As a science educator you should be particularly proud of this video. I've never seen this topic explained anywhere close to as good as what this video does. Kudos!
This is the best explanation of how quantum superiority breaks the RSA algorithm (and also the best explanation of a possible solution to the problem) I have ever heard. I know how hard it is to teach a complicated subject in a clear and simple manner. Well done!
I may need a quantum computer for that to make sense to me, LoL kidding, I believe statements like your's that have a higher meaning, that can be applied, and interrupted, in more than one way depending on the reader, I consider it a form of art👍
I know this video is probably not going to beat the black balls reservoir or some of your other viral hits, but this is really one of the most impressive pieces of science communication you've made over the many years I followed your channel. These are some incredibly difficult to understand concepts and you really made them make sense. I watched a bunch of videos on RSA and quantum computing, but I never quite got it. Now I get it.
As someone who absolutely detested math in every level of education I’m blown away by the fact I’m able to follow and understand this because your explanation and presentation is simple yet detailed.
That's because math isn't taught be people who know how to teach math. Math teachers can only really teach towards other math-minded people. Like about the 15-25% of kids who have a natural math aptitude. The remaining 75%-85% of us have all sorts of trouble. Math pedagogy is shitty.
@@badhippo Well, without it you would not be writing this comment, because you would probably be a serf. Be grateful that it exists, and perhaps also grateful that you have a life easy enough that you do not have to bother to use it.
He explained Cryptography, Quantum Computing, RSA algorithm and many more in a single video!! We should be grateful that he's providing this content for free.
Yes and no. The problem is that we have these theoretical mathematical concepts that work in these hypothetical situations we construct, between these finite and infinite sets, yet how do we logically constrain and manipulate these quantum variables in a translatable and meaningful way? We create these incredibly uniform states and measure such limited, inaccurate characteristics - have we really advanced anything about our ability to compute, here? Sure, we could theoretically perform multiple operations and read/write data based on measurable states stored in the existence of "particles" on a scale much greater than our current finite computing systems, but there is a reason this has been a concern for the last 18 years with little progress towards true weaponization - the results are still horrendously inaccurate and meaningless - how do you quantify the infinite gradient of results into our finite computational understanding? All we have really done, as far as this specific video is concerned, is highlighted fundamental flaws in RSA and general asymmetric trust-based encryption, which is something we can simulate with a normal binary super-computer. There is no magic here - we are either purposefully blinding ourselves in order to acquire grant money to perpetuate meaningless quantum computing research or unintentionally confusing ourselves by finding different and terribly inefficient ways of computing basic set theory and calculus problems.
After watching countless videos trying to understand this topic, this is honestly the only one that I can follow through! Well done and please keep cranking more videos. Thank you so much!
Idk how you managed to make a video about mostly math feel like a high stakes scene in a movie where the characters uncover something revolutionary, but some combination of music shifts, your tone, the visuals, and of course the actual arrangement of the content itself, accomplished this. Wonderfully done. It's a really cool thing to have skills/knowledge/research both in a highly technical area and in the realm of art and emotion. Making those things combine well is rarely done and highly valuable imo.
We love you....Thank you for your time and most of all your words filled with hope! I was in the Navy then college and now I regret giving my time in the service.
I'm a CS student and have been trying to understand this concept recently, but the explanations I've found in the internet have been too complex. This was the best explanation I've found. I'm not sure if I understand everything you said but I understood most of it. Thanks!
Instead of bits, we now have qubits, 0 and 1 until measured, a superstition state until measured. Once measured and revealed, the qbits can possibly be 0 and 1 in many probabilities.
I've always thought of quantum computers as being some sort of magic box that does something with superposition to get an answer through brute-forcing every input at once. This video finally made me realize that the answer itself must also be in a superposition, so the result you're looking for can't just be 1 of the possible states; it has to be encoded across all of the possible states so that you can still retrieve it after the superposition collapses. This really shines some light on what kinds of problems quantum computers are actually useful for.
@@SerratedPVP How does that: "The Infinite Monkey Theorem", apply to this video? I feel like you have something to contribute, but you didn't explain your thought well enough. The title is mostly true, because much of the internet works through end-to-end encryption noted by the "locked" symbol in your web address bar(at least seen through Chrome on a PC). Quantum computers, which will be basically a supercomputer multiplied, could figure out the encryption key used in the internet session fast enough for your session to be intercepted. Whereas a supercomputer today COULD figure out your encryption key for your session, but much slower and therefore it'd take much longer and burn up a lot of resources(time, electricity, etc.). I think our current batch of "AIs" could speed up the rate at which quantum computers "break" current encryption standards, so I hope they get new encryption figured out fast! 😅
@@megamanx466 I explained it in great length in another post, I will copy paste, I hope it is not too nuanced lol. Encryption isn't like a key to a door, where it either twists or not. Encryption will always kick back gibberish, so how do we know we've broken the encryption? Essentially Infinite monkey theorem. (crazy nuanced explanation, you can skip and come back if you're confused, I thought it was a fun thought experiment too.) We have a "pocket dimension" box full of billions of keys, we use these keys on our magical portal encryption door, in search for our childhood bedroom. We go through millions of rooms, (sorta like in monster inc,) most of them looking crazy, unworldly and even unsafe. Finally peering into a room that looks like the one, we pause and step in. Our protagonist doesn't have a great recollection, unbenounced to him, this is not his childhood bedroom, it's just a randomly generated room that he has been fooled by. In that pocket dimension full of keys there were another thousand like it. Isn't it still possible that a quantum computer with it's goal aimed at breaking encryption would also generate these "hallucinations" / results that were plausible but not the case?
@@SerratedPVP I don't think you understand the problem here. Here, we know N. It is the product of two primes, p and q. If we can find p and q then we can decode the message. In the case where we did NOT know N and we just tried to decode the message by checking all possible primes p and q. Then, we may produce these "hallucinations".
The whole analog and digital computer series on this channel is simply amazing. Never seen such a seamless, easy to understand explanation of computers. Great work!
I made the 20M qubit estimate referred to at 17:15. I was impressed by this video. Shor's algorithm is a really hard algorithm to explain. It depends crucially on bits of signal processing, of number theory, of computer science, and of quantum physics. I think the video did a good job of demonstrating the core concepts of the algorithm, while skipping several of the finicky details. I also appreciated a popular video including cost estimates based on plausible hardware, instead of magical perfect hardware. Probably the most controversial bit to me is the plot wildly speculating that the estimated costs will drop by another factor of 100 over the next decade. But, on the other hand, who can say what trick will be found to crunch down arithmetic circuits. Karatsuba found his multiplication algorithm within a week of it being conjectured impossible.
We all appreciate people like you coming and writing feedback on these videos. We trust Derek to have accurate information, but it adds an extra layer when experts confirm that the content is explained well and accurate as usual.
Great paper Craig. I have read it multiple times. On facet that is often missed is that increasing the key size from RSA 2048 to RSA 3072 only provides another year or two of protection. ECDSA has a similar fate. To anyone freaked out about this, don't panic. A new set of algorithms are rolling out, just like other transitions over the last 30+ years. Again, Crag stellar work! Thank you!
@@timmcdonough1777 I think it's completely reasonable to freak out and panic, since all the data up until the new quantum computing proof encryption starts being universally used could potentially be decrypted in the the relatively near future. Imagine the possible harmful consequences this could have, considering how much extremely sensitive and confidential encrypted information is probably already in possession of numerous bad actors of various sorts, in numbers still increasing.
_In 20 minutes, Derek explains public/private key cryptography and the effect quantum computing has on it better than anyone I have heard in the last 10 years! This is an insanely great visualization of the topic._
@@akjohnny5997 Does anything matter, does having the ability to cook matter when someone can do it for you, does it matter if you work when people can donate you money outside instead of working.
In 20 minutes he didn't mention (in an appropriate manner) the fact that there are quantum computing safe encryption methods(PQC), which will make the clickbait even more transparent ... and embarrassing. About "10 years" and I'm sorry to rip this out of context: 10 years is a good number. All those problems already exist, because encryption, which was still considered secure back then, can now be easily bypassed by anyone. This includes all private and secret content. While this isn't as worrying(debatable, depends who you ask ... hehe) as real-time, unauthorized decryption of data, it's still a part of our reality. My question for you: why are you a) so impressionable and b) completely ignorant of the devices you use on a daily basis? Just a question and meant as food for thought. Certainly not as accusation ...
The simplicity of reasoning and the ease with which you are explaining is remarkable!! I have been following your channel for years now and you never stop fascinating me with your intelligence and way of explaining any concept!! Amazing
I'm very impressed with how you can make such complex topics accessible. And it's not even one complex topic it's like 10 different extremely complex topics, in 24 minutes. Hats off
Yeh he is the best! Though he should have added that we’ve already solved this problem for consumers with post-quantum VPNs that utilise post-quantum cryptography. The first one, QAL VPN, is now available. Google it!
@@TheSteveMeister at this very moment you have a child's level of understanding of a myriad of topics. So by your own logic you're not very smart. If I'm a brain surgeon but know absolutely nothing about quantum computers then I'm dumb? It's always the dumb ones like you calling others stupid lmao
Love how this channel has grown over the past so many years.. Going deeper & deeper... This video was specially a treat by actually going through the math in an intuitive way.... Keep doing the great work..
Intuitive? My brain must have physically unraveled in each dimension proceeding 6 and gotten stuck out there. I don’t think I can ravel it back together, wait, er, raveled… unraveled, but, oh no, I don’t even know if my brain should or shouldn’t be raveled; it’s over for me.
This is both well explained and still very confusing, even as a developer who enjoys math and algorithms. This is the kind of topic that is way too big to tackle normally, but you did an incredible job. I'm sure there are plenty of people who will struggle to follow along, but the fact that it's still possible for most people to get anything out of this explanation is evidence of how good it is.
I had to take notes while watching the videos and skip back to fully understand the everything. Now I can proudly say, that I understand why quantum computers can decode RSA keys that easily. I don‘t understand how exactly the superposition q-bits are created and how they are initialized in the real world. I also don‘t understand the quantum fourier trasformation. But that‘s probably for another day. ^^
And there were quite a few things that I just have to assume that they are true. Like the periodic Remainders when dividing g^x through the prim number.
@@dekroplay5373 the periodic remainder is pretty easy to find examples of, and when you consider how a remainder of a multiple is created, it makes sense. But I'm with you on not understanding the technical details on how quantum computing is even really possible, but a lot of that stems from not understanding how one would do the physical read/write transactions in that space, but then again if I did, I would probably be working on designing quantum computers, so it's not really surprising
I gotta admit while I usually have a mild grasp on the subjects in most of your videos, this is quite a bit over my head even with this excellent breakdown. I'm sure it's no small feat to even begin making this information digestible for the masses. All I can say is the human mind's ability to want to even figure this stuff out is crazy.
The existence of quantum resistance algorithms is very important to note. But the idea that stuff is being saved now that doesn't use those methods is interesting. Hadn't thought of that before.
