Eukaryotic Translation (Protein Synthesis), Animation.
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- Опубліковано 24 лис 2014
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The translation process involves the following components:
- mRNA or messenger RNA containing the genetic information to be translated.
- tRNA or transfer RNA bringing in the amino acids - the building blocks of the protein.
- Ribosome - the machine that performs the translation. The ribosome has two subunits: small and large.
- Several initiation factors, elongation factors, and release factors. These factors assist with initiation, elongation and termination of the process, respectively.
Steps of the translation process:
Initiation (eukaryotes) : The small ribosomal subunit binds to the initiator tRNA carrying the initiator amino acid methionine. This complex then attaches to the cap structure at the 5’ end of an mRNA and scans for the start codon AUG. The process is mediated by several initiation factors. At the start codon, the large ribosomal subunit joins the complex and all initiation factors are released. The ribosome has three sites: the A-site is the entry site for new tRNA charged with amino-acid or aminoacyl-tRNA; the P-site is occupied by peptidyl-tRNA - the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain; the E-site is the exit site for the tRNA after it’s done delivering the amino acid. The initiator tRNA is positioned in the P-site.
Elongation: A new tRNA carrying an amino acid enters the A-site of the ribosome. On the ribosome, the anticodon of the incoming tRNA is matched against the mRNA codon positioned in the A-site. During this proof-reading, tRNA with incorrect anticodons are rejected and replaced by new tRNA that are again checked. When the right aminoacyl-tRNA enters the A-site, a peptide bond is made between the two now-adjacent amino-acids. As the peptide bond is formed, the tRNA in the P-site releases the amino-acids onto the tRNA in the A-site and becomes empty. At the same time, the ribosome moves one triplet forward on the mRNA. As a result, the empty tRNA is now in the E-site and the peptidyl tRNA is in the P-site. The A-site is now unoccupied and is ready to accept a new tRNA. The cycle is repeated for each codon on the mRNA.
Termination: Termination happens when one of the three stop codons is positioned in the A-site. No tRNA can fit in the A-site at that point as there are no tRNA that match the sequence. Instead, these codons are recognized by a protein, a release factor. Binding of the release factor catalyzes the cleavage of the bond between the polypeptide and the tRNA. The polypeptide is released from the ribosome. The ribosome is disassociated into subunits and is ready for a new round of translation. The newly made polypeptide usually requires additional modifications and folding before it can become an active protein.
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This is by far the best animation and explanation of eukaryotic translation I've ever seen. Thank you!
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I come back to this video every two years or so whenever a class or exam covers the topic of translation. You'd think I'd have it down by now, but every year I forget how it happens, and it's a hard concept for me to understand for some reason. This video has been so helpful and has saved me so much time over the past ~6 years LOL thank you!!!
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Thank you for this video! This is exactly what I was looking for when reviewing for my Biochemistry final. Most other videos I have watched did not mention anything about the initiation factors, and that was one of the key things I needed to review. Thank you again.
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Best video on eukaryotic translation I've found. Short, concise, but has all the important details. I always refer back to this video whenever I need to refresh my memory on translation
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It was a really good video. Compared to all the other videos,this one had more detailed explanation to it especially the A,P,E sites it was really clear .Thanks for the video.
This video is the best! Simplified translation so well after I have been struggling to master it. Thank you so much!
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Thank you so much for explaining this in such an easy manner. I was overwhelmed looking at my textbook and duration of lecture videos, but this video has cleared the concept in just 3 minutes
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The mRNA is also looped before elongation with the EIFs at the 5'cap and PolyA tail
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This is so helpful to help visualize the process. Thanks
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