The physics anomaly no one talks about: What's up with those neutrinos?
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- Опубліковано 4 чер 2024
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20 years ago the LSND experiment at Los Alamos detected a strange anomaly in neutrino oscillations. In 2018 the Fermilab experiment MiniBooNE that was checking on this observation saw it too. The anomaly is above the discovery threshold. What does this mean for the standard model of particle physics?
Correction to what I say at 1 mins 55 seconds: "lepton" should have been "charged lepton" (in both instances).
Correction to what I say at 3 mins 33 seconds: It was the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2015 (as you see on the screenshot) not (as I mistakenly said) in 2011.
You can support us on Patreon: / sabine
0:00 Intro
1:34 Reasons to like neutrinos
6:00 The LSND and MiniBooNe anomaly
8:45 What does it mean?
10:53 Sponsor Message - Наука та технологія
Hi Everybody 🙂🙂🙂 I can't be online on Saturday when this video goes live, but I'll check in later in the evening to reply to comments. Watch out for our second video today at 6pm!
*Bingo, the basis of Muon communications.... on the right track.*
Happy birthday indeed!
Thank you so much! Happy birthday! 🥂❤️🥳
Happy Birthday, Sabine 🎉 … you are, indeed, proof positive that Virgos can become theoretical physicists … Cheers!
Theory - right handed neutrinos as just neutrinos moving backwards in time.
Everybody, please join me in wishing Sabine Hossenfelder a Happy Birthday!
❤ 🎉🎊🎶 Happy Birthday, Sabine. 🎶🎊🎉 ❤
Happy Birthday Sabine.
Happy Birthday!!! 🎉
Happy Birthday 💯 to our lovely youtube teacher 🥳
Alles Gute zum Geburtstag
Alles Gute zum Geburtstag viel Spaß, Sabine!
Sabine, please keep making these videos about what's NOT KNOWN in physics. It's these types of things that can really drive a person to want to study the field. I also appreciate you talking about situations where physics may be on the wrong track. Physics shouldn't be about jumping on the bandwagon of what's popular.
Yeah, that's problem with current physics. Many things get swept under the rug with poor reason behind it, as they don't support existing theories. For every experiment tha "proves Einstein right", there is 10 that fail to do so and fade into obscurity.
@@jackwilson5542 Can you give examples???? Because I'm under the belief atm that what you just said about Einstein is bullsh*t
@@Godakuri I am not going to post 60 links here. The fact that there are only 3 experimental "proofs" of time dilation should speak for itself.
@@jackwilson5542 GPS? :D
@@blazegg8209 Atomic clocks will behave differently in 0 G. So would a sand clock, which doesn't mean that time stops in space.
"Neutrino oscillations might sound somewhat mysterious but really it's just linear algebra, complex numbers, unitary matrices, eigenvectors and so on" she always makes me smile 😃
So I was right then.
Yes that is so simple. Lol.
What does the word "is" mean in physics ? 🤔
Brings back memories of programming Cramer's rule into my graphing calculator and learning K-transforms from Dr. Roy Axford... all of which I have forgotten since.
My friend's Mum didn't really like jazz. When I played her Jaco Pastorius performing Donna Lee, she said 'aw he's just running up and down scales.'. It reminds of that remark.
I remember reading about neutrinos 40 years ago. They had just built neutrino detectors and had calculated the predicted number of events from solar neutrinos. The estimates were off by 1/3. They had not hypothesized the neutrino mixing at that time.
And instead of immediately focusing on this groundbreaking discovery the experimenters John Bahcall and Ray Davis were somewhat under a cloud for the next thirty years with a general suspicion that they'd messed up in some way. Bahcall was then completely snubbed when Davis was awarded the Nobel prize.
Translation: They slap a patch on their bad theories and expect a pat on the head.
"glaciers move faster than particle physics" -- love that turn of phrase, and wonderful video. Thank you.
But one day a huge Iceberg (new theory) will break off.
@@vast634 Always dangerous to extend metaphors too far ... can have titanic consequences.
@@slowercuber7767 Big sudden breakthroughs happened in the past in physics. That can happen again, even if the field looks stale now.
@@vast634 no doubt.
Glaciers moving faster terrifies me.
Neutrinos are what got me into physics when I was 18 years old, and the more I learn about them the more fascinating they become!
it helps that nobody actually knows fucking anything at all about them. generally mysteries are more fascinating than well understood things.
