How Quantum Computers Break The Internet... Starting Now
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- Опубліковано 19 бер 2023
- A quantum computer in the next decade could crack the encryption our society relies on using Shor's Algorithm. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
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A huge thank you to those who helped us understand this complex field and ensure we told this story accurately - Dr. Lorenz Panny, Prof. Serge Fehr, Dr. Dustin Moody, Prof. Benne de Weger, Prof. Tanja Lange, PhD candidate Jelle Vos, Gorjan Alagic, and Jack Hidary.
A huge thanks to those who helped us with the math behind Shor’s algorithm - Prof. David Elkouss, Javier Pagan Lacambra, Marc Serra Peralta, and Daniel Bedialauneta Rodriguez.
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References:
Joseph, D., et al. (2022). Transitioning organizations to post-quantum cryptography. Nature, 605(7909), 237-243. - ve42.co/Joseph2022
Bernstein, D. J., & Lange, T. (2017). Post-quantum cryptography. Nature, 549(7671), 188-194. - ve42.co/Bernstein2017
An Insight, An Idea with Sundar Pichai - Quantum Computing, Wold Economic Forum via UA-cam - ve42.co/QCWEFyt
Migrating to Post-Quantum Cryptography, The White House - ve42.co/PQCWhiteHouse
Kotas, W. A. (2000). A brief history of cryptography. University of Tennessee - ve42.co/Kotas2000
Hellman, M. (1976). New directions in cryptography. IEEE transactions on Information Theory, 22(6), 644-654. - ve42.co/Hellman1976
Rivest, R. L., Shamir, A., & Adleman, L. (1978). A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems. Communications of the ACM, 21(2), 120-126. - ve42.co/Rivest1978
Kak, A. (2023). Lecture 12: Public-Key Cryptography and the RSA Algorithm - ve42.co/Kak2023
Calderbank, M. (2007). The RSA Cryptosystem: History, Algorithm, Primes. University of Chicago. - ve42.co/Calderbank2007
Cryptographic Key Length Recommendation, Keylength - ve42.co/KeyLength
Coppersmith, D. (2002). An approximate Fourier transform useful in quantum factoring. arXiv preprint quant-ph/0201067. - ve42.co/Coppersmith2002
Quantum Fourier Transform, Qiskit - ve42.co/Qiskit
Shor, P. W. (1994, November). Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring. In Proceedings 35th annual symposium on foundations of computer science (pp. 124-134). IEEE. - ve42.co/Shor1994
Shor’s algorithm, Wikipedia - ve42.co/ShorWiki
Euler’s totient function, Wikipedia - ve42.co/EulerWiki
Asfaw, A. (2020). Shor’s Algorithm Lecture Series, Qiskit Summer School - ve42.co/ShorYT
How Quantum Computers Break Encryption, minutephysics via UA-cam - ve42.co/PQCmpyt
Breaking RSA Encryption - an Update on the State-of-the-Art, QuintessenceLabs - ve42.co/QuintessenceLabs
O'Gorman, J., & Campbell, E. T. (2017). Quantum computation with realistic magic-state factories. Physical Review A, 95(3), 032338. - ve42.co/OGorman2017
Gidney, C., & Ekerå, M. (2021). How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers in 8 hours using 20 million noisy qubits. Quantum, 5, 433. - ve42.co/Gidney2021
2021 Quantum Threat Timeline Report, Global Risk Institute - ve42.co/QuantumRisk
The IBM Quantum Development Roadmap, IBM - ve42.co/IBMQC
Post-Quantum Cryptography, Computer Security Resource Center (NIST) - ve42.co/CSRCPQC
Alagic, G., et al. (2022). Status report on the third round of the NIST post-quantum cryptography standardization process. US Department of Commerce, NIST. - ve42.co/Alagic2022
Thijs, L. (2015). Lattice cryptography and lattice cryptanalysis - ve42.co/Thijs2015
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Tj Steyn, Meg Noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Elliot Miller, Jerome Barakos, M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin, Jr., Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi.
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Written by Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Filmed by Raquel Nuno
Animated by Ivy Tello & Mike Radjabov
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily Zhang
As a science educator you should be particularly proud of this video. I've never seen this topic explained anywhere close to as good as what this video does. Kudos!
I totally agree !
There's Minutephysics who did it years ago.
Kurzgesagt did a very good video on quantum computers as well
Except for the fact that 95% of the viewers will NOT be able to keep up with it, and thus will get nothing out of it.
Our schools suck. You should be embarrassed. You people let down the whole country during covid.
I know this video is probably not going to beat the black balls reservoir or some of your other viral hits, but this is really one of the most impressive pieces of science communication you've made over the many years I followed your channel. These are some incredibly difficult to understand concepts and you really made them make sense. I watched a bunch of videos on RSA and quantum computing, but I never quite got it. Now I get it.
This video should get that many views and more. 💯
black balls? 🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣
@@kingdong7517 on what website could I find this video?
@@kingdong7517 Yeah, 96 million of them! Derek's black balls are his most popular video! It has almost as many views as there is balls in it.
@@Viniter Hahaha. I feel so immature laughing at balls.
With Veritasium videos it’s always so much fun getting to spend 20 minutes pretending like I understand what’s happening…but with this one I couldn’t even pretend.
Glad i'm not alone in this one
We are the top 70%
Exactly 💯😅
I do the same 😂
You can pretend and not pretend simultaneously
Man! As someone who fumbled through high school and university maths, I can say confidently that my biggest issue was visualising each topic and steps required in between. Identifying the problem and understand the goal I could do but it was the intricate workings in between and showing my work was what I struggled with. These animations and the commentary compliments my style of learning and I wish I had this at school. Brillian video on a very complicated yet exciting topic!