I would not worry much about it. My classic computer with classic piece of software can brake 20y old database in (mili)seconds. Nobody cares much about it. I guess the same will happen 20y in future. But scaremongering bring lots of views=money.
Dude, I went to the International Math Olympiad and this stuff is hard for me. The fact that you're trying to teach this shows incredible respect for your audience. I usually have youtube on the background while doing other stuff. Not this video....
With Veritasium videos it’s always so much fun getting to spend 20 minutes pretending like I understand what’s happening…but with this one I couldn’t even pretend.
As someone who's heading into the field of Quantum Computing and knows the formal background for both, the cryptography and QC, this video is simply mind blowing. I have never seen such a good explanation of RSA without mentioning a single concept from group theory. I see the complex background for everything you're talking about shining through and marvel at how you manage to sidestep explaining it completely. I have been doing quite some quantum computing, but I never managed to understand Shor's algorithm, until now. Gotta read up on the maths of this now, with the help of an intuitive understanding. :) Thanks for explaining the combination of those two complex topics so well!
I'm missing something here. In reference to RSA He basically said "maths" and "prime numbers" and waved his hands. He didn't explain anything about it.
I know little about Quantum computers, But I keep getting an Erie feeling, and it hasn't gone away can you give some insight into the danger of quantum computers?
@@philobetto5106 do you mean the physical danger of the systems or the potential applications they could be used for? In the latter case, we computer scientists usually classify problems into two categories. Can be solved easily and can be verified easily. A list can be sorted easily, a matrix multiplication can be performed easily. A Sudoku on the other hand, we can't solve easily (yet), same for protein folding (required for creating drugs and curing diseases like cancer), prime factorization is hard too. But, if you know the answer, you can easily verify it. Those problems are easy to check, but hard to solve. The problem with having access to a quantum computer is now, that I do not have to solve the problem. I can just build am algorithm to verify the solution of a Sudoku (easy to do), run it on a superposition of all possible inputs, and collapse the resulting superposition down to a single one I can measure. I have therefore just checked all possible inputs instead of having to solve the problem. This is of course just an analogy to get some intuition, QCs do not simply allow you to just solve all so called NP-complete problems. The potential (danger) here is the ability to solve a multitude of problems that weren't solvable before, including simulations of quantum processes (that are quantum and therefore too complicated for a classical computer, but a QC is made of the same concepts so it can easily simulate them). This will allow for the development of new unseen technologies, medicine, materials,.... Being able to simulate actual quantum process should turbo boost quantum physics. Whether those technologies will be used or abused is the question.
@@patrickkillian1072 Prime numbers are numbers that can only be perfectly divided (no remainder) by itself and 1. So, think for example of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. These numbers are only divisible by themselves and 1. An example of a number that is NOT prime is 4 because it's divisible by 2 (which itself is a prime number). Prime numbers are kind of special because we can think of them as the "building blocks" of other numbers because all numbers are factors of prime numbers. The point of RSA encryption is that it's notoriously difficult to find the prime number factors of very large numbers.
@@Geosearchef Initially, use as a weapon is my main concern. theoretically, it feels like it has the potential to be many times more dangerous than a group of chimpanzees in a nuclear silo. and much greater odds of something catastrophic. at the least, it will only speed up the inevitable. We passed the point of no return decades ago.
idk if anyone on your team will see this but yall might want to take a second pass on the closed captions on this one because there are parts where what's written doesn't match up with what's being said, to the point it could cause confusion. genuinely thank you for providing them, though. i have adhd and human-generated (or edited) subtitles really help me stay focused when watching videos (while auto-generated subtitles distract me more)
@@monkerer1221 You have to already know the basics of what he's talking about, there is no way to explain something this complex in a simple way. I had a tough time too, but I got the jist of it lol.
Congratulations to you and your team on this feat. Fantastic work, everyone. I am not an expert on the topic and was able to understand and keep up, without feeling like you're dumbing things down for the sake of people like myself. Science communicators and online educators like yourselves are pushing the boundaries on how people can absorb information. Great writing, thoughtfully laid out animations, and masterful presenting. Congratulations again. ❤
I have watched a lot of video's explaining quantum computers, and the never got any further that "Well, the have qubits that can be in superposition, so the can work faster" This video is by far the best I have seen on the subject and I am starting to understand why these computers can crack certain problems a lot faster. Don't look at any other video's on the subject, this is the standard. Absolutely very well done!
As someone who works with lattices every day (in the context of crystallography; I'm in materials science) and who has an interest in cryptography, I must say that your explanation of lattice cryptography was fantastic! Much more understandable than other explanations on, for example, Wikipedia. Very well done!
Legit question: is the idea behind this cryptography with lattices that it's hard to determine what the lattice looks like to find the point? Or is the path taken the information that you're trying to determine? Or am I completely off?
@@rubixman7x7 I think it’s about the path taken. You already sort of know how his lattice looks since you used it to pick what you were gonna say. What you send your friend is the path you would take to that point on his lattice using your vectors. If you add in some noise it would look like a field surrounding the point on his screen. Getting to this field would be tricky by using arbitrary vectors, but it would be easy for him to use his vectors to get to the closest point. I think that’s the point, but I may be wrong.
This was some of your best work so far, at least for me. Your explanation of both conventional and lattice encryption was super clear and the visuals were just what I needed at any moment. I'm in awe of your ability to find, research and find interesting bitesized insights into such a broad range of topics while still retaining everything that makes this channel unique. Thank you.
Hi, if you have a good understanding of this, I wonder if you can help me with it. How does the sender know where to place their message in the lattice to represent what they want to send? I imagine the bad vectors as their coordinate system and the private key is a totally different coordinate system.
@@cheese-g69 Bad vectors are nothing but a bunch of waves of signals being sent out. You don't know where to go so you just go in all directions and eventually hit a destination. The good vectors is the exact direction of where to go and how to get there fastest. The computer sending the message places the data on a random dot, then maps out the path to take to reach it and that path is your encryption key. So encryption works because the data is lost in a maze of dead ends which will takes impossible amounts of processing power to compute while decryption is having the shortest path to the answer. And I'm sure that this answer will also be encrypted in some way to safeguard data depending on what is being safeguarded.
I graduated in Computer Engineering nearly 20 years ago. This video brought back the same sparkles to my eyes I had during the Calculus and physics classes back there. Thank you so much for it!
I just wrote a report about this exact topic less than sixth months ago, and it's so fulfilling to see you making the same points and using the same resources I did. Seeing someone as accomplished as you in this area of education doing the same thing I did makes me feel very validated.
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This seriously has to be one of the best UA-cam contents ever created until this day. The amount of research, creativity, work and passion that must have flown into this bit are sick. Thanks!
This video is mind-blowing! As someone who has a basic understanding of quantum computing and cryptography, I really appreciate how this video explained Shor's algorithm and its potential impact on our society. The visuals and explanations were clear and concise, making the topic easier to understand. Kudos to Veritasium for creating such an informative and engaging video!
As a software developer, one thing I rarely see covered in videos about encryption is that breaking the strongest encryption on the web requires tens of millions of practical cubits... or one CA certificate. A very long list of companies and governments can already do this, and they don't need quantum computers. If you think Amazon or Cloudflare or the NSA can't see your web traffic in plain text, for example, you should probably go research how TLS works. Just make sure you're sitting down. :)
as a rational person living in what we call reality, You can't hammer SSL and web login forms at light speed and for infinite tries. Just the very idea of attacking BTC makes no sense, even with quantum tech (that still has no valid hacking use case, 1 year later). This channel drops the ball once in a while.
I am not sure what you are talking about. This video talked about CA certificates indirectly since they use RSA. So this video answers the question. You cannot break RSA with super computers. In addition, you can increase the bit length to exponentially make it longer to break it, which by current computer standards makes it impossible, even the Quantum chip is not there yet.
This is NOT how TLS works! The certificate issuer can't decrypt your web traffic. The encryption keys are securely negotiated between the client and server--no other party, including the CA, is able to learn them
@@lgmediapcsalon9440 You don't need to run a bunch of live TLS sessions for this attack, you can run the quantum algorithm offline to get the private key from a public key
@@lgmediapcsalon9440 The problem with btc is, that it's not necessary to break real time encryption. It just suffices to generate block content that produces the same hash value as an old block and substitute it. So you can take your time with breaking the encryption. This way you can alter the content of the blockchain without anyone realizing it or detect the block as invalid. If this happens, the complete blockchain renders useless, because its main upside and purpose is, that you have a transparent set of data, that can't be altered by anyone.
Man! As someone who fumbled through high school and university maths, I can say confidently that my biggest issue was visualising each topic and steps required in between. Identifying the problem and understand the goal I could do but it was the intricate workings in between and showing my work was what I struggled with. These animations and the commentary compliments my style of learning and I wish I had this at school. Brillian video on a very complicated yet exciting topic!
This video is so well done that it qualifies as genius. It's one thing to understand this stuff, but another entirely to be able to teach it to others this well. This is the smartest channel on the entire internet. Thank you for enlightening me!
Studying Cryptography was my favourite thing to do in my whole 4 year college period and I was always fascinated by how RSA algorithm was so simple yet so resistant to brute force attacks.
It really is super simple, and that is its genius ; just multiple two large primes and you get your public key. But good luck factoring such a large number into its primes without foreknowledge
I just realized the video was only 24 minutes, like how?! It usually takes at least 10 hours of lectures and a headache for me to understand these topics. This dude is insane with the videos!
The amount of effort to create this masterpiece is a significant achievement itself! You just explained one of the most complex topic of scientific computing like it wasn't much of a big deal. Really grateful for your endeavours!
Keep making more of these videos my brain LOVES IT! You explained it so well compared to every other video I’ve watched on this topic. I’m thinking of all the possibilities. A chess bot that sees 100 moves ahead, a solution to the 3x - 1 problem, a gaming PC that can process petabytes in less than a second, so much. The possibilities are exponential with the more qubits there are, but breaking encryption does seem like a real threat unless we had a chapter book of random characters for each of our passwords. All your videos are amazing. Never stop!
Looking at unreal engine 5, gpt-4, and the most recent stable diffusion models, thinking what those could do for the dialogue, visuals, and art in games. And then imagining what those could do running on massive quantum computers. Imagine a game with dialogue and story written in real time based on your actions. With the art and sound and music all done in real time as you play. It would be like the entire game is being made for you. And all of it would look completely indistinguishable from real life. And this could be made into VR which wouldn't be too hard to turn into a completely immersive full dive system like the matrix. Just less AI torture Sim and more giant videogame paradise. I honestly think that that's where the aliens are. The Fermi paradox's solution is that aliens invent quantum computers, invent AI, and create VR and then all dissappear into matrix style simulation paradises. You can just be doing whatever you want in a game of D&D with friends but you're actually there. Whatever you can dream of. And there are people who say you'd get sick of it eventually but just temporarily section off your memory do you can experience it for the first time a thousand times and remember all those afterwards.
