Neil deGrasse Tyson and Lika Guhathakurta Discuss Our Current Solar Cycle

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  • Опубліковано 1 лип 2024
  • Could a coronal mass ejection wipe out all electronics? Neil deGrasse Tyson and comedian Matt Kirshen learn about The Carrington Event, eclipses, and how the Parker Solar Probe doesn’t melt with heliophysicist, Lika Guhathakurta.
    How does energy get out of the sun? What happens below the sun’s surface? We break down the photosphere, helioseismology, and the sound of the sun. We discuss the 2024 North American solar eclipse and some of Lika’s favorite eclipses. What makes some longer than others?
    We explore the category five coronal mass ejection that caused colorful auroras more south than before. What determines the color of the aurora? How much notice do we get before a CME reaches Earth? Can we predict when they happen? We break down the 1859 Carrington Event and what it would look like today. Could a CME wipe out all electronics? How big would the CME have to be?
    Learn about the Parker Solar Probe and its mission to get closer to the sun than ever before. Could we touch the surface of the sun? How does the probe not melt? Discover the solar cycle and how AI is helping with solar research. Plus, could we ever control the sun?
    Thanks to our Patrons Sharon Zapotocky, Suth Truong, Sarah Perry, Souren Sarkar, Margaret De Foe, Rudy Alleyne, Ralph Velasquez, Adam Anton, Jon, and Chris R. Mish for supporting us this week.
    Check out our second channel, @StarTalkPlus
    Get the NEW StarTalk book, 'To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery' on Amazon: amzn.to/3PL0NFn
    Support us on Patreon: / startalkradio
    FOLLOW or SUBSCRIBE to StarTalk:
    Twitter: / startalkradio
    Facebook: / startalk
    Instagram: / startalk
    About StarTalk:
    Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up!
    #StarTalk #neildegrassetyson
    Timestamps:
    00:00 - Introduction: The Sun’s Big Year
    04:20 - The Inside of The Sun
    7:52 - What The Sun Sounds Like
    9:31 - Comparing Eclipses
    16:50 - Why So Much of the World Saw Aurora?
    21:58 - Measuring Coronal Mass Ejections
    26:42 - Could We Have Another Carrington Event?
    31:43 - The Parker Solar Probe
    37:20 - Why Does the Sun Have Cycles?
    41:30 - Could We Predict Solar Storms with AI?
    50:54 - Collecting Data From The Sun
    52:27 - When Will The Sun Die?
    53:53 - Thoughts on The Sun
    57:28 - A Cosmic Perspective
  • Наука та технологія

КОМЕНТАРІ • 876

  • @StarTalk
    @StarTalk  20 днів тому +105

    Do you think we've reached the peak?

    • @itachiuchiwa5261
      @itachiuchiwa5261 20 днів тому +5

      Yessir

    • @mrpearson1230
      @mrpearson1230 20 днів тому +5

      Not at all! Not yet!

    • @4DQC
      @4DQC 20 днів тому +5

      😅 I don't answer questions 😆🦖🤗 BY the way 🎉 have a great week ahead 😀 😊

    • @ariveahmmed
      @ariveahmmed 20 днів тому

      Peak is yet to come

    • @kaiser5689
      @kaiser5689 20 днів тому

      🤷🏻‍♂️

  • @pj1007
    @pj1007 20 днів тому +155

    Never knew of Lika before, she's absolutely brilliant to listen to. So absorbing

    • @FirehorseG
      @FirehorseG 19 днів тому +1

      Yes, I'm looking for more of her talks without anyone elee. She's fascinating to listen to. I can't stand the blokes who keep interrupting trying to be funny. 😒

    • @Kelticfury
      @Kelticfury 7 днів тому

      Same, she is wonderful.

  • @ito2789
    @ito2789 20 днів тому +152

    Lika Guhathakurta is such a delightful guest, love her :)

  • @crazykhespar8487
    @crazykhespar8487 20 днів тому +437

    There are less chuckles because we're Chuckless...

    • @francismutua6731
      @francismutua6731 20 днів тому +12

      😂😂😂😂

    • @francismutua6731
      @francismutua6731 20 днів тому +18

      Where is he?

    • @randomlegend631
      @randomlegend631 20 днів тому +8

      Lol nicely done

    • @alexcline4378
      @alexcline4378 20 днів тому +27

      More Lord Nice please.

