Yes, most people who are serious about health and aging will know that mitochondria play a key role. A great topic. A good up to date treatment in book form is a timely idea.
Thanks, Doc Brewer. Very helpful. I'm almost 65 and have been doing all i can to keep what was, my great health until type 2 threw me a curv ball 10 years ago. I am succeeding with your help.
I'm new to the channel and haven't posted before. Your reviews are really interesting. I think I'll stay around for a while. Thank you for taking the time to put this work on the Internet.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the eight or nine (depending on what you read) causes of the time-dependent accumulation of cellular damage that we notice in the mirror as aging (and who is that old guy that looks back at me in the mirror every morning :) You have done a lot of very helpful videos tying long-term insulin resistance to many disease outcomes, and mitochondrial dysfunction is a major factor driving insulin resistance through excessive ROS signaling. It may (or may not) be well known that mitochondria exhibit a voltage potential that gives an indication of functionality (health/ROS production), and autophagy from long-term fasting (3-5 days) selectively results in the lowest functioning mitochondria being recycled (mitophagy as you mentioned). Coming off a fast, mitogenesis ramps up. Mitochondria merge and swap genetic material that helps the overall mitochondrial pool, but better to have more highly functioning mitochondria in that pool. You have made a video on Bruce Ames's Triage Theory of Micronutrients, and there is a recent article about him promoting several other micronutrients including PQQ. www.ucsf.edu/news/2018/10/412016/perspective-adequate-consumption-longevity-vitamins-could-prolong-healthy-aging My concern with oral NMN (and oral NR as I mentioned in the Forum NAD+ topic) as SIRT1 promoters, is whether those substances actually get to the target tissues intact. More NAD+ as we age is very helpful, but I listened to one of the promoters of an NR supplement who indicated that oral dosage of NR could not be detected in the blood easily (but NAD+ levels did rise in a dose-dependent manner). From the recent Cell article on NAD+ generation from pre-cursors, it would appear that the liver takes NR up and converts it to nicotinamide for use in other tissues. I want to hear someone explain why NMN or NR is a lot better than niacin (beyond the flush reaction of niacin).
Here are those 11 micronutrients from Bruce Ames's work: the fungal antioxidant ergothioneine; the bacterial metabolites pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and queuine; and the plant antioxidant carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene, α- and β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and the marine carotenoid astaxanthin
Dr. Brewer, thanks for creating and sharing this. I’m 40 and am obsessed with longevity (and some athletics) and my research and instincts have led me to the following: fasting, plant-based diet, dark chocolate and teas, good sleep, lots of exercise, low stress, supplements: PQQ, fish and krill oil, acetyl l carnitine, ubiquinol, creatine, am experimenting with citrulline and beta alanine as well. Also Sinclair’s expensive NAD and pterostilbene combination. I’m going to continue to watch your videos and process your information. Thanks again!!
Thanks so much. I’m looking at a very similar list of topics. I’m not sure that Sinclair’s as buttoned down as he’d like to be. And fasting appears to be very powerful- most forms (MF, IF, TRF). Did you mention HIIT? And are there others who might benefit from the information in the videos?
Ford Brewer MD MPH Dr, agreed with Sinclair not being absolutely right. I wish there was a way to test this myself before taking NAD+. I am not sure consuming massive amounts of NR or Niagen is good for relatively younger individuals who are already fasting and have good protocols in place. Does it also negatively affect the body’s own production of NAD+? I am also into road cycling and weight lifting, which is higher intensity so I have that covered. I was going to share all this and your videos with my family and relatives - a lot of them are MD’s that don’t aren’t as open-minded with this longevity research as I am. Especially with supplementation. At least if I show them your work, they will respect it!
Thanks. And good luck. & tell them it’s not you or me; I’m reporting out of journals they respect; like NATURE, the New England Journal, JAMA, CELL, etc. And don’t let them tell you they don’t believe them.
@@iheartwatches - Sorry to but in here. I just want to share an experience I recently had with a cardiologist. I saw him to get a CAT scan to get an idea of calcium in my arteries. While there, I asked his thoughts on Vit K2. He said "if the federal government (here in Australia) don't have it on the list of subsidised medications, it's not worth taking." Mmm, an inherent passiveness in the profession perhaps?
Eating a borderline ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting, exercise (weights and HIIT) and cold exposure are turning my mitochondria into little blast furnaces. I was always fairly cold tolerant, but as an athlete was brainwashed into eating tons of pasta and carbs. Now I'm pretty much a human fat furnace and at 15% body fat look years younger than my chronological age. Dr. Ben Bickman has really good research on cellular energetics. Mitochondria LOVE FAT. I'm pretty sure that statins kill your mitochondria.
As a non academic I have found my way into cell and mitochondrial workings. Your lecture was great, it helped me read a paper which, for me is hard. I wander the internet finding people like yourself to explain things to people like me. Thank you.
Five stars sir! As always, so grateful for your professional and academic background, and for your personal approach to every topic you address. There perhaps should be warnings related to how NMN, NR products, in the relatively high dosages currently marketed, can easily deplete methyl donors if not strategically addressed.
Managed to study those two papers. I find them very very encouraging. Provided you are in a position to undertake some sort of HIIT the rest isn't so hard.
You can also stimulate mitochondrial growth by intermittent fasting and cold/hot exposure. Dr. Ben Bickman has shown that even fat cells can develop mitochondria when exposed to cold and ketones.
@@PrevMedHealth Do you know of any test that would measure my mitochondrial numbers or mitochondrial health? Seems like it is important to know. I started the carb loading today for the GOTT on Friday. When I get the results, I will send them to Michelle. Then we'll see what next. OAG
I like your new format - the articles posted behind you, instead of holding them up to the camera. I used a similar technique when I did engineering teaching videos, but I used about 3/4 of the screen for the material, and 1/4 for me. I thought the article might be a little more difficult to read, from your description (for science geeks only), but, surprisingly, I've read or heard about a lot of the stuff in this article already. Which surprised me. I've seen quite a few technical articles that I couldn't get through the first paragraph without a medical dictionary (or google). This one was relatively easy to read (little more complex than a Tolkien novel). I think we've talked about Mitochondria a few times, and I think it's long been known (or believed) to be a strong indicator of life span, and also, that they're passed down maternally. My grandmother went to 92, so I figure that's at least how long I've got, if I don't complicate my life with high blood pressure and diabetes (last pre-workout glucose was 72!). That's after dropping all of my meds. Another odd thing - I also do intermittent fasting, and don't eat before my workouts, but if I check my BG after my workout, it's high - over 100. Then I heard someone explain that, during a hard workout, your body is busy converting ketones into glucose (if you're keto-adapted - most cyclists are not, which is why they have to make frequent stops to "carb-up"), but when you finish working out, your body will continue to convert, which causes a bit of a flood of glucose. When I checked my BG before my workout, and it was amazingly low. I think they've made a big list of aging factors, I believe consisted of about nine things. Several of those are listed in this article. I've heard of SIRT1 through SIRT7, as I recall, sirtuins being the keys that unlock various genes as we (and our cells) age. I suppose there are probably many more sirtuins that we don't yet know about. For making marks on your computer, I used a graphics tablet. A mouse just won't do it. The 50-y-o Aging article says it was published in 1956, making it 62 years old. But it's locked-up behind a paywall, so we can't get to it, unless we go to a university library or something. Or pay $40 for it. As for this "copper-zinc (CuZn) antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD)," I've never heard of it, and never heard of the need for Cu in my diet. My mom used to push "C, Zinc and Calcium," but never said a thing about Copper. Where do I get that from??? Now I'm checking my vitamins.... 0.5 mg. Thanks again for another great video.
