Action Potential, Depolarization, Repolarization, Refractory Period, Physiology Made Easy

▪ Action potential or nerve impulse, also known as membrane potential causes a movement of ions across the cell membrane of a neuron. An action potential has four phases: depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization and refractory period. There are two more states of the membrane potential related to the action potential. The first one is hypo-polarization which precedes the depolarization, while the second one is hyperpolarization, which follows the repolarization.
▪ Cell membrane of the neuron contains thousands of tiny molecules known as sodium potassium channels. These channels allow either sodium or potassium ions to pass through the membrane. generally the channels on the neuron are closed and the membrane is said to be in a resting state. in this state the charge of the inside of the cell membrane is more negative than the outside.
▪ Refractory period is a very short period during which the sodium potassium pump continues to return sodium ions to the outside and potassium ions to the inside of the axon. Thus returning the neuron to resting potential.
▪ So in summary an action potential is just a wave of depolarization and repolarization. it's not an electric current. It's just a series of voltage-gated ion channels open and close.
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Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction to Action Potential
0:20 - Action Potential (Membrane Potential)
0:36 - Action Potential or Nerve impulse
0:52 - Sodium Potassium Channels
1:00 - Resting Potential (Resting Phase)
1:35 - Depolarization State
2:25 - Repolarization State
3:10 - Hyperpolarization State
3:37 - Refractory Period
3:58 - Summary of Action Potential (Membrane Potential)
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thermodynamic treatment of membrane transport ,donian effect and its ph dependence
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