The shield, when dissociated from any weapon of war, can symbolize the authority of the Law that defends the life and rights of those who have been unjustly attacked or harmed. The elderly man carrying the shield may be a judge, whose authority is independent of military threat and aggression.
Ah! Modern possible interprative symbolic associations (or even archaic ones) = facts...nice piece of logic there mate. The reality is that one should not free associate when establishing provenance or purpose...but hey! You do you on comment sections
Are you a expert??
Wonderful video, thank you.
excellent docu.thks❤
British Chariot the Morris Minor of the Iron age.
Informative presentation.
The curator that said some of the cauldron copper was 0.1mm thick she couldn't possibly be suggesting that they were used at that thickness. That's the thickness of copper foil. It wouldn't have had enough structural integrity to even been handled, much less carry meal ingredients.
0.1mm is far thicker than foil.
@@russell2952 OK, heavy foil. Lol
It's about 0.004". That's 1/5th the thickness of a matchbook cover. There is no chance you could carry around any thing in a copper container that thickness much less cook with it.
@@russell2952My metal supplier offers copper foil up to 0.5mm and this is the commonly used limit where it would become sheet
Modern medical and culinary opinion is that unlined copper is not good for cooking most foods.
@@johnscanlon8467 Coper is actually poisonous, which is why coper cookware is "tinned" on the inside & must be re-tinned if the copper becomes exosed. That said, the ppoisoning from small amounts ingested over time might not have been obvious to folks back then---you become slowly ill, & if you only occasionally feast from copper cauldrons, there may be little apparent harm. It would have been hard for them to connect the copper w/ any illness.
And this is why I respect archaeology so much. That's been the accepted truth for centuries if not longer. Now you've basically given these people their identities back and exposed the truth.
I wanted so much to see a facial reconstruction to see what they might have looked like. I just love that!!
It is very tiresome the way modern man is surprised by the intelligence of our ancestors. They were exceptionally intelligent and very organised. The structures they left behind are all testimonial to this fact.
So true, they literally laid the groundwork for today's society. The average person back then faced death every single day. They had to adapt and work HARD to just to survive.
We have it much easier now. We collectively have more information as a society but I would bet the average individual has less common sense and practical knowledge.
I live in Shiptonthorpe a stones from Pocklington, utterly captivated. Within 15 minutes walk lies the remains of a medieval village apparently.
While endlessly fascinating,,I still grieve for the Horses killed for the ceremonial burial.
I don't mind embedded adverts, but WHY is 10x louder FFS??
I pay for Prime (best money I ever spent!) so the ads don't bother me but I'm told if you drag the bar to the end then hit the "play again" symbol you can watch the whole thing with no ads. I'm not sure if it works but maybe...
Why are they SO loud? So you can't mentally zone out and ignore them?
@@hectorpascal Always been that way since the television age. It is meant to make you up and get your atention....primitive psychological tricks....you are right.
The adverts are numbered and controlled by UA-cam. The uploader has no control, unless they pay YT. There are Ad suppressors that work. Though you may find notifications periodically telling you that you are stealing money from the uploader creator.
I love it
Thank you for that. Looking into the past from present is full of surprises. How do the experts feel concerning accuracy of wikkitree degrees of relativity. With so few surviving pieces of documentary evidence. I am a Victoria day bundle of joy in last new world at present moment in time.
I worked with someone from Pocklington, he told me is was built on a smallpox mass grave, hence the name. But a quick search says it is derived from an Anglian name.
Bogus etymology is everywhere. Most people will believe any old tosh.
The one time the "men of culture" comment actually fits😂
What a great programme. Amazing finds
LOL Not beach volleyball this time.
It makes sense to me that the “Chariot Warrior” would only have the shield 🛡️ buried with him. If he is actually the person driving the chariot then that was his job in battle to drive the team of pony’s pulling the chariot with a second warrior that they are said to have carried in and out of the battle very quickly. So they would fly in and dump out a naked sword and or spear wielding warrior who would fight then be picked up maybe for a breather more or less or most definitely when they were ready to change positions either strategically or more likely in retreat. So the charioteer would only need a shield to protect himself with and maybe only after leaving the second warrior who used his shield to protect them when still onboard the chariot.
Could the charioteer have been drawing funeral recipients? Just a thought...a lot of burials in this field...😊
Crannog built on water or close to water, well there is your answer, if you want to be clean, you need a lot of water, cleaning slaughtered meat, any other food stuffs, soaking tough items and then water to drink, wash and cook with. It might make sense if there were no big rivers to build over water for al of the above reasons and especially if there were fish, fish eating birds and eggs, all nearby.