That's why they're preaching learning styles now. They need to do better our kids are our future
There should be like an award for how much effort a creator puts into a single video on UA-cam.
its amazing its like a A+++ project for a final. and the great references!!!!
There is, you watching it!
there is it's called a youtube award
This isn't the winner though. He has much more amazing productions
@@Dude-Smellmyhelmet Like which one? I feel like this one has the most stuff in it compared to videos he made recently.
This is the best explanation of how quantum superiority breaks the RSA algorithm (and also the best explanation of a possible solution to the problem) I have ever heard. I know how hard it is to teach a complicated subject in a clear and simple manner. Well done!
Indeed, excellent graphics
@sundog aurora I saw it somewhere else 😂
💰
❤ Agree 100%%%%
clear and simple you say?
me: nods in caveman
I wish my college computer science classes (math and physics as well!) were taught as eloquently and understandably as how this concept was taught in this video. It takes some brilliance and talent to simplify a complex concept in a way that most people would understand. Wonderful job.
I was looking for an explanation which steps through a realistic computation application.. and all other videos were just incomplete or the creators didn't grasp the basics well enough to do so. They resort to lazy summaries. This video is a gem.
He explained Cryptography, Quantum Computing, RSA algorithm and many more in a single video!! We should be grateful that he's providing this content for free.
Adsense.... Except it got demo....... By yt
by doing analogies ,its not hard
Yes and no. The problem is that we have these theoretical mathematical concepts that work in these hypothetical situations we construct, between these finite and infinite sets, yet how do we logically constrain and manipulate these quantum variables in a translatable and meaningful way? We create these incredibly uniform states and measure such limited, inaccurate characteristics - have we really advanced anything about our ability to compute, here? Sure, we could theoretically perform multiple operations and read/write data based on measurable states stored in the existence of "particles" on a scale much greater than our current finite computing systems, but there is a reason this has been a concern for the last 18 years with little progress towards true weaponization - the results are still horrendously inaccurate and meaningless - how do you quantify the infinite gradient of results into our finite computational understanding? All we have really done, as far as this specific video is concerned, is highlighted fundamental flaws in RSA and general asymmetric trust-based encryption, which is something we can simulate with a normal binary super-computer. There is no magic here - we are either purposefully blinding ourselves in order to acquire grant money to perpetuate meaningless quantum computing research or unintentionally confusing ourselves by finding different and terribly inefficient ways of computing basic set theory and calculus problems.
If not, someone else would on youtube?
How is that the case, sir? There are more detailed information available online as well.
As someone who absolutely detested math in every level of education I’m blown away by the fact I’m able to follow and understand this because your explanation and presentation is simple yet detailed.
That's because math isn't taught be people who know how to teach math. Math teachers can only really teach towards other math-minded people. Like about the 15-25% of kids who have a natural math aptitude. The remaining 75%-85% of us have all sorts of trouble. Math pedagogy is shitty.
@@butterfacemcgillicutty as a math like I’ve experienced that with my other classmates
I got to 9-minutes in, and my brain switched off. In 47 years, I have never found a day where algebra is needed in my life.
I only got the last part, everything else was russianese to me.
@@badhippo Well, without it you would not be writing this comment, because you would probably be a serf. Be grateful that it exists, and perhaps also grateful that you have a life easy enough that you do not have to bother to use it.
Just as a fun little exercise, I wanted to see if I could do the classical version of Shor's algorithm in python just to see what makes it so difficult and time consuming.
I can see how even for relatively small multiples of two primes, g^r can get very big, very fast before you find a case where g^r = N mod 1.
For example, I tried N = 38243, which is 167*229, and started with a "guess" of g = 7. The cycle is 18924 steps long. So, the first case where g^r = N mod 1 is 7^18924, a number that is nearly twice as long as UA-cam's comment character limit if I were to write it out.
It takes several seconds for my laptop to calculate it in Python. I can see that even for fairly modest sized primes with tens of digits, it would get very computationally difficult.
underrated comment
I didn't understood what u said
@@asheshgupta4845 Finding the two prime factors for one of these numbers gets hard fast. Shor's algorithm is inefficient on a regular computer. For even two moderately small primes, even a supercomputer won't be able to solve it in a reasonable amount of time.
I almost never comment on videos, but this one is so great that I can't resist. Not only it points out to the problem which other videos about quantum computing just simply avoiding (i.e. internet security) but it also great to explain in simple math terms how it can happen. Majority of people seem to be so exited about what "great things" quantum computing can give, that they 're forgetting about dangers of creating one powerful enough. Well, science history repeats again and again. Best part is that video mentions possible solutions to problems and leave concerned viewers with feel that we're not alone and there are other concerned parties which working on such solutions. Great explanation of both problem statement, technical details and possible solutions.
Unbelievable how effectively you can summarize
Hi
website is good
hlw
Nice
DO NOT POST ANY REPLY! DO NOT MENTION ANYTHING ABOUT TIMEBUCKS OR I WILL REJECT YOUR SUBMISSION, JUST THUMBS UP AND THATS IT!
The existence of quantum resistance algorithms is very important to note. But the idea that stuff is being saved now that doesn't use those methods is interesting. Hadn't thought of that before.
might see a period of criminals cracking this data and extorting other criminals. wild
I would not worry much about it. My classic computer with classic piece of software can brake 20y old database in (mili)seconds. Nobody cares much about it. I guess the same will happen 20y in future. But scaremongering bring lots of views=money.
Fun fact. NISS is in the process of standardizing post quantum cryptography. We already know which algorithms will be used in a decade.
