I've always found it fascinating how we, creatures that currently live under a century on average, can look at theories about the eventual fate of the universe, time enough away to make the span of our entire species into a statistical blip, and feel existential dread and sorrow over drifting away from the rest of the universe, far past the likely end of all intelligent life that probably is and will be. We may be short-lived on such a scale, but our minds can feel out to the depths of eternity.
@Rocknrolladube what a troll comment. Some systems are chaotic and others aren't. The weather tomorrow is hard to guess. The position of the stars in a millenia are not. The deep time predictions fall into the latter gruop
@Rocknrolladube when youre dealing with trillions of units of time measurement the timing is more or less irrelevant. But the fact remains the same. We know it will rain in the future, tomorrow might be a good guess. But it IS an inevitability. Astronomical and celestial bodies, much less the universe, have no will want or need to conform to a manmade conception such as time. Look at it not as a literal timeframe, but as a roughed out general direction.
Okay WhyNot actually, I've read that about that too. It's just slightly difficult to wrap our tiny humans brains around the idea of it. Or at least, it's kinda difficult for it
nothing ends, nothing begins. Even with a start point of 'big bang' or any other we can figure, this is not a true start, it is a change/transformation. Its all about changes and cycles, nothing stops existing and nothing comes into existing, its only transformed )as far as we can currently figure). However, then we are left with lots of answers without any real answers lol as we are then stuck with WHY does anything exist at all. I theorize this is why god/gods were invented and in a way they are correct (as in it might be correct to attribute existence to an unknowable force) but to make it more understandable/easier to relate (and other motives), this force/forces were personified and given various names (same as for the unknown elements that became gods etc).This invented an answer to 'why' that kept most people happy....for a while...then the understanding of 'how' grew with new world views and the question of 'WHY' seems even more perplexing lol. Achieved a lot without achieving anything, we still do not know why! haha let alone any way to know a true start point (assuming there is one). Almost like trying to find the corner of a circle :P
Missy West; I have had similar thoughts, there is only form and structure, it is the changing of form that gives the illusion of time. I don't really believe there is a beginning or end just infinite change.
Mr.Phil, I just want to thank you for your passion of sharing your knowledge on the amazing universe that we live in. With this video I have watched the entire Astronomy course and must say that is has been a joy to be exploring the known and unknown with you these past few weeks. You have given me a desire to watch and study the night sky myself and to share that breath-taking experience with my friends and family. Thanks to you again, and everyone at crash course for this great series.
Chances are the currency you used will completely deflate as it has been rendered worthless by the introduction of new currency printed by the Diddy Kong Dynasty after the 32 usurpation of the man kind by an alien nation. Then a few billion alien take overs later all sentient life was extinguished by the natural decay of the universe and you finally arrive in the year 10^92 in your time machine to find the protons and neutrons that formed your bank have completely decayed and are impossible to reassemble. Sad to say your plan needs tweaking.
This brings to mind Isaac Asimov's short story, "The Last Question," about an artifical intelligence that endures long after the heat death of the universe, continually collecting data until there is no more data and no one to report to, culminating in the last line of the story when it ultimately declares "LET THERE BE LIGHT," bringing about the rebirth of the universe. It's a beautiful and hopeful piece of science fiction.
This makes me nostalgic for a simpler time when I would watch a documentary on the Heat Death of the Universe for my hit of bleak, morose existentialism, as opposed to now, when I just watch the News
I feel that us talking about the end of the universe suggests the end of Crash Course Astronomy in the near future :'( Oh well, time to make way for Crash Course Physics!
This makes me incredibly distressed. It's relatively easy to accept that my existence will end at some point, I can cope with the existence of humanity ending, but the perishing of existence itself - that's the line for me. It just makes humans seem so meaningless.
+Nick Nirus We are meaningless. Humans can do amazing things, we build, develop and learn all kinds of things, but in the end it doesn't really matter. I do understand that this is kinda harsh and hopeless, but we as a species are part of life. Even life itself might be useless in the end, but that doesn't make it less mind-blowingly wonderful. We exist and we get to be part of something bigger. Isn't that all we could ever hope for?
if you really believe that then you might be as naive as the scientist themselves... they cant even explain how the big bang occurred, how are they going to explain the end of the universe?
+Nick Nirus I don't think of it as existence being purged. More like, no more changes. Whatever is left in the dark era - really basic particles - will still be there.
+Rook Benavides Logical inferences. That's not to say that they're actually right, though you speak of them as if they're shooting in the dark with ear plugs and blind folds on.
Phil, Thank you so much, I read this book in 2000 and lost my copy, I have been struggling to recall the title for many many years. cannot express my gratitude enough. one of the most elegant and rewarding books of its type.
I just want to ask, is there any evidence or a mathematical equation that explains proton decay 7:35 I mean protons are mesons that are not fundamental particles but they are the most stable mesons where the unstable mesons decay into Protons, so how will Protons decay and what will it decay into? They are made of quarks but will that what they will decay into?
+Ricardo Quaresma It'd be better to say hypothetically. In Standard Model, protons are *theoretically* stable because Baryon number is conserved. In other models, protons may have a half-life of somewhere around 10^33, and decay into a positron and a pion. There are mathematical equations, but there is no evidence.
+Ricardo Quaresma The proton decay is only conjectured by some GUT theories, so it's completely hypothetical. We've searched years for it years without any observational evidence that it really occurs, so that's quite speculative. Its supposed to decay into a positron and a neutral pion, which itself decays pretty fast into 2 photons. As the number of protons and electrons in the universe is exactly identical, this means there will be as many positrons and electrons and sooner or later also all electrons (which seem to be stable) will as a result also have gone and being turned into photons, leaving only neutrinos as matter. left (and i wouldn't bet, that i haven't forgotten a process that creates anti-electron-neutrinos, so that it will also be gone)
+Ricardo Quaresma At first glance, baryon number seems to be conserved in the Standard Model, but in fact, it's conservation is broken by quantum effects called chiral anomaly and gravitational anomaly. The same is true for many other quantum numbers. Not counting the charges connected to elemental forces (like electric charge) the only quantum number that stays conserved is the difference between baryon and lepton number, B-L. That means that a baryon can decay producing an antilepton among other particles (there have to be more than one particle because of the momentum conservation). GUTs (Grand Unificiation Theories) provide additional effects that make the decay of proton possible, which may speed it up, but they are not necessary for it.
