I found this video by searching "GFF pseudogenes" after reading on p. 292 of Computational Methods in Protein Evolution: "the GFF [database] contains pseudogenes." Now I know what pseudogenes are. Thank you Dr. Holden. I'm wondering though if pseudogenes might play a role in histone modification.
@6:32 you said that retrotransposition adds a nonfunctional DNA copy back into the genome - but why is that the case? If we take a functional mRNA (be it some non coding mRNA like siRNA or a mRNA that is translated into protein product), and we reverse transcribe it back into its DNA counterpart, why would it make the DNA counterpart nonfunctional afterwards? Is it because that DNA segment will need to have regulatory site / initiation site coupled with it? or am I missing something completely different?
You are correct about the missing regulatory elements. It also turns out that this may be evolutionarily important for development of NEW genes “As a result, gene retrotransposition generally does not duplicate upstream regulatory regions, thus requiring duplicated genes to fortuitously acquire new regulatory regions to be functional. Therefore, gene retrotransposition was long thought to generate non-functional duplicate gene copies termed retropseudogenes. However, genome-wide searches have confirmed the importance of gene retrotransposition in the emergence of new primate genes94-96 and it has been estimated that at least one new retrogene per My emerged in the human lineage during the past ~65 My97 (for more detailed discussion, see ref. 96).” From www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2884099/
cDNA lacks a promoter , which was created from RNA via reverse transcription (n which also lacks a promoter). Hence cDNA, when incorporated bk into the genome, will not be able to express itself unless by chance it fits into DNA at a point which has an adjacent functional promoter which will help the cDNA express itself n become functional
The term " PSEUDOGENES " in genetics stands for the term " NON CODING " genes in human genetics ! The 3 hypotheses postulated in the lecture about the origins of " pseudogenes " either in prokaryotes or eukaryotes are attempts to reason about the subject ; not necessarily in a scientific evidence based approach ! For example : The hypotheses number 3 regarding " retro transposition " of DNA from RNA templates to create " pseudogenes " of original genes coding for 2 well known mammalian proteins ; i.e : actin & ferritin . It lacked a key piece of evidence which is that the " reverse transcriptase " enzyme - the RNA dependent DNA polymerase enzyme - has not been discovered so far in mammalian cells .
GULOP. One of my favs when discussing this with my students. Was important, but environment prevented this gene from being deleterious in the gene pool.
No. Pseudoalleles are functional and located so close to each other on a chromosome that they rarely ever are separated by recombination. en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoalleles
Now why didn't my Biology teacher look like that ! ( sorry a Bit of misogyny there ! ) I assume the Key words were highlighted like that for exam purposes? I have had to learn a lot about DNA and become a teacher of sorts, after engaging ID proponents - I Look forward to watching more of these videos, it's not often I subscribe to a channel ! But I think I can learn a lot here.
I have watched a lot of videos and read many topics about pseudogenes but this video sums it all up in a very simple way it is a really great video
Very well explained. Simple and easy. Thank you for such a good explanation...
Thank you Dr. , You are amazing
So nice of you :)
This is fantastically explained. Thank you!
Great video ! Laid out in the simplest form and explained very thorough and gave all known information. I love this video !
Thank you mum, was very useful 🙏
Thank you for the clear explanations you provided.
Thanks for the video! Commenting as I'm stumbling through PA school
Well-done very good introduction. Thanks
Great video, watching from Brazil!
come to brazil😭😭😭😭
Great videos, keep up the good work 👍
Thanks for the excellent video Dr. Holden! Subscribing for more as I stumble my way through my masters in molecular biology, haha.
Hey...Jordan will you help via facebk or any other source ...i'm a biotechnologist student need help in studies from students who are living abroad
Nice lecture
Simple explanation.was very useful.thankyou.
Thanks, great examples!
I found this video by searching "GFF pseudogenes" after reading on p. 292 of Computational Methods in Protein Evolution: "the GFF [database] contains pseudogenes." Now I know what pseudogenes are. Thank you Dr. Holden. I'm wondering though if pseudogenes might play a role in histone modification.
Probably so! www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3974860/
Great vedio..thanks for explaining the concept so clearly
@6:32 you said that retrotransposition adds a nonfunctional DNA copy back into the genome - but why is that the case? If we take a functional mRNA (be it some non coding mRNA like siRNA or a mRNA that is translated into protein product), and we reverse transcribe it back into its DNA counterpart, why would it make the DNA counterpart nonfunctional afterwards? Is it because that DNA segment will need to have regulatory site / initiation site coupled with it? or am I missing something completely different?
You are correct about the missing regulatory elements. It also turns out that this may be evolutionarily important for development of NEW genes “As a result, gene retrotransposition generally does not duplicate upstream regulatory regions, thus requiring duplicated genes to fortuitously acquire new regulatory regions to be functional. Therefore, gene retrotransposition was long thought to generate non-functional duplicate gene copies termed retropseudogenes. However, genome-wide searches have confirmed the importance of gene retrotransposition in the emergence of new primate genes94-96 and it has been estimated that at least one new retrogene per My emerged in the human lineage during the past ~65 My97 (for more detailed discussion, see ref. 96).” From www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2884099/
@@BiologyProfessor Interesting! Thank you for the reference, it cleared up a few doubts.
cDNA lacks a promoter , which was created from RNA via reverse transcription (n which also lacks a promoter). Hence cDNA, when incorporated bk into the genome, will not be able to express itself unless by chance it fits into DNA at a point which has an adjacent functional promoter which will help the cDNA express itself n become functional
Beautiful, thank you
Every Students dream to have teacher like you maam, Beautiful lecture and also beautiful maam :))
Very easy and simple explanation ..love from india 🙏
The term " PSEUDOGENES " in genetics stands for the term " NON CODING " genes in human genetics !
The 3 hypotheses postulated in the lecture about the origins of " pseudogenes " either in prokaryotes or eukaryotes are attempts to reason about the subject ; not necessarily in a scientific evidence based approach !
For example : The hypotheses number 3 regarding " retro transposition " of DNA from RNA templates to create " pseudogenes " of original genes coding for 2 well known mammalian proteins ; i.e : actin & ferritin .
It lacked a key piece of evidence which is that the " reverse transcriptase " enzyme - the RNA dependent DNA polymerase enzyme - has not been discovered so far in mammalian cells .
GULOP. One of my favs when discussing this with my students. Was important, but environment prevented this gene from being deleterious in the gene pool.
That's a great example!
In more genetic terms ; turning them from LETHAL GENES ===> NON - CODING DNA ; coined a new term called " PSEUDOGENES " .
video like this is admirable
Thank you
Thank you!
So helpful! Thank you
so natural selection works on the genotype now?
Nice Elaboration :)
Ma'am,can you give reference this topic by any book or any published paper.
You can go to scholar.google.com and search for pseudogenes, this will bring up probably thousands of peer reviewed references.
How does the genom that is a Dna copy of Rna code for actin when it's not fonctional?
Is psuedogene and psuedoalelles are same
No. Pseudoalleles are functional and located so close to each other on a chromosome that they rarely ever are separated by recombination. en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoalleles
Now why didn't my Biology teacher look like that ! ( sorry a Bit of misogyny there ! )
I assume the Key words were highlighted like that for exam purposes?
I have had to learn a lot about DNA and become a teacher of sorts, after engaging ID proponents - I Look forward to watching more of these videos, it's not often I subscribe to a channel ! But I think I can learn a lot here.
It's early I'm having breakfast
Genius
Nice
Anyway, you're so beautiful at this time. Thank you so much.
On my God you are too gorgeous to be this clever...😘😘
Thank you!