@@robertbloch1063 Yeah but also 20 years ago people didn’t have their entire lives and businesses online
It feels like in tenet where we are fighting with the future.
You and your team are doing a fantastic job by explaining such a complex topic in a crystal clear way
yo, ur videos are actually so good, i been learning so much from them, fr, thank you for makin them
You just managed to explain half a semester of QIT in a single video. This is absolutely fantastic! I wish I'd had this video back in college!
Someone (not me) would say you need that semesters half to understand it
@@Attewir Hey, I'm the someone
What’s QIT
Quantum information theory
All QIT is missing is U!
Dude, I went to the International Math Olympiad and this stuff is hard for me. The fact that you're trying to teach this shows incredible respect for your audience.
I usually have youtube on the background while doing other stuff. Not this video....
What city was the math Olympiad held in when you went
A firm understanding of the basics of quantum theory is more relevant in this video than math, I guess.
This video worried me so much because almost all of it went over my head really fast. Your comment gave me solace, thank you.
Nice. I was stuck on the Nationals :( and yea it’s tricky. And I do Real Analysis / Topology
I tried to have this on in the background, I have no idea what just happened.
All of the Veritasium’s videos are so variable and each one covers its own specific and unique aspect of science. This video is another great example! Thank you once again for explaining a difficult, interesting and promising topic with smart simplicity, great presentation and a gist in every sentence of yours❤
I study physics and have written my Bachelor thesis about Shor's algorithm and its implementation on the quantum computers that are accessible online via IBM Quantum. Great explanation and visualization!
_In 20 minutes, Derek explains public/private key cryptography and the effect quantum computing has on it better than anyone I have heard in the last 10 years! This is an insanely great visualization of the topic._
but does it matter tho
@@akjohnny5997 Does anything matter, does having the ability to cook matter when someone can do it for you, does it matter if you work when people can donate you money outside instead of working.
Veritasium is known to present scientific information in a biased and sensationalized manner that is meant to generate views and engagement rather than provide accurate information (surprised?):
Use of clickbait titles? ✅
Oversimplification of complex concepts? ✅
Cherry-picking of evidence to support a predetermined narrative? ✅
Tends to overemphasize the significance of certain findings or theories, while downplaying or ignoring evidence that contradicts them? ✅
Veritasium is often wrong because it prioritizes entertainment value over scientific accuracy. This can lead to the propagation of misconceptions and misinformation.
Veritasium's oversimplification of complex concepts can lead to a lack of real understanding among viewers, which can hinder scientific progress and innovation.
It is important for science communicators to prioritize accuracy and objectivity over entertainment value to ensure that scientific information is presented in a way that is both engaging and informative.
@@flintfrommother3gaming sorry about Hinawa
@@akjohnny5997 Does your identity matter? Your possessions? Job? Privacy?
I'm a CS student and have been trying to understand this concept recently, but the explanations I've found in the internet have been too complex. This was the best explanation I've found. I'm not sure if I understand everything you said but I understood most of it. Thanks!
Instead of bits, we now have qubits, 0 and 1 until measured, a superstition state until measured. Once measured and revealed, the qbits can possibly be 0 and 1 in many probabilities.
GPT4...
Just imagine the logical gateway that remains in both states simultaneously.
That's basically it from the IT perspective.
@@Jesse-jp8bt can it be 0 and 1 at the same time?
Like PBS space time. 😂
Wow
Your comprehension and presentation style is out of this world.
Thank you so much for taking the time to make these videos❤
Phenomenal video as always. Fantastic channel that I keep referring to when I have no clue over a subject. Thanks for the clarity and the visuals :)
Idk how you managed to make a video about mostly math feel like a high stakes scene in a movie where the characters uncover something revolutionary, but some combination of music shifts, your tone, the visuals, and of course the actual arrangement of the content itself, accomplished this. Wonderfully done. It's a really cool thing to have skills/knowledge/research both in a highly technical area and in the realm of art and emotion. Making those things combine well is rarely done and highly valuable imo.
After watching countless videos trying to understand this topic, this is honestly the only one that I can follow through! Well done and please keep cranking more videos. Thank you so much!
Keep it up. Happy to see your support to the channel.
Love to see the support!
you need to understand the (mostly simple) math behind those algo to truly appreciate what's going on
@@orion_cinema Go make your own money.
@@orion_cinema< former scammer found
I just love the way you make difficult concepts look so easy.
My brain isnt braining
I've always thought of quantum computers as being some sort of magic box that does something with superposition to get an answer through brute-forcing every input at once. This video finally made me realize that the answer itself must also be in a superposition, so the result you're looking for can't just be 1 of the possible states; it has to be encoded across all of the possible states so that you can still retrieve it after the superposition collapses. This really shines some light on what kinds of problems quantum computers are actually useful for.
Actually your comment made me understand that portion of the video.
Isn't this videos title misleading/wrong because of infinite monkey theorom?
@@SerratedPVP How does that: "The Infinite Monkey Theorem", apply to this video?
I feel like you have something to contribute, but you didn't explain your thought well enough.
The title is mostly true, because much of the internet works through end-to-end encryption noted by the "locked" symbol in your web address bar(at least seen through Chrome on a PC). Quantum computers, which will be basically a supercomputer multiplied, could figure out the encryption key used in the internet session fast enough for your session to be intercepted. Whereas a supercomputer today COULD figure out your encryption key for your session, but much slower and therefore it'd take much longer and burn up a lot of resources(time, electricity, etc.).