If we survive until the heat death of the universe, we’ll be so technologically advanced that we’ll probably just create a new universe. With black jack and hookers.
Lately I've been watching these videos when I get bored but this just scares me but also makes me relieved that they're might be hope for a new universe.
I don't understand why people internalize the end of the universe. I've seen people do it and get very depressed. We will be long dead before then, and what's more, most likely something else will happen. We will learn new rules we didn't understand, or something about the universe may change merely by process of time and observation. We simply don't know, and none of us will ever see it.
+Neceros I internalize it every time it comes up, which in my case is really often, since I love astronomy and learning about it a lot. I don't really know why I'm doing it, since it is really the most depressing thing imaginable. It may or may not have changed me as a person, actually.
+Nick Nirus You don't find the fact your life will be ending within this century more depressing? Compared to you, the universe gets it pretty good I'd say.
rezza6 Hey, that's not necessarily true. I may live to see cybernetic organs and even human-to-machine transplantation, but that's not the point. I might get to do something meaningful in my lifespan, but ultimately the greatest of deeds will be lost to time. I guess that's what makes me so sad.
+Neceros Unlike everyone else (and this could be due to my lack of knowledge in the subject) have a hope that there is some why that we don't know about yet to escape the death of the universe. Maybe we can find a new home.. maybe we can make a new home.. maybe we can break the rules and keep our atoms from decaying.. We don't know yet.. Death, to me, is pointless. And I can not accept death.. I can not accept pointlessness. Everyone else has already accepted it though.. which is kind of sad to me.. so "life itself" as it is now, is my trigger.
+Yomammasaurus Rex You can't exactly call it expanding because time is relative. Time is not going at the same rate for one observer compared to another observer in a different frame of reference. So you really can't make a comparison on how time is "expanding" for all observers in the universe. When two observers are moving relative to each other, they are in different frames of reference. And all of the universe is moving relative to something.
+David Kim But isn't the expansion of space also relative? Depending on how far you are from something else, space is expanding faster or slower, much like how time moves faster or slower depending on how fast something it moving relative to you. Nonetheless, it is pretty obvious our universe simply resides in the event horizon of some 4-dimensional black hole
+Yomammasaurus Rex Time is only experienced if you have mass. A photon being massless is literally frozen in time and from it's point of view its life last 0s. So by the dark era, when there is only light left, time is a meaningless concept as there is nothing to experience it.
+Yomammasaurus Rex No, because Time isn't actually a real thing. "time" as we call it is an expression of our perception of change. When we talk about time, what we are really talking about is the changes in the universe around us that have occurred.
well by the time any of this happens, humans will be gone. It seems so bleak in the "future" but if I think about it, as a human, it is difficult to even comprehend infinity itself because I have a finite lifespan. The universe restarting over and over in a cycle sounds plausible and if the laws of physics get rewritten, who knows what will happen?
+Anh Le Well we could either be gone, or we could have further evolved into something else, and grown our civilization to the point of which we have empire across galaxies.
+MrZvastica well, it might. some other universe might bump into ours or something. black holes are still a mystery and other warping effects. infinity is a long time. lots of time for unknown possibilities to have a chance. but does it really even matter? once stars all go out, certainly when brown dwarfs go out, were toast.
*Me watching this video with subtitles* "In 1040 or so years from now, even degenerate stars will be gone." Me: WAIT, WHAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAT?!?!?!?!?!? (Realizes that he's talking about 10 to the 40th power, not 1,040) ...oh
Has anyone here heard about the theory that the universe is just one giant computer simulation? The end of the universe may come when it's forced to update to Windows 10.
Assuming intelligent civilization has the capacity to live far into the future with technology continuing to progress, AND has a willingness to create an "ancestor simulation", it is statistically more likely that we live in a simulation, than live in reality.
Nickolas Brown your argument is flawed. At present day, we have the power to run a relatively small scale simulation such as the one supported in the theory, just with lesser variables. What's to say the people in those simulation don't have "feelings" either? Maybe we ourselves are part of a sim created by a higher level society. Saying it is statistically improbable is redundant because if it is true, then what "statistically improbable" means is futile to define.
Isaac Arthur has an excellent science and futurism channel in which discusses deep time and black hole farming in addition to Fermi paradox and dyson dilemma solutions. The guy is a genius.
“The Wheel of Time turns, and Ages come and pass, leaving memories that become legend. Legend fades to myth, and even myth is long forgotten when the Age that gave it birth comes again.”
Quoting Robert Jordan. Anyway Ian Banks Hydrogen Sonata is more true than this video. Civilations sublime when they mature so maybe we have a century before the event or less.
I want to have my mind uploaded and ejected out of the galaxy and woken up every few thousand years for a tiny increment of time so I can watch the Milky Way and Andromeda merge 💚 that'll be a sweet sight for a clone of me to see!
I am wondering why it is that time is defined by our subjective place in space.. i.e we define a year by the movement of our tiny planet around the sun. Is there a more universal way of defining time .. i.e. from the perspective of the big bang?
NO, there' isnt any universal or optimal way to define time. Just as there is no universal way to define space. Because we actually measure space and time according to how we decided and agreed to do it, we do not really define them. They just are. Independently of us.
Wow...and I thought the immense size of the visible universe was overwhelming. But this...wow! You completely blew my mind! :D Awesome video, by the way! Thank you!
The only thing that gives me hope for the future is that there could be something about the fundamental laws of the universe we don't yet understand or that we might one day be able to travel to other universes or steal matter and energy from them to keep ours going. Otherwise, what's the point? No matter what we think, say, or do, everything will come to an end. It doesn't matter if it happens tomorrow or 10^92 year from now, the outcome is the same. There will only be cold, empty, blackness for all eternity. I probably shouldn't dwell on this as much as I do, lol.
Funny thing about exponentials is, let's say after 10^90 years, if you wonder about the living beings of that time that could be living by harvesting energy from black holes and think that they're living so close to the death of the Universe, if the super massive black holes are really going to run till 10^92 years, leading to the impossibility of life by the lack of energy, that means the Universe is still 1/100 of the way there. It's like saying a 1 year old baby is so close to his estimated death of about 100 years. Just to show how absurdly big that number is.