@@atashgallagher5139 not a big fan of the idea of altering my perseption of reality to that extent. And I'm a sucker for new tech and and video games
You missed the concept entirely. Quantom computers arent just super strong all powerful computers capable of solving any enigma we hold. RIght now they can barely factor two numbers
@@MaxTheFireCat Yeah, unfortunately all the marketing to attract investors has really been eaten up by most of the public. Quantum computers have barely advanced in the slighest in decades, and there's no sign of anything practical coming from them in the next 20-50 years. And then it'll only be for very niche applications.
I appreciate the positive message this concluded with, there’s too much negative news in the world, it’s a breath of fresh air to hear about the solutions people are working on, instead of just the problems by themselves.
It's not that positive though. It means that in the future we can counter quantum decryption, but it's not retroactive. That means all encrypted data that currently exists and is stored by potential bad actors is already compromised.
Thank You for such informative and unique video. Keep up the good work. I am happy everytime your videos pop up in my feed as there is something new and interesting to learn.
I'm a big fan of your work since a few years when my brother introduced your channel and basically cool science stuff to me. And i just want you to mention that this video inspired me to give a seminar on Quantum Computing. I would'nt say I did a great job delivering the seminar but yeah I think I did a decent job. My teacher did'nt know much about Quantum Physics and all just as most of my peers in class but she was impressed that I talked about RSA algorithm. Thank you for making such amazing videos.
It's not really layman's terms... I ain't no idiot, but I also don't have anything more than ageing highschool maths, and there is a lot of this video that makes absolutely no sense to me. You can't expect a layman to follow along with fairly conpelx mathematical formulae, even when very well explained.. 🙃
Unbelievable how effectively you can summarize, illustrate, and contextualize such dense information. I felt like everytime I was getting a little confused, or wishing I had additional background knowledge on a topic, you answered every question I had. This was a brilliant video, thank you!!
I wish i had this video a year back you literally explained the core portion of my Cryptography and System Security syllabus in 24 minutes and in the beest possible way.
This is the first time I've actually understood what quantum means in computing. Been hearing the word thrown around for years but never truly knew what it meant until I watched this video. Great job!
I wasn't able to follow all the math specifics, but I love your illustration of how information has been encoded at each step. It helps me understand the possibilities of decoding.
This video will be shown in future CS courses for years to come! Well done with this, an incredibly complex topic explained as simply as possible. I'm not great at math, but I can get by... Almost lost me at some points, but you pulled it off!
This must have taken you so much time and effort to think through how to so perfectly and efficiently explain these complex topics. You have an incredible talent for educating. Great video!!
Veritasium, your explanation and your super simple yet complex (simplex) videos are just AMAZING! Even if I don't understand the first time, the animation and the simplified concepts is just easy and fun for me to watch and watch again... Thank you sir
this was actually a really good way of explaining the main points of how a quantum computer works, without skipping past all the important stuff other explainations do
He did not bother to explain a thing about how to realise qubits in hardware. All the boring stuff about keeping them at few kelvins, maintaining coherence and managing noise. You know, the stuff that stops quantium computers from scaling up.
@@h2q8 lol. Fourier-transformation, prim-factorization, superposition, lattice, RSA, … is OK for the average viewer. Or what? I can‘t imagine that 50% of the people watching the video understand the stuff he is talking about. They might get an idea, but is the average Veritasium viewer really that well educated?
I was highly sceptical of this video at first, because I have pretty much always been unsatisfied with mainstream science communication on quantum computing, but you have absolutely blown it out of the park with this video! I honestly think this is your best video to date, and that is saying a lot!
@@bonafernando > I still... That is because the part OP lauded him for with this video, is the fact that he avoided actually explaining anything related to the quantum computers (beyond "we get superpositions"), assigning them as "black boxes". Instead he focused only on the algorithms using those efficient black boxes and explained them and how they affect cryptography, which was the point of the video. Honestly I agree it was the right choice, as it let him go into depth about how having a superposition allows you to get a valuable answer: "using this black box for fourier transforms, we get the period of the superposition, and can suddenly return to our pre-quantum algorithm having skipped the costly steps" I disagree it is his best video yet though. Particularly the latice example felt lacking, but also because he has had some really stellar videos before this.
There is no science educator like Derek in youtube platform. I'm really consfused as in how he select his next topic for the video, and he nails it. Kudos to him and his team!
Thank you Derek, you showed me the use of so many things I wasn't interested in in school because I had no idea what they were for. Kinda makes me wonder, where would I be had I had good, interested, not underpaid, not over exhausted, well trained teachers.
Every time I examine one of these explanations of quantum computing I get a little bit closer to understanding some of the theory. I'm not there yet, but this one did nudge in the right direction.
It's linear algebra with complex numbers. The way states/superpositions are labelled with brackets is just because you can systematically start with a set of objects/abstract labels and "superimpose" them by studying the complex-valued functions over them aka the complex vector space of states. If you can read an intro linear algebra book like those by Shilov or Kostrikin and Manin, you will be able to write all of these things explicitly and you will understand the quantum Fourier transform too (it is just a unitary matrix). Good luck.
Thanks! I have been trying to understand quantum computing for a while now. Not as long as it's been around; but long enough. This explanation single handedly made me understand.
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Ya, this dude captures your interest off the bat pertaining to the reality of current / future encryption vulnerabilities. Excellent introduction to awareness and potential. Got to wonder if AI will accelerate the development of quantum computing meaning it’s not (as commented in video)10 - 9 years away when this video was made but right around the corner. I have been spreading this video to all my fellow network security engineers. Well done Sir.
Incredible video. This is a very difficult concept to have someone truly understand, and I think you did a great job making it as digestible as possible. It's still a very complex topic, but I was able to follow it and even know where you were taking it next without ever studying this exact topic. Great job Derek.
Probably the simplest explanation of RSA math i've ever come across. Kudos to you. Incredible job. For the viewers: a LOT more goes on behind the scenes, which is for the curious minds to explore. But let me put it this way: I wish i had someone explain it to me like this a few years ago, it'd have been life changing. Again, i thank you for the effort you put in these videos. Deserve every single sub you have.
The ability this man has to simplify the most complex things is on another level. I very much appreciate the efforts and research that goes into each video. Thank you so much, and please keep making such content ✨
@@lastyhopper2792that’s not entirely true. Some people just have a hard time explaining things but really do understand a subject to a deep level. You’re just quoting something you read on an instagram post somewhere
@user-uj8ts7pi9y in case you didn't know, it was Albert Einstein point of view, not mine. I was simply rewritten it in my own words and in a quote-like format, for someone to hopefully figure out who this "smart guy" is.
My head was melting after 4 mins in ( I will stay in my lane of 3D Animation). All you guys that understand these complex math, I respect your abilities and hats off to you all.
@@randomix4023 you do realise meaning of multiplication changes for vector and there is no division of vectors and prime number are way harder than they appear on surface
You and 3blue1brown are the master educators of the 21st century. This video is a masterpiece of modern education. Comprehensive and descriptive but also somehow very concise.
No need to be terrified, Quantum Computing is a bubble that's about to burst. Billions of investments have been poured into it and progress hasn't even come close to a single commercially (or academically) use for them. They can't do a single practical thing better than a standard computer yet, after 30 years of big claims about it being just "5-10 years away". Nobody knows how to write software for them, and they're insanely expensive to run even for a few minutes. Maybe one day we'll make a big discovery, but for now there's 0 indication of it becoming viable even in the next 50 years, and even then it'll only be useful for very niche applications.
@Grumbles true. I think a fundamental error with quantum computers, which is that you lose information when collapsing a super position as explained at 5:20, will prevent them from ever reaching general purpose in the future
The animation here had me speechless. I can only imagine how hard this was to understand in words or equation, but the dimensions, vector fields, and all the on-pointe animations had me jaw dropping! Also would it be crazy if you and 3blue1brown do a collab? 👀
Echo the animations. They are delicious. The visualizations help lock the message into the neurons long/strong enough to carry to the next topic aiding comprehension. Outstanding script transition craftsmanship. Also, it is my personal belief the intersection of RSA security and quantum cracking may be sooner than later when the totality of the various competitors' resources and motivators are balanced. It will shock those who are unprepared.
Going to do a technical description on quantum computers for my writing for engineering class. I have to say this helped me in ways that 5 video and 3 academic articles never could thank you!!
You made me understand the quantum computer part for the first time! I am an engineering physicist and I watch people explaining quantum computers many times. They always talk about the QBits and how their state can be manipulated... But the part I never understood was how could you get the information, since the measurement would collapse to 1 or 0. You explained that perfectly! Thank you
As perfectly as "use this black box algorithm/operation" can be considered, lol :p But yes, I agree it was pedagogically the right choice to focus on the actual parts he wanted to explain, and simply relegate the rest into being black boxes with reference of what one could search to find out more (ie. quantum fourier transform)
With just high school mathematics this was tough for me to follow. But I understand public key private key cryptography which was a good place to start. I think I got the gist of what you were explaining - and for the first time I got a (vague) understanding of what sort of problems can be solved by quantum computers - and how they do it! Thanks Derek... you are following in Richard Feynman's footsteps in becoming the great explainer!
I'm really interested in talking to you to see what actually made sense and what didn't. We're looking at developing a quantum computing related project for high schoolers. I really hate the way most ppl describe quantum superposition but I really liked Derek's explanation for the most part.
@@nikilragav I was puzzled by the many parts. Like for example: let's use the factor 77, why the shared factor of 77 have to be smaller than 77? If 8 to the power of 10 is the common denominator and it repeats, why does r in g to the power of r have to be 10, and not say 20 if the remainder is also 1? Or, why is decryption only working with even numbers, where 8 to the power of 10 is divided by 2? Let's say it isn't 8 to the power of 10 for simplicity's sake, and it's 8 to the power of 2, which gives you 64. 64 divided by 2 would be 32, so then why is 33 a plus 1, and the other minus 1 before being multiplied when the remainder is already 1? I know. I remember this formula from school, but it's been so long since I've had to do math like this. How does a computer find p and q with good guesses? If we use Eluclid's formula, how can we for example divide 64 by N or in case, p and q if we're trying to find p and q? If they use the remainder to find p and q due to the repeating pattern, why couldn't encryption lock or rearrange itself after multiple tries, after all, you're just trying to narrow down good guesses until you have the right one. If it's too tedious to explain, you can ignore it. I know I sound like a person who never did math before, but I bet many people here stopped using math when they started working too. Hopefully it helps your project for high schoolers.