I think our current batch of "AIs" could speed up the rate at which quantum computers "break" current encryption standards, so I hope they get new encryption figured out fast! 😅
@@megamanx466 I explained it in great length in another post, I will copy paste, I hope it is not too nuanced lol.
Encryption isn't like a key to a door, where it either twists or not. Encryption will always kick back gibberish, so how do we know we've broken the encryption?
Essentially Infinite monkey theorem. (crazy nuanced explanation, you can skip and come back if you're confused, I thought it was a fun thought experiment too.)
We have a "pocket dimension" box full of billions of keys, we use these keys on our magical portal encryption door, in search for our childhood bedroom. We go through millions of rooms, (sorta like in monster inc,) most of them looking crazy, unworldly and even unsafe. Finally peering into a room that looks like the one, we pause and step in. Our protagonist doesn't have a great recollection, unbenounced to him, this is not his childhood bedroom, it's just a randomly generated room that he has been fooled by. In that pocket dimension full of keys there were another thousand like it.
Isn't it still possible that a quantum computer with it's goal aimed at breaking encryption would also generate these "hallucinations" / results that were plausible but not the case?
@@SerratedPVP I don't think you understand the problem here. Here, we know N. It is the product of two primes, p and q. If we can find p and q then we can decode the message.
In the case where we did NOT know N and we just tried to decode the message by checking all possible primes p and q. Then, we may produce these "hallucinations".
Studying Cryptography was my favourite thing to do in my whole 4 year college period and I was always fascinated by how RSA algorithm was so simple yet so resistant to brute force attacks.
finding p and q from just N is hard, but we have no proof it's as hard as discrete log (DH).
It really is super simple, and that is its genius ; just multiple two large primes and you get your public key. But good luck factoring such a large number into its primes without foreknowledge
I love the concept but my professor making me encrypt and decrypt RSA by HAND has wedged a terrible memory of cryptography into my brain.
@@esmith2k2 who TF makes u decrypt rsa bruh 💀
@@esmith2k2 was it like a 4-5 digit prime ?
i like to watch these videos and pretend i understood everything
You just made me think of that Joe Rogan/Elon Musk interview.
Joe: "I'm too stupid to have this conversation."
My friend that is exactly how you teach yourself anything
😂😂😂 me too
Literally me
The best explanation that I've already seen about this subject. Amazing! 🎉
I made the 20M qubit estimate referred to at 17:15. I was impressed by this video. Shor's algorithm is a really hard algorithm to explain. It depends crucially on bits of signal processing, of number theory, of computer science, and of quantum physics. I think the video did a good job of demonstrating the core concepts of the algorithm, while skipping several of the finicky details.
I also appreciated a popular video including cost estimates based on plausible hardware, instead of magical perfect hardware. Probably the most controversial bit to me is the plot wildly speculating that the estimated costs will drop by another factor of 100 over the next decade. But, on the other hand, who can say what trick will be found to crunch down arithmetic circuits. Karatsuba found his multiplication algorithm within a week of it being conjectured impossible.
Wow man! Hats off! 🎩
You actually got good content now that I see!
We all appreciate people like you coming and writing feedback on these videos. We trust Derek to have accurate information, but it adds an extra layer when experts confirm that the content is explained well and accurate as usual.
Great paper Craig. I have read it multiple times. On facet that is often missed is that increasing the key size from RSA 2048 to RSA 3072 only provides another year or two of protection. ECDSA has a similar fate.
To anyone freaked out about this, don't panic. A new set of algorithms are rolling out, just like other transitions over the last 30+ years.
Again, Crag stellar work! Thank you!
@@timmcdonough1777 I think it's completely reasonable to freak out and panic, since all the data up until the new quantum computing proof encryption starts being universally used could potentially be decrypted in the the relatively near future. Imagine the possible harmful consequences this could have, considering how much extremely sensitive and confidential encrypted information is probably already in possession of numerous bad actors of various sorts, in numbers still increasing.
Wow, you're practically a celebrity of the quantum computing world.
As a math enthusiast I appreciate a lot the fact that you are willing to make hardcore math topics understandable for the general public ♡
I learned both everything and nothing in this video, and I enjoyed every second of it
Me too lol
As a math and computer enthusiast, i say the same for the computer part too!
I must be dumb then, cause I still didn't understand
He said understandable.... 😢😭
This is great. I had a discussion the other day with a friend about quantum computers, where I said I didn't frankly see what sorts of practical applications you could have for Qbits. I thought just keeping a single QBit was extremely difficult and I'm blown away at the perspective that we could have so many only 10-20 years from now. I wonder how much energy such a computer would consume though. Very insightful.
Thanks a lot for this awesome video. I rewind trying to understand the concept and when the concepts overlap with my studies, it gives me a lot of joy
It's crazy how this guy can make electricity look weird, and how he can also produce such masterpieces. Kudos.
I guess he had help ;)
Please stop saying Kudos. Nobody knows, cares, or is interested on what a Kudos is.
ok
@@GR44N That's a weird thing to be mad about
I just hate people its all about money really, make energy free already wtf
I gotta admit while I usually have a mild grasp on the subjects in most of your videos, this is quite a bit over my head even with this excellent breakdown. I'm sure it's no small feat to even begin making this information digestible for the masses.
All I can say is the human mind's ability to want to even figure this stuff out is crazy.
I was hoping I wasn’t the only one lol I felt pretty dumb watching this video
Me too, but I think English being my second Language a main reason.
Yeah I was lost a few mins in.
The most accessible explanation of Shor's algorithm I have seen so far. Nice work!
Impressive presentation on a topic that is so complex, it would elude most people! Absolutely fascinating.
I was taking a nap as a usual playing random YT videos in the b/g for white noise and this yanked me out of my hazy unconsciousness!