    • @alexcline4378
      @alexcline4378 20 днів тому +12

      ​@@randomlegend631would have been even nicer with Lord Nice next to Neil. A virtual Chuck is better than than this guy. Lika is great.

  • @solidust573
    @solidust573 19 днів тому +52

    She's the one of the few on this show to admit to something she doesn't know & that's exactly why I would listen to her first.
    Mankind was just born yesterday and we have so much to learn about this universe. It would be foolish to assume we have a complete understanding of the way our sun works. This is just the beginning

    • @darrenclayton8246
      @darrenclayton8246 3 дні тому

      I like that she says we are limited by our sense perception meaning there might be ''Mystical dimensions'' of the sun - the universe, that we are yet to understand

  • @deeliciousplum
    @deeliciousplum 20 днів тому +47

    Lika Guhathakurta is someone who I would love to have a coffee with so as to share in many playful and enlightening conversations. Passion, playfulness, and knowledge are a powerful combination of elements which Lika is undeniably a host to. 🌸

  • @Ryan.Dias619
    @Ryan.Dias619 19 днів тому +15

    Madhulika Guhathakurta was so facinating to listen to. Thank you Neil degrasse Tyson, Matt Kirshen and the StarTalk team. This is GOLD ✨

  • @TorQueMoD
    @TorQueMoD 19 днів тому +26

    Lika has a really great sense of humor. I love it. "Oort science people... manage your clouds!"

  • @MetalBackingTracks
    @MetalBackingTracks 20 днів тому +84

    shes such an awesome guest!!

  • @AlZ-oy4si
    @AlZ-oy4si 20 днів тому +35

    One of my favorite cartoons is two people standing in a desert, sun baking them overhead, and one exclaims to the other "there must be a source of energy down there!".

    • @ak6143
      @ak6143 18 днів тому

      Funny how these same principles are always forgotten in the “climate change” scare speeches. Wait solar activity has an effect on temps more than cow farts?

  • @mariannepedersenhagen6760
    @mariannepedersenhagen6760 19 днів тому +11

    I'm lucky to to live in a place where I see the northern lights all the time during winter. It's just magical! 🌟 Greetings from Norway ❤

  • @rachitbgupta
    @rachitbgupta 19 днів тому +5

    I was today years old when I learned about the differential rotation of the sun. So glad that people like Lika and Dr Tyson have the proclivity and fidelity to spread the knowledge. We are blessed.

  • @hopey4100
    @hopey4100 20 днів тому +50

    I took a shot every time Dr. Neil hit the dude in the middle. I woke up from my hangover about 20 minutes ago!

    • @damyr
      @damyr 18 днів тому +2

      Poor guy must be all blue from bruises. xD

  • @KaustubhIsMyName
    @KaustubhIsMyName 20 днів тому +26

    1:35 Missed opportunity to say: Sun's been cookin' lately

  • @SheSweetLikSugarNSavage
    @SheSweetLikSugarNSavage 20 днів тому +5

    I love when Lika is on StarTalk. She's such a beautiful gem rich with information. 💎 Me looking everywhere online like: o my gosh, where did she find that happy looking dress? 👗

  • @AlisonBLowndes
    @AlisonBLowndes 19 днів тому +4

    Lika rocks! Re. 54:20mins we definitely need to harness the sun's energy - solar panels in space, beam the energy down - CalTech leading the way. Utterly awesome podcast & great to have an English accent in the mix 🌞

  • @WretchMusou
    @WretchMusou 20 днів тому +27

    What a great guest!!!

  • @light-master
    @light-master 20 днів тому +87

    Can we just make Chuck a permanent host on Startalk? He's just as important to the show as Dr Tyson is.

    • @MoahGentle
      @MoahGentle 20 днів тому +10

      He is a standup comic who probably travels a lot, it ain't that simple.

    • @OiG_GEMiNi
      @OiG_GEMiNi 20 днів тому +16

      No, he doesn’t know when to shut up. A break from him is refreshing

    • @LamarDandre
      @LamarDandre 20 днів тому +22

      @@OiG_GEMiNi From Chuck?
      You are now officially banned from watching Startalk saying those things about Chuck.
      This episode was exciting but not hilariously amazing and informative since Chuck wasn't there. I don't remember anything they said during this talk.
      WE MISS CHUCK!!!!!!

