Quantum Computers, Explained With Quantum Physics
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- Опубліковано 7 чер 2021
- Quantum computers aren’t the next generation of supercomputers-they’re something else entirely. Before we can even begin to talk about their potential applications, we need to understand the fundamental physics that drives the theory of quantum computing. (Featuring Scott Aaronson, John Preskill, and Dorit Aharonov.)
For more, read "Why Quantum Computers Are So Hard to Explain": www.quantamagazine.org/why-is...
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Quanta Magazine is an editorially independent publication supported by the Simons Foundation www.simonsfoundation.org/
#quantumphysics #computerscience #quantumcomputer - Наука та технологія
Finally, someone was able to break down quantum computing into something more easily understood such as quantum physics.
😂
I see what you did there
😂
You needn’t make light of this area. Sure it’s small, but I don’t think you fully grasp how extremely massive this field is! The gravity, of quantum computers is currently very empty!
But why does 10 cubits require 16 thousand binary bits for equivalent storage? Is it this: if 'q' is the number of cubits, equivalent binary storage required ( to store each of the 1K results?) is q x 2^q? This is 10240. If our binary storage is always doled out in powers of 2 then the *least* amount required to hold 10240 would be 2^14 or '16K' (ie 16384). Is that right? I'm guessing it is not...
Actually, it was not Feynmann but his colleague, junior and friend Edward Fredkin. It was Fredkin who explain the language of the computer to Feymann and in return, Feymann helped him understand Physics. Fredkin wrote the very first reversible algorithm, and it was his idea to build a quantum computer. He even went further and wrote about the simulation theory of the universe.
Is there a good book/article regarding it?
@@SenapatiM96 not that I am aware of.
Really? I didn't know of any of this. I only knew of the Fredkin gates and his influence on Wolfram's finite state automata
@@ShubhamSingh-lq5bl could you share a link to the panel or any other reference?
You can try jack.D.Hidary's book Quantum computing: an applied approach
For anyone interested in learning more about quantum computer programs (ideally familiar with Linear Algebra first), IBM has a number of guides to quantum computing, a program simulator, and online access to a real quantum computer--all free.
You can literally run programs on a quantum computer in New York from your home. Or Antarctica (yes, someone actually does this from Antarctica).
Thought I'd spread the word a bit. Have fun!
How much of linear algebra should I know first? I am learning it now and am have just finished linear transformations
wow, it seems it might be i signed up.... the other ones charge 30 cents or so a run
What is it used for
Link?
Can it run crysis
I don't exactly know how I got into the "Quantum" rabbit hole, but it's a really fascinating one! I'll admit, I don't understand all of what is covered; I'm probably going to have to watch this multiple times for it to make sense. But this is really fascinating and exciting to see unfold. This must be how those of my grandparent's generation felt when desktop computers were becoming more commonplace!
nothing wrong with not understanding it, willingness to learn is!
It is fascinating to get old and think back to how the world has evolved in many ways ….this being one of them.
Some changes in the world are fascinating and good, others….not so much 😐
Same, I am just here for the headache.
the double slit experiment and bell's inequality might help.
@@ephre Hmmm, bell's inequality and the double slit experiment...never heard of these before! Thank you very much for the recommendations 😀
This channel is so underrated. It's one of the few channels I have the bell on.
This is what the bell is for.
i did not activate their bell but we are the same, i think i only have less than 3 activated bells, looooooooool
Same, but I really hate the bell lol. I don’t use it at all.
That, and any twerk contest.
I kid.
Sort of...
I work on old powerplants, and the old blueprints, which we still use, all have handwriting like that. Pretty cool stuff
1:44 That is simply the most beautiful handwriting I've ever seen. (And/or an average font)
honestly
Kudos to the motion graphics editor in this video. They really aided comprehension here.
Thank you! This is the first explanation of quantum computing I've seen that goes to this level of depth but is still understandable by the layman who knows a little bit about quantum physics. Most sources just say "superposition, voila."
