How do you detect a neutrino?
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- Опубліковано 31 тра 2024
- The elusive neutrino is the most difficult to detect of the particles of the standard model. However the story is more complex than that. When a neutrino actually interacts, it is easy to detect. However neutrinos interact only rarely. In this video, Fermilab’s Dr. Don Lincoln explains all of the trials and tribulations of neutrino hunters.
fnal.gov/dune - Наука та технологія
I called my work and told them I quit because I'm now a neutrino detection expert. They were surprisingly unimpressed.
@Papa Xan, get used to it. No one here is impressed, either.
Papa Xan I believe you. Waiting for your book to come out.
If they aren't impressed, just oscillate into another kind of expert.
According to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle it is extremely unlikely to be impressed by this….. but not impossible.
I got my PhD measuring neutrino oscillation parameters a fee years ago; the job market is very tough. I’d strongly recommend other careers.
My youngest brother must be a neutrino. He very rarely interacts.
😂😂
Ik someone who’s in the same situation as you lol
Your brother is autistic.
@@qqwee9014 wha- dude...
Ba doo pa 👏⚡️🌟
If I had someone to explain physics to me like dr Don, I would have most likely picked a career in physics. I can only imagine how many people like me, because of poor quality education in school, didn't have the chance to discover what they like.
Virtual particle: High five!
Real particle: Nah
Virtual particle: Oh, uh...that’s cool. *disappears in shame*
He says, dismissively, "It's an E=mc^2 kind of thing."
You gotta love physicists.
Seriously Dr. Lincoln... Don't forget Uli's goodbye cake: 2:30pm.
You!! Totally!! Rock!!
wtf
@@yootoob6003 Read the black board ... :)
How do you detect a neutrino?
You don't, neutrino detects you.
And it's pretty bad at detecting you (or anything else for that matter).
@@MikeRosoftJH grandpatrino
I have a question... did anyone remember Uli's goodbye cake?
Good work, Dr Don!
This channel has immense replay value. 👍
2:20 Super easy, barely an inconvenience!
As always, great video. Please, never Stopp with this initiative!
Very nice and simplified explanation plus amazing illustrations! Please keep it going! You are amongst my teachers
Thank you Don! Awesome video as always
What blows my mind is that a neutrino with a mass of a few electronvolts can emit a particle with more than 1,000,000,000 times it's own mass.
That's particle physics and Quantum weirdness ,dude
@@tanmoydutta5846 Du-uh!
@Scott I think i got it now, the neutrino emits a very light weak boson, one of those extremely rare ones, which then smashes a nucleus.
@@jitteryjet7525 in the explanation Dr. Don does not say that it emits a virtual particle. It emits a real particle. Furthermore, I'm not sure virtual particles can smash anything. Because it's virtual, it's not actually there.
Yes, the particle is virtual. Most virtual particles don't interact, but some do. This is one of those cases.
every time I watch your videos, I get more and more excited to learn more about physics. I can't wait to start college in the fall. keep the videos coming Doc!
Good luck in your studies.
Thx Don simply perfect, just what I needed for my CV 8:55 [Neutrino Detection Expert] or NDE for short' signed by Dr. Lincoln from Fermilab.
Remember Don, my name is Jakob if somebody rings you and wanna validate my CV claim.
Just stumbled on your channel !
I barely graduated high school, yet I , for the first time, can actually understand and internalize you teaching. Thanks 😁
I'm not qualified to comment on such matters, but that was both fascinating and understandable! Thank you.
@@stevenutter3614 lol! As we white People tend to put it, - you, sir, are correct in that assssement.
Thank you Fermilab team for the explanation. India is constructing neutrino detecting laboratory in South India with worlds largest magnet times larger than CERN, Switzerland❤️ ❤️ ❤️ ❤️ ❤️
why are we giving you aid then
@@joshfarch172 If your govt. is providing any aid, stop the aid. Anyways for Indias GDP & population few million dollars is negligible :)
@@joshfarch172 what a stupid and crass thing to say.