    • @OiG_GEMiNi
      @OiG_GEMiNi 20 днів тому +10

      @@LamarDandre 😂 i actually like chuck but sometimes he just keeps going on & on dragging jokes delaying the show & questions being asked. I prefer the episodes without him & other comedians. Just Neil & his experts

    • @LamarDandre
      @LamarDandre 20 днів тому

      @@OiG_GEMiNi Lol. :)

  • @Dj_Nizzo
    @Dj_Nizzo 19 днів тому +8

    Lika is one of the most humble smart people you have had on. We need more of her on the show

  • @markpashia7067
    @markpashia7067 20 днів тому +7

    We don't know what we don't know. Very wise words indeed.

  • @SirLucien
    @SirLucien 19 днів тому +8

    Ok Lika needs to be a regular guest!

  • @ekisauruslux6795
    @ekisauruslux6795 19 днів тому +7

    MR. NEIL! THANK YOU FOR INTRODUCING THIS DIAMOND GUEST! im allready researching all she does :D

  • @bobjackson6669
    @bobjackson6669 20 днів тому +34

    Great video. Loved your guest, she was facinating.

  • @bagobitz
    @bagobitz 17 днів тому +2

    You and Lika should host your own science podcast together (probably focusing on space).... but the idea/counter-idea or complexity/ simplification dynamic is wonderful...

  • @nightcrawler5696
    @nightcrawler5696 18 днів тому +4

    I could listen to Lika Guhathkurta all day.

  • @jcarcobaltss
    @jcarcobaltss 17 днів тому +2

    Loved Lika! She is delightful in how she explains things. And just the right amount of funny sarcasm 😁😁

  • @EnvyPanda
    @EnvyPanda 19 днів тому +6

    Lika has a beautiful soul. What a fascinating speaker. I could listen for hours!

  • @dosesandmimoses
    @dosesandmimoses 20 днів тому +5

    Ms. Lika G, you have very calming energy. 🙏

  • @shrinidhijoshi595
    @shrinidhijoshi595 20 днів тому +6

    Knowing about Like ma'am through this video. It feels so nice to know about Indian women or Indian origin women doing and reaching at such an expectional level in scientific field. Thank you for sharing Dr. Tyson ❤

  • @timmitchell9021
    @timmitchell9021 20 днів тому +11

    I could listen to this woman for hours

  • @johnme60
    @johnme60 20 днів тому +8

    I think sun is literally the god that is visible to you with eyes. I mean you can discard it just coz you know how it works. But If you believe in the concept of respect and means something to you as a human value. Then sun is literally god to us. Powerful , Dangerous , Mysterious , Marvelous and Life giver.
    Glory to our sun.

  • @chardington3412
    @chardington3412 20 днів тому +42

    Lika is studying 98% of our Solarsystem. That's cool.

    • @ketsi3079
      @ketsi3079 19 днів тому +2

      Lika is our grandmother

  • @shirleenrodriguez3355
    @shirleenrodriguez3355 20 днів тому +15

    Nice to see you all together.

    • @ketsi3079
      @ketsi3079 19 днів тому

      Can i have you in dinner with me?

  • @arghsonofcliff
    @arghsonofcliff 20 днів тому +7

    That part about you two talking about solar eclipses like I would talk about concerts I've seen was great.

  • @GrandmaTurtle
    @GrandmaTurtle 20 днів тому +8

    Loved, "... it's a teenage star"!

  • @changeusername0123
    @changeusername0123 19 днів тому +2

    Amazing interview! This was my favorite episode. Lika is brilliant, balanced and in tune with both intuition and logic.

  • @AutumnSpaceship
    @AutumnSpaceship 18 днів тому +1

    Love her! Thank you for hosting her, this was super valuable -specially when we're forecasted to get to 50°C where I live... unprecendented!

  • @ChrisCarswell
    @ChrisCarswell 19 днів тому +4

    I could listen to Lika talk all day ❤

  • @krazyguy786
    @krazyguy786 20 днів тому +5

    Loovveeee this one! The discussion and flow of the group! What red wine yall having?

