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Tribalism, Populism, and Contemporary Identity | Francis Fukuyama
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- Опубліковано 3 бер 2020
- Tribalism is a stage of human social development that occurred
in virtually all human cultures as we transitioned from small localized communities. Tribally organized societies proliferated because they could scale up and overpower their smaller predecessors. In turn, they were replaced by state-level ones beginning around 10,000 years ago. The latter’s centralized and hierarchical form of organization conferred collective benefits in terms of scale, fighting power, and ability to provide public goods. However, while states concentrate power, they cannot assert authority without some form of legitimacy or normative authority over at least parts of their populations.
Dr. Fukuyama explains that this can take the form of religion, where transcendental religions began replacing the shamanism and ancestor-worship characteristic of band and tribal societies. Legitimacy could also flow from cultural and ethnic identities driven by our innate tribal propensity for altruism towards family (kin selection) and friends (reciprocal altruism). One problem of modern, large-scale states is that these feelings of belonging and cooperation continue to operate more powerfully in smaller, more homogeneous groups than in large and diverse ones, leading to civil divides and conflict.
This talk was part of a Leakey Foundation Survival Symposium entitled, "Our Tribal Nature: Tribalism, Politics, and Evolution." The symposium was held in September 2019 at the Morgan Library in New York.
About the speaker:
Francis Fukuyama is Olivier Nomellini Senior Fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University. He also serves as director of the Ford Dorsey Master’s in International Policy, and the Mosbacher Director of the Freeman Spogli Institute’s Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law.
Dr. Fukuyama is a political scientist and economist, and the author of The End of History and the Last Man, Political Order and Political Decay, and Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment, among other books.
He is a senior fellow at the Johns Hopkins SAIS Foreign Policy Institute and was formerly a non-resident fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the Center for Global Development. He served in the U.S. Department of State as the deputy director for European political-military affairs (1989), and prior to that as a specialist in Middle East affairs for the Policy Planning Staff (1981-1982). He was also a member of the U.S. delegation to the Egyptian-Israeli talks on Palestinian autonomy (1981-1982).
Fascinating narrative.
Tribalism, populism and xenophobia break down to one thing, "if I am going to belong to any group of people, it better be my own people only. No other groups of people will be accepted, I want them only" Secondly the driving factor that keeps people within their own people's tribe is hostility and despicable behaviour of the others, the "abhorrent actions views, beliefs of enemies of my people drives members back to their own tribe". Thirdly, what would or could drive someone from their people or tribe, "betrayal, " "abandonment," and actions or beliefs that may be interpreted as
exileing someone from the tribe.
Very good content.
Much appreciated
Very informative, thank you
The discussions implied by these titles deserves top billing in multi-day/week/year study session.
Really surprised he didn't mention Mexico
He mentioned Mexico explicitly around the five minute mark.
Why would anyone give up a state by letting outsiders in that’s dumb
Populism as he defines, then requires the people to support the political leader unequivocally, and it requires the political leader's people to have a backbone, walk, and not crawl. That is if you are a fan of "Populism." Is Populism illiberal?
Recently I submitted a question to popular You Tube teacher/philosopher Gregory Sadler, asking him if he thinks "there is anything to the "fourth political theory," a la Dugin and Millerman." Lately, I've sort of had it with liberalism and have been reading and listening to "illiberal thinkers." Millerman's book on several 20th Century thinkers looks very interesting to me. Anyway, Dr. Sadler's response was interesting, and makes more sense to me now, in light of Fukuyama's talk here. He said he has not read Dugin (implying he perhaps has read Millerman) but has the impression that he (and Millerman) are about "warmed over 19th Century ideas..." These would be ideas revolving around that very NATIONALISM that Frank here describes the sources of. And, moreover, which ideas led to the world wars of the Twentieth Century. TRIBALISM led to the unspeakable horrors of the previous century. POPULISM, of a certain kind, then, needs to be watched over carefully, and called out when it violates in any way Western universal principles, those absolutes (according to Millerman and I guess Dugin) that understandably were conceived by Hobbes & Company (Locke). By the way, I'm old enough to remember when Karl Rove, working for George Bush 2, called him a "populist." But then he just meant that his candidate would actually try to listen to folks as he worked to lead them. He was not referring to "revanchism," this more recent TRIBALISM (not populism in the decent sense) that Frank talks about or alludes to in this March 2020 talk. Revanchism is what Putin is about; Mother Russia is what Putin is about. If so, it would now appear that World War Three, which many say is underway, like World War I and World War II...is partly a result of this historically recurring tribalism or nationalism which has once again reared its monstrous, violent head. That said, I look forward to reading Millerman's book, which is about people of the right (Heidegger, Strauss, Schmitt) and people of the left (Derrida and Rorty). I want to find out for myself, and not just take somebody's word for it. Fukuyama states here that "political institutions" are formed in order to "prevent violence." The violence in our country is out of control. If I could afford it, I'd move to England. This monstrosity, imo, has something to do with the "radical individualism" that Fukuyama so powerfully defends, in his elegant apologies for LIBERALISM.
What came first? Tribal or state? It use to be thought that Nation States were an ancient institution but later it was ascertained Nation states were modern institutions.
Sumerians had kingdom/states before tribes.
no tribes were there before civilization and cities
@@sonGOKU-gy7rg Sumerians had civilisation before tribes. Similarly we didn't have races before we had slavery.
@@ashleyKennedy5 Reference for states before tribes? The origins of tribes goes back long before recorded history / writing.
@@lengould9262 And when were tribes recorded? erh they weren't because that was prehistory when things weren't recorded. Archaeologists find urbanisation and testing human remains they don't find families. The Amesbury archer for example. Born in central Europe buried at Stonehenge, your tribe theory doesn't fit. You may imagine familial tribes existed before urbanisation but there is no proof of that. Tribes appear to rise as one mafia style boss and their family controlling a strategic position and attracting a disparate collection of followers as an expanding self help group who make a settlement, an urban centre that grows as more people join the group. a case of "If you build it they will come". In Northumbria a case of towns first tribes formed later.
@@ashleyKennedy5 Please use the anthropological meaning if the word tribe, not something you made up.
civilization or barbarism ??
such an unlikable character this guy
Do you like Samuel Huntington instead ?
@@CyberspacedLoner Do you want me to like Huntington?
Yeah, populists/religionists always dislike having this explained.