The content is very professional
But he used the word “alien” to describe quantum particles.
@@payvibaby lol, it's alien tho considering how much more there are to know about them! I would say a lifetime isn't enough. It's the legacy of ages. :)
@@payvibaby it's a quantum alien, so by definition it's way cooler, will genererate you money and makes your statement converge to 'max professional' by nature
true!
of course it still falls victim to quantum woo gibberish but its to the minimun so that's ok
I wish someone could explain how a quantum computer REALLY works, instead of showing us these visualizations tho
@@-_Nuke_- Read books
I think this high quality content with zero hype will be very motivating for people that want to study this topic properly. Thanks! 👏
This is the BEST explanation I've seen in almost 2 decades of just HOW a quantum computer actually works. I've understood the concept, but for the laymen this is the most useful breakdown I've seen, and in just under 10 minutes, well done sirs.
This is much more of what it does, not the nuts and bolts of how it does it.
But then you don't really need to know about stoichiometry to drive a car (that's fuel air ratio)
There is one online that you can play with for free, and a simulator too if you don't want to queue.
Searchb IBM quantum
I’m reasonably intelligent and well read, but I reached the end of the presentation with no idea what I was supposed to get from it. Sigh, back to the drawing board 😅
@@alst4817
I appreciate your honesty. There are 3 sets of people who effusively complement these sorts of deep-dive pedagogical nightmares.
1. People who already understand, or have the background to quickly understand.
2. People who want to make social points that they understand.
3. People who got it completely wrong but it suffices them that they _think_ they understand.
Quantum physicist walks into a bar. Bartender says, "Weren't you here tomorrow?"
Quantum physicist says, "No, but I'll be back yesterday."
That was the funniest unfunny Joke I have ever not heard until I heard it
That quantum computation animation thing was really great. I wish you could made more about it
The content on this channel is always good and simplified.
amazing. It should be twice as long! I crave more high quality quanta videos!!
I have heard some of this before, but the standard explanation with "qubits store all the values from 0-1" or "do all the computations at once is the simplistic explanation that is repeated so often that the only thing I can really remember is "that is not how it actually works". I hope this video and the article on the website is something that will help me remind of more details.
Great video...Props to the animation team for making such good visual effects :)
This is the best explanation of quantum computers I've seen so far. And I've seen a lot of them.
Keep up the great work scientists! I don't know much about physics, but I'm proud that there are good people keeping us moving forward.
More than you know my friend. My physics professor in university was a researching nuclear physicist and told us things that really made us question reality and how everything is so complex yet so orderly at the same time
Thank God he's the real genius that gives us everything and knows everything until the end of time. We are just small idiots without him
I would argue this is the single best short introductory video on quantum computers. Absolutely phenomenal work by Quanta here. Preskill and Aaronson are top minds in the field by any measure. The information is accurate and beautifully presented. 10/10!
Finally , the best video that explains the concepts, I' ve spent months looking thru Quantum vendors, for a good video. This is by far the best!.Quantum Computing Companies, should have this video as general intro.!!! great job
Best video I've seen so far explaining what quantum computing is. Most try to simplify using confusing analogies.
"it is not unreasonable to imagine that information sits at the core of physics, just as it sits at the core of a computer"
-John Archibald Wheeler (1911-2008)
been watching documentries on quantum theories since i was eight but have to watch this a few more times to fully take it in
I like the ending statement about when we “have a quantum computer to play with”, makes me look forward to what our world will come up with next 🥳
well explained and mad fascinating! subbed!💯✨🙌🏻
Wow, this is awesome! Can I ask, what software is used to make these animations?
Thanks! Our animators used Cinema 4D and Adobe After Effects. Some of the effects were also done using Trapcode.
@@QuantaScienceChannel Thanks! Will certainly be learning them this summer:)
@@liberatednow6013 Ill be learning wondershare (beginner)
@@liberatednow6013 q
@@aznanimegob ditch that go for Adobe premier
Humanity is always at its best when it walks towards darkness. Glad to see people out there doing what is truly hard.