  • @rockyjohnson9243
    @rockyjohnson9243 20 днів тому +29

    Keep up the great work Starlords.

  • @savageoldman
    @savageoldman 20 днів тому +2

    Lika is fascinating. And so well spoken and quick to have legitimate, sometimes very funny responses.

  • @dgfilms1712
    @dgfilms1712 20 днів тому +46

    CHUCK NICE!!!! WHERE YOU AT?

    • @michaelccopelandsr7120
      @michaelccopelandsr7120 20 днів тому +4

      Neil and Chuck for 2024!

    • @alexcline4378
      @alexcline4378 20 днів тому +7

      CHUCK! CHUCK! CHUCK!
      WE WANT CHUCK!

    • @davidt3956
      @davidt3956 20 днів тому

      He has a regular job.

    • @paull4135
      @paull4135 20 днів тому

      Well let's get them to pay him more so he can quit and do startalk full-time lol​@@davidt3956

    • @tlcshoub
      @tlcshoub 20 днів тому

      @@alexcline4378 yea

  • @iamthepinknarwhal
    @iamthepinknarwhal 20 днів тому +2

    This is one of my favorite episodes

  • @MrChan9000
    @MrChan9000 20 днів тому +2

    Amazing guest! It was a joy to hear her speak on the subject she loves.

  • @DylanHunter64
    @DylanHunter64 20 днів тому

    I just watched the episode with Lika, glad to see her back!

  • @murrloc1859
    @murrloc1859 20 днів тому +3

    The closing words were fire 🔥

  • @michaelvanderham217
    @michaelvanderham217 20 днів тому

    I was lucky enough to see the eclipse last year in Exmouth, Western Australia. A 12 hour drive north from my home in Perth. The best part was sharing the experience with my kids.

  • @iTube2772
    @iTube2772 19 днів тому +1

    It's a delight to listen to Lika!

  • @manishekka5633
    @manishekka5633 19 днів тому +4

    One of the best episodes

  • @subhadasmollick4107
    @subhadasmollick4107 19 днів тому +1

    Lika, you are absolutely radiant! I will watch this episode again and again.

  • @katesmiles4208
    @katesmiles4208 20 днів тому +2

    What an amazing mind Lika has. It was a pleasure to listen to her thoughts.

  • @katherandefy
    @katherandefy 20 днів тому +1

    Oh I love this Sister Sun guest her voice her accent her attitude. Wonderful wonderful lady. Let’s have her on often!

  • @syedarmaghanhassan4652
    @syedarmaghanhassan4652 17 днів тому +1

    58:21 Hi Startalk Team, from a cinematography perspective, please try the camera closing-in/zooming in, onto Dr. Tyson's face, when he is delivering such beautiful concluding words

  • @762mark
    @762mark 20 днів тому +2

    thank you for inviting the world's most brilliant people to share their knowledge with us

  • @Skyweed809
    @Skyweed809 20 днів тому +3

    🤩I love your show🥰, bendición!

  • @setelliott9683
    @setelliott9683 18 днів тому +1

    This was such a good episode and a joy to listen to. Thank you!

  • @randomuser942464
    @randomuser942464 20 днів тому +7

    awesome guest

  • @chelsichrislow9779
    @chelsichrislow9779 20 днів тому +4

    56:22 would love to know how the pluto discussion went which was cut out of the video 😂

    •  19 днів тому

      This! The cut was so apparent 😂 I had to pause and start scrolling down the comments if someone else saw and reacted to it.

  • @miranmartincic7712
    @miranmartincic7712 20 днів тому +2

    Fantastic program, what a lady!

  • @GREGGRCO
    @GREGGRCO 19 днів тому +1

    What a great guest and discussion !! Thank You !!!

  • @nickbarrett2470
    @nickbarrett2470 18 днів тому +2

    Thank you for your beautifully presented talk on a favourite scientific topic of mine.
    May I ask a question? Is Gravity entangled with light?
    Is it’s currency Heat?
    Does Gravity=negative C squared?
    Love from
    A great deal of thought. 😅🎉😂😊

  • @jasonlim1409
    @jasonlim1409 16 днів тому +1

    Wonderful podcast. TQVM!

  • @andresarias1612
    @andresarias1612 20 днів тому

    Loved everything in this video....

