Translation (mRNA to protein) | Biomolecules | MCAT | Khan Academy
Вставка
- Опубліковано 15 жов 2024
- Courses on Khan Academy are always 100% free. Start practicing-and saving your progress-now: www.khanacadem...
A deep dive into how mRNA is translated into proteins with the help of ribosomes and tRNA.
Watch the next lesson: www.khanacadem...
Missed the previous lesson? www.khanacadem...
MCAT on Khan Academy: Go ahead and practice some passage-based questions!
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything
Subscribe to Khan Academy’s MCAT channel: / @khanacademymcatprep
Subscribe to Khan Academy: www.youtube.co...
you are such a honorable teacher. you have made a student like me have the opportunity to all this beautiful knowledge. you sound so passionate! i really admire how you digest the information!
john tindell I first saw this as you are such a horrible teacher lmao I was about to get super pissed off
Alex Christensen fr lmao
same, i was about to go off hahahah
and its all for free im so happy
Alex Christensen sameeeee
This is so much clearer than my college professor could ever dream of doing. Thanks for saving my education.
I've had headaches for two weeks while my teacher was trying to explain this, and now in 14 minutes it's all clear.. thanks!
always like that
If I ever actually become a doctor, I am giving $10,000 to Khan Academy. Hold me to it.
when, not if
Any updates?
God bless Khan. I literally felt like i was on heroin during my lecture today when the prof was going on about transcription/translaition
Btw, just got an A+ in this course. Praise the Khan.
@@petroslazanis8466 lmao ik it's late but congratulations
@@petroslazanis8466 Congrats man!
Congratulations man
@@anoosha9768 0ⁿⁿ0ⁿⁿⁿ0
Q
Hands down the best possible explanation I have ever heard. You are a blessing to mankind. Thank you.
This man has truly taught me everything I need to know since high school. Thank you for teaching me and giving me an education better than a lot of my professors.
Good old Sal! Love his voice. These vids got me through my nursing prerequisites. Couldn't have done it without him. This is gold.
Not gonna fail molecular bio thanks to this 🙏
hahahha, same here man, does this go into deep enough detail, tho?
MMA king I personally thought it was a great overview but not nearly as in depth as our class is going, great for generally understanding it though
U r so pretty, are u Malaysian?
seominty U are so pretty, are u Malaysian?
MMA king lol! That's a k pop idol, not me
This is the most clearly explained video on translation I have watched. Simplifies the complex concept. Thank you Khan Academy and the tutor.
God bless khan academy T.T I'm a visual learner and this is just beyond awesome!! I'm understanding, learning, AND I'm inspired by the passion of this teacher!
Sir your teaching is exceptional. I have been struggling to find a good and clear explanation of translation all over youtube but couldn't find one. But guess what. I stumbled upon your beautiful and super simple explanation of the same. Thank you so much.
I've always had this problem with these sites in ribosome, like what are they exactly and what are they for?- and now it's clear. Sal you are a blessing ♥
THANK U! My brain was frying up trying to understand this by myself.
like what did happened 2 me 😭
Me too..
beautful structures!!! i love bio.. very facinating
Why does it look soo simple here😳❤️❤️
Guys, I am still puzzled with one question: So we have Chromosomes -> DNA in a nucleus of the cell. Then, we have Translation phase where we get Proteins, but where do Proteins live? Do they live inside the cell (cytoplasm) ? So each cell creates it's own Proteins or each cell creates different proteins and they leave the cell and work 'outside' the cell? And in this case, what is 'outside' the cell? Any material/video, explaining this are more then welcome!
i love you for making these videos. such a life saver
This should be the best bio class I've ever had
Life saver as always. Thanks Sal khan!!!
This Teacher's voice is super cool and he clears all my doubts and bdw the only reason I love Khan academy's biology part is due to this Teacher's voice
It is Sal Khan himself, who started with online math tuttorials for his relative once upon a time.
bro you are the only reason that I have not failed hon bio thank you for that
what we would do without teachers like you? forever indebted to the technology advancement and teachers like you.
I love that every video he does he is as fascinated with the complexities of these structures and processes. Now I pick up plants, give them to friends, and ask, what do you see? If they aren't as passionate and appreciative as this man, I cut them off.