Otherized Meme Ahh... don't give up hope just yet. I'm gunning for 20 000+. At least. Let's meet each other at Alpha Centauri 900 uears from now, yeah?
This video inspired in me a tangential question. So, if space is expanding does that mean the actual length of the plank length is increasing? Or does it mean more cubic plank lengths of space are continually being added? And if so where are they added and how? And if space is expanding, and if time and space are like two sides of the same coin, does that mean time is also expanding? Could it expand? What would that even mean?
If protons do not decay, the universe will just keep matter strewn about at impossibly long distances for them to ever encounter other matter. We really don't know yet.
I wish you had included Roger Penrose's cyclic universe theory into this video. That theory is so far beyond, it makes my mind explode every time I think about it.
Fermion ha! Got eeeem!! But also you should consider yourself lucky that your wife takes so much time to try to look her best for you! Just play some video games while you wait that way when it comes up, you can tell her that you hate waiting for her as much as she hates you playing video games, problem solved!
That Cosmic Reboot... is unsettling... how many steps down is our universe. I like my idea on this, Cycles... Universe goes BANG, universe spreads, black holes merge, BANG... Mix Repeat. With Very very few chances of having anything survive from the last cycle. Multiverse can work on this too.
ill tell you whats soul crushing knowing that non-existence is inevitable and that everything you ever do means nothing in the grand scheme of the universe
@@brianhays3704 still true.. only difference is SELF DELUSION... sorry not sorry.. being dumb death and blind doesnt change the reality of sound light and what ever the opposite of dumb is in a physical sense not relating to the human brain.. i guess "laws" 🤷♀️
@mrjo2thec I'm just addressing the "non-existing is inevitable" part. I'm saying that we believe in heaven. No need to get too harsh! :) I can tell you more if you are curious.
@@InanisNihil I guess yeah laws is the right word or theories yeah, you're right 🤔. With the limited knowledge we have now and the lack of uniformity between micro and macro physics.. we're projecting that physically the world will be doomed. That may be right, but I was just saying that Christian's believe in heaven which will last for eternity.
There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable. There is another theory which states that this has already happened.”
take a ride through a redlight district giving all the hookers who make eye contact with you the nod signaling you want to pay them patronage but then drive off as soon as they start to walk over and look back at their reaction in your rear view if you want real depression
jmitterii2 For those that believe in reincarnation, we will still be around as long as life can exist. Though there is some issue with the definition of self, since humans do seem to define themselves mostly by their memories and you don't keep those when you reincarnate.
What you are talking about by the dark time is the supposed equal distribution of energy, rendering it useless. That by definition, also renders it to a large evenly spaced out matrix which is a high state of order. Won't entropy at some point when we start approaching this point work to reverse the March towards that state. Like a pendulum it will swing back the other way. I don't know if that will be a collapsing universe, like I was taught in school was happening long ago. I cannot imagine what it would look like, I think it will look like infinity.
+Bryan Alamilla Vallejo When it comes to the creation and end of the universe, we only really have hypotheses based on what we currently know about how the universe works. The scientific method states that hypotheses set forth must be supported by evidence observable by everyone else produced through means or methods that can be reproduced, which is why any real scientist will always shy away from any religious explanation.
+Jens Nielsen "...which is why any real scientist will always shy away from any religious explanation." - not just "religious explanation[s]", but more generally from _metaphysics_ ! - there is enough besides and in between religious teachings, that is very soberly reasoned, w/o any odor of superstition, that, none the less, makes predictions for that which cannot be measured and/or proven, and thus is intrinsically unscientific. Things like "multiverse-theory" ultimately fall into that category!
This video makes me think, it seem everything comes from nothing and will eventually return to nothing. Though what's amazing is the fact this happens at all. Why did nothing is not everything?
I love how later on In A Nutshell explained the same event that gave you hope as an unstoppable death machine. It's all about perceptive. No matter what it's all gloomy, but in an interesting way.
Well... When you remember people thought the Earth was THE only world, the Solar System was THE only system, the Milky Way was THE only galaxy, and that it was actually all wrong, I do not think it's far fetched to think that our universe is not THE only one there is. After all, we are not that special anyways...
seems that if we do live a black hole that exists in a higher dimension, the cosmos we live in would be similar to a black hole evaporating at the end of its cycle.
If the very essence of "Time" is used to measure the transfer of energy from matter to matter whether short or long distance, then when the universe eventual fades and all he energy is used up, will there still be time? How could a measuring device continue without nothing to measure?
Tim Imposter incredible question, but the answer is even more complex, don't think of time as a fundamental unit, but instead think of it as the existence of space(a realm where all the laws of physics work) itself. Just imagine that there is empty space with no matter and no light, wouldn't that amount of space get old i.e. time would constantly move, it turns every moment into past and brings more future into existence of present. If space exists, time as a function of space moves symmetrically. So time never stops. (Note : Some might say that time stops for light according to special Relativity but that isn't true, time for light stops RELATIVE to all the things around but time is constantly moving because light can exist in this universe)
BornSerious Space is a dimension so if it expands it is only because new space is created constantly that is a single space unit splits self into two different spaces moving at the speed of light (which they can because they don't have mass) so the formulas so the new born space also breaks up to create more space to give space to time to grow not as a function of special Relativity but as an individual factor
” If time has any meaning by then”- this is the basis of Roger Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology, and I can't find the video where he explains it fairly clearly in 20 minutes.
David Stagg Because proton contains energy. And this energy is released during nuclear fusion. Basically, lowest energy state for proton is in nucleus of iron. Because of that, any decaying of proton that doesn't go towards iron requires absorbing energy.
Will the protons decay into neutrons? When radioactive materials decay they don't 'dissolve' it just changes from one element to another; e.g iridium-192 decays (transforms) into Platinum.
I've always found it fascinating how we, creatures that currently live under a century on average, can look at theories about the eventual fate of the universe, time enough away to make the span of our entire species into a statistical blip, and feel existential dread and sorrow over drifting away from the rest of the universe, far past the likely end of all intelligent life that probably is and will be. We may be short-lived on such a scale, but our minds can feel out to the depths of eternity.
this is warming to read somehow
Beautifully written
@Rocknrolladube what a troll comment.