  • @castleXgeek
    @castleXgeek 19 днів тому +1

    I love her! She seems so great to talk to and SO knowledgeable! Great episode.

  • @draven_kx7
    @draven_kx7 6 днів тому

    We need Lika back on! Definitely one of my favorite guests

  • @DunwellAntwi
    @DunwellAntwi 20 днів тому +6

    Pure badassry. I love the way she talks about "We're NASA.", though.

  • @burrvisiontv
    @burrvisiontv 19 днів тому

    I was in Poplar Bluff Missouri and the Total Eclipse was Amazingly Speechless

  • @sirlarek
    @sirlarek 20 днів тому

    Its great listening to really bright people!

  • @angiedunlap1152
    @angiedunlap1152 19 днів тому +1

    I love Matt. 😊 Whether he understands the subject matter or not, he is always smiling and along for the ride willing to learn. 💚😁🌞

  • @dolphinfan65
    @dolphinfan65 20 днів тому +5

    Another Woman of science, I now have a CRUSH ON. 😍

    • @SheSweetLikSugarNSavage
      @SheSweetLikSugarNSavage 20 днів тому

      So true, she is lovely and so well refined as a female scientist and youthful in her age. I can see why anyone would crush on her. 😆 I'm always crushing on Neil.

    • @thebestevertherewas
      @thebestevertherewas 17 днів тому

      Indian Middle Aged Scientist is weird fetish my bro

  • @shadhiyiikeremm4649
    @shadhiyiikeremm4649 20 днів тому +8

    QUESTION- What would have to happen for us way down in South Africa to see the Aurora Lights? It can't be impossible. Watching this program, I have concluded that everything is possible in the universe.

    • @tylermcnally8232
      @tylermcnally8232 20 днів тому +1

      No everything is not possible. E.I. no god.

    • @milosstojanovic4623
      @milosstojanovic4623 20 днів тому +1

      ​@@HedonisticPuritan-mp6xv that one exactly. Need to be turned toward Sun when Solar storm is high.

    • @Russia-bullies
      @Russia-bullies 20 днів тому +1

      It isn’t impossible!The Earth’s magnetic field must move for that to happen.It has flipped in the past.According to 1 source,a magnetic pole was at the Atlantic & near Africa,some years ago.So be careful what you wish for.

    • @petrameyer1121
      @petrameyer1121 19 днів тому +1

      It would help if you basically moved more south. You can see them in South America, Australia and New Zealand.

    • @CheeseWyrm
      @CheeseWyrm 19 днів тому

      Contrary to what some folks have suggested - you certainly do NOT need your hemisphere to be pointing towards the sun during a solar storm, NOR do you need the Earth's magnetic poles to flip! As touched on by @petrameyer1121, you simply need to be far enough north to see the Aurora Borealis, OR far enough south to see the Aurora Australis.
      During our recent C5 solar storm activity - the Aurora (Australis) was seen as far north as Townsville in tropical north Queensland, Australia (~ 20 deg south). Typically, the Aurora Australis is seen only much further south (~ 40+ deg) in Tasmania, for example. Based on this recent activity, I think you should've seen Aurora Australis in South Africa ... unless you suffered my fate: cloud cover!

  • @rajanthathomas6009
    @rajanthathomas6009 20 днів тому +1

    Neil should collect all his cosmic perspectives he lays out in startalk and put them into a book !! the cosmic perspective has become for me a way of seriously looking at everything !!

  • @jeremymiller3466
    @jeremymiller3466 20 днів тому +1

    Eeeeshhhh mind fruit for dayzzzzzzz
    This never gets old! 🎉❤

  • @ActiveAquaSPORTSOlympicS-ul1sw
    @ActiveAquaSPORTSOlympicS-ul1sw 19 днів тому +1

    God allmighty this is brilliantly put together, thanks.
    The connection of minds to convey information.