Great video, as always. But 300° F?? Why not use Kelvin, like it is common in a scientific context?
I was thinking the same thing
422.039 Kelvin...
It was -300°F which would be 87°K if they have Argon in atmospheric pressure.
I think he used degrees Fahrenheit because more people recognize that than Kelvin.
Such a great video, this is similar to the other Weak Force Video.
Thanks for the wonderful video. While you have to use fahrenheit for the US audience, your 224K subscribers include folks from around the world who use celsius. Would be nice to have a text showing equivalent in celsius or even kelvin.
Thanks for that. I saw one of your other videos yesterday and had made a note to myself to lookup 'how on earth do you detect neutrinos'.
thank you for simplifying physic and explaining it words I could understnad
Thank you Dr. I’ve miss the videos
Great job Doc ! I watch all your presentations, and I think this was one I could follow from start to finish without getting a headache. Now that I'm an expert, how about a job. Have slide rule, will travel. (Remember sliderules ?)
THANK YOU...
PROF. DR. LINCOLN...!!!
Fermi lab! You are superb !!!!
Awesome explanation and amazing physics
Thank you for posting. Very interesting.
The hard part for me to understand is also how to tell that the detected spray corresponds to an actual neutrino interaction, and not anything else that can be happening in or outside the detector. For instance, a random atom decay, or an energetic ray that made it into the detectors and broke apart other particles. I get the energy footprint is different, the decay times are different... but it's got to be a complete mess to tell one thing from another.
I don't know the answer either but that's the hard part of particle science. Detecting isn't hard, it's distinguishing between the different kinds of collisions that the various particles undergo and telling which is which. Normally the theories predict a certain outcome in a certain situation and that's what you look for.
_"... but it's got to be a complete mess to tell one thing from another."_
That's what the massive detectors, their associated electronics, and the massive computers are for.
I can't tell you how this experiment works, but I can describe a simpler experiment I worked on as an undergrad. The basic principles are the same.
We shot a beam of heavy ions at a target in a magnetic field. The ions would hit a nucleus in the target, exciting it. The target nucleus would recoil, and as it did so it would also precess, due to the magnetic field, and then decay, emitting a gamma ray. We had four gamma ray detectors arranged around the target, and a particle detector to detect the incoming ion as it bounced back from the collision. The electronics were set up so that we only accepted events in which the gamma was detected within a certain time after the recoiling ion was detected. Because of that coincidence window, stray gammas or stray particles would not be recorded. Of course, it might happen that a stray gamma and stray particle would arrive at the same time, but that would happen so infrequently that it would not affect the results.
@@michaelsommers2356 Thanks for the reply! I get the idea, but the fact that in this other experiment it is neutrinos that we're dealing with, and there are billions of neutrinos going and coming from everywhere and passing through every square meter every second (and also the fact that they are much less understood that plain atoms or ions), must make it very difficult to have all the variables that controlled. For instance, I guess you cannot expect to have a neutrino bouncing off a particle and ALSO being detected by some electronic device within a timeframe to discard other events. In practice, there is no way to see a neutrino, so the footprint a netrino collision leaves must be rescued out from all that big "mess" in a much less controlled environment... after all we are talking about a big pool of water, which may contain DO2 and TO2 in very small quantities but causing random decays, and traces of other metals that may randomly decay, and there's also the fact that the interaction products must be able to make it to the detectors before being absorbed and/or transformed into something else, making it even more difficult to tell what the original interaction was. It's just mind blowing.
Fermilab is everything!
Amanzing!!! Thanks for your channel!
Is "-ish" now an SI approved suffix?
It sounds more like imperial suffix. The video happened to use Fahrenheit too.
Statistical/Probabilistic Maths concept roughly interpreted into informal English.
Yes
Yes-ish
This corner of the internet has provided me more goodness than I expected.