Some systems are chaotic and others aren't. The weather tomorrow is hard to guess. The position of the stars in a millenia are not.
The deep time predictions fall into the latter gruop
@William Shreckengost: I love your comment. Hope you don't mind if I use it as a quote! With credits to you of course :)
@Rocknrolladube when youre dealing with trillions of units of time measurement the timing is more or less irrelevant. But the fact remains the same. We know it will rain in the future, tomorrow might be a good guess. But it IS an inevitability. Astronomical and celestial bodies, much less the universe, have no will want or need to conform to a manmade conception such as time. Look at it not as a literal timeframe, but as a roughed out general direction.
You know you are dealing with incomprehensible time scales when someone states, "I am not going to worry about factors of ten".
I love how at this scale 10 trillion years is a "statistical fluctuation"
No several 10s of thousands of years are...
I absolutely and utterily adore his positivity and passion.
It's just really beautiful to see someone doing what they really love to do in their life.
Yeah I wish he would tone down the affect a little tho
"there's always hope"
what a wonderful way to end a video about the end of everything
Okay WhyNot actually, I've read that about that too. It's just slightly difficult to wrap our tiny humans brains around the idea of it. Or at least, it's kinda difficult for it
nothing ends, nothing begins. Even with a start point of 'big bang' or any other we can figure, this is not a true start, it is a change/transformation. Its all about changes and cycles, nothing stops existing and nothing comes into existing, its only transformed )as far as we can currently figure). However, then we are left with lots of answers without any real answers lol as we are then stuck with WHY does anything exist at all. I theorize this is why god/gods were invented and in a way they are correct (as in it might be correct to attribute existence to an unknowable force) but to make it more understandable/easier to relate (and other motives), this force/forces were personified and given various names (same as for the unknown elements that became gods etc).This invented an answer to 'why' that kept most people happy....for a while...then the understanding of 'how' grew with new world views and the question of 'WHY' seems even more perplexing lol. Achieved a lot without achieving anything, we still do not know why! haha let alone any way to know a true start point (assuming there is one). Almost like trying to find the corner of a circle :P
Everything that has a beginning has an end.
Missy West; I have had similar thoughts, there is only form and structure, it is the changing of form that gives the illusion of time. I don't really believe there is a beginning or end just infinite change.
+bananian Which means that an end has an end, considering that an end has a beginning and so on?
Mr.Phil, I just want to thank you for your passion of sharing your knowledge on the amazing universe that we live in. With this video I have watched the entire Astronomy course and must say that is has been a joy to be exploring the known and unknown with you these past few weeks. You have given me a desire to watch and study the night sky myself and to share that breath-taking experience with my friends and family. Thanks to you again, and everyone at crash course for this great series.
on the bright side, even at a modest rate of interest, just imagine the value of your investments in 10^92 years
theaboutroundand that happened to fry in futurama except he didnt wait that long lol
just imagine the US debt
its like 10^10^90 according to Wolfram Alpha
Chances are the currency you used will completely deflate as it has been rendered worthless by the introduction of new currency printed by the Diddy Kong Dynasty after the 32 usurpation of the man kind by an alien nation.
Then a few billion alien take overs later all sentient life was extinguished by the natural decay of the universe and you finally arrive in the year 10^92 in your time machine to find the protons and neutrons that formed your bank have completely decayed and are impossible to reassemble.
Sad to say your plan needs tweaking.
Josias Alexis he was joking about the joke
*reinstalling universal system 32*
>rebooting physics<
>Creating matter<
>___________<
>Reboot complete
Error 404
Please insert disk 9.983.234.365.723, press any key to continue
Why isn't this the top comment
oop looks like some data got misplaced
This makes me feel oddly. at peace with the universe. The eventual end of everything is comforting.
I wouldnt say "comforting" personally. Its another reason that life is just pointless struggle and pain.
This brings to mind Isaac Asimov's short story, "The Last Question," about an artifical intelligence that endures long after the heat death of the universe, continually collecting data until there is no more data and no one to report to, culminating in the last line of the story when it ultimately declares "LET THERE BE LIGHT," bringing about the rebirth of the universe. It's a beautiful and hopeful piece of science fiction.
+David Philip Norris
Excellent story, love it.
+David Philip Norris Damn, now you've ruined it for me.
Don't worry, the actual story is much better than my summary.
+David Philip Norris The whole of the story is still really awesome, even if you already know the ending.
Oh my gosh, I'm unaware of such a story and even after just reading 2 lines of your summary I was thinking...does this AI become GOD???
Enjoy the Universe while it lasts.
Enjoy this century, because most likely you won’t live past it.
This makes me nostalgic for a simpler time when I would watch a documentary on the Heat Death of the Universe for my hit of bleak, morose existentialism, as opposed to now, when I just watch the News
illiterate thug , damn this comment age horribly huh :/
This dude just explained scientific notation in 15 seconds better than all my middle school teachers put together
Here let me explain it even faster
10^x is a 1 with x 0's after it
10^42 is a 1 with 42 0's
It's not that hard to understand 😂😂😂
predacon95 shame on you for being ignorant. Ever consider that his teacher was just really bad at his/her job?
OBIEJE TOCHUKWU same
OBIEJE TOCHUKWU same bro
The repeating cycle of big bang is easier to take in, it gave me a sense of relief.
And after all those eons, the universe said, "let's have another one."
A new universe born from a cosmic typo.
Aalwaays look on the briiight side of life....*whistles*
who else loves existential crises
Simon F. I do! I even spent an entire night thinking about it and not going to sleep :D
*Nihilistic crises
It's not a crisis if you still love it.
faalkaa meee
IS DIANA YOUR PROFILE PICTURE GIRL?
thank you for teaching me about space and time without making me depressed at the end. Not very many people can do that. Subscribed.
"Different, It'll look really different" - The most literal phrase in the whole video
"One day, the Flames will fade and only darkness will remain. Even now… there are only embers -
and man sees not light, but only endless Nights."
Aureo where is that from?
Nectovelius Salavin Dark Souls III, I believe.
Oliver Surpless it was the first Dark Souls
“Indeed, this is your fate....”
@@bigtutubi6731 It's from a game
I feel that us talking about the end of the universe suggests the end of Crash Course Astronomy in the near future :'(
Oh well, time to make way for Crash Course Physics!