Please elaborate 'darkness' hehe
@@userou-ig1ze Unknown and unpredictable. Science is way too much about politics and admin these days.
I know right! This is the true science without all that political bs. Just pure excitement, curiousity, and real work.
You all made it political, it wouldn’t be a surprise at all that y’all would use the qubits as evidence of non binary gender
would love a breakdown in the engineering/design aspect of the chandelier. How the loops and tiers play a role and achieve close to absolute zero.
Misplaced hype around quantum computers often stem from a grave misunderstanding of how they function. In a column for Quanta, computer scientist Scott Aaronson (featured in this video) disentangles these oversimplifications: www.quantamagazine.org/why-is-quantum-computing-so-hard-to-explain-20210608/
Thank you for creating concise content that doesn't indulge in the hand-waving quantum hype!
What makes quantum computing so hard to explain? It's just pure science fiction fantasy. As in there is actually no hard details or explanation of how any of it would work, just wild claims. Things you have never heard about quantum computing. The idea was manipulating quantums to make custom made atoms with ideal properties for even better transistors than silicon. Obviously that's in the realm of science fiction fantasy. At best what you can do with real science and engineering is purify silicon. The tiny amount of trace impurities may actually be abnormal silicon or defect at the subatomic or quantum level. That's called a theory. It's not been verified. At best it's an educated guess. There is actually no hard details for quantum computing because it's pure fantasy and why it's difficult to explain or understand past wild claims.
@@starbase51shiptestingfacil97 Quantum computers are based on very well tested and verified science. We already have a working quantum computer that anyone can use, at IBM. We don't live in the 18th century anymore, wake up!
@@svendkorsgaard9599 Well said!! This technology will transform human civilisation.
@@starbase51shiptestingfacil97 Thank you SO much for taking me back to the old days of "reading incoherent trolls in the IOP article comments!" Good times!
I didn't understand a word of this video but i can say its the best video i have seen on UA-cam so far .
These videos are so good!
You are here too. I literally just now saw your comment on another video. I forgot which video because of my trash memory. Btw your videos are very interesting, I subscribed. Other than the Valorant agent Reyna, I have never seen that name before. Quite cool.
You’re so good
I keep seeing u on the videos I watch aha
Really interesting, got me curious of how exactly are those amplitudes manipulated. I think it would be great if there is another video with a simple example.
Probably through electromagnetic impulses and effects similar to magnetic resonance but I could be wrong
Through predetermined rf microwave signals
Bravo!! That's the best presentation I've seen on this particular issue. You've just gained another new subscriber! Warmest Regards to all who are watching this, instead of the football, lol!
Extraordinary video and explanation. We are going further and further into the future with this. A Quantum time machine.
Great video and amazing explanation from outstanding researchers, thank you quanta magazine !
This video is so well done, approved (I'm a quantum optics physics major)
What an amazing country we live in where scientists who are working on this and my neighbor who can't read or write have the same rights and law's. This is truly a just and an amazing country. Idk why it popped into my head but it did.
This answered all my questions on quantum computing - thank you!!
finally understood how the qubit works, great video
I was watching another video on quantum computing that said every time you added another Qubit it double the the overall processing power of the computer. If I'm remembering that correctly and that is true that's *amazing!*
If you think that 1,000,000 + 1,000,000 = 2,000,000 is a million times the "power" of one plus one makes two, then yes, it's amazing.
Awesome video. Some of the best and most accurate brief explanations of quantum computing out there.
Believe me they have no idea what's in stored for them.🤭😳🤔😎
Awe-inspiring video! Thank you greatly, I loved it!
Nice video, quantum computers are so weird to me I find the need to watch many different explanations to reach an elementary comprehension of the concept
This is such a great explanation of such a complex topic!!
Clean and precise information. Thanks quanta Magazine
Thanks for the visual aspects, they definitely help.
Amazing. I can’t wait to see what humanity can learn from further exploration into the quantum realm.