Thanks for making such kind of awesome video siry
Thanks Don. Question at around 7:00 - why do the weak boson interactions detected at Fermilab tend to involve such low-mass bosons? Does this particular neutrino interaction always produce low-mass bosons, or are the low-mass boson interactions the only ones the facility is equipped to detect?
It's because the energy of neutrino beams is a "few" in units where the mass of the weak boson is "100-ish".
Dr. Don, you may be looking a bit gray these days but your videos are as fascinating as they have always been. I love neutrinos and your videos!
DrDon has been gray for a long time. It's called distinguished and gravitas.
I got new speakers and immediately was like oh shit I need to hear Don Lincoln on these
I loved the music at beginning ❤️.
Thank you sir!
If you detect the effects of secondary particles created by the boson-proton interaction, how can you ensure that the travel direction of both the neutrinos and the secondary particles are matching?
thanks for the explanation
In the cat example that would lead to very confused and terrified dogs
But we would all be a lot nicer to our pet cats!
Awesome, thanks for fulfilling my curiosity :)
Why doesn't fermilab coordinate with the Icecube observatory to conduct some neutrino experiments? It's further away and passes deeper through the earth so it would make an excellent opportunity to measure how those differences affect the neutrinos.
Great Video!
From this video it is clear that higher energy neutrenos would be easier to detect. Since you all are smart, you would use them if you could. So this leads to the question of why is it hard to generate higher energy neutrinos?
The most advance Laser its in Romania . It has reached 10% from the power of the Sun in a single spot .
Now, to answer your question : You saw that the Sun emits like very small energy neutrino ...and well its an entire Star . We reached just 10% from its power for now .
So, do your math, and figurite it by yourself how much power crazy that laser must be .
So, where do you get the energy to emit a single high neutrino??
Think about it!
@@cazymike87 yes, but the big accelerators can generate particles with much higher energies than the particles in the the center of the sun. The total mass/number of particles is small, but in this case the higher the quality(energy) the less quantiity needed.
That was great. Thank you.
You are hero dr. Don ❤️❤️
Love from india ❤️
can you make a video on evanescent waves along with explanation for quantum tunneling ?
please
Great presentation very informative
Definitely going to sub
Interesting that the W/Z bosons operate by the weak force but they still can overcome the strong force when smashing the nucleus. Any further explanation along these lines would be welcome!
how did we know the spin of differnt particles such as bosons fermions ?
for example why fermions has spin =1/2 integer and why bosons has an integer spin?
If the speed of neutrino can be slow down, can it interact with other material such as chain reaction by neutrons?
Could you please make it possible to add subtitles/CC to your videos? It's easy thing to do, I am sure you'll figure that out. It would make your channel more accessible to those who their native tongue isn't English.
I add subtitles & cc in Hebrew to many science/math related videos on UA-cam, and as a physics-math student, I find your videos as high-quality and quite informative. Making it possible to add foreign language CC/subtitles to your videos would benefit your channel in the long run, as it would increase the exposure to non-native English speakers countries.
Other than that, I found your video quite accurate & enjoyable to watch. Keep up with your good work!
Is neutrino can do 2 difference thing or function? And is it possible to categories neutrino in 2 difference category with different function or beginning of behavior?
So neutrinos are detected by looking for the residue particles that occur when the neutrino emits a w/z boson, and that boson hits the nucleus of an atom. But how do you know that it was indeed a w/z boson that struck the nucleus (as opposed to another particle) in the first place? Is it in the way it scatters the particles? Or because at the energy levels involved, it could only be a w/z boson (and thus, from a neutrino)?
I think someone is making this up for grant money
It's like saying I threw a rock into a creek but only hit oxygen particles. Now I'm wondering how bombs actually work
Very very very cool video:)
I don't know if Neutrinos have mass hence energy but what happens if a Star is emitting the particles and a Neutron star is close by. Do they pass through or hit and give up their straight path and bounce out or get absorbed or?
Kind of had to read between the lines to get that the size of the z-bosons is affected by the energy of the neutrino. I understood from the video that most neutrinos produced ~100 mass bosons, i.e. the normal preferred mass. The next step took me by surprise
Great video as usual, but I have one question: is there a specific "signature" in the signals detected to identify the initial cause as a neutrino?