Every time I examine one of these explanations of quantum computing I get a little bit closer to understanding some of the theory. I'm not there yet, but this one did nudge in the right direction.
Reminds me of Feynman's "if you think you understand quantum mechanics, then you don't"
the best thing about not understanding Quantum physics, is understanding Quantum physics.
@@juliuszkocinski7478 My biggest problem: I don't know what to do with this big box of cats that I have!
Have you tried learning about quantum information theory? That is probably a bit easier.
It's linear algebra with complex numbers. The way states/superpositions are labelled with brackets is just because you can systematically start with a set of objects/abstract labels and "superimpose" them by studying the complex-valued functions over them aka the complex vector space of states. If you can read an intro linear algebra book like those by Shilov or Kostrikin and Manin, you will be able to write all of these things explicitly and you will understand the quantum Fourier transform too (it is just a unitary matrix). Good luck.
This is both well explained and still very confusing, even as a developer who enjoys math and algorithms. This is the kind of topic that is way too big to tackle normally, but you did an incredible job. I'm sure there are plenty of people who will struggle to follow along, but the fact that it's still possible for most people to get anything out of this explanation is evidence of how good it is.
Yeah, there's a reason cryptographers are so often insanely good mathematicians - the area requires some very deep abstract math
I had to take notes while watching the videos and skip back to fully understand the everything.
Now I can proudly say, that I understand why quantum computers can decode RSA keys that easily.
I don‘t understand how exactly the superposition q-bits are created and how they are initialized in the real world.
I also don‘t understand the quantum fourier trasformation. But that‘s probably for another day. ^^
And there were quite a few things that I just have to assume that they are true. Like the periodic Remainders when dividing g^x through the prim number.
@@dekroplay5373 the periodic remainder is pretty easy to find examples of, and when you consider how a remainder of a multiple is created, it makes sense. But I'm with you on not understanding the technical details on how quantum computing is even really possible, but a lot of that stems from not understanding how one would do the physical read/write transactions in that space, but then again if I did, I would probably be working on designing quantum computers, so it's not really surprising
@@riuphane I still don‘t understand the periodic remainder thing. Will look into it another day.
the quality is so good of this vdo...so much n effort put in
As usual the content and explanations are awesome. I would love to know which motion design tools are used on this one. Thanks for the great content.
I'm very impressed with how you can make such complex topics accessible. And it's not even one complex topic it's like 10 different extremely complex topics, in 24 minutes. Hats off
Hats off indeed!
Yeh he is the best! Though he should have added that we’ve already solved this problem for consumers with post-quantum VPNs that utilise post-quantum cryptography. The first one, QAL VPN, is now available. Google it!
@Calix and that is enough.
No, it just means you aren't very smart. Him having to explaining it to a child only means your brain is equal to a child's brain.
@@TheSteveMeister at this very moment you have a child's level of understanding of a myriad of topics. So by your own logic you're not very smart.
If I'm a brain surgeon but know absolutely nothing about quantum computers then I'm dumb?
It's always the dumb ones like you calling others stupid lmao
I graduated in Computer Engineering nearly 20 years ago. This video brought back the same sparkles to my eyes I had during the Calculus and physics classes back there. Thank you so much for it!
Same. Brings me back to Calc 2/3 and Physics. 😢
I hate calculus to this day
@@njpmeno one cares.
No computer student gets sparkly eyes on Calculus or Physics
@@AI-qd4vb how so? Calculus is genuinely an interesting topic lol
Amazing. Hats off for you for the explanation. The best I have seen anywhere on the net.
I've watched many of your videos. This is the one that hurt my brain the most. I LOVED IT!!!
As someone who's heading into the field of Quantum Computing and knows the formal background for both, the cryptography and QC, this video is simply mind blowing. I have never seen such a good explanation of RSA without mentioning a single concept from group theory. I see the complex background for everything you're talking about shining through and marvel at how you manage to sidestep explaining it completely. I have been doing quite some quantum computing, but I never managed to understand Shor's algorithm, until now.
Gotta read up on the maths of this now, with the help of an intuitive understanding. :)
Thanks for explaining the combination of those two complex topics so well!
I'm missing something here. In reference to RSA He basically said "maths" and "prime numbers" and waved his hands. He didn't explain anything about it.
I know little about Quantum computers, But I keep getting an Erie feeling, and it hasn't gone away
can you give some insight into the danger of quantum computers?
@@philobetto5106 do you mean the physical danger of the systems or the potential applications they could be used for?
In the latter case, we computer scientists usually classify problems into two categories. Can be solved easily and can be verified easily.
A list can be sorted easily, a matrix multiplication can be performed easily. A Sudoku on the other hand, we can't solve easily (yet), same for protein folding (required for creating drugs and curing diseases like cancer), prime factorization is hard too. But, if you know the answer, you can easily verify it.
Those problems are easy to check, but hard to solve. The problem with having access to a quantum computer is now, that I do not have to solve the problem.
I can just build am algorithm to verify the solution of a Sudoku (easy to do), run it on a superposition of all possible inputs, and collapse the resulting superposition down to a single one I can measure.
I have therefore just checked all possible inputs instead of having to solve the problem. This is of course just an analogy to get some intuition, QCs do not simply allow you to just solve all so called NP-complete problems.
The potential (danger) here is the ability to solve a multitude of problems that weren't solvable before, including simulations of quantum processes (that are quantum and therefore too complicated for a classical computer, but a QC is made of the same concepts so it can easily simulate them).
This will allow for the development of new unseen technologies, medicine, materials,....
Being able to simulate actual quantum process should turbo boost quantum physics.