Quantum computers will probably be used for A I
@@alejandrosanchez9258 agreed! That would make AI a multidimensional form of artificial life.
@@void5239 imagine playing video games on quantum computer.
Humanity? You mean you human beings ? Us GODS don't need computers
@@Slawwyd maybe humans are just computers designed by the gods…
Finally understood!! 💛 A relief. Thank you guys
Thanks for the Good presentation.
Scott was to the point. Great
What is often not explained (including in this video) is how extremely difficult (or impossible) it will be to program these quantum computers and the entanglement interference from the ambient environment. Information = energy. The laws of thermodynamics will hold and ensure that a tremendous amount of energy has to be input to harness the computing power.
Remember how big and how much energy old classical computers had to use? Now look at your phone in your pocket. Things will change
Beautiful! I enjoy this type of content when I'm stoned.
probably the best laymans explanation on youtube and I STILL can't understand quantum computers!! i wonder if I ever will
This is basically saying that nothing is random, if you have a construct of every possible outcome, quantum mechanics is beautiful
In my work we build simulation models. A very important part of building models is the use of assumptions - information that is not necessarily true or accurate but allows the model to work well enough to produce useful results. Quantum mechanics has indeed produced useful results over its 100 year history but there is a catch. We have forgotten that the assumptions of the quantum model are not actually laws of nature: they are ASSUMPTIONS. surprise surprise. Quantum physics is a mathematical model created to understand the behaviour of the election as observed in the hydrogen atom. These assumptions while they "work" defy common sense and the greater body of physical observation. Let us not confuse that they are assumption and not reality. There are classical explanations for the so called proof experiments by modelling the election in a way that appreciates it with form and substance. The unveiling of this true understanding will be the dawn of a wonderfull revolution in science. Let us stop chasing mirage assumptions in the hope that they are real
The call to the IT department when its not working:
-"have you tried turning it off and turning it on similtaneously at the same time?"
I can’t say I understand it, but it does give me a deeper appreciation.
finally ive been looking for an answer of how it works further than just saying entanglement and superposition and this did it
9:13 when a physicist says im not sure if there's any money to be made that's when you know there's money to be made
Will be made money by 2029. Ibm will make an operational Problem solve quantum computer in 2029.
@@henriquefern67 there are already companies making money off this and have built servers with quantum computing. 2029? What are you on about?
@@richbob9155 none of one Quantum computers are really useful. And many agrees that it may never be really useful. Its more like fusion reactors: always 30 years away. But ibm claims that by 2029 it will be helpful. But many scientists still doubt. Today its only hype
Amazing work Quanta, we need more content like this.
So we gonna figure out what to do with the machine after we build it! Wow👍🏽
That was incredible. I watched all nine minutes and fifty eight seconds and still have absolutely no idea of how quantum computers work.
I didn't really understand that 😂😂 fascinating nonetheless. Also, please, more content like this.
Great content! But this video leaves me with more questions though. Eg, how would one describe the concept of Amplitudes mathematically? Why would you need 16000 bits to describe the outcome of 1024 qubits?
Good question, the video didn't explain that. One classical bit can be in one of two states and 10 classical bits can collectively be in one of 2^10 states. But one Qbit can be in a superposition of 2 states which I suppose would classically be stored with 2 complex floating point numbers and 10 Qbits can be in a superposition of 2^10 (classical) states which would have to be stored with 2^10 complex floating point numbers. (I am not an expert, but I guess technically due to normalization and irrelevance of the phase it could be two fewer in both cases.)
Amplitude is a math term and it means the height of a periodic function. E.g. 2*cos(x) has amplitude 2, and 3*e^(i*x) has amplitude 3.
I am also wondering about the calculation of bits though!