What is your name Sir? You are amazing!!
Great video, I will definitely pass my Cell Bio exam tomorrow!
Grace Gable did u pass? :p
Grace Gable 😀😁😁you have to score
i think i missed a detail- does the ribosome float around and kind grab tRNA or are they drawn towards it? or what? how does the ribosome come in contact with tRNA?
Top Tier explanation. Thank you so much. My book messed up this explanation even if it is quite simple.
20 fewer pages of my $150 textbook I will have to read tonight. Thank you good sir.
Brilliant Khan, I preferred that to the last video! You're brilliant, thank you! That was the one step nobody explains well and for weeks I couldn't understand it as even the most detailed books I have just bypassed like 'ahem', or 'anyways'!!! Gold stars and medals for you! ;)
During and after translation, polypeptides may need to be modified before they are biologically active. Post-translational modifications include:
removal of translated signal sequences-short tails of amino acids that aid in directing a protein to a specific cellular compartment
proper “folding” of the polypeptide and association of multiple polypeptide subunits, often facilitated by chaperone proteins, into a distinct three-dimensional structure
proteolytic processing of an inactive polypeptide to release an active protein component, and
various chemical modifications (e.g., phosphorylation, methylation, or glycosylation) of individual amino acids.
if I passed my premedical year I would dedicate my certificate to you
Zainab Al Radi did u pass? :p
Zainab Al Radi gimme ur certificate!
God bless you and all your team
Many things missing as per NEET syllabus. But still helped me. Thanks.
You are so good! Thank you for making this video.
This is so awesome and so clear!! You made this fascinating process come to life and this video wasn’t even animated!! Thank you sir for all you do!!
This is wonderful. Thank you for a simplified version of translation. Sometimes i prefer watching these summarized videos than reading a book..But i got a question in relation to the 'E, P, A' sites how is it possible that we have an Exit on the 5' yet the mRNA is run thru the ribosome from 5' 3' direction ..Can you assist on that maybe i missed it
I think it is a mistake, the 5-3 direction should be opposite in that video to make sense. Evrything else seems to be okay.
its not a mistake. the E site is on 5' bc the ribosome is moving towards 3' but the codons are still at the same place. so the tRNA which is initially on p site shifts to the E site not bc it is moving towards 5' end but bc the ribosome is moving towards 3' end and the tRNA is still in its position.
bless him and this channel
it's helped a lot thanks you just got a new subscriber
waaawo hates off sir, thank you so much, you are a true blessing to mankind,
I did not expect that video to go in enough depth for my intro to cell bio exam but it did! Thanks so much!
Sal Khan you are a magnificent human being.
Thank u soo much... Ur explanation nd teaching method is awesome.... I loved it... Nd I'm never gonna forget this...😉
WOW... My professor took TOO LONG to explain this. I needed the visuals
I love your videos so much and am eternally grateful for your excellent explanations. BUT (and please excuse me), WHY do you keep saying "there's four possible things" when it should be there ARE four possible things??
You're a life saver thank you.
Thia year I'm gonna take University Entrance Exam and i promise i will do my best, and after that I'm gonna come back here and thanks u cuz u teacher did so much for me ♡
how was it
Thank you for teaching us how to love and appreciate biology ❤❤❤
i find this whole process so fascinating thanks for the video its clear u are very passionate
Awesome! Thank you
make a nobel prize for education, and give it to this man.
The explanation is just wow
Thanks for this video!
Best explanation ever👏
So, theoretically all proteins start with Methionine?
Pavel Lambracht Yep. Without AUG, no translation occurs and no protein formed.
Wow. I didn't realize that.
*BRAIN FART* :D
Most of the proteins loose the methionine residue in post-translation processing.
In eukaryotic cells and Archea. Prokaryotes use a variant called fMet
That's exactly what I thought about, and I think you are correct.
I just realized I am rewatching a video my teacher played for us yesterday. Lol. I didn't realize till the T and + confusion.
why there's no subtitles on your website?? please put subs on your website too, it's would helpful so much
btw love your vids :)
Very informative video
Very nice Video...Thank you so much for This
Thanks won't be enough ... I have understand more then the usual when I follow my boring teachers 💜✨
Who is here to revise for his bac?
