Great Physicists: Ludwig Boltzmann
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- Опубліковано 16 лип 2024
- While visiting Duino, I could not help but remembering a great physicist who died here...
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Actually.....It was Robert Hooke who first formally - in his great work, 'Micrographia' - introduced the idea of temperature being a function of kinectic energy, i.e., the movement of molecules (though he didn't have the benefit of having the term 'molecule' at hand). Unfortunately, his notion was not properly appreciated at the time and needed to be 'rediscovered' by a later generation. It was also Hooke who, apparently (according to his friend and biographer, Samuel Pepys) introduced the idea that gravity likely involved an inverse square law...and which idea was then taken up by Newton whose mathematical prowess allowed the latter to actually prove the proposition.
The existence of molecules wasn't acknowledge before Boltzmann's time, more precisely since Einstein's 1905 paper on Brownian motions, but there were still some debates some time afterward. The atomic theory dates back from the ancient Greeks, and the kinetic theory was formulated in the 18th century, and not before 1800 has the notion of elementary unit of matter been formulated by Dalton. Science is not about vague metaphors, if a theory doesn't give a distinctive prediction, it is not an advance. Evoking a "kinetic energy" from nowhere is not science.
Hooke and Newton… now there is a grudge match!
Thank you!
Interesting short video! I don't have Arieh Ben-Naim's book mentioned at 3:05, but I do have "Entropy Demystified: The Second Law Reduced to Plain Common Sense" (sort of "Entropy for Dummies"). I only parsed through it but, on page xix of the preface, he states "We need to redefine temperature in units of energy. This will require the sacrifice of the Boltzmann constant, which should have been expunged from the vocabulary of physics." This sounds heretic, but I understood, from his words, that rendering entropy dimensionless and identical to a measure of information, allows the mindset required to go through the book's concepts. Now I have to read it properly :-)
Actually Max Planck first developed the Boltzmann formula and the Boltzmann constant. It wouldn't have happened without Boltzmann's work, but Planck was the first to write that S = k_B ln(W).
I enjoyed your history lesson. I would encourage you to write a book about living people who have made breakthroughs in mathematics and or physics.
Cooling towers to liquid drop heat exchangers radiators essential.
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics is one of the most confused "laws" of physics.
I think complexity and entropy laws are intimately related, but that complexity/simplicity is more fundamental. It really does seem like G (and probably the fine structure constant) should vary. It's missing an anti-gravity component that both prevents a black hole singularity and means the further away from a galactic centre the easier it is to accelerate (takes less energy, things 'weigh less').. You could also think of it as mass varying with Little 'g' - but then they're already related to each other. Needs another factor either way.
Most people don't know that Einstein said that singularities are not possible. In the 1939 journal "Annals of Mathematics" he wrote -
"The essential result of this investigation is a clear understanding as to why the Schwarzchild singularities (Schwarzchild was the first to raise the issue of General Relativity predicting singularities) do not exist in physical reality. Although the theory given here treats only clusters (star clusters) whose particles move along circular paths it does seem to be subject to reasonable doubt that more general cases will have analogous results. The Schwarzchild singularities do not appear for the reason that matter cannot be concentrated arbitrarily. And this is due to the fact that otherwise the constituting particles would reach the velocity of light."
He was referring to the phenomenon of dilation. Mass that is dilated is smeared through spacetime relative to an outside observer. It's the phenomenon behind the phrase "mass becomes infinite at the speed of light". A graph illustrates its squared nature, dilation increases at an exponential rate the closer you get to the speed of light. A time dilation graph illustrates the same phenomenon, it's not just time that gets dilated.
Dilation will occur wherever there is an astronomical quantity of mass because high mass means high momentum. This includes the centers of very high mass stars and the overwhelming majority of galaxy centers.
The mass at the center of our own galaxy is dilated. This means there is no valid XYZ coordinate we can attribute to it, you can't point your finger at something that is smeared through spacetime. In other words that mass is all around us. This is the explanation for dark matter/galaxy rotation curves. The "missing mass" is dilated mass.
Dilation does not occur in galaxies with low mass centers because they do not have enough mass to achieve relativistic velocities. It has been confirmed in 6 very low mass galaxies to have no dark matter. In other words they have normal rotation rates. All binary stars have normal rotation rates for the same reason.
@@shawns0762 .. A black hole is a 'dark tau' (tau without its spare electron) crystal. a Tau is a positron-electron-positron-electron mass-multiplied core (due to the strong mass force) and mass-added spare electron. (Dark) taus annihilate rapidly in free space but time slows to an almost standstill in black holes so large black hole core evaporates slowly... In this model Neutrons (pep_e) are squeezed to become heavier Tau Cores (dark tau = pepe). Every time more mass is created the universe expands a tiny bit, and this adds up.. The Big Bang was a matter chain reaction... THERE ARE NO QUARKS!
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POLECTRON FIELD: cell: a + & a - particle split by Full Split Energy as a positron+ & electron-. Bonds to 12 neighbours
MATTER: p+ / e- = half cell (& a cell as +-+ / -+-)? Polarises field as + & - shells.
SPIN: centre polarisation axis
LECKY: absolute charge.
MASS: particle lecky.
INERTIA: rebalancing field kicks mass.
STRONG GRAVITY: field repels mass
MOND: lecky density slows acceleration/TIME and shrinks cells, loss to gravity gradients grows voids, aids acceleration
BIG BANG: more proton-antiproton pairs malformed as proton-muon than antiproton-antimuon so hydrogen beat antihydrogen
POSITRONIUM: e_p. Muon: ep_e. Proton: pep. Neutron: pep_e. Tau: epep_e. Neutron mass is halfway between muon and tau
ANTIMATTER: 1,2 e_p pairs annihilate. 3: proton+anti proton or muon+anti muon. 4: neutron+anti neutron. 5: tau+anti tau
WEAK FORCE: unstable atoms form and annihilate e_p pairs.
BETA- DECAY: pep_e => pep e.
BETA+: pep + new e_p => pep_e p
NUCLEAR FORCE: neutron electrons bond to protons.
ENTANGLEMENT: correlation broken by interaction? Physical link?
BLACK HOLE: atoms cut into neutrons fused as higher mass tau cores (epep). Field rotates. Core annihilates: ep => cell?
PHOTON: cell polarisation/lateral shift wave.
LONGITUDINAL WAVE: gravitational wave, neutrino: 1 to 3 cell wave
DOUBLE SLIT: photon/particle field warps diffract and interfere, guiding the core. Detectors interfere with guides.
COMPLEXITY: Closed system complexity reduces over time. Uniformly (dis)ordered (hot)/cold field is simplest.
This is a very poignant video.
One can only speculate on the outcome of Boltzmann's life if Maxwell had lived longer to champion his work.
It is truly tragic that Boltzmann took his own life just many unsolved problems were resolved using Statistical & Quantum Mechanics.