I believe there are other experiments trying to detect things like dark matter, proton decay etc. Since dark matter (like neutrinos) can't be detected directly but only by knock-on effects (via the weak force?), is there theoretically a difference between the expected signals?
Is it possible that neutrino behave like car or capsule same how which have 2 function or effect ?
D.Lincoln, following this video are all fundamental particles tabulated masses only a mean value in a probability distribution? Can´t it be the other way down, and have a number of neutrinos with an extraordinary high mass that interact easily with matter?
Yes and yes.
With Positron Emission Tomography, the trajectory of beta minus rays can be calculated. Is it possible to use this method for neutrinos and determine where they originated from?
Is it possible to use Aerogel to do experiment with neutrino sterile ?
Sir can u tell me about neutrino-nucleus coherent scattering specially it's definition
What the difference types of internation between neutrino and matter? also is true there are 4 difference types of neutrino? And how much is the difference between them a lot of little?
I know more about neutrino before I saw this documentary.
Please could you explain more on sterile neutrinos?
Questions.
Could large mass WBosons be used as a power source?
Could subatomic splitting of a nucleus by a neutrino cause a chain reaction of other nucleus being split and so on?
can it be used as a power source? not yet
can it be used as a power source? not yet
Thank you
Love your videos sir. Can understand very easily. Can u pls make video on the science behind reflection of light??? Pls sir pls....
check out fermat's principle
Imagination A
Every neutrino gently appeared showing your images into my mind and mating tight to heart when it is passing through this soul every second...
Andy Ta
Professor Lisa Randall describes the extent of wave-functions in higher dimension(s) orthogonal to our three large "macro" dimensions, and how the Higgs field resides on one "side" of our membrane at "low" values of the higher dimensional coordinate(s), whereas light particles reside on the opposite "side" of our membrane at "high" values of those coordinates.
If so, then neutrino oscillations could be construed as physical oscillations of the neutrino wave functions "in-and-out-and-in-and-out" back and forth through those extra dimension(s). As the neutrinos "porpoise side-to-side" through the fabric of spacetime along the large space & time dimensions, they physically oscillate towards and away from the "Higgs side" of the fabric as they travel.
In analogy to a Mechanical Engineering model of the spacetime fabric as an elastic membrane, with one side under compression, the opposite under tension, and a neutral plane of minimal stress & strain down the middle, a heavy neutrino is one which is currently propagating down one "side" or "surface" of the fabric; a light neutrino is one on the opposite "side" or "surface"; and a medium neutrino is one in the middle (say).
You are literally obsessed with neutrinos
@@remley8877 matter, apparently
What is Fermilab's LBRY handle?
Uncertainty principle takes care of mass and energy violations.Please explain if other conserved properties like charge are not violated.
Cool, had no idea there was such randomness in the results of the collisions.
You said neutrinos could emit w bosons.
Because we need to conserve charge, does the w boson simply get pass this through uncertainty or does the neutrino produce two w bosons of opposite charge?
Or possibly the neutrino emits a positive (or negative) w boson and turns into an electron (or positron).
I know the neutrino has to move fairly fast too to be able to provide enough energy.
As I understand it, virtual particles don't have to follow conservation laws as long as they cease to exist in a time limit under the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Also, virtual particles may not even exist, but rather be a math trick to explain the result but not the actual event.
Admittedly, if virtual particles are real, even if they do balance the books by disappearing quickly, injecting real energy into an electromagnetic interaction still seems to violate conservation laws on the whole in my mind, because the effect outlasts the uncertainty principle period, so I think this is a great question.
When a neutrino emits a W, It becomes a muon or electron or tau. This was a detail that wasn't mentioned in the video.
So, basically, the neutrino has to emit the weak boson right in the middle of an existing particle, right? If the distance traveled is 1/1000 of the width of a proton, then it basically already has to be right there when it's created. Or am I missing something?