I was unconvinced by the hill fort section, it the idea that you'd bring your sheep and cattle to trade at these site only works if there's a water source, this was not mentioned in the clip. Water is very heavy and difficult to transport and animals and humans need a lot. Even a seasonal township, the lack of water would make it a pain to live there. The only case I can think of of a hill fort in England continuing in use into the medieval period is Old Sarum, that's built on chalk so fairly easy to dig wells, and even then it was abandoned, except as a castle, in the later middle ages for the more conveniently situated Salisbury.
If I were to guess their use I'd say that these big sites, on highly visible spots are saying look how powerful we are, don't mess with us. If it's display then you enclose a large area, and you can get away with small walls as long as they're visible. You'd probably have a nobles house (with slaves to carry water), and you'd have other houses of those who depended on that noble. Only occasionally would the populace at large resort to the hill fort, those who were prepared would have their houses built already, just needing repair. They'd come to the fort in times of danger, I also think it's possible that they'd go, possibly once a year, to pay their dues to the lord and probably what ever tax in kind he could impose.
I've seen more sunrises and sunsets from the top of that hill than I can remember, it's a beautiful and enigmatic place. As a local I can let you know that there are quite a number of springs around close to the summit, whether they were active at the time I don't know. Also the hill fort is sited around a natural depression at the summit and this creates a natural pool that holds water in all but the driest summer to this day. When you stand up there you can see every reason why they lived in the area. Pen y cloddiau is just one of a chain of hill forts that run along the Clwydian hills, well worth a look if you get the chance. 🧔 👍
Hmm , yes , kind of agree . But I have looked at a number of these places , particularly white sheet near Mere in Wiltshire . They seem to me to be very much about defence . All ancient accounts fro Julius Caesar right through to the end of the Middle Ages are full of accounts of minor wars where the invading host laid waste to the country they were attacking and those who could took refuge on higher ground in a fortified building . Yeah sure , you want your fortress to look impressive but as far as I can gather they just had big walls with not much inside them . Surely if you were out impress you would put up some really big mansion sort of structure inside . As far as I know archaeologists have never found anything like this , just a few basic huts . And yes water supply on most of these places would have been a problem . So I would guess that normally just the chief his family and a few armed retainers lived there on normal times and that when the enemy appeared those who were able grabbed a few belongings and any animals they could and fled to the safety of the hill fort hoping that they could stop the raiders breaking in and that it would be safe to leave before the water ran out . If you have not already done so ,have a read of Julius Caesar ‘s account of the siege of Alesia and try to see it as a scaled up version of what the hill forts were all about .
@@davidbarrass when you look at these places one of the latter things you notice is that they all sit above areas that could be described as 'bread baskets', large areas of fertile, productive land.
In the bronze age these lands would be used to support extended family groups that lived and worked in the valleys. The hill tops were for the dead with many burial mounds being made up there, close to the gods.
The iron age was a very different matter, society became more tribal, more conflict with what we would call a more structured hierarchy. Life stopped being just about survival but more about personal wealth and power. When you have an individual in sole leadership you get paranoia cos everyone else wants what you've got. It makes perfect sense to build a fortified enclosure, that way during a raid the farmers in the valley will be looted but the leaders will be safe on the hill top, their wealth intact and their power over their subjects increased because their subjects now have to go to them for food. Debt was created, slavery was a very real possibility. Hill forts were about the survival of the elite.
The Iron Age was a brutal time but the foundation for the world as we know it today.
34:50 Superstitions in medieval times like the superstition of dropping swords, shields, knives and other metal objects into bodies of water while crossing for safe travels is one of the reasons that we see so many of these objects exhumed from their watery graves. That tradition may have gotten their origins from early religious sacrifices.
It's so interesting to compare the intersection of the Britain and Roman cultures. So much in common as far as advancing human developments in areas like metal working, religious practices, farming and trade. The Roman "advantage" wasn't in the belief that external cultures were simply unskilled barbarians. Their power in this time was being an order more advanced in organization. There is an exponential difference in the "systems" that Rome was built on. Something as simple sounding as efficient bookkeeping gives a huge advantage in everything from military capability to commerce to infrastructure. It's great to see evidence that Iron Age tribes could build sophisticated chariots, build villages in lakes. But in comparison Rome had libraries with research papers on chariot building that anyone with access and education could copy. Their organization was what gave them the edge over even numerically superior peoples that had similar weaponry. As the "barbarians" learned to adapt the Roman advantage for themselves it altered who was in control.