So neutrinos heavily interact with human emotions 🤷♂️🤷♀️
@@sicfxmusic neutralinos too but less heavily so
Another video about anomalies between the observational data and the Standard model. Good, except there are no solutions. I have a preon model, that explains key aspects of nuclear physics, and the neutrino oscillation. In fact, it explains the neutrino oscillation and restores them to being massless.
@@cassandrabritannia7852 According to relativity theory, neutrinos should be massless, since they are always observed moving with the speed of light. How can I learn about your preon model?
3:52 A small correction: as far as I know, elementary particles don't get their masses by coupling to the Higg's boson. They get their masses by coupling to the Higg's field by exchanging the weak hyper charge. Higg's boson is the excitation of the Higg's field but it does not give the mass.
This is what i thought too.
yes exactly
even if it's true ,doesn't make any difference with the current methodology of science, we are hiding from the fact that no one really knows
Thanks so much for making current science topics accessible to those who don’t have Phd’s! Your confidence in the public's abilities is truly heartwarming♡
Happy birthday Sabine.
Happy birthday! :D
Best wishes you're the coolest Sabine I know!
Happy happy birthday 😎🎉
Happy birthday!!! 😃
Happy Sabine Day!
Thank you Sabine! I love when you go into this level of detail or more.
I really enjoy many of Sabine's videos. Very informative; it's great to have critical thinkers for these complex issues. She can be a great "debunker" as well. She seems very objective and unafraid to step on anyone's "toes".
3:30 For anyone wondering, 2015 from the slide is correct. 2011 was a slip of tongue.
I thought it was another sinister neutrino effect .
@@sammavitae114 It was -- that is why she so seldom misspeaks. Neutrino effects are rare.
"As you can tell, by then the trend of cooking up funky acronyms had taken hold in physics" Ah Sabine, now you've made me spray my coffee all over the place! Oh, and Happy Birthday!
I felt personally attacked by this, because I am trying to do just that at the moment for the title of my thesis xD
Umm… I left physics because I am lazy and started writing software to make a living. You have no idea about the depths wit can descend until you’ve dealt with software and the folks who write it. Ugh.
You mean you SMCAOTP,,
@@edhodapp6465 self-loathing?
Acronyms are extremely useful for various reasons. 👍
Love your clarity on this massively complex(to me!!!) subject. Thank you so much!
The more complex the theory, the less likely it describes reality. Basic William of Occam talking.
You're an absolute gem. So glad I've discovered your channel. Excellent work 👍
Sabine's actual science is always great to hear about, but her animations and graphics are hilarious. Chef's kiss!!!
I especially liked the oscillating Professor Higgs.
Aha so this is what you were referring to!
Omg it's Kyle X treem!
Why are you on every UA-cam channel
@@kensho123456 no, I mean every video I watch, there is already a comment by this medlife crisis guy
I have nothing but respect for your lucid and fascinating videos. May you live long and please keep up your impeccable work. With love from a secret admirer in France.
You present this information so clearly and succinctly, and communicate well the feeling that you care about the subject, in a way that generates interest. 👍
"Don't worry about the math. Really, it's just linear algebra and complex numbers, unitary matrices and eigenvectors."
That's what I usually tell my students about quantum mechanics. Its interpretation is the difficult part.
That actually doesn’t sound too bad.
Just math things
@@JM-us3fr No... it is not bad at the start, so you can have the illusion of elegant simplicity... and than you got your 4 dimensional complex quadratic integra-differential equations, and it all spirals to hell. Yet that is only the quantum electrodynamics. Quantum chromo dynamics is the staff of nighmares and pure madness. As for string theory, you shall not try it without a huge supply of psychedelics.
Meanwhile I've almost forgotten to do long multiplication :(
Happy birthday, Sabine, As a graduate student in theoretical physics, I find your videos are clear and precise,
Happy belated birthday Sabine. Please continue your great work. I do not really understand everything. but it is fun to try! :)
Thank you for your patient explanations.
This is my favourite physics channel by far. You're accent, the material you cover, the way you present things - everything just gets me going! It was these type of mysteries that got me into physics over 50 years ago but, sadly, I found my colleagues rarely shared my excitment. Instead it was all about getting the right stuff published and climbing the ladder of notability. Thanks for getting the blood pumping again Sabine!