Nope. You got it.
Curious, how can a small neutrino make a big W/Z boson move at all?
I don't understand though how does a neutrino emits a weak interaction. Should there be conservation of mass and charge to it? How can neutraly charged neutrino emit a w boson? And the mass of a neutrino is very low (but I believe the energy contained within is translated into the mass of the mass?)
What about Indian Based Neutrino Observatory ? ... is it correct that in that expt. neutrino and anti-neutrino can be detected....
It blows my mind that we can even detect these things.
Since W and Z bosons have mass they can't travel at the speed of light. Do we know how fast they typically travel?
Very near to 'c' ......rumor was that the travel faster than light ......but its clear now they cant beat photon unless photon is in dense medium.
@@Pankajkumar-el7kv That was a wiring/connection problem. They never, supposedly, traveled faster than light.
Just like everything else it depends on how much kinetic energy they have. You can create them at rest so they do not move at all which is what the LEP collider at CERN used to do.
@@rogermoore7293 This is nonsense. Neutrinos have incredibly low masses. Even thermal neutrons (much, much, much more massive) move at incredibly high speeds. A neutrino created in reality must be moving at close to (but not equal to) the speed of light.
@@onehitpick9758 ?? No?
The velocity of these particles can vary greatly. Most solar neutrinos reaching earth are under 10eV, many under 1eV which gives them a speed that is just a fraction of the speed of light. They can be as slow as just a couple thousands km/s.
6:21 is this function relates somehow to the normal distribution function?
It's called a Breit-Wigner
Thank you. I wondered what this function is, since I saw the why weak force is weak episode about a month or two ago.
Why is it that whenever a neutrino is near a nucleus of an atom if splits?
BUT, I think the most important question is:
How do you know that when the nucleus of an atom is destroyed it is by the mechanism you are describing?
I mean, is there no other way the nucleus would be broken? Because if there is another mechanism by other particles, then you are not sure if it was caused by a neutrino passing by.
Love the videos. Please keep on this work. I think it is REALLY important.
The collision products match what we expect to see from a neutrino with particular energy coming from particular direction. It could technically be something else, but Occam's razor suggests otherwise. In fact, you can go about it the other way around - define a neutrino as whatever causes these effects and then try to figure out its properties. That's how electrons are defined.
Great video. So... why Argon? Guessing here... large nucleus (hence greater chances of a neutrino slamming into one), and is liquid at low temps (low temps i suppose are necessary for...). Does it really need to be a noble gas though, or is that part just accidental?
Several reasons. One, heavy nucleus...xenon would be even better. Two, can be made liquid and not at an outrageously low temperature. Three ionizes easily, so argon is both a target and a detector. Four, pretty inexpensive. Five, this technology can result in a finely grained detector, resulting in images like the ones seen in the video.
Makes lotsa sense, yeah inexpensive is important too. Thanks for making what sounded like a mystery (why Argon of all things), into almost an obvious choice, once one understands!! Much Appreciated!!
Neutrinos are awesome. I'm really curious to know how fast they are traveling, the percentage of light speed and if that speed is constant for all neutrinos or does the speed vary.
Neutrino's velocity varies from zero to the speed of light.
@@qiyuechen7853 Just below the speed of light because they have a mass. Extremely small, but it exists.
So how do you know if it is an electron, muon, or tau neutrino?
But the energy in which the weak boson is produced to be detected is that small cause the detector? Or because the energy carried by the neutrino isn't sufficient enough to produce more energetic weak bosons?
That's the amount of energy the neutrino has. And because it has that little energy, it's very improbable for it to interact using heavy W and Z bosons. (If you were able to produce neutrinos with energy comparable to the rest mass of the bosons, the reactions would have been much more likely. And indeed, interaction of very high energy neutrinos with matter takes significant part during a supernova explosion.)
Are neutrinos the cause of spontaneous radioactive decay? Or are there particle interactions other than neutrinos that release W and Z bosons?