Thanks, great information. A friend gave me essential oils, she said would help the mitochondria. I can't say they did anything. But, because of her I read a small amount of information about it. And seeing your video, has definately perked my interest again.
I agree! I really appreciated this video. While I'm sure that there are experts who disagree with details or don't agree with the mitochondrial theory of aging, it's really nice to get some insight into hypotheses that try to get down to some basic cellular mechanisms. It was a huge 'Aha!' moment when I watched this video and read the article.
Years ago I read an article that associated insulin resistance with mitochondrial dysfunction, which makes a lot of sense as you talk about the burning of fuel.
Yes. Mitochondria Heath study is a must. I Read Dr. Thomas Seyfried's book " Cancer as a Metabolic Disease". Is an eye opener. So yes, this will be excellent information for you to share.
Thanks for the encouragement. It’s still easier for me to record a vid than it is to write. But I’m still working on it. Join the PrevMed community. Help us help you lead a longer, healthier life. mailchi.mp/1224fb9e00e7/prevmed_community
Biology 101 All due respect to your wife, some people actually know about the basic function of mitochondria and would be very interested in hearing more.
Dr. Rhonda Patrick suggests taking Ubiquinol (reduced COQ10) with PQQ and Dr. Ben Lynch takes it a step further and adds liposomal glutathione (liposomal for absorption as very little glutathione survives the stomach) so that the building blocks are present. If the cost of of purchasing liposomal glutathione is too high you can experiment in creating your own through buying pure glutathione and encasing it in a phosphatidylcholine liposome utilizing an ultrasonic cleaner and sunflower lecithin.
I saw a few years back on TV a presentation that showed 2 days a week of 20 min HIT was more beneficial than daily exercise. There are issues to be aware of though if you are on any sort of diet, or have some issues. Check your bloods first...like a FBC. I used to get sick not long after getting back into HIT. Now I am pretty sure that because of another unrelated issue I had low iron, low RBC and low Haematocrit, so intense exercise with a lack of sufficient iron/oxygen was likely made me get sick after a little while . If you are over 55 I would recommend checking your bloods before undertaking any exercise Regime. (and still trying to resolve my RBC, just ordered up a faecal M2 PK test)
Thanks. Yes. I don’t think anyone would recommend HIIT more than 2 or 3 times/week. Either A, you’re overdoing it, or B you’re intervals are not intense enough.
@@PrevMedHealth thanks! That's interesting. How often should one do HIIT for optimal results? Every day? Or allow body to rest and rebuild for a few days after? Thank you!
Hello Dr. Brewer! Awaiting Dave Asprey (Bulletproof Coffees’) book on Mitochondria where he looks at making them stronger and more efficient via diet, exercise, supplements, light, sound etc. Alex Katsanos
Dr. Brewer, do you have any data on the “awesome foursome” for mitochondrial support: Q10, L- Carnitine, D- Ribose and Magnesium. What is your opinion on that? Please make some more videos on supplements for mitochondria. Thank you!!!❤️
David Sinclair - NMN. NAD+ precursor to improve NAD+/NADH. But his Prof (Leanard Guarante (sp?)) supports a product called BASIS (Elysium Health) which uses NR, another NAD+ precursor, but not nearly as costly as NMN.
I just did a vid on PQQ. There was a great new study. It looks very good, strong evidence. Comment to check in with John re: when it will be published.
Also worth a gander here is Travis Christofferson's book, 'Tripping Over The Truth', a fine exposition of the 'metabolic theory of cancer', i.e. specifically implicating mitochondria and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Hello Dr. i became interested after learning from the "Bulletproof Coffee" founder who has been addressing this suggesting you can train your body to create the most healthy and stress resistant mitochondria...Alex
Funny. For a while I had thought about writing a book. I actually started it and have a bunch of essays/chapters stored in my laptop. A major goal of the book was a hope of making "mitochondria" a household word. I've lost enthusiasm for writing a book. I do hope mitochondria somehow becomes a household word that everyone is aware of.
Ford, I've been wracking my brains for years, decades even, trying to figure out the best way of going about this. I know the energy balance model, the calorie model, needs to be exposed as a flawed paradigm. (Gary Taubes did a good job) But everyone believes this oversimplified view. It appeals to the highly educated and the working class alike. And, of course, it appeals to the food industry, the fitness industry and the medical establishment. But this approach is doomed to failure yet seems firmly entrenched (despite Taubes). What's the solution? Where do we go from here? There are countless books. But, in many ways, it's the same problem. Or, the books that really are ground-breaking (and actually manage to get published) quickly go into oblivion as they are suppressed and ignored by industry, culture and the clang and bang of capitalism. I think the future is N=1. An appeal to geekiness, biohacking and so forth. Everyone needs to be riding this train. And it is likely more appealing to people because of the self-absorbed nature of it as there seems to be a general trend towards narcissism. But it may also be the most effective way, nonetheless, because we are learning there is no one-size-fits-all approach. I still think the key to optimal health is through mitochondria and the gut microbiota. It's at the cellular level and bacteria based. Not sure about this quantum biology stuff of Jack Krause. Species-specific evolutionary biology can't be brushed off or overlooked.
I read some where that statins do/can damage mitochondria DNA. I.ve just started a statin and 5 months post heart attack and open heart surgery. So I would like to hear more about this.
@@cortezcortez5177 Yes. I have an MD. I started off as an ER doc, then faculty at Johns Hopkins. I've taught and supervised other docs for over 30 years.