+Sebastian Carrier "As we approach the end of Crash Course Astronomy" noooooooooooooo
yesss pleaseeee cc physics would be amazing
+Sebastian Carrier Have you checked out PBS Space Time? If you like this show you'll probably love that.
Check out +physics videos by Eugene khutoryansky
+Sebastian Carrier Nnnnnnnooooooooooooooooooo *dies*
First positive take on Vaccuum Decay that I’ve heard.
Yeah, he forgot to mention that Vacuum Decay can occur even in our own time.
This makes me incredibly distressed. It's relatively easy to accept that my existence will end at some point, I can cope with the existence of humanity ending, but the perishing of existence itself - that's the line for me. It just makes humans seem so meaningless.
+Nick Nirus We are meaningless. Humans can do amazing things, we build, develop and learn all kinds of things, but in the end it doesn't really matter. I do understand that this is kinda harsh and hopeless, but we as a species are part of life. Even life itself might be useless in the end, but that doesn't make it less mind-blowingly wonderful. We exist and we get to be part of something bigger. Isn't that all we could ever hope for?
if you really believe that then you might be as naive as the scientist themselves... they cant even explain how the big bang occurred, how are they going to explain the end of the universe?
+Nick Nirus I don't think of it as existence being purged. More like, no more changes. Whatever is left in the dark era - really basic particles - will still be there.
+Rook Benavides Logical inferences. That's not to say that they're actually right, though you speak of them as if they're shooting in the dark with ear plugs and blind folds on.
Annemay Schaap That is really harsh, but you're right. It's probably this meaninglessness that makes me so sad.
My nihilism's back.
Try turning it into existentialism.
try turning it into absurdism
Otherized Meme try absurding it into turns
Just forget about it and hug your mom
Good. Now you can start creating your own values.
*time keeps on slippin, slippin, slippin, into the future~...fly like an eagle...*
I noticed that and heard that song immediately now I'm about to watch Space Jam
Home sales for people that have to sell her on foreclosures that’s when
Dout doooo doo dout
Science never, I repeat, NEVER, fails to amaze me. Mind=Blown
This all just made me think:
“That is not dead which can forever lie, and with strange aeons, even death may die.”
"so low energy, it might as well not exist." talking bout me??
Phil, Thank you so much, I read this book in 2000 and lost my copy, I have been struggling to recall the title for many many years. cannot express my gratitude enough. one of the most elegant and rewarding books of its type.
It's always nice to hear a human warp up a talk about deep time with a positive message. Keep going guys we're all in this together!
"The Big RIP" will literally be the big rip.
EasyOrangeGaming Yup.
9:46 subatomic particles, photons, and Jeb Bush*
If only we could harness that energy.
Hillary Clinton's Teflon....
lol best comment
The only way to harness Jeb Bush's energy is to clap
I just want to ask, is there any evidence or a mathematical equation that explains proton decay 7:35 I mean protons are mesons that are not fundamental particles but they are the most stable mesons where the unstable mesons decay into Protons, so how will Protons decay and what will it decay into? They are made of quarks but will that what they will decay into?
I'm sorry, Baryons* not mesons. Mind me, I'm still in high school
+Ricardo Quaresma Yeah I wondered the same thing. What the hell protons decay into?
+Ricardo Quaresma It'd be better to say hypothetically. In Standard Model, protons are *theoretically* stable because Baryon number is conserved. In other models, protons may have a half-life of somewhere around 10^33, and decay into a positron and a pion.
There are mathematical equations, but there is no evidence.
+Ricardo Quaresma
The proton decay is only conjectured by some GUT theories, so it's completely hypothetical. We've searched years for it years without any observational evidence that it really occurs, so that's quite speculative. Its supposed to decay into a positron and a neutral pion, which itself decays pretty fast into 2 photons. As the number of protons and electrons in the universe is exactly identical, this means there will be as many positrons and electrons and sooner or later also all electrons (which seem to be stable) will as a result also have gone and being turned into photons, leaving only neutrinos as matter. left (and i wouldn't bet, that i haven't forgotten a process that creates anti-electron-neutrinos, so that it will also be gone)
+Ricardo Quaresma At first glance, baryon number seems to be conserved in the Standard Model, but in fact, it's conservation is broken by quantum effects called chiral anomaly and gravitational anomaly. The same is true for many other quantum numbers. Not counting the charges connected to elemental forces (like electric charge) the only quantum number that stays conserved is the difference between baryon and lepton number, B-L. That means that a baryon can decay producing an antilepton among other particles (there have to be more than one particle because of the momentum conservation).
GUTs (Grand Unificiation Theories) provide additional effects that make the decay of proton possible, which may speed it up, but they are not necessary for it.
If we survive until the heat death of the universe, we’ll be so technologically advanced that we’ll probably just create a new universe. With black jack and hookers.
Lately I've been watching these videos when I get bored but this just scares me but also makes me relieved that they're might be hope for a new universe.
I don't understand why people internalize the end of the universe. I've seen people do it and get very depressed. We will be long dead before then, and what's more, most likely something else will happen. We will learn new rules we didn't understand, or something about the universe may change merely by process of time and observation.
We simply don't know, and none of us will ever see it.
+Neceros The reason people freak out is bc nihilism
+Neceros I internalize it every time it comes up, which in my case is really often, since I love astronomy and learning about it a lot. I don't really know why I'm doing it, since it is really the most depressing thing imaginable. It may or may not have changed me as a person, actually.
+Nick Nirus You don't find the fact your life will be ending within this century more depressing? Compared to you, the universe gets it pretty good I'd say.
rezza6 Hey, that's not necessarily true. I may live to see cybernetic organs and even human-to-machine transplantation, but that's not the point. I might get to do something meaningful in my lifespan, but ultimately the greatest of deeds will be lost to time. I guess that's what makes me so sad.
+Neceros
Unlike everyone else (and this could be due to my lack of knowledge in the subject) have a hope that there is some why that we don't know about yet to escape the death of the universe. Maybe we can find a new home.. maybe we can make a new home.. maybe we can break the rules and keep our atoms from decaying..
We don't know yet..
Death, to me, is pointless. And I can not accept death.. I can not accept pointlessness. Everyone else has already accepted it though.. which is kind of sad to me.. so "life itself" as it is now, is my trigger.