Mathematically we can think of a qubit as a vector in C^2, then when we have two entangled qubits you take the tensor product and need a vector in C^4. Add another qubit and you end up in C^8... So the dimension goes up by 2^n, with n the number of qubits. The output of the algorithm is this "state vector" from which you can read the probabilities. If you want to simulate this on classical hardware you're essentially doing matrix multiplications with vectors, but the matrices are of the size 2^n by 2^n, which is extremely slow and requires too much memory for n>32 or so
Due to the superposition the assumption could be that a classical computer would have to store all 2^10 numbers at the same time. So my guess would be that on a computer integer numbers come in 8, 16, 32 and 64 bit packages. Since 8 bit is to less, the next step - 16 bit (called short) - is considered to store a 10 bit number...? So take 1024 16bit numbers and in order to store all possible states at once
Finally, but watch Arvin Ash also. The order depends on what you know about QM but together, you'll be much much closer to conceptualizing what it's doing, and a little closer in his it could work. I think that's the key.
You can create a superposition by simply running the rand function and calculations client side but from the server side it is viewed as the data storage being in a superposition of all the clients states
Your videos are awesome ❤
Love this! So well presented!
Down to a nutshell for people who don't understand quantum math just imaging your current understanding of binary bits as if viewing something only in 2D like for example a comic or a book, now imaging you're given a holographic 3D television. That's the leap between the two, it's the next level the next spike of technology growth.
Nice. An explanation of a simple example quantum circuit or algorithm would be more interesting and helpful.
I love these videos. I’m so excited to see where this technology ends up taking us.
Quantum computers are the new Fusion reactors.
See you in 70 years guys.
Better 70 years than never.
It's like convincing people to give you hundreds of millions of dollars to write Pi in its entirety. Now I know why Germany now has a "quantum computer". It's just a really clever way to steal tax money.
U ment 70000 years?
@bug404 the self-teabagger Don't expect too much, quantum computers won't be a miracle or a "true" AI like in scy-fi movies.
Also, we don't need them to build the "other", since we already have many of them (already built or in construction) aroung the world right now (ITER in France, Russia, Germany, China, India, USA with Lockeed Martin and many others, ect), it's just that they can't maintain the chain reaction more than 30s x') And still can't produce more energy than what they require to work yet.
With luck, in 30 years Fusion reactors will be a reality before the first commercial quantum computer.
@thebug404 Narcissist Bullshitter When a "revolutionary" invention is announced but the only ones buying it are governments, it's pretty obvious it's a scam. Why would google build and sell it instead of keeping it for themselves? Why are all big tech companies working together on the projects? These companies would never reveal their secrets to their competitors. Unless there's no secret and it's all a ruse to steal tax money. Keep on believing my friend.
I hope it will be a breakthrough for the man kind in calculating the future possibilities..
Or in simple language as shown in many movies..
'It will help us to see the future', by the help of this super fast compution capability..
why would you want to see the future?
Interesting explanation, made simple but rigorous
I don’t know why I’m here. I don’t even understand how regular computers work.
Same! But I am fascinated nonetheless….
I was just telling some friends how I understood quantum computers to work, and then I watched this video to make sure that the information I'd given them was actually correct. The wave function for my explanation appears to have collapsed in my favor.
Thank you for the briefing
Each time I watch a video explaining how quantum computers work, I actually find a lecture on qubits, nothing more. Over and over again and again. I have yet to find a presentation that actually explains how the quantum computer works in real time. Does it have a CPU, a keyboard (input device), a monitor or printer (output device), memory storage, or anything that remotely relates to its function as a computer? I would really love to know.
if we can somehow use quantum entanglement to transport information from a place to another instantly it would be crazy like we can use it between stars or even galaxies
This is unfortunately not possible because even if you measure a spin of a particle and the opposite spin is therefor existent in the other particle in entanglement, the reader of the particle would have to communicate the spin of the particle to the other observer at a message of or slower than the speed of light, as superposition cannot be controlled and is completely randomized on observation.
Quantum mechanics itself forbids this, as does special relativity. Therefore, its impossible
I would like to become a Quantum Physicist, this science is truly incredible.
Good luck!
@@chuco915C Thanks!
When you do be sure to tell me the secrets of the universe that you discover.