So in short, the Roman advantage was everything they learned from the Greeks.
@@robw7676 Rome had the advantage of the Greeks living next door. Why not pick the best ideas and make them their own? Rome incorporated vast amounts of culture and knowledge from surrounding peoples. My point was: their strength was in how they organized what they learned. Record keeping and how they communicated that data gave them a huge advantage over those were less structured. Eventually people like the Visigoths learned those same lessons from Rome itself.
I agree, they knew how to take advantage of and improve others' ideas very well. I respect Dr. Alice, but it's logical that a culture with an organization at all levels like that of Rome would see as "uncivilized" those who didn't have such a degree of advancement (not "barbarians", since they began to use that term for all foreigners, as the Greeks used it for all those who didn't speak Greek before).
The only advantage romans had was a standing , paid army. With that they destroyed cultures replacing them with bland uniformity.
Is there fresh water for consumption?
The Hill Forts are all so huge, and none of them seems to be near water?
I think you could have placed this a bit more firmly in the archeological record by elucidating the fact that chariot burials are not particularly uncommon on the Pontic Steppe and at a significantly earlier date. The Sintashta chariot evidence is dated approximately 1700 BCE and its location is east of the Urals. If the Roman description of battles in Britain are correct, the British use of chariots in warfare at the time of the Roman incursion was quite anachronistic. For various reasons ranging from their expense to a change in weaponry, they had fallen out of favor in warfare a millennium previous to their continued use in Britain. On the other hand as objects of personal display and for racing they still had a lot of life left.
i love Alice. .
Nice, Quite interesting!
The original roads in Britain followed trackways that had been used for generations, the Romans just made straight tracks that became straight roads, so they didn't introduce roads they just straightened some roads to make it easier for troops to march.
@30:00 The show gets interesting they actually show some metal work appearing. 🥺.
As I understand it, the chariot of the Iron Age you reference is thought to have carried Two passengers.
One was the fighter, the noble, or the 'passenger'. They would perch on the rear of the chariot to be taken into or out of battle.
The Chariot itself was controlled by the 'driver' who rode in front, managing the reins, and controlling the horses.
They developed a relationship with their horses, and were said to have not been usually attacked during battle.
During that time, chariot Drivers were not considered Combatants.
They were "too busy" to fight, and were of too high a skill status to kill. Moreover, they usually operated far back in the line as 'an ambulance' of sorts.
I could Absolutely see a driver carrying a shield however. Such a man may also gain great renown and admiration by accomplishing a feat of great Protection or Escape.
The possibility this brings forth therefore, is one of The Greatest Chariot Driver of the Ancient British Isles!
He would cut around the landscape like the Fast and the Furious of prehistory. His fingers Would show signs of wear from reigns. In a world without seatbelts, guardrails, paper maps, or first aid, his Age proves his skill most of all.
Killed at last saving, perhaps, the clan master's child or spouse, he is given the greatest honor in burial.
After Years of learning to Trust their master and listen to his wishes, his ponies walked willingly into his grave, bearing his body.
Perhaps slightly drugged, they then stood while the soil was filled in around their legs and feet..
Always obedient, they waited patiently until it was their time also to go.
(Sorry so long)
56:23. damn. blue eyes and more brown than black hair and that is a mirror of me! that shocked me when you showed that picture.
The dread archaeologist Roberts. I dig her.
A fantastic documentary done a disservice by a Buzzfeed-like clickbait title.
The reconstruction of the charioteer's facial features reminded me of the actor, Patrick Stewart, a Yorkshireman.
Fascinating - not sure how they managed to bury the horses upright without sedating them,
.
I've learned a lot !
If you don't know !
It's symbolic ?
It's still very good television though , they are good story tellers !
Shame ... Really what a waste of oxygen
What no Pyramids in Scotland, we waz kangz ya no..
31:25 that laugh! 31:45
Just discovered this: now subscibed.
Currently watching this in a Neolithic burial chamber in North Wales! Strange😂
Did the charioteer die along with his passenger, or was he deliberately killed before/during the funeral? Was he expected to die with his chariot and horses, like a captain going down with his ship?