It's the other way around. A neutron spontaneously decays into a proton and an electron; and because all known interactions (except neutrino oscillation) preserve the individual lepton numbers, it will also release an electron antineutrino. And because neutron decays by weak force, so when you look at the Feynman diagram of the reaction, it will involve a W boson. The same happens during beta decay of atomic nuclei - a neutron converts into a proton, or vice versa, and releases either an electron or a positron (to preserve electric charge) and an electron antineutrino or neutrino (to preserve an electron number). The decay can only occur if the system after the decay has less energy than before the decay (the remaining energy going to the energy of the escaping particles); and the probability that it happens in a unit of time depends on the difference of energy. (For example, the difference between mass-energy of a neutron, and a proton-electron pair, is minuscule; that's why the decay of a free neutron takes many minutes - this is ages from the point of view of nuclear physics.)
How much energy would be involved in a typical neutrino interaction?
I have been hunting for a video on just this topic. THANKS! Also a question for a future video: What is alpha radiation always a helium nucleus? I would have thought that ejecting a hydrogen nucleus (a single proton with zero or more neutrons) would take even less energy and thus be more likely, but no one ever suggests this happens, and I can't find anyone explaining why.
Keep up the great videos!
Well I read in wikipedia that sometimes a nucleus can eject a proton, But while I am not a particle physicist I think I have an explantion.
The nucleus emits an alpha particle to increase its stability, but it still needs to conserve momentuem, and energy.
If it emits 1 proton, that proton gains potential energy (loses eletric but gains strong force), and it must move at high speed to consorve momentuem, but that would mean an increase in kinetic energy, so overall there would be an energy gain if a single proton is ejected.
I guess that the best way to conserve both momentuem, and energy, would be the ejection of a helium-4 nucleus (less kinetic energy and less potential strong force energy for the ejected particle).
If this sounds a bit foggy and confusing, don't worry I'm just tried and while this is clear in my mind, it takes forever to write, but I can take the time, to write a better explantion of my idea later, if you want.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay#Mechanism
TL;DR
Alpha particles are smallest, most energetic nuclei, that have net zero spin. Reactions that change spin (especially by non-integer amounts) are less likely than those who don't. Since helium nucleus has such a high energy, it is the most likely to quantum-tunnel out of the nucleus, because the barrier it has to tunnel through is comparatively smaller.
@@KohuGaly Thanks, my google is usually strong, but thanks for catching that for me! Ah, quantum tunneling, it does make for such counter intuitive logic.
Is it possible to distinguish anti matter neutrinos from matter neutrinos? Is there a theoretical difference between what happens when anti-matter neutrinos slam into matter versus what happens when matter neutrinos slam into matter?
Excellent question. From a Fermilab site, pretty good overview.
_Are neutrinos their own antiparticles? | All Things Neutrino_
neutrinos.fnal.gov/mysteries/majorana-or-dirac/#basics
neutrinos.fnal.gov/mysteries/majorana-or-dirac/#moreinfo
Nice billiard-ball interpretation of neutrino scattering. This is the sort of intuition most public-geared explanations of particle physics are missing.
Dr Don, I recall a few years ago there was big news from CERN when an LHC exp appeared to have detected a neutrino that exceeded c in velocity. I think that is a particle with small rest mass so would have upset the apple cart in a big way. SR for one thing. Then some numbers were reworked and it turned out less than c so you did not have to go back to school. Haha. Could you do a video about that issue?
Didn't they finally track that down to a fault in the experiment?
7:44 Can you also write these very small (or in some cases very large) numbers in the scientific notation? Thay would be really nice!
5:53 Technically the energy is conserved, as far as I understand it, the energy for uncertainty in the energy of the particles, comes from vacuum energy.
Either way as revealed by Nother's theorem the energy must be conserved, becuase it doesn't matter when the particles is measured.
Aka the disclosure of short periods of time
First time detection happened in Gran Sasso laboratory in Abbruzzo, Italy.
How do u know what particle is supposedly smashing into atoms?