"I wanna fly like an eagle, to the sea. Fly like an eagle, let my spirit carry me."
dark times ahead, folks
Good news everybody!
You won't notice any of it, you'll be dead.
Just light a candle. Problem solved.
Quite far ahead, fortunately.
Kenneth Mitchell I did not have to do this app for my kids to play with my friends on my way and out and the game other day I was going
Don’t worry, we’ll all be dead by the time it happens.
So.... if space is expanding like you said in a previous episode, can time be expanding in that same exact way? We just perceive it as time passing?
You just blew my mind
+Yomammasaurus Rex You can't exactly call it expanding because time is relative. Time is not going at the same rate for one observer compared to another observer in a different frame of reference. So you really can't make a comparison on how time is "expanding" for all observers in the universe.
When two observers are moving relative to each other, they are in different frames of reference. And all of the universe is moving relative to something.
+David Kim But isn't the expansion of space also relative? Depending on how far you are from something else, space is expanding faster or slower, much like how time moves faster or slower depending on how fast something it moving relative to you.
Nonetheless, it is pretty obvious our universe simply resides in the event horizon of some 4-dimensional black hole
+Yomammasaurus Rex Time is only experienced if you have mass. A photon being massless is literally frozen in time and from it's point of view its life last 0s. So by the dark era, when there is only light left, time is a meaningless concept as there is nothing to experience it.
+Yomammasaurus Rex No, because Time isn't actually a real thing. "time" as we call it is an expression of our perception of change. When we talk about time, what we are really talking about is the changes in the universe around us that have occurred.
I like how the subject matter here is so Grimm, that vacuum decay is a happy thing.
well by the time any of this happens, humans will be gone.
It seems so bleak in the "future" but if I think about it, as a human, it is difficult to even comprehend infinity itself because I have a finite lifespan. The universe restarting over and over in a cycle sounds plausible and if the laws of physics get rewritten, who knows what will happen?
+Anh Le No, the universe restarting over and over in a cycle sounds like religion. Where from fear of ending people create scenarios filled with hope.
+Anh Le Well we could either be gone, or we could have further evolved into something else, and grown our civilization to the point of which we have empire across galaxies.
+MrZvastica You could either call it that, or something more like a weird science fiction setting. Which are a bit more fun to think about imo.
+MrZvastica well, it might. some other universe might bump into ours or something. black holes are still a mystery and other warping effects. infinity is a long time. lots of time for unknown possibilities to have a chance. but does it really even matter? once stars all go out, certainly when brown dwarfs go out, were toast.
+MrZvastica religion is dumb but universe that only happens once sounds ridiculous.
*Me watching this video with subtitles*
"In 1040 or so years from now, even degenerate stars will be gone."
Me: WAIT, WHAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAT?!?!?!?!?!?
(Realizes that he's talking about 10 to the 40th power, not 1,040)
...oh
EnderStar501 Those two aren't quite the same thing.
@Paul Babcock that's what they're saying...
So you’re saying I’ve got some time to finish my projects.
Has anyone here heard about the theory that the universe is just one giant computer simulation? The end of the universe may come when it's forced to update to Windows 10.
lol
Haha!
Assuming intelligent civilization has the capacity to live far into the future with technology continuing to progress, AND has a willingness to create an "ancestor simulation", it is statistically more likely that we live in a simulation, than live in reality.
Nickolas Brown your argument is flawed. At present day, we have the power to run a relatively small scale simulation such as the one supported in the theory, just with lesser variables. What's to say the people in those simulation don't have "feelings" either? Maybe we ourselves are part of a sim created by a higher level society. Saying it is statistically improbable is redundant because if it is true, then what "statistically improbable" means is futile to define.
Technically I think that would be just a regular upgrade, so no information lost.
"All of this has happened before and will happen again" you Cylon
+Fernando Franco Félix YOU'LL NEVER KNOW FOR SURE!
-Nicole
+Fernando Franco Félix It's actually something colonial, quoted from their scriptures.
+Fernando Franco Félix That made me grin. Love BSG.
+Fernando Franco Félix Frakin' Toasters!
+Fernando Franco Félix So say we all.
Isaac Arthur has an excellent science and futurism channel in which discusses deep time and black hole farming in addition to Fermi paradox and dyson dilemma solutions. The guy is a genius.
“The Wheel of Time turns, and Ages come and pass, leaving memories that become legend. Legend fades to myth, and even myth is long forgotten when the Age that gave it birth comes again.”
Quoting Robert Jordan. Anyway Ian Banks Hydrogen Sonata is more true than this video. Civilations sublime when they mature so maybe we have a century before the event or less.
Killer Steve Miller reference! Please don't end, this series has been amazing.
Then we find out our universe is just a particle in a giant megaverse
PinHead Larry If my brain wasn’t fried before this comment, it definitely is now!
@Something Mildly Homophobic me too. I love to read and watch kaku and several other scientist talk about multiverse and string theory
There is no words to express how much i like this channel!!!
The Restaurant At The End of The Universe. A Hitchhiker’s Guide To The Galaxy reference. Immediate respect and immediate like 🤟🏻👍🏻
Also a space jam reference
I want to have my mind uploaded and ejected out of the galaxy and woken up every few thousand years for a tiny increment of time so I can watch the Milky Way and Andromeda merge 💚 that'll be a sweet sight for a clone of me to see!
Will the Toclafane be there?
+MrGbere777 They die out after a few trillion trillion years. After that we enter the Blue Box era.
But the Queen of the United Kingdom will still be around
11:18 um wouldnt that create another big bang thus going in circles
Super interesting!! Thank you 😁
This is my favourite crash course. More than physics, more, even, than gaming. :)
I am wondering why it is that time is defined by our subjective place in space.. i.e we define a year by the movement of our tiny planet around the sun. Is there a more universal way of defining time .. i.e. from the perspective of the big bang?
exactly what i am thinking
Nope, sure isnt.
Mmmm, see Einstein: Theory of Relativity
NO, there' isnt any universal or optimal way to define time. Just as there is no universal way to define space. Because we actually measure space and time according to how we decided and agreed to do it, we do not really define them. They just are. Independently of us.
thats an intriguing question
Wow, I just misread the title as Crash Course: Anatomy. Imagine my confusion when the dude just kept on talking about the universe 🤦🏻♀️
Will the subatomic particles b as "low energy" as Jeb?
big tutubi Damn, 3edgy5me over here with the super sick burn on a comment from 2 years ago.