Whether those technologies will be used or abused is the question.
@@patrickkillian1072 Prime numbers are numbers that can only be perfectly divided (no remainder) by itself and 1. So, think for example of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. These numbers are only divisible by themselves and 1. An example of a number that is NOT prime is 4 because it's divisible by 2 (which itself is a prime number). Prime numbers are kind of special because we can think of them as the "building blocks" of other numbers because all numbers are factors of prime numbers.
The point of RSA encryption is that it's notoriously difficult to find the prime number factors of very large numbers.
@@Geosearchef Initially, use as a weapon is my main concern.
theoretically, it feels like it has the potential to be many times more dangerous than a group of chimpanzees in a nuclear
silo.
and much greater odds of something catastrophic.
at the least, it will only speed up the inevitable.
We passed the point of no return decades ago.
Derek - this is one of THE BEST videos you’ve ever done. Thank you for your time and skills at making complex ideas simpler.
Literally nothing made sense after 5 mins🤣
😱
Every one of his videos has people saying that it's THE BEST video he's ever done lol.
@@ArawnOfAnnwn why u be so petty lol
@@ArawnOfAnnwn isn’t it awesome that we have different opinions?!
thank you, don't understand why it took so long to come across this channel.
Your good at explaining things...
Made me realize how rusty my math is though.
Grateful for such a simplistic video of such a complex topic...
The amount of effort and intelligence making this video is like encryption for many. Well done!
How does anyone understand this video, it's a real hard watch
Encryption and Quantam Computing makes Calculus look like basic algebra
hahahaha
@@monkerer1221 You have to already know the basics of what he's talking about, there is no way to explain something this complex in a simple way. I had a tough time too, but I got the jist of it lol.
@@alanr4845 For real, and Calculus can already be a huge pain in the ass.
I just wrote a report about this exact topic less than sixth months ago, and it's so fulfilling to see you making the same points and using the same resources I did. Seeing someone as accomplished as you in this area of education doing the same thing I did makes me feel very validated.
Sixth. Lol
Even Quantum Computers can't stop these bots.
There's probably a chance that we were in the same course 🤔
The Gospel:
(I am not a bot, I'm just someone who enjoys spreading the gospel. Much love to you all!)
The gospel is the good news that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, died for our sins and rose again, eternally triumphant over His enemies, so that there is now no condemnation for those who believe, but only everlasting joy.
Peter says in 1 Peter 2:24, “He himself bore our sins in His body on the tree, that we might die to sin and live to righteousness.”
So Christ died not only to forgive sin, but also that it might die in the lives of His people.
~Quoting John Piper~
ALSO
My friend put together a great PowerPoint about the Gospel and Jesus being the prophesied Messiah. I'd like to share if you're interested, just reply and I can send you the link. May Jesus Bless you!
I just wanna say congrats
This video is literally the most epic video I saw till now and a great explanation on quantum computers and cryptography.
GREAT!
your videos are super and thank you for taking the time to read for me the many simple matters which i can see right in front of me w/ my own eyes taking but an instant
As someone who works with lattices every day (in the context of crystallography; I'm in materials science) and who has an interest in cryptography, I must say that your explanation of lattice cryptography was fantastic! Much more understandable than other explanations on, for example, Wikipedia. Very well done!
Agreed. That was so much more understandable than my professor..
Legit question: is the idea behind this cryptography with lattices that it's hard to determine what the lattice looks like to find the point? Or is the path taken the information that you're trying to determine? Or am I completely off?
@@rubixman7x7 I have the same question, can someone explain it, please?
@@rubixman7x7 I think it’s about the path taken. You already sort of know how his lattice looks since you used it to pick what you were gonna say. What you send your friend is the path you would take to that point on his lattice using your vectors. If you add in some noise it would look like a field surrounding the point on his screen. Getting to this field would be tricky by using arbitrary vectors, but it would be easy for him to use his vectors to get to the closest point. I think that’s the point, but I may be wrong.
Glad someone understood it I’m lost. I have a degree in mathematics hahaha
Quantum computing is both extremely fascinating and terrifying at the same time.
They are in a superposition of fascinating and terrifying
No need to be terrified, Quantum Computing is a bubble that's about to burst. Billions of investments have been poured into it and progress hasn't even come close to a single commercially (or academically) use for them. They can't do a single practical thing better than a standard computer yet, after 30 years of big claims about it being just "5-10 years away". Nobody knows how to write software for them, and they're insanely expensive to run even for a few minutes. Maybe one day we'll make a big discovery, but for now there's 0 indication of it becoming viable even in the next 50 years, and even then it'll only be useful for very niche applications.
@Grumbles true. I think a fundamental error with quantum computers, which is that you lose information when collapsing a super position as explained at 5:20, will prevent them from ever reaching general purpose in the future
combine it with AI
@@_philosopher_00 what do you think ai actually is?
This is such an amazingly clear explanation of a topic others grossly simplify. That’s probably because others don’t really understand it whereas the Veritasium team have clearly put in the hard yards to understand the subject and how to pitch it to lay people. Setting the benchmark for how to engage and educate.
best explanation i've seen yet. Amazing video, thank you
Love how this channel has grown over the past so many years.. Going deeper & deeper... This video was specially a treat by actually going through the math in an intuitive way.... Keep doing the great work..
You should look into 3b1b if you like this kind of math stuff
@Don't Read Profile Photo Okay, I won't.