Your
@@frapell Strewth!
@Bobb Grimley Yes, thank you for the grammatical lesson Bobb - much appreciated. To be honest I was aware of the function of the apostrophe, although that is neither here, nor there. Why do you think I 'chose' to use such? Have you never typed a grammatical error without realising it? What I am amazed at is that anyone should bother picking it up as an issue. Astonishing! I admit that I come from the school of thought which suggests that language is for communication and that providing the meaning of that communication has been achieved, the task was successful. Since I have every reason to believe that Sabine understood the essence of what I wanted to express, I am satified that the communication was a success. Ergo, who the hell cares?
@@frapell Your.
@@neil6477 Bahahaha... I just read your reply... chapeau good sir :)
PS: your forgiven of you're mistake :P
Happy Birthday Sabine. You are the most interesting physics presenter on UA-cam. Everybody else tries to explain what is right with physics. You, Sweet Sabine, try to explain what is wrong with physics.
Love the content, keep it up Sabine ❤️
The single best physics, or maybe even science channel, on UA-cam. Thank you for not talking down to us.
Thanks! Your videos are always so interesting, unbelievable!
🎉And Happy Birthday, Sabine! 🎉
Thank you! 😊
A thing I found amazing is that something like 10% of the energy from a nuclear reactor is carried away by the neutrinos it radiates.
Then you will love knowing that 99% of the energy of a supernova is carried away by the neutrinos it radiates.
@@jeremycraft8452 If that is true , it blows my mind. That is after causing fusion of huge particles..
Ha ha, more like 2%, but nice try
something like
@@ekaterinas.1330 THE Ekaterina S?
I don't have the math skills to truly understand quantum physics, but it fascinates me. Your explanation was concise, precise, and clear. Thank you. This is only the second channel I have subscribed to, this was that good.
I loved your video and also your subtle sense of humour is amazing!
Happy birthday, Sabine! :D It blows my mind that there could be neutrinos without associated leptons, so thank you for this video! Also, always nice to see your sense of humour
"...glaciers now move faster than particle physics" XD
left over from the big-bang soup at the beginning.
@@joefish6091 I can't wait until we build a Cosmic Neutrino Background detector.
Happy Birthday, Sabine.
Thanks!
Great stuff, I love your takes and explanations!
There are lots of reasons to like neutrinos. I don't think I've ever heard those exact words put together in that exact sentence. Love it!
This sort of video is exactly why I keep coming back! The sort of videos that are contrarian and take a different view to the mainstream. Please keep it up!
So, the accuracy and content of the videos isn't important, just that they're contrarian? What a weird way to think. Also, science is not monolithic, and whilst there may be a prevailing consensus on a particular subject, having a different opinion to that is not contrarian, but rather an important part of how 'mainstream' science works. Sabine is very much part of that 'mainstream'.
this isn't contrarian at all. The people who go into neutrinos have foresworn a Eureka moment, and it takes a long time to do almost anything.
science have no feelings at all, it doesnt care if the idea is mainstream or contrarian to another one, only matters the rigurosity of the investigation.
Sabine, you are the highlight of my UA-cam experience! Always enough to whet my curiosity, yet never so much as to overwhelm! Thank you, again and again!
I really enjoy you perspective and teaching.
Thanks Sabine, so nice to see you.
I like to see more things that don't drive so much attention.
Happy Birthday Sabine! 🙌🙌🙌
It really has to come from the heart for me to take time commenting about this: I love this channel so much ❤It's as unbiased as can be, truthful and integrated. Gotta love these little puns as well 😂. I want this channel to never end 😏🙏
Hv been following your career for years, esp. your battles with the M-theory Mafia (that's what the "M" actually stands for of course ;-) ). So glad you're now getting a big audience for your ability and willingness to cut through the hype. Your combination of being both the "real deal" and independent makes you a great "whistleblower". Good luck ! (BTW, the ads on your channel are really good too).
@Sabine ... this is also a strongly motivating topic, since oscillations are quite mathematically fundamental to Band (=string w Stiffness) Theory.
Happy Holidays!!
Just started reading your book "Lost In Math". Love it so far. I like your dry "academic" sense of humor and wit in the book. Thanks for everything!
Pretty interesting indeed! Looking forward to know more about this! 😃
Thanks a lot, Sabine! And happy birthday!!!
Stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊
A title without a closed question! Well done, Sabine!
No downvote for you this time.
Neutrinos have always been my favorite particle. If we ever figure out a reliable way to generate and detect them, there is some really wild stuff we can do with them in regard to information transfer and other shenanigans.
Thank you Sabine, so we’ll thought out and executed. My mind expands every time I hear you explain. 👍🏻
Can't get enough of your videos! Always great, informative and well made.
I absolutely love your channel. Please keep it going. :-)
Wonderful and interesting video! Thank you, Sabine :)
when I was in school I had to write a report about neutrinos. They are what got me really interested in physics and they are still my favorite area of physics. The Physics behind them really fascinates them.
This is depressing. The students I knew from LSND basically made a discovery that disrupts the Standard Model, knocking on a Nobel Prize, yet none of them could get decent jobs.
I hadn't realized that. That's terrible.
Unfortunately, often it isn't what you know...
Wth why?
Fuck, it's been like 25 years hasn't it? Wonder how those students feel now that they're going on 50.
In the beginning there was the Inquisition and nothing was allowed to disrupt the existing world view....
This is very dramatic and fascinating. Thank you!
Two months later and I'm still re-watching this episode. I guess this is my favorite episode.
Happy Birthday, Sabine! ✨🎉🎊✨
I really enjoy your videos. Your choice of content and presentation of it are "sticky". Being seriously attention-deficit heavy ADHD (clinically diagnosed at 54), I'm like a dog chasing squirrels all day in an open field while on UA-cam - I've only got 1 set of jaws and there are just too many to catch and chew properly before dropping it for the next.
Watching your stuff is like taking a detour through heavy underbrush. I come away from it without a squirrel in my jaws and instead covered in burrs. I COULD still run around the field but if I don't sit down and tease them out of my fur right away, they're going to become more and more irritating until I do.
It's a weird-ass analogy, but apt. and the best I could put together without coming off as a gushing sapiophile.
Happy Birthday Sabine :-)
How were you diagnosed with ADHD? Did you have (undiagnosed) ADHD your whole life, or did it come later or over time? Sorry to be so direct. I am not sure of how to have adhd diagnosed (or ruled out) in myself. Thanks.
@Clay Carter No worries. Better to know than not. I've been asked this before so I've cut and pasted much of the answer I gave then. It's really long, but it's a big question. I apologize for the length, but it's pretty comprehensive. Hopefully it'll be helpful for you.
I live in Canada and am fortunate to have access to an excellent universal health care system. I also come from a generation that did, and to a large extent still does, heavily stigmatize ADHD. Despite it being the oldest and most described disorder in the literature, I, like many, believed it was just a bullshit diagnosis pasted on kids that the system was unable to deal with. I was especially irked when my daughter got pegged with it.
The thing is, she's frighteningly brilliant. But she knew at 8 years old that she had something "wrong" with her that was causing her difficulties outside of the norm in school. She tried to tell us. We didn't believe her. No parent wants to believe that their precious child isn't "perfect".
When she was 14, she started cutting herself. Alarmed, we took her in and she was assessed with clinical depression and ADHD. They started her on Dexidrine and fluoexitine (Prozac). 20 now, she thankfully is off of the latter and only sporadically takes the former as needed.
My own diagnosis came about in the middle of my life exploding. I'd had a pulmonary aneurism (coughing up blood) that was tied to my high stress but highly successful career path. It landed me in hospital for 11 days and fuckin' near killed me. I decided to dial it back and do much less mentally/physically demanding, but equally lucrative work that I thought should have been a cakewalk.
Flash forward 3 years. We were losing our home because I had just lost my third "cakewalk" job in a row. What I'd failed to understand was that they all required a high degree of organization to be successful. If you are ADHD, you'll understand that inability in this area is a hallmark of the disorder. I thought instead that I was suffering cognitive decline.
I went to see my Dr. who is 20 years my junior and a Namibian ex-pat with no bias either way regarding ADHD. He asked me about those jobs I was most successful at and the ones I had just been fired from. He immediately drilled in on the fact that the ones I had thrived in were extremely mentally stimulating and required a quick climb up a steep learning curve with sharply creative climbing axe as opposed to the latter which paid more but were routine and required organization.
He gave me a questionnaire. There were 9 questions on it. I was heavily biased in one direction on 7 of them. After looking at it, and knowing my attitude towards the disorder, he said "Your daughter was just diagnosed with ADHD. Where in the fuck do you think she got that from?"