@@acevaver5425 If you rewatch the video, you'll probably answer most of your questions on your own. 1.) Did you mean 'g' that is supposed to not share factors? It can be a follow-up question to ask if it's possible with a larger number to use as "g" but has nothing to do with understanding how it works. But if you meant the factors themselves, of course it should be smaller because the example used, 77 represents the public key which is a product of 2 primes which represents the private key. 2.) They explained why we are looking for the remainder of 1. It's because it's always the start of the interval. r = interval, in this case it's 10. 3.) If you meant by divided by 2 is when he split it in 2 terms, it's because we know that for you to get N (public key), we should multiply the two primes from the private key. 4.) Your example doesn't make sense. We're talking about decrypting the private key here using the available public key, in this case, it's N which is valued at 77 and also a product of 2 primes. If you're saying you're using N = 33 as an example, you can use the same way he did, and you'll probably come up with r=10 similar to the example. 5.) Which formula? If you want to learn about a specific formula, search the calculus of it and/or how it was derived to be that formula, it's a completely separate topic. 6.) It was explained quite well, try to rewatch the video or watch explanations about euclid's separately and then rewatch. I made an effort to answer your questions even though I might've misunderstood your questions but please try to bear with it.
@@koji.o Thank you very much for taking the effort to respond! It might be that I haven't been paying attention. I think my confusion originates from the fact that they added two decoders to derive N, so when it said each other holds the other half of the two-way encryption, I might have confused myself when they added them together to find the arrayment of good guesses. One thing I also forgot was that the private key is hidden inside the public key. I was doing math without taking that into consideration. I think it's best if I slowly rewatch the video and not filter information through a net.
I am just 18 but I really wish that I could complete my college and dive into one of these heavy research projects. You really inspired me to study physics and mathematics, and I am grateful for that.
It helped me to treat mathematics as a language that always has more for us to learn. Congrats on feeling inspired. Keep it up, and follow that feeling, and use it when the going gets tough.
It might sound very negative but hear me out. It is very "easy" to get inspired by watching these videos where things are explained in a clear manner with very attractive visualization. But if you really want to dive into "heavy research" I think you need to get used to reading complex texts where nothing makes sense!! If I could be 18 again, I would want someone to tell me to read a lot of books and try to do the exercises by myself after only going through the examples provided there. That will be much more helpful to prepare yourself to become a researcher further down the line. Luckily, you have access to the Internet. So all the cool books and resources are actually available for free if you know where to look. Good luck on your journey. ☺️☺️☺️
I love your math and science videos so much, thanks for putting in the effort. It really adds to peoples lives. Just always remember you are appreciated a lot.
As a computer science student this is one of the best videos i have seen on quantum computing and has helped me understand this more than I ever have before. anytime i get asked about this stuff (which is more often than I would have hoped for) I am going to forward them this video. Wonderful work Derek
@@famousartguymeme Well, *you're probably not even a high school graduate. It's entirely plausible that their family or friends ask questions about it since it's becoming more common to hear about nowadays.
@@famousartguymeme i have elderly family who does not understand this at all. they hear computer science and think i am an expert in every avenue rather than highly specialized.
Whatever the new triggers for UA-cam ads are, the EVIL google is clearly "rounding" in their own favor. Lying ads and BS propaganda disguised as ads does NOT become true with more reps. And censoring comments about that truth doesn't help.
I wish my college computer science classes (math and physics as well!) were taught as eloquently and understandably as how this concept was taught in this video. It takes some brilliance and talent to simplify a complex concept in a way that most people would understand. Wonderful job.
Second that. These professional professors can’t even accomplish this level of logical explanation that deduces intricacies of difficult concepts. 😂 I some times think how the Hell are these people working at MIT or Harvard but can’t explain 1-2= x
You are making a significant contribution to humanity by democratizing knowledge through your channel, Veritasium. Never in a million years would I have gotten such information in the place I live. Thank you and kudos..!
You are indeed an asset to youtube creators. No wonders you have 13.5 mn people following you. Really amazing. Your videos never fail to make us crave for more.
I would love it if you can continue this video and make it into a series. "The problems that quantum computers are useful for" would be very interesting! 😊
One of the things they'll be incredibly useful for is cracking data encryption and/or passwords. Quantum computers will make data security obsolete. They could potentially make it impossible for banks, governments, the military etc. to have any data security whatsoever.
@@kevinscales Until somebody invents a way to crack it :) It just takes time for someone to figure out how to do it. If it's in any way possible to do something with a computer, somebody will figure out how eventually. Just look at what we're doing with our computers right now.
Agreed. I’d love to see a video made by him that explains vector math in a lattice with a higher dimension. He just has an amazing ability to make things easier to understand.
this video helped me to understand topics from both my quantum computing (shors algorithm) and computer security (lattice computing, RSA) classes. Thank you so much! I appreciate how you do not just mention algorithms, but actually show how they work.
As a science educator you should be particularly proud of this video. I've never seen this topic explained anywhere close to as good as what this video does. Kudos!
I totally agree !
There's Minutephysics who did it years ago.
Kurzgesagt did a very good video on quantum computers as well
Except for the fact that 95% of the viewers will NOT be able to keep up with it, and thus will get nothing out of it.
Our schools suck. You should be embarrassed. You people let down the whole country during covid.
This is the best explanation of how quantum superiority breaks the RSA algorithm (and also the best explanation of a possible solution to the problem) I have ever heard. I know how hard it is to teach a complicated subject in a clear and simple manner. Well done!
Indeed, excellent graphics
@sundog aurora I saw it somewhere else 😂
💰
❤ Agree 100%%%%
clear and simple you say?
There should be like an award for how much effort a creator puts into a single video on UA-cam.
its amazing its like a A+++ project for a final. and the great references!!!!
There is, you watching it!
there is it's called a youtube award
This isn't the winner though. He has much more amazing productions
@@Dude-Smellmyhelmet Like which one? I feel like this one has the most stuff in it compared to videos he made recently.
A good teacher is like a candle it consumes itself to light the way for others.
Wow, that's beautiful.
That's a bar
Tha's such a hard line, fits Veritasium well
wtf r u talking about lmao
I may need a quantum computer for that to make sense to me, LoL kidding, I believe statements like your's that have a higher meaning, that can be applied, and interrupted, in more than one way depending on the reader, I consider it a form of art👍
I know this video is probably not going to beat the black balls reservoir or some of your other viral hits, but this is really one of the most impressive pieces of science communication you've made over the many years I followed your channel. These are some incredibly difficult to understand concepts and you really made them make sense. I watched a bunch of videos on RSA and quantum computing, but I never quite got it. Now I get it.
This video should get that many views and more. 💯
black balls? 🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣
@@kingdong7517 on what website could I find this video?
@@kingdong7517 Yeah, 96 million of them! Derek's black balls are his most popular video! It has almost as many views as there is balls in it.
@@Viniter Hahaha. I feel so immature laughing at balls.
Unbelievable how effectively you can summarize
Hi
website is good
hlw
Nice
Nice
As someone who absolutely detested math in every level of education I’m blown away by the fact I’m able to follow and understand this because your explanation and presentation is simple yet detailed.
That's because math isn't taught be people who know how to teach math. Math teachers can only really teach towards other math-minded people. Like about the 15-25% of kids who have a natural math aptitude. The remaining 75%-85% of us have all sorts of trouble. Math pedagogy is shitty.
@@butterfacemcgillicutty as a math like I’ve experienced that with my other classmates
I got to 9-minutes in, and my brain switched off. In 47 years, I have never found a day where algebra is needed in my life.
I only got the last part, everything else was russianese to me.
@@badhippo Well, without it you would not be writing this comment, because you would probably be a serf. Be grateful that it exists, and perhaps also grateful that you have a life easy enough that you do not have to bother to use it.
Dang…I was tricked into doing math on my break
XD
😂😂😂😂😂
He explained Cryptography, Quantum Computing, RSA algorithm and many more in a single video!! We should be grateful that he's providing this content for free.
Adsense.... Except it got demo....... By yt
by doing analogies ,its not hard
Yes and no. The problem is that we have these theoretical mathematical concepts that work in these hypothetical situations we construct, between these finite and infinite sets, yet how do we logically constrain and manipulate these quantum variables in a translatable and meaningful way? We create these incredibly uniform states and measure such limited, inaccurate characteristics - have we really advanced anything about our ability to compute, here? Sure, we could theoretically perform multiple operations and read/write data based on measurable states stored in the existence of "particles" on a scale much greater than our current finite computing systems, but there is a reason this has been a concern for the last 18 years with little progress towards true weaponization - the results are still horrendously inaccurate and meaningless - how do you quantify the infinite gradient of results into our finite computational understanding? All we have really done, as far as this specific video is concerned, is highlighted fundamental flaws in RSA and general asymmetric trust-based encryption, which is something we can simulate with a normal binary super-computer. There is no magic here - we are either purposefully blinding ourselves in order to acquire grant money to perpetuate meaningless quantum computing research or unintentionally confusing ourselves by finding different and terribly inefficient ways of computing basic set theory and calculus problems.
If not, someone else would on youtube?
How is that the case, sir? There are more detailed information available online as well.
After watching countless videos trying to understand this topic, this is honestly the only one that I can follow through! Well done and please keep cranking more videos. Thank you so much!
Keep it up. Happy to see your support to the channel.
Love to see the support!
you need to understand the (mostly simple) math behind those algo to truly appreciate what's going on
@@orion_cinema Go make your own money.
@@orion_cinema< former scammer found
Idk how you managed to make a video about mostly math feel like a high stakes scene in a movie where the characters uncover something revolutionary, but some combination of music shifts, your tone, the visuals, and of course the actual arrangement of the content itself, accomplished this. Wonderfully done. It's a really cool thing to have skills/knowledge/research both in a highly technical area and in the realm of art and emotion. Making those things combine well is rarely done and highly valuable imo.
We love you....Thank you for your time and most of all your words filled with hope! I was in the Navy then college and now I regret giving my time in the service.
I'm a CS student and have been trying to understand this concept recently, but the explanations I've found in the internet have been too complex. This was the best explanation I've found. I'm not sure if I understand everything you said but I understood most of it. Thanks!
Instead of bits, we now have qubits, 0 and 1 until measured, a superstition state until measured. Once measured and revealed, the qbits can possibly be 0 and 1 in many probabilities.
GPT4...
Just imagine the logical gateway that remains in both states simultaneously.
That's basically it from the IT perspective.
@@Jesse-jp8bt can it be 0 and 1 at the same time?
Like PBS space time. 😂
You just managed to explain half a semester of QIT in a single video. This is absolutely fantastic! I wish I'd had this video back in college!
Someone (not me) would say you need that semesters half to understand it
@@Attewir Hey, I'm the someone
What’s QIT
Quantum information theory
All QIT is missing is U!
I've always thought of quantum computers as being some sort of magic box that does something with superposition to get an answer through brute-forcing every input at once. This video finally made me realize that the answer itself must also be in a superposition, so the result you're looking for can't just be 1 of the possible states; it has to be encoded across all of the possible states so that you can still retrieve it after the superposition collapses. This really shines some light on what kinds of problems quantum computers are actually useful for.
Actually your comment made me understand that portion of the video.
Isn't this videos title misleading/wrong because of infinite monkey theorom?