It's like he had a Collab with 3blueonebrown but all by itself
@Repent and believe in Jesus Christ Nah, I'm good fam. All hail the flying spaghetti monster 🍝👾
Intuitive? My brain must have physically unraveled in each dimension proceeding 6 and gotten stuck out there. I don’t think I can ravel it back together, wait, er, raveled… unraveled, but, oh no, I don’t even know if my brain should or shouldn’t be raveled; it’s over for me.
No other creator is able to make a video that talks about math the whole time and get millions of views in a month. This is great content
3blue1brown?
I forgor about him 💀
Numberphile too
that one chinese fuy who helped me with analysis
Actually this video is about physics 🤷🏻
I've returned to this video and get more confused more and more all the time... But truly thank you for the ones that do get it and enjoy such meaning.
This is the best explanation of shor's algorithm for general public. Great work
My head was melting after 4 mins in ( I will stay in my lane of 3D Animation). All you guys that understand these complex math, I respect your abilities and hats off to you all.
I think 99.999% of us didn´t understand anything, but we all just gonna act like we understood it all.
it's just division and multiply in a high level
@@randomix4023 you do realise meaning of multiplication changes for vector and there is no division of vectors and prime number are way harder than they appear on surface
@@studies-tb1ql I do realise and it is what I say, otherwise there wouldn't be any solution without calculations.
~12 mins in I was stating to go out of my depth lol.
The animation here had me speechless. I can only imagine how hard this was to understand in words or equation, but the dimensions, vector fields, and all the on-pointe animations had me jaw dropping!
Also would it be crazy if you and 3blue1brown do a collab? 👀
Yeah I would love a breakdown on how the quantum Fourier transform actually works
Brilliant-sponsored UA-camrs collab when
Echo the animations. They are delicious. The visualizations help lock the message into the neurons long/strong enough to carry to the next topic aiding comprehension. Outstanding script transition craftsmanship.
Also, it is my personal belief the intersection of RSA security and quantum cracking may be sooner than later when the totality of the various competitors' resources and motivators are balanced. It will shock those who are unprepared.
Your animations makes makes easier to understand.
Even for me that know almost anything about math
Amazingly explained! As usual with Veritasium ❤️
I appreciate the positive message this concluded with, there’s too much negative news in the world, it’s a breath of fresh air to hear about the solutions people are working on, instead of just the problems by themselves.
That is every scientists' duty.
@Don't Read Profile Photo ok😂
@Don't Read Profile Photo ok
It's not that positive though. It means that in the future we can counter quantum decryption, but it's not retroactive. That means all encrypted data that currently exists and is stored by potential bad actors is already compromised.
@@hydra70 for every light, there is a shadow
Congratulations to you and your team on this feat. Fantastic work, everyone. I am not an expert on the topic and was able to understand and keep up, without feeling like you're dumbing things down for the sake of people like myself. Science communicators and online educators like yourselves are pushing the boundaries on how people can absorb information. Great writing, thoughtfully laid out animations, and masterful presenting. Congratulations again. ❤
You look like a person called mina
@@whitewhite4462you look like white
brilliant video! The best explaining how QC works!
You're the only youtuber I know who can talk about math for 24 minutes and it's actually interesting.
Then you havent watched 3blue1brown yet i guess
stand-up maths can do that too
and mathologer
@@1987joey1987 Indeed.
I like your username 😁
This video is so well done that it qualifies as genius. It's one thing to understand this stuff, but another entirely to be able to teach it to others this well. This is the smartest channel on the entire internet. Thank you for enlightening me!
I remain fortuitously unenlightened
@@psynchro That's why we have factory workers, which are happy to make stuff for everyone, like simpleminded, you know, the thing...
Hearing someone talk about NIST makes me smile. I use to work in PMEL.
Your friends will know you better in the first minute you meet than your acquaintances will know you in a thousand years.
I'd like to applaud your graphics team for doing so well on enunciating the topics you're covering visually.
This is seriously one of my favorite videos ever. Unbelievable how you managed to simplify such a complex topic and explain it in layman's terms
It's not really layman's terms... I ain't no idiot, but I also don't have anything more than ageing highschool maths, and there is a lot of this video that makes absolutely no sense to me. You can't expect a layman to follow along with fairly conpelx mathematical formulae, even when very well explained.. 🙃
@@dylanevans5644 exactly
@@dylanevans5644 Let me guess, you are American, right?
@@KGR_ no
@@KGR_ and you are cake?
Kager is the Danish word for cake 😃
Your last two videos - if I have understood them - have shown that time taken for computations can be reduced by ‘finding the fractal’ for any identifying sin and cos wavelength; and that any reliance on the complexity of multiplied primes for encryption will fall to a ‘rhythm in remainders’. You showed for even numbers - so what about odd numbers? Do they keep all secure? And what about the 8 x reduction possible (?) with prime numbers always occurring + 1 or - 1 either side of a multiple of six?
It’s great that with a good to keen sense of logic you can fellow-travel pretty much all the way with a presentation like this without any training or developed competence in mathematics. I really appreciated the clarity found here.😊
Just one video but have so much thing I wanna know and easy to approach, I love this video
This was some of your best work so far, at least for me. Your explanation of both conventional and lattice encryption was super clear and the visuals were just what I needed at any moment. I'm in awe of your ability to find, research and find interesting bitesized insights into such a broad range of topics while still retaining everything that makes this channel unique. Thank you.
Hi, if you have a good understanding of this, I wonder if you can help me with it. How does the sender know where to place their message in the lattice to represent what they want to send? I imagine the bad vectors as their coordinate system and the private key is a totally different coordinate system.