You may be a good candidate for a statin. Most people are not. Statins can change your lipid profile and have some anti inflammatory and endothelial benefits. You can get all the benefits of a statin by other means, but it's not as easy. I eat a low carb diet, exercise, take a bunch of supplements and make sure to get sunlight. My blood work is now far, far better than anything a statin could provide. The question is, do you want to pop a pill that creates muscle damage and diabetes for a big improvement in LDL --- OR do you want to take charge of your own health and do what it takes to reverse the issues that caused your heart disease. You did NOT have a heart attack due to a statin deficiency. There are one or more root causes you need to identify and address.
Just a further note: Prof. C. David Rollo et al (McMaster U., Hamilton, Ontario) have been doing some remarkable work (animal research) over a decade and a half employing a multi-supplement regime that has been shown to 1) completely abolish cognitive decline (in mice), 2) cut mitochondrial damage in half!, 3) significantly increase stem cell activity, 4) dramatically enhance radiation resistance etc.
I was watching your video and I thought it said that peroxide caused problems for the mitochondria and on occasion I would take peroxide (food grade) in water to increase oxygen content in my body.
I first heard about mitochondria in seventh-grade biology. "powerhouse of the cell". I do HITT, intermittent fasting, take nicotinamide riboside and berberine. Is there any way to measure how our mitochondria are doing?
You could measure your VO2max. This is only a proxy since it's also proportional to muscle mass, but if your lean body mass stays relatively constant then your VO2 max should pretty well correlate with mitochondrial density and function. You might also look for papers to see if basal metabolic rate correlates to mitochondrial function. You may want to read the experiments done by Dr. Peter Attia - he spent a lot of time in a metabolic chamber.
That's a good question. I think it's more of a problem of having the engine (mitochondrial function) than the fuel (oxygen). But I haven't seen the science. I'd love to see it.
I have happily made it thus far, but I did pause a bit while watching. Some are short, some are long, some are more medium. Like physical training-you want to mix it up (the length of your videos). Thank you Dr FB. .
I think mitochondria should become a household word. Furthermore, understanding their importance and function and how to maintain it should be a requirement of all humans.
My mom is in her late 70s and sleeps better, feels better and has eliminated all Rx medications using LCHF diet and cautious fasting. All of her chronic/inflammatory/autoimmune disorders are gone and people seriously mistake her as my sister. She also lost 15 lbs and doesn't feel hungry all the time. What you eat matters, when you eat matters too.
Dr Brewer, I'm trying to connect some dots, and have a few questions, if you have a few min.! I know of several alternative medicine folks who recommend *drinking* very diluted hydrogen peroxide, or 'ozone therapy'. Some of them talk about 'oxygenating your body'. I advised someone I know to not do these things, because hydrogen peroxide (and the others) are paradigmatic ROS. As a highly reactive molecule, ingesting (or otherwise administering) an ROS will just start to destroy cell membranes/kill cells in the lumen of your organs. More speculatively, I worried regular ROS administration acting as a non-specific/general antibiotic, potentially leading to a general decline in GI bacteria populations, and so providing opportunity for other, opportunistic bacteria. (Does this seem right?) Also curious if the result of that large 'vitamin e study' -- in which large doses of Vit E were correlated with mortality -- if that result was plausibly due to suppression of mitohormesis? Are the themes you point out here (mitochondria, ROS, disease) thought to suggest a major mechanism for the relation between nutrition/health? What I had in mind speculating: (1) nutritional factors: junk food that causes high mitochondrial flux, foods without antioxidants, constantly being in a postprandial state -> (2) excess, and not fully mitigated, ROS production in mitochondria -> (3) cellular damage, esp. in mitochondria -> (4a) disease/aging & (4b) inflammation as a response to / marker of cellular damage. Thanks for your videos! I hope to work in preventative medicine down the road, so I love your channel!
Thanks so much, Tyler. I have heard of the H2O2 practice you describe. But I doubt that low doses/ concentrations make it past the stomach acid. If they don’t, there’s not likely to be any impact on blood, mitochondria or gum t microbes. If they do ingest enough to do that, I’d suspect burns of the mouth and esophagus. But again, I haven’t researched it. You’ve got some good questions. Please give me some time to research them. I’m curious about your plans. What specifically do you plan to do in preventive medicine? And what do you do now?
Ah yes, the great oxygenation event started about 2.5 billion years ago. Interesting that mitochondria are a former protobacteria that learned to use oxygen while the organisms in the human gut predate the oxygenation event and function without oxygen.
Something I have never understood about mitochondria... All of the mitochondria come from the mother. When a baby is born, it does not have brand new mitochondria with a unique genome. Instead, it has mitochondria that are directly from the mother. How is it that babies have young, fresh mitochondria, when the mother had older mitochondria? I realize the mitochondria in egg cells were locked in place at a much younger age than somatic cells, but over the course of thousands of generations there should be some mitochondrial aging across generations. Is there some mechanism to rejuvenate mitochondria that the body uses when it makes babies? If so, can we tap into that mechanism?
Following up on this question... Would it be possible to harvest one's own mitochondria, rejuvenate them, culture them so that you have billions, then put them back into the body intravenously? At least one study (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851669/) shows that free-floating mitochondria can be taken in by some types of cells, helping to somewhat rejuvenate the entire cell.
@@PrevMedHealth Ford Brewer From reading about Muller's ratchet and a process called a "mitochondrial bottleneck" I think I have a vague idea of how this works. Apparently, only a few mitochondria make it into the female germline cell. Those mitochondria then divide to fill up the cell. The female's egg cells are produced very early in her life, so there has been limited opportunity for deleterious mutations to accumulate, but some harmful mutations will be there. Because of the bottleneck, the distribution of normal mitochondria and mutated mitochondria is not even. Think of it this way - imagine you have a large sample size for a study of randomly selected red balls and white balls. You would expect the red balls to appear at a rate close to the rate they appear in nature. However, if you take multiple small samples, you would expect each sample to have wider variation from the natural mean number of red balls. So, the egg cells are like these small-size samples. The result is that some egg cells have a high number of mutated mitochondria and some have a low number. Well, offspring produced from an egg with a high number of mutated mitochondria will be less fit, and thus less likely to survive to adulthood or to reproduce. Offspring made with robust mitochondria will be more likely to survive and reproduce. Nature is a harsh master. So, the question is - knowing that our mitochondria accumulate bad mutations, is there a way to produce an artificial bottleneck so that we culture only our own healthiest mitochondria? If we did that, we could then transfuse them back into the body. Since we know the body will take these mitochondria into at least some cells, it could help rejuvenate those cells. What's more - we could put healthy mitochondria into a sample of our own adult stem cells. On top of that, we could apply telomerase directly to those stem cells to extend their telomere lengths. Then, we could culture those cells and inject them into the bone marrow. Since these rejuvenated stem cells will divide much more quickly than our old stem cells, in a short time we would wind up with mostly rejuvenated stem cells, which would then help replace aging cells throughout the body. This is all speculation, of course, but if I were a billionaire I would pay to test this idea.