@@SerratedPVP How does that: "The Infinite Monkey Theorem", apply to this video?
I feel like you have something to contribute, but you didn't explain your thought well enough.
The title is mostly true, because much of the internet works through end-to-end encryption noted by the "locked" symbol in your web address bar(at least seen through Chrome on a PC). Quantum computers, which will be basically a supercomputer multiplied, could figure out the encryption key used in the internet session fast enough for your session to be intercepted. Whereas a supercomputer today COULD figure out your encryption key for your session, but much slower and therefore it'd take much longer and burn up a lot of resources(time, electricity, etc.).
I think our current batch of "AIs" could speed up the rate at which quantum computers "break" current encryption standards, so I hope they get new encryption figured out fast! 😅
@@megamanx466 I explained it in great length in another post, I will copy paste, I hope it is not too nuanced lol.
Encryption isn't like a key to a door, where it either twists or not. Encryption will always kick back gibberish, so how do we know we've broken the encryption?
Essentially Infinite monkey theorem. (crazy nuanced explanation, you can skip and come back if you're confused, I thought it was a fun thought experiment too.)
We have a "pocket dimension" box full of billions of keys, we use these keys on our magical portal encryption door, in search for our childhood bedroom. We go through millions of rooms, (sorta like in monster inc,) most of them looking crazy, unworldly and even unsafe. Finally peering into a room that looks like the one, we pause and step in. Our protagonist doesn't have a great recollection, unbenounced to him, this is not his childhood bedroom, it's just a randomly generated room that he has been fooled by. In that pocket dimension full of keys there were another thousand like it.
Isn't it still possible that a quantum computer with it's goal aimed at breaking encryption would also generate these "hallucinations" / results that were plausible but not the case?
@@SerratedPVP I don't think you understand the problem here. Here, we know N. It is the product of two primes, p and q. If we can find p and q then we can decode the message.
In the case where we did NOT know N and we just tried to decode the message by checking all possible primes p and q. Then, we may produce these "hallucinations".
The whole analog and digital computer series on this channel is simply amazing. Never seen such a seamless, easy to understand explanation of computers. Great work!
I made the 20M qubit estimate referred to at 17:15. I was impressed by this video. Shor's algorithm is a really hard algorithm to explain. It depends crucially on bits of signal processing, of number theory, of computer science, and of quantum physics. I think the video did a good job of demonstrating the core concepts of the algorithm, while skipping several of the finicky details.
I also appreciated a popular video including cost estimates based on plausible hardware, instead of magical perfect hardware. Probably the most controversial bit to me is the plot wildly speculating that the estimated costs will drop by another factor of 100 over the next decade. But, on the other hand, who can say what trick will be found to crunch down arithmetic circuits. Karatsuba found his multiplication algorithm within a week of it being conjectured impossible.
Wow man! Hats off! 🎩
You actually got good content now that I see!
We all appreciate people like you coming and writing feedback on these videos. We trust Derek to have accurate information, but it adds an extra layer when experts confirm that the content is explained well and accurate as usual.
Great paper Craig. I have read it multiple times. On facet that is often missed is that increasing the key size from RSA 2048 to RSA 3072 only provides another year or two of protection. ECDSA has a similar fate.
To anyone freaked out about this, don't panic. A new set of algorithms are rolling out, just like other transitions over the last 30+ years.
Again, Crag stellar work! Thank you!
@@timmcdonough1777 I think it's completely reasonable to freak out and panic, since all the data up until the new quantum computing proof encryption starts being universally used could potentially be decrypted in the the relatively near future. Imagine the possible harmful consequences this could have, considering how much extremely sensitive and confidential encrypted information is probably already in possession of numerous bad actors of various sorts, in numbers still increasing.
Wow, you're practically a celebrity of the quantum computing world.
_In 20 minutes, Derek explains public/private key cryptography and the effect quantum computing has on it better than anyone I have heard in the last 10 years! This is an insanely great visualization of the topic._
but does it matter tho
@@akjohnny5997 Does anything matter, does having the ability to cook matter when someone can do it for you, does it matter if you work when people can donate you money outside instead of working.
@@flintfrommother3gaming sorry about Hinawa
@@akjohnny5997 Does your identity matter? Your possessions? Job? Privacy?
In 20 minutes he didn't mention (in an appropriate manner) the fact that there are quantum computing safe encryption methods(PQC), which will make the clickbait even more transparent ... and embarrassing.
About "10 years" and I'm sorry to rip this out of context: 10 years is a good number. All those problems already exist, because encryption, which was still considered secure back then, can now be easily bypassed by anyone. This includes all private and secret content. While this isn't as worrying(debatable, depends who you ask ... hehe) as real-time, unauthorized decryption of data, it's still a part of our reality.
My question for you: why are you a) so impressionable and b) completely ignorant of the devices you use on a daily basis? Just a question and meant as food for thought. Certainly not as accusation ...
Derek - this is one of THE BEST videos you’ve ever done. Thank you for your time and skills at making complex ideas simpler.
Literally nothing made sense after 5 mins🤣
😱
Every one of his videos has people saying that it's THE BEST video he's ever done lol.
@@ArawnOfAnnwn why u be so petty lol
@@ArawnOfAnnwn isn’t it awesome that we have different opinions?!
The simplicity of reasoning and the ease with which you are explaining is remarkable!! I have been following your channel for years now and you never stop fascinating me with your intelligence and way of explaining any concept!! Amazing
I'm very impressed with how you can make such complex topics accessible. And it's not even one complex topic it's like 10 different extremely complex topics, in 24 minutes. Hats off
Hats off indeed!
Yeh he is the best! Though he should have added that we’ve already solved this problem for consumers with post-quantum VPNs that utilise post-quantum cryptography. The first one, QAL VPN, is now available. Google it!
@Calix and that is enough.
No, it just means you aren't very smart. Him having to explaining it to a child only means your brain is equal to a child's brain.
@@TheSteveMeister at this very moment you have a child's level of understanding of a myriad of topics. So by your own logic you're not very smart.
If I'm a brain surgeon but know absolutely nothing about quantum computers then I'm dumb?
It's always the dumb ones like you calling others stupid lmao
Love how this channel has grown over the past so many years.. Going deeper & deeper... This video was specially a treat by actually going through the math in an intuitive way.... Keep doing the great work..
You should look into 3b1b if you like this kind of math stuff
@Don't Read Profile Photo Okay, I won't.
It's like he had a Collab with 3blueonebrown but all by itself
@Repent and believe in Jesus Christ Nah, I'm good fam. All hail the flying spaghetti monster 🍝👾
Intuitive? My brain must have physically unraveled in each dimension proceeding 6 and gotten stuck out there. I don’t think I can ravel it back together, wait, er, raveled… unraveled, but, oh no, I don’t even know if my brain should or shouldn’t be raveled; it’s over for me.
As a math enthusiast I appreciate a lot the fact that you are willing to make hardcore math topics understandable for the general public ♡
I learned both everything and nothing in this video, and I enjoyed every second of it
Me too lol
As a math and computer enthusiast, i say the same for the computer part too!
I must be dumb then, cause I still didn't understand
He said understandable.... 😢😭
yo, ur videos are actually so good, i been learning so much from them, fr, thank you for makin them
This is both well explained and still very confusing, even as a developer who enjoys math and algorithms. This is the kind of topic that is way too big to tackle normally, but you did an incredible job. I'm sure there are plenty of people who will struggle to follow along, but the fact that it's still possible for most people to get anything out of this explanation is evidence of how good it is.
Yeah, there's a reason cryptographers are so often insanely good mathematicians - the area requires some very deep abstract math
I had to take notes while watching the videos and skip back to fully understand the everything.
Now I can proudly say, that I understand why quantum computers can decode RSA keys that easily.
I don‘t understand how exactly the superposition q-bits are created and how they are initialized in the real world.
I also don‘t understand the quantum fourier trasformation. But that‘s probably for another day. ^^
And there were quite a few things that I just have to assume that they are true. Like the periodic Remainders when dividing g^x through the prim number.
@@dekroplay5373 the periodic remainder is pretty easy to find examples of, and when you consider how a remainder of a multiple is created, it makes sense. But I'm with you on not understanding the technical details on how quantum computing is even really possible, but a lot of that stems from not understanding how one would do the physical read/write transactions in that space, but then again if I did, I would probably be working on designing quantum computers, so it's not really surprising
@@riuphane I still don‘t understand the periodic remainder thing. Will look into it another day.
I gotta admit while I usually have a mild grasp on the subjects in most of your videos, this is quite a bit over my head even with this excellent breakdown. I'm sure it's no small feat to even begin making this information digestible for the masses.
All I can say is the human mind's ability to want to even figure this stuff out is crazy.
I was hoping I wasn’t the only one lol I felt pretty dumb watching this video
Me too, but I think English being my second Language a main reason.
Yeah I was lost a few mins in.
The existence of quantum resistance algorithms is very important to note. But the idea that stuff is being saved now that doesn't use those methods is interesting. Hadn't thought of that before.
might see a period of criminals cracking this data and extorting other criminals. wild
I would not worry much about it. My classic computer with classic piece of software can brake 20y old database in (mili)seconds. Nobody cares much about it. I guess the same will happen 20y in future. But scaremongering bring lots of views=money.
Fun fact. NISS is in the process of standardizing post quantum cryptography. We already know which algorithms will be used in a decade.
@@robertbloch1063 Yeah but also 20 years ago people didn’t have their entire lives and businesses online
It feels like in tenet where we are fighting with the future.
Dude, I went to the International Math Olympiad and this stuff is hard for me. The fact that you're trying to teach this shows incredible respect for your audience.
I usually have youtube on the background while doing other stuff. Not this video....
What city was the math Olympiad held in when you went
A firm understanding of the basics of quantum theory is more relevant in this video than math, I guess.
This video worried me so much because almost all of it went over my head really fast. Your comment gave me solace, thank you.
Nice. I was stuck on the Nationals :( and yea it’s tricky. And I do Real Analysis / Topology
I tried to have this on in the background, I have no idea what just happened.
With Veritasium videos it’s always so much fun getting to spend 20 minutes pretending like I understand what’s happening…but with this one I couldn’t even pretend.
Glad i'm not alone in this one
We are the top 70%
Exactly 💯😅
I do the same 😂
You can pretend and not pretend simultaneously
As someone who's heading into the field of Quantum Computing and knows the formal background for both, the cryptography and QC, this video is simply mind blowing. I have never seen such a good explanation of RSA without mentioning a single concept from group theory. I see the complex background for everything you're talking about shining through and marvel at how you manage to sidestep explaining it completely. I have been doing quite some quantum computing, but I never managed to understand Shor's algorithm, until now.
Gotta read up on the maths of this now, with the help of an intuitive understanding. :)
Thanks for explaining the combination of those two complex topics so well!
I'm missing something here. In reference to RSA He basically said "maths" and "prime numbers" and waved his hands. He didn't explain anything about it.