Call me a degenerate but, I loved this.
+MpowerdAPE That's dark man.
+Gareth Dean that's stelliferous, stupid!
Steven Levine
I'm not stupid, just low mass.
To me this is freaky awesome.
Hey you are not a degenerate! you are stelliferous!
Wow...and I thought the immense size of the visible universe was overwhelming. But this...wow! You completely blew my mind! :D Awesome video, by the way! Thank you!
i think the description is wrong, it says "black holes will evaporate after 1092 years"
+Rayden “Jay” Striver Yeah, that was meant to be 10^92 years! It's fixed now!
-Nicole
+Cycling in Edmonton from the Eyes of a Teen Here's your no-prize
+CrashCourse Eh, sounds close enough.
+Cycling in Edmonton from the Eyes of a Teen it's only a difference of 92 zeroes
10 up 92 means 10 to the 92nd power
The only thing that gives me hope for the future is that there could be something about the fundamental laws of the universe we don't yet understand or that we might one day be able to travel to other universes or steal matter and energy from them to keep ours going. Otherwise, what's the point? No matter what we think, say, or do, everything will come to an end. It doesn't matter if it happens tomorrow or 10^92 year from now, the outcome is the same. There will only be cold, empty, blackness for all eternity. I probably shouldn't dwell on this as much as I do, lol.
+Brandon Hall If I wake up tomorrow and some interunviersal conduit is siphoning matter of the sun I am SO blaming you!
+Brandon Hall
My advice .. just ignore these facts for the next 10^10 years and care thereafter ...
+Brandon Hall That sounds suicidal mate >_>
+Brandon Hall I think the our journey as sentient beings gives justification for itself, no matter the destination, what's importent is our journey.
Embrace nihilism and be happy.
"Eat more tacos and burritos, so we can have more gas for star formation. (This video has been sponsored by Taco Bell...)"
Fart fart
Funny thing about exponentials is, let's say after 10^90 years, if you wonder about the living beings of that time that could be living by harvesting energy from black holes and think that they're living so close to the death of the Universe, if the super massive black holes are really going to run till 10^92 years, leading to the impossibility of life by the lack of energy, that means the Universe is still 1/100 of the way there. It's like saying a 1 year old baby is so close to his estimated death of about 100 years. Just to show how absurdly big that number is.
Nefos thanks doctor Wiley
This just makes me feel nihilistic - I'm gonna live for a little over 100 years at maximum...
Otherized Meme Ahh... don't give up hope just yet. I'm gunning for 20 000+. At least. Let's meet each other at Alpha Centauri 900 uears from now, yeah?
96ace96, now that's just delusional.
Otherized Meme
you won't live till 100 bud
Otherized Meme you should be happy if you pass 70 tbh
@@jmitterii2 It's not delusional, it's a JOKE.
This video inspired in me a tangential question. So, if space is expanding does that mean the actual length of the plank length is increasing? Or does it mean more cubic plank lengths of space are continually being added? And if so where are they added and how? And if space is expanding, and if time and space are like two sides of the same coin, does that mean time is also expanding? Could it expand? What would that even mean?
"Protons eventually decay" - This is the first source I've come across that seems to be confident of that hypothesis. Are we sure about this?
No, that's just what current thinking is right now. It could very well change completely within the next hundred years, even next year, or tomorrow.
If protons do not decay, the universe will just keep matter strewn about at impossibly long distances for them to ever encounter other matter. We really don't know yet.
It's real according to physics..Every element has a half life...Just Google it..
i think i'll contain my worries to things that will likely happen in the next 10,000,000,000 years and not so far in the future as to be ridiculous.
I wish you had included Roger Penrose's cyclic universe theory into this video. That theory is so far beyond, it makes my mind explode every time I think about it.
Time keeps on slipin...slipin...slipin...into the future. I want to fly like an eagle...
Adam Lang 😅
That song popped into my head when he said that too! 😆
It would be good if Phil would do yearly updates to this course. I wouldn't care if they were an hour long or even longer
Thanks for making this subject accessible and easy to understand. Fascinating
I literally just finished my astronomy unit....UGH this would have been really useful for that
+Alyson Young haha what a coincidence me too but honestly i just watch this series for fun
+Alejandro Tejeda True. I love Crash Course!
Alyson Young yeah its great :) im connected to like all the other hank and green channels too haha
Lol I watched all of this before we started the unit and my teacher is mad bc I know more about it than the textbook
+badlandsnicolette Haha yass that's awesome
So a team of physicists figured out when my wife will finally be done getting ready. The Dark Era. Gotcha.
Fermion ha! Got eeeem!! But also you should consider yourself lucky that your wife takes so much time to try to look her best for you! Just play some video games while you wait that way when it comes up, you can tell her that you hate waiting for her as much as she hates you playing video games, problem solved!
Easily the best episode in the series. Interesting to think that the "cosmic reboot" could have been the Big Bang.
Time keeps slipping into the future 💯
Phil: There's a light at the end of the tunnel...
Phil: ...and it's an oncoming train.
That Cosmic Reboot... is unsettling... how many steps down is our universe.
I like my idea on this, Cycles... Universe goes BANG, universe spreads, black holes merge, BANG... Mix Repeat. With Very very few chances of having anything survive from the last cycle.
Multiverse can work on this too.
Just yesterday i was losing sleep by thinking about the end of the universe :I
I feel you , that happens to me a lot 😐
+Cesar Gonzalez Same.
I don't know if this gives you any solace, but it'll be exactly like before you were born.
+Luke Sanders woah...mind blown
+K_ Life Hope that helped.
ill tell you whats soul crushing knowing that non-existence is inevitable and that everything you ever do means nothing in the grand scheme of the universe
@EPLURiBusUNUM Yea!
Not true if you are a Christian.
@@brianhays3704 still true.. only difference is SELF DELUSION... sorry not sorry..
being dumb death and blind doesnt change the reality of sound light and what ever the opposite of dumb is in a physical sense not relating to the human brain.. i guess "laws" 🤷♀️
@mrjo2thec I'm just addressing the "non-existing is inevitable" part. I'm saying that we believe in heaven. No need to get too harsh! :) I can tell you more if you are curious.