@@JonathanDLynch This is a fascinating comment. I'd not focused on Muller's ratchet or the bottleneck. Thanks for bringing it up! I hope to do a video on this soon. web.stanford.edu/group/pritchardlab/publications/pdfs/BergstromEtAl98.pdf Remember, please share the vids with someone that could benefit.
Jon, Just some of my thoughts re. your questions. I think I see what you're getting at, but my suspicion is that there's something off. (First a caveat: I'm no expert, I'm studying to work in healthcare and study these topics due to interest). I think it's best to think of 'ageing' here as something like, gradual loss of function, lasting & accumulating damage to systems involved with mitochondria, lasting & accumulating damage to genes related to metabolism, things like this. For instance, I know some researchers have talked about: reduced transcription of genes that interact with mitochondria, deletion/mutation of the few genes that are in the mitochondria (mtDNA), issues with the systems that destroy mitochondria and stimulate the genesis of new ones. If I'm right about these sorts of things constituting 'mitochondrial ageing', then I don't think it makes sense to talk of old mitochondria being inherited by offspring, and then refreshing them to become young mitochondria. I assume that most of the factors I mentioned above are largely independent of the mother (e.g., the regulation of mitochondrial replication/mitophagy, the epigenetic factors -- I don't know for sure, but I would be surprised if these were directly inherited, rather than initially functioning normally and deteriorating over the lifespan). The mitochondrial DNA are directly passed on from mother to offspring if I understand correctly. But I think a few points are probably relevant here. For inheritance of mtDNA to cause a problem for offspring (a problem that as you say would need to be fixed to rejuvenate the mitochondria), I assume there would have to be some issue with this mtDNA that is then passed on. If the hypothesis is that the mother has old mitochondria that are inherited by the offspring, and then the offspring have some means of fixing the problem, I'm not sure the mtDNA would be a plausible candidate. For one, the mtDNA consists of very few genes. Most of the genes involved in the creation and functioning of mitochondria are now part of the nuclear DNA. Second, I believe the few genes that are left in the mitochondria are essential to the reactions that occur in the mitos. So if a fertilized egg was missing some genes in the mtDNA, I *think* the mitochondrial function would be severely off, total speculation but I figure the cells would die rather than rapidly replicate. Third, I think (again, this is a big caveat!) damage to mitochondrial DNA is thought to occur due to the fact that mtDNA is not protected in a membrane like the nucleus, and is readily exposed to reactive oxygen species produced inside the mitochondria. In short, proximity + ROS + no protection + time --> deletion & mutation of mtDNA within individual mitochondria. However, if this is the mechanism, the mitochondria need to be active to cause the mtDNA damage. I think oocytes enter a state of 'arrested development', where they go dormant for many many years, until one by one they 'reawaken' as part of the ovulation cycle. I assume mitochondria are largely dormant during that many years long period. In short, my best guess would be that the method of inheritance of 'aged' mitochondria from the mother would probably have to involve the inheritance of mtDNA, but, if someone survives to the point of birth, I figure those few genes that make up the mtDNA are probably in good shape.
@@PrevMedHealth, let the publisher settle that dispute :) As for me, I'm not one of the geeks, but I've been reading about mitochondria for over ten years. Everyone has heard of mtDNA through genealogy lately. P.S.. My English major daughter just leaned over to see what I was watching and said, "Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell." LOL
I hope you find a cure for people who have been injured by Levaquin. Maybe you'll stumble upon it. I'm pretty sure human growth hormone would fix me. I think it's unfair that there are medications that break down people's muscles but it's very rare that doctors prescribe medications to help muscles repair.
It does not make sense it is really wrong men has to divide damaged dna of men and original passed by mothers i blame men for disease his mitochondria is in recycling mode
I have heard of mitochondria, but then I have a degree in biology.
You’d be surprised how many people talk about mitochondria & aging
I agree, Rebecca, many of us know and understand mitochondrial activity.
Dr Brewer, please write your book.
Thanks. I'm getting a few requests for the book. If they continue, I'll have to try it.
Ford Brewer MD MPH I would totally read your book!
Yes, most people who are serious about health and aging will know that mitochondria play a key role. A great topic. A good up to date treatment in book form is a timely idea.
Thanks for the comment, and the support on the book idea!
Thanks, Doc Brewer. Very helpful. I'm almost 65 and have been doing all i can to keep what was, my great health until type 2 threw me a curv ball 10 years ago. I am succeeding with your help.
Wonderful!! That’s what this is all about!!
I'm new to the channel and haven't posted before. Your reviews are really interesting. I think I'll stay around for a while. Thank you for taking the time to put this work on the Internet.
Thank you.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the eight or nine (depending on what you read) causes of the time-dependent accumulation of cellular damage that we notice in the mirror as aging (and who is that old guy that looks back at me in the mirror every morning :) You have done a lot of very helpful videos tying long-term insulin resistance to many disease outcomes, and mitochondrial dysfunction is a major factor driving insulin resistance through excessive ROS signaling.
It may (or may not) be well known that mitochondria exhibit a voltage potential that gives an indication of functionality (health/ROS production), and autophagy from long-term fasting (3-5 days) selectively results in the lowest functioning mitochondria being recycled (mitophagy as you mentioned). Coming off a fast, mitogenesis ramps up. Mitochondria merge and swap genetic material that helps the overall mitochondrial pool, but better to have more highly functioning mitochondria in that pool.
You have made a video on Bruce Ames's Triage Theory of Micronutrients, and there is a recent article about him promoting several other micronutrients including PQQ. www.ucsf.edu/news/2018/10/412016/perspective-adequate-consumption-longevity-vitamins-could-prolong-healthy-aging
My concern with oral NMN (and oral NR as I mentioned in the Forum NAD+ topic) as SIRT1 promoters, is whether those substances actually get to the target tissues intact. More NAD+ as we age is very helpful, but I listened to one of the promoters of an NR supplement who indicated that oral dosage of NR could not be detected in the blood easily (but NAD+ levels did rise in a dose-dependent manner). From the recent Cell article on NAD+ generation from pre-cursors, it would appear that the liver takes NR up and converts it to nicotinamide for use in other tissues. I want to hear someone explain why NMN or NR is a lot better than niacin (beyond the flush reaction of niacin).