I know little about Quantum computers, But I keep getting an Erie feeling, and it hasn't gone away
can you give some insight into the danger of quantum computers?
@@philobetto5106 do you mean the physical danger of the systems or the potential applications they could be used for?
In the latter case, we computer scientists usually classify problems into two categories. Can be solved easily and can be verified easily.
A list can be sorted easily, a matrix multiplication can be performed easily. A Sudoku on the other hand, we can't solve easily (yet), same for protein folding (required for creating drugs and curing diseases like cancer), prime factorization is hard too. But, if you know the answer, you can easily verify it.
Those problems are easy to check, but hard to solve. The problem with having access to a quantum computer is now, that I do not have to solve the problem.
I can just build am algorithm to verify the solution of a Sudoku (easy to do), run it on a superposition of all possible inputs, and collapse the resulting superposition down to a single one I can measure.
I have therefore just checked all possible inputs instead of having to solve the problem. This is of course just an analogy to get some intuition, QCs do not simply allow you to just solve all so called NP-complete problems.
The potential (danger) here is the ability to solve a multitude of problems that weren't solvable before, including simulations of quantum processes (that are quantum and therefore too complicated for a classical computer, but a QC is made of the same concepts so it can easily simulate them).
This will allow for the development of new unseen technologies, medicine, materials,....
Being able to simulate actual quantum process should turbo boost quantum physics.
Whether those technologies will be used or abused is the question.
@@patrickkillian1072 Prime numbers are numbers that can only be perfectly divided (no remainder) by itself and 1. So, think for example of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. These numbers are only divisible by themselves and 1. An example of a number that is NOT prime is 4 because it's divisible by 2 (which itself is a prime number). Prime numbers are kind of special because we can think of them as the "building blocks" of other numbers because all numbers are factors of prime numbers.
The point of RSA encryption is that it's notoriously difficult to find the prime number factors of very large numbers.
@@Geosearchef Initially, use as a weapon is my main concern.
theoretically, it feels like it has the potential to be many times more dangerous than a group of chimpanzees in a nuclear
silo.
and much greater odds of something catastrophic.
at the least, it will only speed up the inevitable.
We passed the point of no return decades ago.
idk if anyone on your team will see this but yall might want to take a second pass on the closed captions on this one because there are parts where what's written doesn't match up with what's being said, to the point it could cause confusion. genuinely thank you for providing them, though. i have adhd and human-generated (or edited) subtitles really help me stay focused when watching videos (while auto-generated subtitles distract me more)
The amount of effort and intelligence making this video is like encryption for many. Well done!
How does anyone understand this video, it's a real hard watch
Encryption and Quantam Computing makes Calculus look like basic algebra
hahahaha
@@monkerer1221 You have to already know the basics of what he's talking about, there is no way to explain something this complex in a simple way. I had a tough time too, but I got the jist of it lol.
@@alanr4845 For real, and Calculus can already be a huge pain in the ass.
Congratulations to you and your team on this feat. Fantastic work, everyone. I am not an expert on the topic and was able to understand and keep up, without feeling like you're dumbing things down for the sake of people like myself. Science communicators and online educators like yourselves are pushing the boundaries on how people can absorb information. Great writing, thoughtfully laid out animations, and masterful presenting. Congratulations again. ❤
You look like a person called mina
@@whitewhite4462you look like white
No other creator is able to make a video that talks about math the whole time and get millions of views in a month. This is great content
3blue1brown?
I forgor about him 💀
Numberphile too
that one chinese fuy who helped me with analysis
Actually this video is about physics 🤷🏻
I have watched a lot of video's explaining quantum computers, and the never got any further that "Well, the have qubits that can be in superposition, so the can work faster" This video is by far the best I have seen on the subject and I am starting to understand why these computers can crack certain problems a lot faster. Don't look at any other video's on the subject, this is the standard. Absolutely very well done!
As someone who works with lattices every day (in the context of crystallography; I'm in materials science) and who has an interest in cryptography, I must say that your explanation of lattice cryptography was fantastic! Much more understandable than other explanations on, for example, Wikipedia. Very well done!
Agreed. That was so much more understandable than my professor..
Legit question: is the idea behind this cryptography with lattices that it's hard to determine what the lattice looks like to find the point? Or is the path taken the information that you're trying to determine? Or am I completely off?
@@rubixman7x7 I have the same question, can someone explain it, please?
@@rubixman7x7 I think it’s about the path taken. You already sort of know how his lattice looks since you used it to pick what you were gonna say. What you send your friend is the path you would take to that point on his lattice using your vectors. If you add in some noise it would look like a field surrounding the point on his screen. Getting to this field would be tricky by using arbitrary vectors, but it would be easy for him to use his vectors to get to the closest point. I think that’s the point, but I may be wrong.
Glad someone understood it I’m lost. I have a degree in mathematics hahaha
This was some of your best work so far, at least for me. Your explanation of both conventional and lattice encryption was super clear and the visuals were just what I needed at any moment. I'm in awe of your ability to find, research and find interesting bitesized insights into such a broad range of topics while still retaining everything that makes this channel unique. Thank you.
Hi, if you have a good understanding of this, I wonder if you can help me with it. How does the sender know where to place their message in the lattice to represent what they want to send? I imagine the bad vectors as their coordinate system and the private key is a totally different coordinate system.
@@cheese-g69
Bad vectors are nothing but a bunch of waves of signals being sent out. You don't know where to go so you just go in all directions and eventually hit a destination. The good vectors is the exact direction of where to go and how to get there fastest. The computer sending the message places the data on a random dot, then maps out the path to take to reach it and that path is your encryption key. So encryption works because the data is lost in a maze of dead ends which will takes impossible amounts of processing power to compute while decryption is having the shortest path to the answer. And I'm sure that this answer will also be encrypted in some way to safeguard data depending on what is being safeguarded.
I graduated in Computer Engineering nearly 20 years ago. This video brought back the same sparkles to my eyes I had during the Calculus and physics classes back there. Thank you so much for it!
Same. Brings me back to Calc 2/3 and Physics. 😢
I hate calculus to this day
@@njpmeno one cares.
No computer student gets sparkly eyes on Calculus or Physics
@@AI-qd4vb how so? Calculus is genuinely an interesting topic lol
i am a linguistics major and had no idea i could understand this level of math. shows how much a teacher matters. props to you frrrrrrr
I just wrote a report about this exact topic less than sixth months ago, and it's so fulfilling to see you making the same points and using the same resources I did. Seeing someone as accomplished as you in this area of education doing the same thing I did makes me feel very validated.
Sixth. Lol
Even Quantum Computers can't stop these bots.
There's probably a chance that we were in the same course 🤔
The Gospel:
(I am not a bot, I'm just someone who enjoys spreading the gospel. Much love to you all!)
The gospel is the good news that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, died for our sins and rose again, eternally triumphant over His enemies, so that there is now no condemnation for those who believe, but only everlasting joy.
Peter says in 1 Peter 2:24, “He himself bore our sins in His body on the tree, that we might die to sin and live to righteousness.”
So Christ died not only to forgive sin, but also that it might die in the lives of His people.
~Quoting John Piper~
ALSO
My friend put together a great PowerPoint about the Gospel and Jesus being the prophesied Messiah. I'd like to share if you're interested, just reply and I can send you the link. May Jesus Bless you!
I just wanna say congrats
This seriously has to be one of the best UA-cam contents ever created until this day. The amount of research, creativity, work and passion that must have flown into this bit are sick. Thanks!
This video is mind-blowing! As someone who has a basic understanding of quantum computing and cryptography, I really appreciate how this video explained Shor's algorithm and its potential impact on our society. The visuals and explanations were clear and concise, making the topic easier to understand. Kudos to Veritasium for creating such an informative and engaging video!
As a software developer, one thing I rarely see covered in videos about encryption is that breaking the strongest encryption on the web requires tens of millions of practical cubits... or one CA certificate. A very long list of companies and governments can already do this, and they don't need quantum computers. If you think Amazon or Cloudflare or the NSA can't see your web traffic in plain text, for example, you should probably go research how TLS works. Just make sure you're sitting down. :)
as a rational person living in what we call reality, You can't hammer SSL and web login forms at light speed and for infinite tries. Just the very idea of attacking BTC makes no sense, even with quantum tech (that still has no valid hacking use case, 1 year later). This channel drops the ball once in a while.
I am not sure what you are talking about. This video talked about CA certificates indirectly since they use RSA. So this video answers the question. You cannot break RSA with super computers. In addition, you can increase the bit length to exponentially make it longer to break it, which by current computer standards makes it impossible, even the Quantum chip is not there yet.
This is NOT how TLS works! The certificate issuer can't decrypt your web traffic. The encryption keys are securely negotiated between the client and server--no other party, including the CA, is able to learn them
@@lgmediapcsalon9440 You don't need to run a bunch of live TLS sessions for this attack, you can run the quantum algorithm offline to get the private key from a public key
@@lgmediapcsalon9440 The problem with btc is, that it's not necessary to break real time encryption. It just suffices to generate block content that produces the same hash value as an old block and substitute it. So you can take your time with breaking the encryption. This way you can alter the content of the blockchain without anyone realizing it or detect the block as invalid. If this happens, the complete blockchain renders useless, because its main upside and purpose is, that you have a transparent set of data, that can't be altered by anyone.
Man! As someone who fumbled through high school and university maths, I can say confidently that my biggest issue was visualising each topic and steps required in between. Identifying the problem and understand the goal I could do but it was the intricate workings in between and showing my work was what I struggled with. These animations and the commentary compliments my style of learning and I wish I had this at school. Brillian video on a very complicated yet exciting topic!
That's why they're preaching learning styles now. They need to do better our kids are our future
Same
This video is so well done that it qualifies as genius. It's one thing to understand this stuff, but another entirely to be able to teach it to others this well. This is the smartest channel on the entire internet. Thank you for enlightening me!
I remain fortuitously unenlightened
@@psynchro That's why we have factory workers, which are happy to make stuff for everyone, like simpleminded, you know, the thing...
Studying Cryptography was my favourite thing to do in my whole 4 year college period and I was always fascinated by how RSA algorithm was so simple yet so resistant to brute force attacks.
finding p and q from just N is hard, but we have no proof it's as hard as discrete log (DH).
It really is super simple, and that is its genius ; just multiple two large primes and you get your public key. But good luck factoring such a large number into its primes without foreknowledge
I love the concept but my professor making me encrypt and decrypt RSA by HAND has wedged a terrible memory of cryptography into my brain.
@@esmith2k2 who TF makes u decrypt rsa bruh 💀
@@esmith2k2 was it like a 4-5 digit prime ?
I just realized the video was only 24 minutes, like how?! It usually takes at least 10 hours of lectures and a headache for me to understand these topics. This dude is insane with the videos!
The amount of effort to create this masterpiece is a significant achievement itself!
You just explained one of the most complex topic of scientific computing like it wasn't much of a big deal. Really grateful for your endeavours!