The statement that the ramparts were not actually built for defence [45'-30"] is a 'slip of the tongue' of course it was defence ! A big , thick high wall with a total enclosure of the site....to keep out intruders, with ring ditches, this was a massive undertaking involving a definite fixed plan & scheme carried out by hundreds of organised citizens, over a lengthy period of time, the overall oversight being [ and required ] a body of highly respected individuals, a planning Committee if you like of Authority figures with a clear vision of the final result.The whole could be termed as civil Engineering, hundreds of years before the Romans arrived. So, the Roman 'War machine' was not Barbaric, is that what they the 'Invaders' would have us believe ??
All of what you say regarding planning is certainly true, but does not prove military use. There is a large and growing body of evidence that there was little or no military 'sense' to the way they are built (size, position, wall height, lack of weapons/bodies, etc). Later, they may have played a growing defensive role in some places (lowland areas?), but not at the top of highland grazing areas from the bronze to early iron ages - romance grazing pastures, meeting places and 'markets' make much more 'sense'. Today, we see a walled structure and assume defence; then, walled spaces could have delineated an important space and, perhaps, stopped livestock from wandering over the period of the event.
My personal feeling is that they served the purpose of a temporary 'town' when static towns, as we understand them, did not exist. They allowed administrative, legal, religious, marriage, trade and news-spreading to take place at regular intervals, all factors necessary for binding a society together - in the absence of permanent towns.
Not from my extensive knowledge reading & study. Right from the beginning when banding together for mutual support & allied social benefits were realised, ie;- safety in numbers,& the rule ( even though it may not have been written in Iron Age times) " united we stand-divided we fall'.. Raiding parties from neighbouring or roaming tribes was always a threat, & being on constant alert, watch, & guard was a must !..and nothing has changed, even so today Security everywhere is paramount.
The name London comes from the Cymric name Llundain meaning a place of Shallow Lakes, the name is much more Ancient than the Roman name, the Ancient names of that area were Cymric( Brythonic Celtic) , there the Celts would throw their Highest Value objects in to the Lakes and Rivers.
Can't wait for the dna reveal!!!! So...were the horses still alive when they were buried?
The romans withered when confronted by a horde from Tibet. Those brave men alongside their pack mules arose memories of Teutorberg.
The Shield for the Celt was a Symbol of Power
Coming from you that counts...
@@billythedog-309 Meaning sir, I?
@@Garwfechan-ry5lk Meaning making such unfounded claims counts for nowt.
@@billythedog-309 Obviously you have never read up Celtic History, I have not needed to, for it is my knowledge of my Ancestors and my DNA is virtually all from Ceredigion , I was part of a group from Wales that were Checked for the Skeleton DNA, I am 88 and then my Father was still alive he also had it checked, we have had Lands in that part of Wales on Farms for over 850 Years known, given by Charter from the De Clare family a Norman of Cymric descent but he was just granting our Land that had already been ours for Centuries, my DNA 96% Brythonic 1% Gael 1% Iberian the other made up of unknown lines.
Shield were objects of Status, usually like this in Bronze even Gold and Silver they have been found in many Rivers Lakes and Bogs not only in Britain and Ireland but on the Continent as well.
London when this was thrown in to the Thames was just an area of Shallow Lakes and rivulets, called Llundain, that is where the Romans some 300 Years or so later called the place Londinum, Lincoln also is Celtic objects were found there also in Lakes, the Romans knew which areas would be special to Celts and they Built there Colchester Col like the other names is Cymric , same Manchester, York comes from the Roman Eboracum which comes from the Celtic King Efrog.
I have a very good diary on place names in Britain written down well over 120 Years ago by a Ancestor of mine Sir Arthur Evans the Archaeologist, many English do not know that many of their Towns and Villages have a Celtic background in their names, places that have a name Coombe, comes from the Cymric Cwm a Valley.
Rivers many still keep their Cymric name Trent Derwent Avon ( Afon) Lugg Wye Thames Teme Dee Clyde ( Clwyd) grey in English Firth Fal ouse (ewys) Cam Catterick ( Catraeth) Penrith Carlisle Glasgow,( Glasgwyr) Edin( Burgh) Caereddynt Fal(Kirk) Aberdeen, Aberddu and Dozens of other names in Scotland.
Maes howe is a Brythonic name in Orkney, how it got it you tell me Maes is Field in Cymric Howe is possibly Huw.
Yes I do know that Shields were a Status symbol to the Celt but not for War, as a Gift to the Gods.
Diolch yn fawr i chi, pob hwyl, prynhawn da. Vote Labour!
Its astonishing how they learned wood and metalwork
Dr Roberts can read out the ingredients on a bottle of HP sauce and I'd still think "wow".
"Cette sauce de haute qualité ........."