Here are those 11 micronutrients from Bruce Ames's work: the fungal antioxidant ergothioneine; the bacterial metabolites pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and queuine; and the plant antioxidant carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene, α- and β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and the marine carotenoid astaxanthin
Dr. Brewer, thanks for creating and sharing this. I’m 40 and am obsessed with longevity (and some athletics) and my research and instincts have led me to the following: fasting, plant-based diet, dark chocolate and teas, good sleep, lots of exercise, low stress, supplements: PQQ, fish and krill oil, acetyl l carnitine, ubiquinol, creatine, am experimenting with citrulline and beta alanine as well. Also Sinclair’s expensive NAD and pterostilbene combination. I’m going to continue to watch your videos and process your information. Thanks again!!
Thanks so much. I’m looking at a very similar list of topics. I’m not sure that Sinclair’s as buttoned down as he’d like to be. And fasting appears to be very powerful- most forms (MF, IF, TRF). Did you mention HIIT? And are there others who might benefit from the information in the videos?
Ford Brewer MD MPH Dr, agreed with Sinclair not being absolutely right. I wish there was a way to test this myself before taking NAD+. I am not sure consuming massive amounts of NR or Niagen is good for relatively younger individuals who are already fasting and have good protocols in place. Does it also negatively affect the body’s own production of NAD+?
I am also into road cycling and weight lifting, which is higher intensity so I have that covered. I was going to share all this and your videos with my family and relatives - a lot of them are MD’s that don’t aren’t as open-minded with this longevity research as I am. Especially with supplementation. At least if I show them your work, they will respect it!
Thanks. And good luck. & tell them it’s not you or me; I’m reporting out of journals they respect; like NATURE, the New England Journal, JAMA, CELL, etc. And don’t let them tell you they don’t believe them.
@@iheartwatches - Sorry to but in here. I just want to share an experience I recently had with a cardiologist. I saw him to get a CAT scan to get an idea of calcium in my arteries. While there, I asked his thoughts on Vit K2. He said "if the federal government (here in Australia) don't have it on the list of subsidised medications, it's not worth taking." Mmm, an inherent passiveness in the profession perhaps?
Glycation is also a significant factor in aging: L- carnosine and benfotiamine are, apparently, potent anti-glycating agents.
Eating a borderline ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting, exercise (weights and HIIT) and cold exposure are turning my mitochondria into little blast furnaces. I was always fairly cold tolerant, but as an athlete was brainwashed into eating tons of pasta and carbs. Now I'm pretty much a human fat furnace and at 15% body fat look years younger than my chronological age. Dr. Ben Bickman has really good research on cellular energetics. Mitochondria LOVE FAT. I'm pretty sure that statins kill your mitochondria.
@A&stetics Need to study far more...
@@wagnerlopes5360 no.
As a non academic I have found my way into cell and mitochondrial workings. Your lecture was great, it helped me read a paper which, for me is hard. I wander the internet finding people like yourself to explain things to people like me. Thank you.
Thank you!
Five stars sir! As always, so grateful for your professional and academic background, and for your personal approach to every topic you address.
There perhaps should be warnings related to how NMN, NR products, in the relatively high dosages currently marketed, can easily deplete methyl donors if not strategically addressed.
Thanks. Good point.
Managed to study those two papers. I find them very very encouraging. Provided you are in a position to undertake some sort of HIIT the rest isn't so hard.
Thanks. I've seen sedentary paralytics starting HIIT programs - using seated elliptical exercise machines.
You can also stimulate mitochondrial growth by intermittent fasting and cold/hot exposure. Dr. Ben Bickman has shown that even fat cells can develop mitochondria when exposed to cold and ketones.
Good video: I have been taking PQQ (from Life Extension) for a number of years.
OAG
Thanks.
That’s interesting! Thanks. I just added that to my future topic list. Thanks.
@@PrevMedHealth Do you know of any test that would measure my mitochondrial numbers or mitochondrial health? Seems like it is important to know. I started the carb loading today for the GOTT on Friday. When I get the results, I will send them to Michelle. Then we'll see what next.
OAG
@@OldAlabamaGardener does PQQ work
@@kenrach9875 I don't know because I don't know of any way to test or measure it in my body.
OAG
I like your new format - the articles posted behind you, instead of holding them up to the camera. I used a similar technique when I did engineering teaching videos, but I used about 3/4 of the screen for the material, and 1/4 for me.
I thought the article might be a little more difficult to read, from your description (for science geeks only), but, surprisingly, I've read or heard about a lot of the stuff in this article already. Which surprised me. I've seen quite a few technical articles that I couldn't get through the first paragraph without a medical dictionary (or google). This one was relatively easy to read (little more complex than a Tolkien novel).
I think we've talked about Mitochondria a few times, and I think it's long been known (or believed) to be a strong indicator of life span, and also, that they're passed down maternally. My grandmother went to 92, so I figure that's at least how long I've got, if I don't complicate my life with high blood pressure and diabetes (last pre-workout glucose was 72!). That's after dropping all of my meds.
Another odd thing - I also do intermittent fasting, and don't eat before my workouts, but if I check my BG after my workout, it's high - over 100. Then I heard someone explain that, during a hard workout, your body is busy converting ketones into glucose (if you're keto-adapted - most cyclists are not, which is why they have to make frequent stops to "carb-up"), but when you finish working out, your body will continue to convert, which causes a bit of a flood of glucose. When I checked my BG before my workout, and it was amazingly low.
I think they've made a big list of aging factors, I believe consisted of about nine things. Several of those are listed in this article. I've heard of SIRT1 through SIRT7, as I recall, sirtuins being the keys that unlock various genes as we (and our cells) age. I suppose there are probably many more sirtuins that we don't yet know about.
For making marks on your computer, I used a graphics tablet. A mouse just won't do it.
The 50-y-o Aging article says it was published in 1956, making it 62 years old. But it's locked-up behind a paywall, so we can't get to it, unless we go to a university library or something. Or pay $40 for it.
As for this "copper-zinc (CuZn) antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD)," I've never heard of it, and never heard of the need for Cu in my diet. My mom used to push "C, Zinc and Calcium," but never said a thing about Copper. Where do I get that from??? Now I'm checking my vitamins.... 0.5 mg.
Thanks again for another great video.
Thanks. I don’t take copper. Bredesen recommends watching Cu/Zn ratio. But he goes in the other direction- adding Zn.
Thanks, great information. A friend gave me essential oils, she said would help the mitochondria. I can't say they did anything. But, because of her I read a small amount of information about it. And seeing your video, has definately perked my interest again.
Thanks.
Yup Yup , I love it, another quality video ! More info on mitochondria please.
Thank you! Please share It someone!
I agree! I really appreciated this video. While I'm sure that there are experts who disagree with details or don't agree with the mitochondrial theory of aging, it's really nice to get some insight into hypotheses that try to get down to some basic cellular mechanisms. It was a huge 'Aha!' moment when I watched this video and read the article.
Thanks.
Very interesting and a great overview of a complex subject... thanks!