He then informed me that it's about 75 to 80% inheritable and told me to go home and research the disorder thoroughly. After I was done that I was to try one of my daughter's Dexedrine. He told me that it would either work immediately to organize my thoughts and wrap my head around my current situation, or I would just feel a little more energetic. Either way, I'd know.
I did exactly as directed. When the Dexi kicked in I got that thousand mile stare you get only when you understand what ADHD looks like in adults and realize that it explains your entire life to that moment.
The meds typically used to treat the disorder are incredibly effective. They're also typically amphetamines. Dexedrine is in the same family as Methedrine (Meth) and Benzedrine (Benny's) . This make them more controlled than plutonium. I shit you not. But I can understand it. If you're truly ADHD, you don't like them and will figure out work arounds to minimize having to take them at all. But if you're misdiagnosed, they can (apparently) be problematically and potentially (heart-stoppingly) psychologically addictive.
While my GP initially diagnosed me with the disorder, I was still required to do 3 sessions across 3 months with a Psychiatrist to determine that he was correct. Unlike Psychologists, they're specialist MDs capable of assessing med regimes.
There's a really good channel on UA-cam called "How to ADHD" Jessica, the creator, is amazing. There's a big community and a shit-ton of really good info there for you to follow up with.
Again, I hope this was helpful. Good luck.
@@itsmootdamnitnotmute905 Thank you so much!
Thank you for another fascinating video.
Vielen Dank Sabine für die tollen Videos⭐️⭐️⭐️
The statement about physics in the beginning reminded me when I was working on certifying nuklear power plants (in Germany). Usually we have experimental and theoretical physics. But back then we had to deal with a detrimental physics, which postulated very very unlikely events. Maybe that lack of reports is also a matter of determined physics?
I love how Sabine "mixes" her pronunciation of "sigma" with the more German "zigma."
Maybe no german z zis time, rather latin pronounciation. But you are still right, in a way, for so many other examples. There is much to find in her speech but this also makes her special. Appreciate your sense for this detail.
And the English ligma
It happens when her S neutrinos get mixed with her Z leptons...Apparently, this mixing can only be done in a Sabine Collider...."Eat your heart out Hadron, you got beat out by a 'girly' collider!"....Hans
That's just oscillations.
Also, the way she pronounces Nobel might be more correct than I usually hear it. Great videos!
Interesting and well explained. I'm looking forward to new results, though looks like it will take a while to collect and process the data.
Hi Sabine, could you make another video explaining the recent results of the MicoBoone experiment and how it fits with this video and what the future points to now?
Happy birthday Sabine, and keep the physics knowledge flowing!
Sabine's sense of humor is so subtle, but brilliant. :)
"But there are lots of reasons to _like_ neutrinos." Of course there are!
@@johnjamesbaldridge867 "Maybe people do not like neutrinos?" 😉👍
"So far ... so boring"
She has a finely-honed sense of irony.
A picture of Peter Higgs moving side to side, used to indicate Higgs coupling between the left and right-handed versions of a fundamental particle - that is the definition of subtle, but brilliant.
The more I seem to understand the more I seem to not know,but I am Amazed by your ability to bring it such clarity,please keep it going.You need to invite us to your dojo master physist !!!!!!!!!!
Great stuff, keep it coming
When me and my friends used to do the LS'nD experiments back in the early 90s we would see neutrinos pass through each other all the time. And when all three flavors mixed together they tasted like chicken.
@Fck UA-cam I'm dead serious, they did taste like chicken.
First and foremost…Happy Birthday! I live a few miles away from Fermi and it always amazes my about all the amazing science they do below my feet.
Having grown up in Sudbury, Canada, neutrino studies are close to my heart.
Very interesting lecture. Liked. Subscribed. Thanks a million.
Very enlightening Sabine! Some physics hardly ever get mentioned...
Happy Birthday! Amazing video and love your humor.
I recall hearing about nutrinos in the late 90s on the sci-fi serried Star Trek DS9. There was an episode when one of the characters was telling the space station’s doctor and the chief engineer he was getting married in the spring (spring in a space station?) and the chief engineer says “Ahhh the springtime. When the nutrinos are in bloom.” I’m glad real science is making advances in the discovery of real nutrinos.