I hope you're good at math. Like, really good. It's tough stuff. I thought I was really good at math until I encountered quantum mechanics and then I realized nope, I'm just a little better than average.
@@timinator1178 Yeah, the maths is difficult, but I think it is possible to learn and use those difficult maths. I'm good at math, but I can always get better. In my free time I try to learn more about quaternions, topology, calculus, and more about all other branches of mathematics, I realize that in order to figure out quantum physics, I'm going to need at least above average skills in math.
This is absolutely amazing. And such complex concepts to normal people like us becomes a little bit easier when we have access to information so beatiful desinged and expressed like in this video. And everytime gets harder to understand how deep is this and how it can drive us to knowing the behaviour of all the pieces of our universe. Thank you so much. Good information is only spread by blessed people.
Well explained with animations
A Russian mathematician Yuri Manin was one of the first to propose the idea of a quantum computer in 1980 with his book “Computable and Uncomputable”.
6:31 where does 16,000 come from??? how do you get to that number? lol, you just say things without providing any explanation to anything.
I'm pretty sure most already know what lies behind those doors by now. I appreciate you
Pretty metaphoric, i wanna know how the computers are build, what material is used for what reasons, and which parts add together
The more videos I watch about quantum computing, the less I understand quantum computing
I've always struggled understand the output of quantum computing and this video has maybe made the answer more accessible.
While the Q computer is general purpose in that it can be programmed, the output is more like an analog computer rather than digital?
The output is still 0 or 1 hence digital. However the intermediate states that re used for operations are analog. The challenge is to coordinate these analog states to converge with high probability to particular digital output
I'm currently a computer science student and i loved physics in the previous semesters and I always thought that the classical bits is an inefficient way for the computation there has to be a way for efficient computation. with that power of computation we can be able to find the reverse probability of every atom in the universe ever existed time before time and can be able to calculate the structure of universe of the edge of big bang.
but there will be a vast vast number of outcomes and we can shortlist them to very few one by de-bootstrapping them. and then we can picture the universe when its born.
Excellent introduction, thank you.
Two questions from a total novice
1) Does this open the door to -1 possibilities in previously binary computer programming?
2) Does the relationship between particles and/or waves become more of a predictable enmeshment rather than simple entanglement when that relationship has been definitively observed?
1) You can imagine binary computers using the values -1 and 1, while quantum computers could use i, -i and everything in between as long as you don't observe the state (you might imagine e^i representation of a circle)
2. When something is quantum is observed, the quantum state has definitively collapsed.
@@XGD5layer so that’s why we can’t see more dimensions…
Holy cow, I loved this video
I have a master's in quantum chemistry, and this video is not bad, but it still reminds me of a vague, nonsensical jargon-filled speech of managers who use programming jargon without understanding it.
Also I have never encountered a good explanation, nor have I fully grasped the concept myself as clearly as one would dream to understand.
Sir plz make a video on non linear optical materials.
I've had this weird pet theory about creating a "block" of not numbers, but rather computational algorithms. Arranging them from simplistic to complex in a series. The idea being, you send a series of formula through with a substitution of all potential functions being mad-lib'd with this block of algorithms. The result of which, I feel would potentially map out the potential patterns hidden in numbers and by relation the potential avenues of travel quantum computations are utilizing to reach a proof.
Plot twist: this computer does not support gta 5 💀
This is truly fascinating.
Watching these videos makes me feel like I'm taking the 'Smooth Talker' perk in Fallout 2: I get +1 for intelligence but only for the purpose of dialogue and not for any practical understanding or use.
Great content! Keep it up team. However, most of it went directly on top of my head. I'm not qualified enough to understand this. I'm trying to understand quantum mechanics, I hope someday I will be able to. :D
Your best bet is a textbook and a formal background in classical physics. Unfortunately, you really can't understand much from youtube videos, although they can certainly be a useful supplement.
@@quixoticcarrot3998 thanks for your advice! Would you mind suggesting some good books for the same?