Thank you!
Thank you- quite a bit to absorb, I'll revisit this discussion.
Thank you.
Wicked. Love this stuff. Fascinating. That’s Doc
Thank you!
Super fascinating, and it works. I’m down from 25 % body fat to 14% with muscle increase (took three years). The technology is transforming society.
Years ago I read an article that associated insulin resistance with mitochondrial dysfunction, which makes a lot of sense as you talk about the burning of fuel.
Yes. I think Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key component of IR.
I would be very interested in a book about mitochondria & I think there would definitely be a market for such a book.
Thanks! The response to this video supports that as well.
Yes. Mitochondria Heath study is a must. I Read Dr. Thomas Seyfried's book " Cancer as a Metabolic Disease". Is an eye opener. So yes, this will be excellent information for you to share.
Thanks for the encouragement. It’s still easier for me to record a vid than it is to write. But I’m still working on it.
Join the PrevMed community. Help us help you lead a longer, healthier life.
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Biology 101 All due respect to your wife, some people actually know about the basic function of mitochondria and would be very interested in hearing more.
Thank you very much! I'll focus on it more.
PLEASE talk about mitochondrial health we want to know. I take PPQ to create new mitos
Thanks. Do you mean PQQ?
Dr. Rhonda Patrick suggests taking Ubiquinol (reduced COQ10) with PQQ and Dr. Ben Lynch takes it a step further and adds liposomal glutathione (liposomal for absorption as very little glutathione survives the stomach) so that the building blocks are present. If the cost of of purchasing liposomal glutathione is too high you can experiment in creating your own through buying pure glutathione and encasing it in a phosphatidylcholine liposome utilizing an ultrasonic cleaner and sunflower lecithin.
Great video Ford, thanks.
Thanks!
I saw a few years back on TV a presentation that showed 2 days a week of 20 min HIT was more beneficial than daily exercise. There are issues to be aware of though if you are on any sort of diet, or have some issues. Check your bloods first...like a FBC. I used to get sick not long after getting back into HIT. Now I am pretty sure that because of another unrelated issue I had low iron, low RBC and low Haematocrit, so intense exercise with a lack of sufficient iron/oxygen was likely made me get sick after a little while . If you are over 55 I would recommend checking your bloods before undertaking any exercise Regime. (and still trying to resolve my RBC, just ordered up a faecal M2 PK test)
Thanks. Yes. I don’t think anyone would recommend HIIT more than 2 or 3 times/week. Either A, you’re overdoing it, or B you’re intervals are not intense enough.
Brilliant video. Thanks for sharing. I understand how glucose converts to ATP. How does fat? Why is fat-conversion more efficient? Thanks!
Any time you break a carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bond to replace with Oxygen, you get ATP.
@@PrevMedHealth thanks! That's interesting. How often should one do HIIT for optimal results? Every day? Or allow body to rest and rebuild for a few days after? Thank you!
No. 2, or at most 3 episodes of HIIT/week. If you do more than that, you are either:
A. Wearing down your body; or
B. Not doing intense enough HIIT.
@@PrevMedHealth awesome! Thanks for the info! Really appreciate your answering. :)
Hello Dr. Brewer! Awaiting Dave Asprey (Bulletproof Coffees’) book on Mitochondria where he looks at making them stronger and more efficient via diet, exercise, supplements, light, sound etc. Alex Katsanos
Dr. Brewer, do you have any data on the “awesome foursome” for mitochondrial support: Q10, L- Carnitine, D- Ribose and Magnesium. What is your opinion on that? Please make some more videos on supplements for mitochondria. Thank you!!!❤️
Thanks. It’s a good point. I’ll put it in the queue.
David Sinclair - NMN. NAD+ precursor to improve NAD+/NADH. But his Prof (Leanard Guarante (sp?)) supports a product called BASIS (Elysium Health) which uses NR, another NAD+ precursor, but not nearly as costly as NMN.
@@fondrees ... nicotinamide riboside
Please give your thoughts on Pyrroloquinoline Quinone
I just did a vid on PQQ. There was a great new study. It looks very good, strong evidence. Comment to check in with John re: when it will be published.
What study are you referring to?
Also worth a gander here is Travis Christofferson's book, 'Tripping Over The Truth', a fine exposition of the 'metabolic theory of cancer', i.e. specifically implicating mitochondria and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Thanks
Hello Dr. i became interested after learning from the "Bulletproof Coffee" founder who has been addressing this suggesting you can train your body to create the most healthy and stress resistant mitochondria...Alex
Interesting. Thanks.
Funny. For a while I had thought about writing a book. I actually started it and have a bunch of essays/chapters stored in my laptop. A major goal of the book was a hope of making "mitochondria" a household word. I've lost enthusiasm for writing a book. I do hope mitochondria somehow becomes a household word that everyone is aware of.
I’d be interested in seeing what you have. I spent a few days on the same thing a mint ago.
Ford, I've been wracking my brains for years, decades even, trying to figure out the best way of going about this. I know the energy balance model, the calorie model, needs to be exposed as a flawed paradigm. (Gary Taubes did a good job) But everyone believes this oversimplified view. It appeals to the highly educated and the working class alike. And, of course, it appeals to the food industry, the fitness industry and the medical establishment. But this approach is doomed to failure yet seems firmly entrenched (despite Taubes).
What's the solution? Where do we go from here? There are countless books. But, in many ways, it's the same problem. Or, the books that really are ground-breaking (and actually manage to get published) quickly go into oblivion as they are suppressed and ignored by industry, culture and the clang and bang of capitalism.
I think the future is N=1. An appeal to geekiness, biohacking and so forth. Everyone needs to be riding this train. And it is likely more appealing to people because of the self-absorbed nature of it as there seems to be a general trend towards narcissism. But it may also be the most effective way, nonetheless, because we are learning there is no one-size-fits-all approach.
I still think the key to optimal health is through mitochondria and the gut microbiota. It's at the cellular level and bacteria based. Not sure about this quantum biology stuff of Jack Krause. Species-specific evolutionary biology can't be brushed off or overlooked.
I read some where that statins do/can damage mitochondria DNA. I.ve just started a statin and 5 months post heart attack and open heart surgery. So I would like to hear more about this.
Take co q 10
thanks. are you an MD?
If your doc didn't tell you to take Co-Q10 when you start taking a statin, you need a new doc!
@@cortezcortez5177 Yes. I have an MD. I started off as an ER doc, then faculty at Johns Hopkins. I've taught and supervised other docs for over 30 years.