@@clementhilty7239
Bad vectors are nothing but a bunch of waves of signals being sent out. You don't know where to go so you just go in all directions and eventually hit a destination. The good vectors is the exact direction of where to go and how to get there fastest. The computer sending the message places the data on a random dot, then maps out the path to take to reach it and that path is your encryption key. So encryption works because the data is lost in a maze of dead ends which will takes impossible amounts of processing power to compute while decryption is having the shortest path to the answer. And I'm sure that this answer will also be encrypted in some way to safeguard data depending on what is being safeguarded.
The amount of effort to create this masterpiece is a significant achievement itself!
You just explained one of the most complex topic of scientific computing like it wasn't much of a big deal. Really grateful for your endeavours!
Mind blowing 🤯🤯 for real it's really amaaaaaaziiiing. And your explanation is perfect ♥️♥️
Always interesting, thank you.
I was highly sceptical of this video at first, because I have pretty much always been unsatisfied with mainstream science communication on quantum computing, but you have absolutely blown it out of the park with this video! I honestly think this is your best video to date, and that is saying a lot!
I still don't fully understand how a QBIT works in practice. Even with this video.
@@bonafernando yeah, its a good video, but I feel like the math lacked some explaining. I couldn’t wrap my head around everything there.
@@citratune7830 exactly. Feels like he put a lot of math to distract the fact not even him understands qbits.
Every one of his videos has people saying that it's THE BEST video of his to date lol.
@@bonafernando > I still...
That is because the part OP lauded him for with this video, is the fact that he avoided actually explaining anything related to the quantum computers (beyond "we get superpositions"), assigning them as "black boxes". Instead he focused only on the algorithms using those efficient black boxes and explained them and how they affect cryptography, which was the point of the video.
Honestly I agree it was the right choice, as it let him go into depth about how having a superposition allows you to get a valuable answer: "using this black box for fourier transforms, we get the period of the superposition, and can suddenly return to our pre-quantum algorithm having skipped the costly steps"
I disagree it is his best video yet though. Particularly the latice example felt lacking, but also because he has had some really stellar videos before this.
I wasn't able to follow all the math specifics, but I love your illustration of how information has been encoded at each step. It helps me understand the possibilities of decoding.
you can be assured a lot of people probably got lost or confused during that part
As a cybersecurity student, this made the subject that much easier to understand. Thank you!
Thanks.
This is the best explanation of the practicalities of how a quantum computer solves these maths problem I've come across
I just don't get how you would set or "prepare" the qubits to zero (or other values) if they're supposedly in a superposition state. Also, what materials/metals would make a perfect qubit?
And lastly, will it run Crysis?
I wish i had this video a year back you literally explained the core portion of my Cryptography and System Security syllabus in 24 minutes and in the beest possible way.
Bro ik on the prime factorization part I swear that was taught 10000x better than my cse class😭
I just finished studying RSA lmao
It's insane how these guys like Euclid spent a substantial lifetime learning and examining the proofs of peers. Then going on through experimentation with other theory and proving many more. ALL ON PAPER OR PAPYRUS!
We get to enjoy it easily in the present through excellent explanations like yours. The sheer amount of insane proven law in mathematics is mind blowing 🤯.
The Elements is fascinating for its chapters on geometry, but personally it is also fascinating more for discussions on factorization and primeness, because those concepts are still used in Galois theory and even the general high-school level factorization of polynomials. The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic leads to the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, as well as other later theorems in Analysis...
Wow this is basically what I studied for a semester of cryptography course in college.
RSA's public and private key, to how they use prime numbers and why prime number calculation is important
Extremely well explained, and surprised at the depth on the content considering the spectrum of categories this channel poses..
He explained modular calculation of modern encryption methodology exquisitely, way better than my professor back in the school.
videos like this being available to the masses are literally pushing forward the human race
im just looking forward to having alien technology
hogwash... this kwontum stuff is just scifi tales
Yes. But we must resist mass immigration so that we are not pushed back as a society.
How? It's conceptual and metaphorical, and nobody who needs to watch this will ever do anything with the real math.
Species*
But yes. The more knowledge the better.
The ability this man has to simplify the most complex things is on another level. I very much appreciate the efforts and research that goes into each video. Thank you so much, and please keep making such content ✨
a person who itself understand a certain concept to the fullest is the person who can explain it the best and in the simplest way
If you can't explain concept in a simple manner, you don't truly understand them. - a smart guy
*a concept
@@lastyhopper2792that’s not entirely true. Some people just have a hard time explaining things but really do understand a subject to a deep level. You’re just quoting something you read on an instagram post somewhere
@user-uj8ts7pi9y in case you didn't know, it was Albert Einstein point of view, not mine.
I was simply rewritten it in my own words and in a quote-like format, for someone to hopefully figure out who this "smart guy" is.
A good teacher is like a candle it consumes itself to light the way for others.
This is top ten best visual videos shared on UA-cam.
You and 3blue1brown are the master educators of the 21st century. This video is a masterpiece of modern education. Comprehensive and descriptive but also somehow very concise.
This video is mind-blowing! As someone who has a basic understanding of quantum computing and cryptography, I really appreciate how this video explained Shor's algorithm and its potential impact on our society. The visuals and explanations were clear and concise, making the topic easier to understand. Kudos to Veritasium for creating such an informative and engaging video!
What goes around comes around. Perhaps we will go back to Pigeon Mails with "hieroglyphics codes". You have a special gift of communicating even complex topics down to their "KISS" levels for non-experts to understand or at least appreciate the underlying concepts. One of my favorite channels for topics outside my own field of material science
Amazing demonstration for a quit complicated subjects😍😍😍
There is no science educator like Derek in youtube platform. I'm really consfused as in how he select his next topic for the video, and he nails it. Kudos to him and his team!
most his topics already exist in other channels.