But they didn't discover them after getting hints from Star Trek, it was the other way round 😁
@Sabine Hossenfelder. Stay awesome, you managed to explain in minutes something that was mysterious to me.
"neutrinos have mass? I didn't even know they were catholic!" (old joke)
Oldie but goldie!
Everything has Mass ; that’s why God created everything.
The universe is Catholic
@@SabineHossenfelder I think I heard that joke from some core-collapse-supernova friends. Their field of science suddenly got a lot more interesting ?20? years ago.
A Higgs Boson walks into a church.
The preacher says, Bosons aren’t welcome here.
The Higgs replies, but you can’t have mass without me.
@@jonathancamp7190
🤣😂
"Glaciers move faster than particle physics". I like her sense of humor.
Great video, very interesting! Thank you!
Every day with an upload from this channel is a good day indeed
I enjoy listening to your explanations of physics phenomena.
You are getting better and better on each video!
Much more relaxed than before, communicating better, with a lot of (german) humour, even smiling... :P
Congratulations and a happy birthday!
I think you're becoming my favorite physicist. At least physics lecturer. Little things like adding for all we know after saying neutrinos aren't made of anything. I hate bullish scientist who say everything as if it's a certainty and when we find out they're wrong about something's as we come to find they're never their to say "I was wrong".
I've wandered away from your channel for a while. No excuses or reasons. Just pure neglect. (ADHD doesn't help) But! But! But! (always a but or two) I'm so happy to see you again! 💓 I literally have zero friends that are interested in physics, so I've adopted you, unofficially and without your knowledge (or permission) You are one of the few (so few that I can't name any others, LOL!) that address problems, or the many inconsistencies within your community, and do it in a way that a layman can understand. A tough life/sad story (boo-hoo) has left me without the formal education needed to understand physics, math, and cosmology.., even though I possessed the aptitude. I was a Mensa invitee in 1980.., but my mental athleticism has slowly deteriorated over the years, and I'm in no position to argue the things I notice --- that don't add up --- So, listening to you brings back the awe and the "Lofty" (LOL!) feeling that comes from thinking that I'm perceiving a little of the truly Magical. --- "Thanks" --- just doesn't quite say it. But thanks, just the same!
Thank you for keeping this content within my grasp. Well done.
Happy birthday! The world is a better place with people like you!
I was sitting here listening to your discussion and I kept thinking that this really sounds like a candidate for Dark Matter and I was going to ask you about this, then at 10:12 you mentioned it 😮. I am sure others, like myself, would love any follow up you could provide in this connection. Great video!
Sabine is a hero for exposing the corruption in physics. I will subscribe.
Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video.
I loved your colab with MedLifeCrises.
Thanks for this excellent video.
Very Cool! This was my first neutrino lesson in an effort to understand particles in the vacuum of space.
Definitely want to keep in tune with this topic. Fascinating !
Happy Birthday Sabine! 😊
Neutrinos are weird but I'm sure you'll sort them out eventually!
Bravo Sabine- where were you all this years your lectures are oxygen at the summit of mont blanc.thankyou for your time/sharing
Thanks for the NEUTRINO topic. My teacher was a researcher at Penn who spent his time working in the mines. He is the only miner I know who received a NOBEL. RAYMOND DAVIS Jr, was an amazing teacher of Physics. Super nice guy, too.
Happy birthday, Sabine! I hope the day has brought you everything you need, and at least some of what you want!
Oh, and I've always been interested in neutrinos! Bring on the neutrino news!
Thank you for reminding us that it’s often the small quiet anomalies where breakthroughs are born. Also thank you for mentioning Majorana. He remains as mysterious as the neutrinos he studied. It would be fascinating to hear your thoughts on Ettore Majorana during that amazing and dangerous revolution in physics that changed our world. The Italian government closed the case of his disappearance based on a claim he was last seen in Venezuela. But the report never mentioned his eyes or explained how a son of Catania, Sicily could have the Roman accent of the person described. And most importantly… buon compleanno bellissima professoressa !
i found your comment intriguing. Majorana always been on my list of subjects to study more closely when time is more plentiful :p
was there something peculiar about his eyes?
"The higher the Sigma the greater the chance that the derivation from expectations did not occur by random chance" is a clearer, simpler, and more concise definition of Standard Deviation than I received from eight years of education.
Thank you did not know about this until now!