  • @jwiderstra
    @jwiderstra 20 днів тому +2

    23:15 "if we had something like that, who would be measuring it?" In response to g6. That was excellent

  • @enchantedscribbler
    @enchantedscribbler 18 днів тому +1

    Lika is delightful! 🎉🎉🎉

  • @MangoThief868
    @MangoThief868 18 днів тому +26

    Where Tf is chuck

    • @fr4nk15c4
      @fr4nk15c4 17 днів тому +3

      Getting his annual ball check up lol, something about one is bouncier than the other 😂

    • @JohnnyBillstoohigh
      @JohnnyBillstoohigh 16 днів тому +3

      ​@@fr4nk15c4bro you just killed me 💀

  • @robertbull6895
    @robertbull6895 20 днів тому

    Great coverage of current solar activity and potential impacts. Helps explain the challenge in predicting the level of geomagnetic impacts. Consumer understanding of committment to use of satellite, GPS, telecoms , Internet and power for our daily existence without understanding its vulnerabilities to these infrequent events is understandable. Great to see this sharing. Be prepared and know how to execute and implement if or when it does happen is great advice for individuals as much as government and service providers.

  • @MoahGentle
    @MoahGentle 20 днів тому

    Great episode and guest!

  • @supernova1163
    @supernova1163 20 днів тому +1

    Awesome! A new video

  • @What_Other_Hobbies
    @What_Other_Hobbies 18 днів тому +1

    The book between Matt and Lika is "Exploring the Invisible: Art, Science, and the Spiritual - Revised and Expanded Edition"

  • @TonyTube407
    @TonyTube407 19 днів тому

    Very enjoyable episode.

  • @user-hy9nh4yk3p
    @user-hy9nh4yk3p 19 днів тому

    This was just great - all about - a huge subject.
    The expert - is just that - and it was a competent and (for yourselves) - easy exchange - of your interests.
    We will all be inspired - to do some more research. Thank you.
    Fare thee well - on life's journey.

  • @Russia-bullies
    @Russia-bullies 19 днів тому

    Thanks for the good show & guests.

  • @SpecialHillsongWorship
    @SpecialHillsongWorship 19 днів тому

    Lika Guhathakurta is someone who I would love to have a coffee with so as to share in many playful and enlightening conversations.

  • @rbee6507
    @rbee6507 20 днів тому +1

    She's next level! Not just a genius, but a true visionary. And she is exactly correct in her mindset towards AI. The intelligent/logical perspective.

  • @richardmillican7733
    @richardmillican7733 18 днів тому

    Now in my 50s i got back into something that amazed me as a child... Radio.
    Having the freedom of time in my life now, i regret drifting away from that thing that amazed me as a child!! The science behind a subject matter that many believe is approaching obsoletion is overwhelming!!
    Theres something amazing about being able to talk to someone in real time a continent away, as if theyre standing right next to you.
    The reason i clicked onto this video is down to.... Radio!
    Science has so many directions, which are unarguably connected.

  • @debbiehoagland548
    @debbiehoagland548 19 днів тому

    Love Matt Kirshen!

  • @bethwhite2857
    @bethwhite2857 20 днів тому

    Wow Lika great guest... Really enjoyed this video.
    I follow the sun weather being a gardener its important. 🌴🤠

  • @OmarAhmad-gm1uc
    @OmarAhmad-gm1uc 12 днів тому

    I really enjoyed this discussion. Dr Lika is awesome

  • @jimmurphy6095
    @jimmurphy6095 20 днів тому

    Very cool discussion. Thank you Lika!

  • @vulcrized
    @vulcrized 20 днів тому +9

    love Lika's explanation when Neil asks "why doesn't it melt" prior to her true explanation

  • @petebyrdie4799
    @petebyrdie4799 19 днів тому +1

    What a charming, witty and fascinating lady.

  • @palnikhil06
    @palnikhil06 18 днів тому

    Long time admirer of Lika’s work on Sun

  • @isq6672
    @isq6672 18 днів тому +1

    she seems chill af

  • @TheWeatherbuff
    @TheWeatherbuff 16 днів тому

    I've got a science experiment going in my garage in case of a massive CME. It's the galvanized trash can sealed with copper tape thingy. And a bunch of electronics inside. Thanks Lika, for all your excellent explanations!

  • @DaGreenLantern
    @DaGreenLantern 14 днів тому

    Lika is delightful. Have her on more often (smile).

  • @chepad1
    @chepad1 19 днів тому

    Great episode 😊 ☀️

  • @alexcline4378
    @alexcline4378 20 днів тому

    Yes... Great episode.

  • @s-pd8cm
    @s-pd8cm 18 днів тому

    What an incredible discussion that should be presented in every science class