Keep making more of these videos my brain LOVES IT! You explained it so well compared to every other video I’ve watched on this topic. I’m thinking of all the possibilities. A chess bot that sees 100 moves ahead, a solution to the 3x - 1 problem, a gaming PC that can process petabytes in less than a second, so much. The possibilities are exponential with the more qubits there are, but breaking encryption does seem like a real threat unless we had a chapter book of random characters for each of our passwords.
All your videos are amazing. Never stop!
Looking at unreal engine 5, gpt-4, and the most recent stable diffusion models, thinking what those could do for the dialogue, visuals, and art in games. And then imagining what those could do running on massive quantum computers.
Imagine a game with dialogue and story written in real time based on your actions. With the art and sound and music all done in real time as you play. It would be like the entire game is being made for you.
And all of it would look completely indistinguishable from real life.
And this could be made into VR which wouldn't be too hard to turn into a completely immersive full dive system like the matrix. Just less AI torture Sim and more giant videogame paradise.
I honestly think that that's where the aliens are. The Fermi paradox's solution is that aliens invent quantum computers, invent AI, and create VR and then all dissappear into matrix style simulation paradises.
You can just be doing whatever you want in a game of D&D with friends but you're actually there. Whatever you can dream of.
And there are people who say you'd get sick of it eventually but just temporarily section off your memory do you can experience it for the first time a thousand times and remember all those afterwards.
@@atashgallagher5139 not a big fan of the idea of altering my perseption of reality to that extent. And I'm a sucker for new tech and and video games
You missed the concept entirely. Quantom computers arent just super strong all powerful computers capable of solving any enigma we hold. RIght now they can barely factor two numbers
@@MaxTheFireCat Yeah, unfortunately all the marketing to attract investors has really been eaten up by most of the public. Quantum computers have barely advanced in the slighest in decades, and there's no sign of anything practical coming from them in the next 20-50 years. And then it'll only be for very niche applications.
I appreciate the positive message this concluded with, there’s too much negative news in the world, it’s a breath of fresh air to hear about the solutions people are working on, instead of just the problems by themselves.
That is every scientists' duty.
@Don't Read Profile Photo ok😂
@Don't Read Profile Photo ok
It's not that positive though. It means that in the future we can counter quantum decryption, but it's not retroactive. That means all encrypted data that currently exists and is stored by potential bad actors is already compromised.
@@hydra70 for every light, there is a shadow
Unbelievable how you efficiently managed to explain in such a beautiful and understandable way Shor's Algorithm. Clearly a piece of art. Bravo!
It's crazy how this guy can make electricity look weird, and how he can also produce such masterpieces. Kudos.
I guess he had help ;)
Please stop saying Kudos. Nobody knows, cares, or is interested on what a Kudos is.
ok
@@GR44N That's a weird thing to be mad about
I just hate people its all about money really, make energy free already wtf
Thank You for such informative and unique video. Keep up the good work. I am happy everytime your videos pop up in my feed as there is something new and interesting to learn.
This is absolutely incredible. It could be the best video you've ever made. Congratulations, a brilliant piece of work.
I'm a big fan of your work since a few years when my brother introduced your channel and basically cool science stuff to me. And i just want you to mention that this video inspired me to give a seminar on Quantum Computing. I would'nt say I did a great job delivering the seminar but yeah I think I did a decent job. My teacher did'nt know much about Quantum Physics and all just as most of my peers in class but she was impressed that I talked about RSA algorithm. Thank you for making such amazing videos.
This is seriously one of my favorite videos ever. Unbelievable how you managed to simplify such a complex topic and explain it in layman's terms
It's not really layman's terms... I ain't no idiot, but I also don't have anything more than ageing highschool maths, and there is a lot of this video that makes absolutely no sense to me. You can't expect a layman to follow along with fairly conpelx mathematical formulae, even when very well explained.. 🙃
@@dylanevans5644 exactly
@@dylanevans5644 Let me guess, you are American, right?
@@KGR_ no
@@KGR_ and you are cake?
Kager is the Danish word for cake 😃
I'd like to applaud your graphics team for doing so well on enunciating the topics you're covering visually.
Unbelievable how effectively you can summarize, illustrate, and contextualize such dense information. I felt like everytime I was getting a little confused, or wishing I had additional background knowledge on a topic, you answered every question I had. This was a brilliant video, thank you!!
Utterly incredible, one of the best videos I have seen so far on this topic
I wish i had this video a year back you literally explained the core portion of my Cryptography and System Security syllabus in 24 minutes and in the beest possible way.
Bro ik on the prime factorization part I swear that was taught 10000x better than my cse class😭
I just finished studying RSA lmao
This is the first time I've actually understood what quantum means in computing. Been hearing the word thrown around for years but never truly knew what it meant until I watched this video. Great job!
I wasn't able to follow all the math specifics, but I love your illustration of how information has been encoded at each step. It helps me understand the possibilities of decoding.
you can be assured a lot of people probably got lost or confused during that part
Ive watched your videos for years, and this is easily my favorite. You do a phenomenal job as an educator. Extremely impressive!
This video will be shown in future CS courses for years to come!
Well done with this, an incredibly complex topic explained as simply as possible. I'm not great at math, but I can get by... Almost lost me at some points, but you pulled it off!
This must have taken you so much time and effort to think through how to so perfectly and efficiently explain these complex topics. You have an incredible talent for educating. Great video!!
Veritasium, your explanation and your super simple yet complex (simplex) videos are just AMAZING!
Even if I don't understand the first time, the animation and the simplified concepts is just easy and fun for me to watch and watch again...
Thank you sir
this was actually a really good way of explaining the main points of how a quantum computer works, without skipping past all the important stuff other explainations do
He did not bother to explain a thing about how to realise qubits in hardware. All the boring stuff about keeping them at few kelvins, maintaining coherence and managing noise. You know, the stuff that stops quantium computers from scaling up.
@@robertbloch1063 thats a bit too technical for the avg viewer lol
@@h2q8 lol.
Fourier-transformation, prim-factorization, superposition, lattice, RSA, …
is OK for the average viewer. Or what?
I can‘t imagine that 50% of the people watching the video understand the stuff he is talking about.
They might get an idea, but is the average Veritasium viewer really that well educated?
@@dekroplay5373 I think the terms and how they are easier to understand than the hardware
@@h2q8 OK.
You might be right about that.
I was highly sceptical of this video at first, because I have pretty much always been unsatisfied with mainstream science communication on quantum computing, but you have absolutely blown it out of the park with this video! I honestly think this is your best video to date, and that is saying a lot!
I still don't fully understand how a QBIT works in practice. Even with this video.
@@bonafernando yeah, its a good video, but I feel like the math lacked some explaining. I couldn’t wrap my head around everything there.
@@citratune7830 exactly. Feels like he put a lot of math to distract the fact not even him understands qbits.
Every one of his videos has people saying that it's THE BEST video of his to date lol.
@@bonafernando > I still...
That is because the part OP lauded him for with this video, is the fact that he avoided actually explaining anything related to the quantum computers (beyond "we get superpositions"), assigning them as "black boxes". Instead he focused only on the algorithms using those efficient black boxes and explained them and how they affect cryptography, which was the point of the video.
Honestly I agree it was the right choice, as it let him go into depth about how having a superposition allows you to get a valuable answer: "using this black box for fourier transforms, we get the period of the superposition, and can suddenly return to our pre-quantum algorithm having skipped the costly steps"
I disagree it is his best video yet though. Particularly the latice example felt lacking, but also because he has had some really stellar videos before this.
There is no science educator like Derek in youtube platform. I'm really consfused as in how he select his next topic for the video, and he nails it. Kudos to him and his team!
most his topics already exist in other channels.
Thank you Derek, you showed me the use of so many things I wasn't interested in in school because I had no idea what they were for. Kinda makes me wonder, where would I be had I had good, interested, not underpaid, not over exhausted, well trained teachers.
Every time I examine one of these explanations of quantum computing I get a little bit closer to understanding some of the theory. I'm not there yet, but this one did nudge in the right direction.
Reminds me of Feynman's "if you think you understand quantum mechanics, then you don't"
the best thing about not understanding Quantum physics, is understanding Quantum physics.
@@juliuszkocinski7478 My biggest problem: I don't know what to do with this big box of cats that I have!
It's linear algebra with complex numbers. The way states/superpositions are labelled with brackets is just because you can systematically start with a set of objects/abstract labels and "superimpose" them by studying the complex-valued functions over them aka the complex vector space of states. If you can read an intro linear algebra book like those by Shilov or Kostrikin and Manin, you will be able to write all of these things explicitly and you will understand the quantum Fourier transform too (it is just a unitary matrix). Good luck.
you wont be there, if you do want, you will have to do A LOT more than watching videos on youttube
You're the only youtuber I know who can talk about math for 24 minutes and it's actually interesting.
Then you havent watched 3blue1brown yet i guess
stand-up maths can do that too
and mathologer
@@1987joey1987 Indeed.
I like your username 😁
Thanks! I have been trying to understand quantum computing for a while now. Not as long as it's been around; but long enough.
This explanation single handedly made me understand.
Ya, this dude captures your interest off the bat pertaining to the reality of current / future encryption vulnerabilities.
Excellent introduction to awareness and potential. Got to wonder if AI will accelerate the development of quantum computing meaning it’s not (as commented in video)10 - 9 years away when this video was made but right around the corner. I have been spreading this video to all my fellow network security engineers.
Well done Sir.
Incredible video. This is a very difficult concept to have someone truly understand, and I think you did a great job making it as digestible as possible. It's still a very complex topic, but I was able to follow it and even know where you were taking it next without ever studying this exact topic. Great job Derek.
Probably the simplest explanation of RSA math i've ever come across. Kudos to you. Incredible job.
For the viewers: a LOT more goes on behind the scenes, which is for the curious minds to explore. But let me put it this way: I wish i had someone explain it to me like this a few years ago, it'd have been life changing.
Again, i thank you for the effort you put in these videos. Deserve every single sub you have.
Whos watching this after google announcing Willow?
Just about to comment the same thing
Elizabeth Holmes operating from prison via her twin souls.
The ability this man has to simplify the most complex things is on another level. I very much appreciate the efforts and research that goes into each video. Thank you so much, and please keep making such content ✨
a person who itself understand a certain concept to the fullest is the person who can explain it the best and in the simplest way
If you can't explain concept in a simple manner, you don't truly understand them. - a smart guy
*a concept
@@lastyhopper2792that’s not entirely true. Some people just have a hard time explaining things but really do understand a subject to a deep level. You’re just quoting something you read on an instagram post somewhere
@user-uj8ts7pi9y in case you didn't know, it was Albert Einstein point of view, not mine.
I was simply rewritten it in my own words and in a quote-like format, for someone to hopefully figure out who this "smart guy" is.
My head was melting after 4 mins in ( I will stay in my lane of 3D Animation). All you guys that understand these complex math, I respect your abilities and hats off to you all.