The best possible explanation u gave
Hands up to this
i wish you go to heaven man wherever its is love from iraq ❤ medicine university
Thanks sir
I tried to learn Translation but failed…
But your video has cleared all my concepts about translation.😊
May God bless you
Super helpful I now fully understand
Well done khan academy 👍👍👍👍👍
Nice video. Some people may not know but proteins make up the majority of the biopharmaceutical market for use as a therapeutic
god bless your soul
In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the basics of elongation of translation are the same. In E. coli, the binding of the 50S ribosomal subunit to produce the intact ribosome forms three functionally important ribosomal sites: The A (aminoacyl) site binds incoming charged aminoacyl tRNAs. The P (peptidyl) site binds charged tRNAs carrying amino acids that have formed peptide bonds with the growing polypeptide chain but have not yet dissociated from their corresponding tRNA. The E (exit) site releases dissociated tRNAs so that they can be recharged with free amino acids. There is one notable exception to this assembly line of tRNAs: During initiation complex formation, bacterial fMet−tRNAfMet or eukaryotic Met-tRNAi enters the P site directly without first entering the A site, providing a free A site ready to accept the tRNA corresponding to the first codon after the AUG.
Elongation proceeds with single-codon movements of the ribosome each called a translocation event. During each translocation event, the charged tRNAs enter at the A site, then shift to the P site, and then finally to the E site for removal. Ribosomal movements, or steps, are induced by conformational changes that advance the ribosome by three bases in the 3′ direction. Peptide bonds form between the amino group of the amino acid attached to the A-site tRNA and the carboxyl group of the amino acid attached to the P-site tRNA. The formation of each peptide bond is catalyzed by peptidyl transferase, an RNA-based ribozyme that is integrated into the 50S ribosomal subunit. The amino acid bound to the P-site tRNA is also linked to the growing polypeptide chain. As the ribosome steps across the mRNA, the former P-site tRNA enters the E site, detaches from the amino acid, and is expelled. Several of the steps during elongation, including binding of a charged aminoacyl tRNA to the A site and translocation, requires energy derived from GTP hydrolysis, which is catalyzed by specific elongation factors. Amazingly, the E. coli translation apparatus takes only 0.05 seconds to add each amino acid, meaning that a 200 amino-acid protein can be translated in just 10 seconds.
The termination of translation occurs when a nonsense codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) is encountered for which there is no complementary tRNA. On aligning with the A site, these nonsense codons are recognized by release factors in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that result in the P-site amino acid detaching from its tRNA, releasing the newly made polypeptide. The small and large ribosomal subunits dissociate from the mRNA and from each other; they are recruited almost immediately into another translation init iation complex.
Than you SO MUCH for making this video!!! This helps a lot!!!
This means the whole polypeptide chain binds to a new tRNA at A site every time and the older tRNA they were attached to gets disposed through E site
That part at the end about how abx work blew my mind
legendary biology teacher
Thank you so much! You are way better than my teachers in explaining!
Saving my life yet again :)
this was SO helpful thank u
Thank you so much!!!!
AMAZING thank you
Thank You, Sal!
complicated process it's a whole process how does it know to do that its amazing
Thank you for being a life saver~~ 🖤
THANK YOU!
Great video, explains tRNA and mRNA interactions so well. My mind can visualize it smoothly now. Also, super interesting fact about the antibiotics at the end!
Thanks! This video is really helpful!
You are the best ❤️
thank you!! got an exam today and it is on this!!
did you pass
Very clear
I feel it prof
So well explained 👌
REALLY HELPFUL
You guys make it all so much more beautiful. Thanks Khan Academy, I'll do well thanks to you.
you guys are amazing and extremely helpful
awesome. i really got it now perfectly.
you can call the A-site as the arrival site
crazy how in 15 minutes i learned more than from a 55 minute lecture
this really help a lot thanks
@khan academy or does anyone know what program they used to make these animations?
what about specific steps for initiation, elongation, and termination
very good
how does the ribosome make sure it is not binding the wrong anticodone with the codone
taught very nicely...really😀😁😁💕
THANK YOU