You may be a good candidate for a statin. Most people are not. Statins can change your lipid profile and have some anti inflammatory and endothelial benefits. You can get all the benefits of a statin by other means, but it's not as easy. I eat a low carb diet, exercise, take a bunch of supplements and make sure to get sunlight. My blood work is now far, far better than anything a statin could provide. The question is, do you want to pop a pill that creates muscle damage and diabetes for a big improvement in LDL --- OR do you want to take charge of your own health and do what it takes to reverse the issues that caused your heart disease. You did NOT have a heart attack due to a statin deficiency. There are one or more root causes you need to identify and address.
I love to research alternative healthcare. I’m well aware of mitochondria.
Excellent. Do you know someone that could benefit from the vid?
Just a further note: Prof. C. David Rollo et al (McMaster U., Hamilton, Ontario) have been doing some remarkable work (animal research) over a decade and a half employing a multi-supplement regime that has been shown to 1) completely abolish cognitive decline (in mice), 2) cut mitochondrial damage in half!, 3) significantly increase stem cell activity, 4) dramatically enhance radiation resistance etc.
Dr. Ford, would you say that consuming food grade h202 is bad when diluted in distilled water? Like 2 drops of 35% in 8 oz of water.
No. Why?
I was watching your video and I thought it said that peroxide caused problems for the mitochondria and on occasion I would take peroxide (food grade) in water to increase oxygen content in my body.
I first heard about mitochondria in seventh-grade biology. "powerhouse of the cell". I do HITT, intermittent fasting, take nicotinamide riboside and berberine. Is there any way to measure how our mitochondria are doing?
Thanks for the comment. I’m not aware of a great way to measure mitochondrial function.
You could measure your VO2max. This is only a proxy since it's also proportional to muscle mass, but if your lean body mass stays relatively constant then your VO2 max should pretty well correlate with mitochondrial density and function.
You might also look for papers to see if basal metabolic rate correlates to mitochondrial function.
You may want to read the experiments done by Dr. Peter Attia - he spent a lot of time in a metabolic chamber.
so would doing oxygen therapy help the cause?
That's a good question. I think it's more of a problem of having the engine (mitochondrial function) than the fuel (oxygen). But I haven't seen the science. I'd love to see it.
Aging as a disease? How would the evolutionary process of adaptation to environmental changes occur without aging - the turnover of generations?
Thanks. Yes, that’s a good point. I think this concept is being discussed because we can.
I have happily made it thus far, but I did pause a bit while watching. Some are short, some are long, some are more medium. Like physical training-you want to mix it up (the length of your videos). Thank you Dr FB. .
Thanks. That’s how it will be. It just makes sense; the content drives it.
I think mitochondria should become a household word. Furthermore, understanding their importance and function and how to maintain it should be a requirement of all humans.
Thanks. I am not very hopeful that will happen any time soon.
Do you go into detail in videos on caloric restriction?
@John Lorscheider Thanks!
Mitochondria is sooo in parlance. Do it!
What does “in parlance” mean?
Anatomy & Physiology
Yep . Thanks!
Do old geezers like us (I'm 62) have anything to gain with life-extension techniques? (other than exercise, which has been lifelong with me)
Yes! You can add decades of healthy life, non-disabled. There is no question.
My mom is in her late 70s and sleeps better, feels better and has eliminated all Rx medications using LCHF diet and cautious fasting. All of her chronic/inflammatory/autoimmune disorders are gone and people seriously mistake her as my sister. She also lost 15 lbs and doesn't feel hungry all the time. What you eat matters, when you eat matters too.
I love the green screen!
Thanks! It was a major headache - the software side, anyway. But worth it.
Doc, is MNM then the same as Niacin?
It’s similar, but not the same. I have it on my list to do. It will still take at least a couple more months.
Dr Brewer,
I'm trying to connect some dots, and have a few questions, if you have a few min.!
I know of several alternative medicine folks who recommend *drinking* very diluted hydrogen peroxide, or 'ozone therapy'. Some of them talk about 'oxygenating your body'. I advised someone I know to not do these things, because hydrogen peroxide (and the others) are paradigmatic ROS. As a highly reactive molecule, ingesting (or otherwise administering) an ROS will just start to destroy cell membranes/kill cells in the lumen of your organs. More speculatively, I worried regular ROS administration acting as a non-specific/general antibiotic, potentially leading to a general decline in GI bacteria populations, and so providing opportunity for other, opportunistic bacteria. (Does this seem right?)
Also curious if the result of that large 'vitamin e study' -- in which large doses of Vit E were correlated with mortality -- if that result was plausibly due to suppression of mitohormesis?
Are the themes you point out here (mitochondria, ROS, disease) thought to suggest a major mechanism for the relation between nutrition/health? What I had in mind speculating: (1) nutritional factors: junk food that causes high mitochondrial flux, foods without antioxidants, constantly being in a postprandial state -> (2) excess, and not fully mitigated, ROS production in mitochondria -> (3) cellular damage, esp. in mitochondria -> (4a) disease/aging & (4b) inflammation as a response to / marker of cellular damage.
Thanks for your videos! I hope to work in preventative medicine down the road, so I love your channel!
Thanks so much, Tyler. I have heard of the H2O2 practice you describe. But I doubt that low doses/ concentrations make it past the stomach acid. If they don’t, there’s not likely to be any impact on blood, mitochondria or gum t microbes. If they do ingest enough to do that, I’d suspect burns of the mouth and esophagus. But again, I haven’t researched it.
You’ve got some good questions. Please give me some time to research them.
I’m curious about your plans. What specifically do you plan to do in preventive medicine? And what do you do now?
Of course we are on top of methods to increase Mitochondria. Cold baths, hot showers, etc. but there is no way to judge success.
I listen to. Mitochondria subliminal daily your thoughts sir ?
Sorry, but I don’t understand. Could you restate the question?
been taking NMN or NR daily for over a year
Hmm. Thanks. So tell us about it.
Fon D I would really like to know how you are feeling after a year. Thanks!
Ah yes, the great oxygenation event started about 2.5 billion years ago. Interesting that mitochondria are a former protobacteria that learned to use oxygen while the organisms in the human gut predate the oxygenation event and function without oxygen.
Yes. Very interesting.
yes we know too
Great!
Thanks.
Gotta love those MD phds
Yep. Thanks.
Something I have never understood about mitochondria...
All of the mitochondria come from the mother. When a baby is born, it does not have brand new mitochondria with a unique genome. Instead, it has mitochondria that are directly from the mother. How is it that babies have young, fresh mitochondria, when the mother had older mitochondria? I realize the mitochondria in egg cells were locked in place at a much younger age than somatic cells, but over the course of thousands of generations there should be some mitochondrial aging across generations. Is there some mechanism to rejuvenate mitochondria that the body uses when it makes babies? If so, can we tap into that mechanism?