I think 99.999% of us didn´t understand anything, but we all just gonna act like we understood it all.
it's just division and multiply in a high level
@@randomix4023 you do realise meaning of multiplication changes for vector and there is no division of vectors and prime number are way harder than they appear on surface
@@studies-tb1ql I do realise and it is what I say, otherwise there wouldn't be any solution without calculations.
~12 mins in I was stating to go out of my depth lol.
You and 3blue1brown are the master educators of the 21st century. This video is a masterpiece of modern education. Comprehensive and descriptive but also somehow very concise.
I can give million likes to this video as this is the best video explaining quantum and lattices so effortlessly... Hats off
Quantum computing is both extremely fascinating and terrifying at the same time.
They are in a superposition of fascinating and terrifying
No need to be terrified, Quantum Computing is a bubble that's about to burst. Billions of investments have been poured into it and progress hasn't even come close to a single commercially (or academically) use for them. They can't do a single practical thing better than a standard computer yet, after 30 years of big claims about it being just "5-10 years away". Nobody knows how to write software for them, and they're insanely expensive to run even for a few minutes. Maybe one day we'll make a big discovery, but for now there's 0 indication of it becoming viable even in the next 50 years, and even then it'll only be useful for very niche applications.
@Grumbles true. I think a fundamental error with quantum computers, which is that you lose information when collapsing a super position as explained at 5:20, will prevent them from ever reaching general purpose in the future
combine it with AI
@@_philosopher_00 what do you think ai actually is?
The animation here had me speechless. I can only imagine how hard this was to understand in words or equation, but the dimensions, vector fields, and all the on-pointe animations had me jaw dropping!
Also would it be crazy if you and 3blue1brown do a collab? 👀
Yeah I would love a breakdown on how the quantum Fourier transform actually works
Brilliant-sponsored UA-camrs collab when
Echo the animations. They are delicious. The visualizations help lock the message into the neurons long/strong enough to carry to the next topic aiding comprehension. Outstanding script transition craftsmanship.
Also, it is my personal belief the intersection of RSA security and quantum cracking may be sooner than later when the totality of the various competitors' resources and motivators are balanced. It will shock those who are unprepared.
I've watched this video about a dozen times, and each time I feel like I comprehend 1% more of the information presented :)
You get 1% every time. Every time I watch it I only get 0.2%.
Going to do a technical description on quantum computers for my writing for engineering class. I have to say this helped me in ways that 5 video and 3 academic articles never could thank you!!
You made me understand the quantum computer part for the first time! I am an engineering physicist and I watch people explaining quantum computers many times. They always talk about the QBits and how their state can be manipulated... But the part I never understood was how could you get the information, since the measurement would collapse to 1 or 0. You explained that perfectly! Thank you
As perfectly as "use this black box algorithm/operation" can be considered, lol :p
But yes, I agree it was pedagogically the right choice to focus on the actual parts he wanted to explain, and simply relegate the rest into being black boxes with reference of what one could search to find out more (ie. quantum fourier transform)
With just high school mathematics this was tough for me to follow. But I understand public key private key cryptography which was a good place to start. I think I got the gist of what you were explaining - and for the first time I got a (vague) understanding of what sort of problems can be solved by quantum computers - and how they do it! Thanks Derek... you are following in Richard Feynman's footsteps in becoming the great explainer!
I'm really interested in talking to you to see what actually made sense and what didn't. We're looking at developing a quantum computing related project for high schoolers. I really hate the way most ppl describe quantum superposition but I really liked Derek's explanation for the most part.
@@nikilragav I was puzzled by the many parts. Like for example: let's use the factor 77, why the shared factor of 77 have to be smaller than 77? If 8 to the power of 10 is the common denominator and it repeats, why does r in g to the power of r have to be 10, and not say 20 if the remainder is also 1? Or, why is decryption only working with even numbers, where 8 to the power of 10 is divided by 2? Let's say it isn't 8 to the power of 10 for simplicity's sake, and it's 8 to the power of 2, which gives you 64. 64 divided by 2 would be 32, so then why is 33 a plus 1, and the other minus 1 before being multiplied when the remainder is already 1? I know. I remember this formula from school, but it's been so long since I've had to do math like this. How does a computer find p and q with good guesses? If we use Eluclid's formula, how can we for example divide 64 by N or in case, p and q if we're trying to find p and q? If they use the remainder to find p and q due to the repeating pattern, why couldn't encryption lock or rearrange itself after multiple tries, after all, you're just trying to narrow down good guesses until you have the right one.
If it's too tedious to explain, you can ignore it. I know I sound like a person who never did math before, but I bet many people here stopped using math when they started working too. Hopefully it helps your project for high schoolers.
Make sure you'll study the heck out of linear algebra in university, it's gonna pop out anywhere in science topics once you understand it
@@acevaver5425
If you rewatch the video, you'll probably answer most of your questions on your own.
1.) Did you mean 'g' that is supposed to not share factors? It can be a follow-up question to ask if it's possible with a larger number to use as "g" but has nothing to do with understanding how it works. But if you meant the factors themselves, of course it should be smaller because the example used, 77 represents the public key which is a product of 2 primes which represents the private key.
2.) They explained why we are looking for the remainder of 1. It's because it's always the start of the interval. r = interval, in this case it's 10.
3.) If you meant by divided by 2 is when he split it in 2 terms, it's because we know that for you to get N (public key), we should multiply the two primes from the private key.
4.) Your example doesn't make sense. We're talking about decrypting the private key here using the available public key, in this case, it's N which is valued at 77 and also a product of 2 primes. If you're saying you're using N = 33 as an example, you can use the same way he did, and you'll probably come up with r=10 similar to the example.
5.) Which formula? If you want to learn about a specific formula, search the calculus of it and/or how it was derived to be that formula, it's a completely separate topic.
6.) It was explained quite well, try to rewatch the video or watch explanations about euclid's separately and then rewatch.
I made an effort to answer your questions even though I might've misunderstood your questions but please try to bear with it.
@@koji.o Thank you very much for taking the effort to respond! It might be that I haven't been paying attention. I think my confusion originates from the fact that they added two decoders to derive N, so when it said each other holds the other half of the two-way encryption, I might have confused myself when they added them together to find the arrayment of good guesses. One thing I also forgot was that the private key is hidden inside the public key. I was doing math without taking that into consideration.
I think it's best if I slowly rewatch the video and not filter information through a net.
Your friends will know you better in the first minute you meet than your acquaintances will know you in a thousand years.
I am just 18 but I really wish that I could complete my college and dive into one of these heavy research projects. You really inspired me to study physics and mathematics, and I am grateful for that.
It helped me to treat mathematics as a language that always has more for us to learn. Congrats on feeling inspired. Keep it up, and follow that feeling, and use it when the going gets tough.
Stick with it, but try to keep your schooling debt manageable.
Education is the best provision for old age. -Aristotle
It might sound very negative but hear me out. It is very "easy" to get inspired by watching these videos where things are explained in a clear manner with very attractive visualization. But if you really want to dive into "heavy research" I think you need to get used to reading complex texts where nothing makes sense!!
If I could be 18 again, I would want someone to tell me to read a lot of books and try to do the exercises by myself after only going through the examples provided there. That will be much more helpful to prepare yourself to become a researcher further down the line.
Luckily, you have access to the Internet. So all the cool books and resources are actually available for free if you know where to look.
Good luck on your journey. ☺️☺️☺️
@@megamanx466 in the Netherlands starting next year students will get 300 euros a month as to minimize debt
@@megamanx466 Most people dont live in a country where school requires you to plunge into debt.
I love your math and science videos so much, thanks for putting in the effort. It really adds to peoples lives. Just always remember you are appreciated a lot.
As a computer science student this is one of the best videos i have seen on quantum computing and has helped me understand this more than I ever have before. anytime i get asked about this stuff (which is more often than I would have hoped for) I am going to forward them this video. Wonderful work Derek
Your a student bro ... no one is asking you 😂😂😂
@@famousartguymeme Well, *you're probably not even a high school graduate. It's entirely plausible that their family or friends ask questions about it since it's becoming more common to hear about nowadays.
@@famousartguymeme i have elderly family who does not understand this at all. they hear computer science and think i am an expert in every avenue rather than highly specialized.
@@jacksonbourne well said!
@@camdickie Hope your studies are going well, I'm in the same boat right now :)
Amazing video! very well explained and great visuals too. I also liked your explanation of public keys. I always wondered how they worked
One of your best videos to date. You managed to explain a complex concept in very easy and clear terms while still being engaging. Great work man.
I'm still lost but it sounds neat lol
Whatever the new triggers for UA-cam ads are, the EVIL google is clearly "rounding" in their own favor.
Lying ads and BS propaganda disguised as ads does NOT become true with more reps.
And censoring comments about that truth doesn't help.
@@FonicsSuck So is everyone else theyre just pretending it makes sense.
I wish my college computer science classes (math and physics as well!) were taught as eloquently and understandably as how this concept was taught in this video. It takes some brilliance and talent to simplify a complex concept in a way that most people would understand. Wonderful job.
Second that. These professional professors can’t even accomplish this level of logical explanation that deduces intricacies of difficult concepts. 😂 I some times think how the Hell are these people working at MIT or Harvard but can’t explain 1-2= x
You are making a significant contribution to humanity by democratizing knowledge through your channel, Veritasium. Never in a million years would I have gotten such information in the place I live. Thank you and kudos..!
Lol
Why are we laughing here?
@@polygontower prolly cuz of the place he lives in
Yes, the workings of a quantum computer are indeed classified. He is the first person to "democratize" the information.
I think what he meant to say is that Veritasium makes this knowledge more accessible to a wider audience globally and makes it easier to understand.
The world has the habit of making room for the man whose actions show that he knows where he is going.
You are indeed an asset to youtube creators. No wonders you have 13.5 mn people following you. Really amazing. Your videos never fail to make us crave for more.
I would love it if you can continue this video and make it into a series. "The problems that quantum computers are useful for" would be very interesting! 😊
One of the things they'll be incredibly useful for is cracking data encryption and/or passwords.
Quantum computers will make data security obsolete. They could potentially make it impossible for banks, governments, the military etc. to have any data security whatsoever.
@@devilsoffspring5519 I'm pretty sure they watched the video. Also in the video: encryption that can't be easily broken by quantum computers
@@kevinscales Until somebody invents a way to crack it :) It just takes time for someone to figure out how to do it.
If it's in any way possible to do something with a computer, somebody will figure out how eventually.
Just look at what we're doing with our computers right now.
Agreed. I’d love to see a video made by him that explains vector math in a lattice with a higher dimension. He just has an amazing ability to make things easier to understand.
Yes please!🎉
this video helped me to understand topics from both my quantum computing (shors algorithm) and computer security (lattice computing, RSA) classes. Thank you so much! I appreciate how you do not just mention algorithms, but actually show how they work.
This is an absolute life saver for someone trying to learn about quantum computing in one day, thanks a lot!