Following up on this question... Would it be possible to harvest one's own mitochondria, rejuvenate them, culture them so that you have billions, then put them back into the body intravenously? At least one study (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851669/) shows that free-floating mitochondria can be taken in by some types of cells, helping to somewhat rejuvenate the entire cell.
That is an incredibly insightful question! I’ve never thought about it that way. I’ll have to look.
@@PrevMedHealth Ford Brewer From reading about Muller's ratchet and a process called a "mitochondrial bottleneck" I think I have a vague idea of how this works. Apparently, only a few mitochondria make it into the female germline cell. Those mitochondria then divide to fill up the cell. The female's egg cells are produced very early in her life, so there has been limited opportunity for deleterious mutations to accumulate, but some harmful mutations will be there.
Because of the bottleneck, the distribution of normal mitochondria and mutated mitochondria is not even. Think of it this way - imagine you have a large sample size for a study of randomly selected red balls and white balls. You would expect the red balls to appear at a rate close to the rate they appear in nature. However, if you take multiple small samples, you would expect each sample to have wider variation from the natural mean number of red balls.
So, the egg cells are like these small-size samples. The result is that some egg cells have a high number of mutated mitochondria and some have a low number. Well, offspring produced from an egg with a high number of mutated mitochondria will be less fit, and thus less likely to survive to adulthood or to reproduce. Offspring made with robust mitochondria will be more likely to survive and reproduce. Nature is a harsh master.
So, the question is - knowing that our mitochondria accumulate bad mutations, is there a way to produce an artificial bottleneck so that we culture only our own healthiest mitochondria? If we did that, we could then transfuse them back into the body. Since we know the body will take these mitochondria into at least some cells, it could help rejuvenate those cells.
What's more - we could put healthy mitochondria into a sample of our own adult stem cells. On top of that, we could apply telomerase directly to those stem cells to extend their telomere lengths. Then, we could culture those cells and inject them into the bone marrow. Since these rejuvenated stem cells will divide much more quickly than our old stem cells, in a short time we would wind up with mostly rejuvenated stem cells, which would then help replace aging cells throughout the body.
This is all speculation, of course, but if I were a billionaire I would pay to test this idea.
@@JonathanDLynch This is a fascinating comment. I'd not focused on Muller's ratchet or the bottleneck. Thanks for bringing it up! I hope to do a video on this soon. web.stanford.edu/group/pritchardlab/publications/pdfs/BergstromEtAl98.pdf
Remember, please share the vids with someone that could benefit.
Jon, Just some of my thoughts re. your questions. I think I see what you're getting at, but my suspicion is that there's something off. (First a caveat: I'm no expert, I'm studying to work in healthcare and study these topics due to interest). I think it's best to think of 'ageing' here as something like, gradual loss of function, lasting & accumulating damage to systems involved with mitochondria, lasting & accumulating damage to genes related to metabolism, things like this. For instance, I know some researchers have talked about: reduced transcription of genes that interact with mitochondria, deletion/mutation of the few genes that are in the mitochondria (mtDNA), issues with the systems that destroy mitochondria and stimulate the genesis of new ones.
If I'm right about these sorts of things constituting 'mitochondrial ageing', then I don't think it makes sense to talk of old mitochondria being inherited by offspring, and then refreshing them to become young mitochondria. I assume that most of the factors I mentioned above are largely independent of the mother (e.g., the regulation of mitochondrial replication/mitophagy, the epigenetic factors -- I don't know for sure, but I would be surprised if these were directly inherited, rather than initially functioning normally and deteriorating over the lifespan). The mitochondrial DNA are directly passed on from mother to offspring if I understand correctly. But I think a few points are probably relevant here. For inheritance of mtDNA to cause a problem for offspring (a problem that as you say would need to be fixed to rejuvenate the mitochondria), I assume there would have to be some issue with this mtDNA that is then passed on. If the hypothesis is that the mother has old mitochondria that are inherited by the offspring, and then the offspring have some means of fixing the problem, I'm not sure the mtDNA would be a plausible candidate. For one, the mtDNA consists of very few genes. Most of the genes involved in the creation and functioning of mitochondria are now part of the nuclear DNA. Second, I believe the few genes that are left in the mitochondria are essential to the reactions that occur in the mitos. So if a fertilized egg was missing some genes in the mtDNA, I *think* the mitochondrial function would be severely off, total speculation but I figure the cells would die rather than rapidly replicate. Third, I think (again, this is a big caveat!) damage to mitochondrial DNA is thought to occur due to the fact that mtDNA is not protected in a membrane like the nucleus, and is readily exposed to reactive oxygen species produced inside the mitochondria. In short, proximity + ROS + no protection + time --> deletion & mutation of mtDNA within individual mitochondria. However, if this is the mechanism, the mitochondria need to be active to cause the mtDNA damage. I think oocytes enter a state of 'arrested development', where they go dormant for many many years, until one by one they 'reawaken' as part of the ovulation cycle. I assume mitochondria are largely dormant during that many years long period.
In short, my best guess would be that the method of inheritance of 'aged' mitochondria from the mother would probably have to involve the inheritance of mtDNA, but, if someone survives to the point of birth, I figure those few genes that make up the mtDNA are probably in good shape.
LOL, your wife sounds like mine. I'd say most of us interested in this kinda stuff are familiar with Mitochondria.
Thanks. And no comment re: spousal relationships!
@@PrevMedHealth, let the publisher settle that dispute :) As for me, I'm not one of the geeks, but I've been reading about mitochondria for over ten years. Everyone has heard of mtDNA through genealogy lately. P.S.. My English major daughter just leaned over to see what I was watching and said, "Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell." LOL
@@narcsinart7179 Oh, that is SO funny! Thanks.
Yeah i know what it is.
Thanks. But are you saying you know the role of mitochondria in aging?
write it
Thanks. Working on it.
I hope you find a cure for people who have been injured by Levaquin. Maybe you'll stumble upon it.
I'm pretty sure human growth hormone would fix me.
I think it's unfair that there are medications that break down people's muscles but it's very rare that doctors prescribe medications to help muscles repair.
Thanks. I hope so, too.
Talk about Mitro…
Tell me about it ... Levaquin borks your mitochondria... I feel 98 years old and I'm 36.
fordfiveohh , please tell us what it did. It is Feb 2020, how are you feeling now?
Almost everyone has heard of the mitochondria. It's even a meme.
Thanks. Many have responded, saying just that.
Sinclair
??
David Sinclair - right? Got it. And thanks.
It does not make sense it is really wrong men has to divide damaged dna of men and original passed by mothers i blame men for disease his mitochondria is in recycling mode
Great point! Few people get that distinction- even public speakers on this issue.
ua-cam.com/video/jx_ofwUGu8w/v-deo.html