@@InanisNihil I guess yeah laws is the right word or theories yeah, you're right 🤔. With the limited knowledge we have now and the lack of uniformity between micro and macro physics.. we're projecting that physically the world will be doomed.
That may be right, but I was just saying that Christian's believe in heaven which will last for eternity.
I just love the Hitch Hikers Guide to the Galaxy reference.
Cool. So that means i've watched this video infinite number of times. (and i still don't understand it)
There is a theory which states that if ever anyone
discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will
instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and
inexplicable.
There is another theory which states that this has already happened.”
There's also a theory which states this has already happened.
That's not a threory. Look at Trump.
So did I. But if you watch it one more time, then you will understand.
You are rewritten each time you see it, so don't worry about your mental capacities; it is as if this was your first time. :)
This is depressing
take a ride through a redlight district giving all the hookers who make eye contact with you the nod signaling you want to pay them patronage but then drive off as soon as they start to walk over and look back at their reaction in your rear view if you want real depression
But if there are any people alive when it begins, ouch.
jmitterii2 For those that believe in reincarnation, we will still be around as long as life can exist.
Though there is some issue with the definition of self, since humans do seem to define themselves mostly by their memories and you don't keep those when you reincarnate.
Why? Did you have plans?
What you are talking about by the dark time is the supposed equal distribution of energy, rendering it useless. That by definition, also renders it to a large evenly spaced out matrix which is a high state of order.
Won't entropy at some point when we start approaching this point work to reverse the March towards that state. Like a pendulum it will swing back the other way.
I don't know if that will be a collapsing universe, like I was taught in school was happening long ago. I cannot imagine what it would look like, I think it will look like infinity.
Can someone explain to me how the universe itself formed? Out of nothing?
+Bryan Alamilla Vallejo That was part of last week's episode :) ua-cam.com/video/IGCVTSQw7WU/v-deo.html
+Bryan Alamilla Vallejo You are asking THE question no one knows the answer to ;)
+Bryan Alamilla Vallejo When it comes to the creation and end of the universe, we only really have hypotheses based on what we currently know about how the universe works. The scientific method states that hypotheses set forth must be supported by evidence observable by everyone else produced through means or methods that can be reproduced, which is why any real scientist will always shy away from any religious explanation.
the last explanation sounded like the big bang
+Jens Nielsen
"...which is why any real scientist will always shy away from any religious explanation."
- not just "religious explanation[s]", but more generally from _metaphysics_ ! - there is enough besides and in between religious teachings, that is very soberly reasoned, w/o any odor of superstition, that, none the less, makes predictions for that which cannot be measured and/or proven, and thus is intrinsically unscientific. Things like "multiverse-theory" ultimately fall into that category!
This video makes me think, it seem everything comes from nothing and will eventually return to nothing. Though what's amazing is the fact this happens at all. Why did nothing is not everything?
+Thinker '' Why did nothing is not everything?''.........nigga what
yea great questn
how come it was `nonthinglthan everithing
hm `
+Thinker I know that's whats fucking with me
I like how you find hope in the darkest time ever... You are so positive sir
yessss my adiction continues
I love how later on In A Nutshell explained the same event that gave you hope as an unstoppable death machine. It's all about perceptive. No matter what it's all gloomy, but in an interesting way.
Well... When you remember people thought the Earth was THE only world, the Solar System was THE only system, the Milky Way was THE only galaxy, and that it was actually all wrong, I do not think it's far fetched to think that our universe is not THE only one there is. After all, we are not that special anyways...
Well now I'm depressed
why?
dark age
you can try to laugh the absurdity of existence off
but you need to laugh really hard and really long :D
eh, already was before this video
Get over yourself. You’re mortal. You will die this century, don’t act like any information in this video actually affects you.
seems that if we do live a black hole that exists in a higher dimension, the cosmos we live in would be similar to a black hole evaporating at the end of its cycle.
I love the recap part. Maybe the only show on UA-cam to recap the important points in the end. Thanks
If the very essence of "Time" is used to measure the transfer of energy from matter to matter whether short or long distance, then when the universe eventual fades and all he energy is used up, will there still be time? How could a measuring device continue without nothing to measure?
No, time is reversed if matters move through spacetime faster than light, spacetime itself however, can expand as fast as it wants.
Tim Imposter incredible question, but the answer is even more complex, don't think of time as a fundamental unit, but instead think of it as the existence of space(a realm where all the laws of physics work) itself. Just imagine that there is empty space with no matter and no light, wouldn't that amount of space get old i.e. time would constantly move, it turns every moment into past and brings more future into existence of present. If space exists, time as a function of space moves symmetrically. So time never stops. (Note : Some might say that time stops for light according to special Relativity but that isn't true, time for light stops RELATIVE to all the things around but time is constantly moving because light can exist in this universe)
BornSerious Space is a dimension so if it expands it is only because new space is created constantly that is a single space unit splits self into two different spaces moving at the speed of light (which they can because they don't have mass) so the formulas so the new born space also breaks up to create more space to give space to time to grow not as a function of special Relativity but as an individual factor
Christian Temple true
You are going in the right direction
” If time has any meaning by then”- this is the basis of Roger Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology, and I can't find the video where he explains it fairly clearly in 20 minutes.
Everyone keeps saying that protons will decay (even though that violates entropy), but no one ever says what will they decay into. Does anyone know?
Why would a proton decaying violate entropy?
David Stagg
Because proton contains energy. And this energy is released during nuclear fusion. Basically, lowest energy state for proton is in nucleus of iron. Because of that, any decaying of proton that doesn't go towards iron requires absorbing energy.
not even close
Decays into a neutron and a positron and releases an appropriate amount of energy in doing so.
AwesomeSyd239 but neutron is at higher energy state than proton. Neutron itself decays into proton and electron with half life of around 10 minutes.
0:25
"Time keeps on slipping into the future"
Good job sneaking a Steve Miller reference into your talk!
I thought he was going to break into song at 0:23...
It bothers my OCD that Stephen Hawking never re-appeared on the other side of the guy.
I was thinking the same thing or maybe it he would pop out of the top of his head. 😝
He died on his way to the other side.
Will the protons decay into neutrons? When radioactive materials decay they don't 'dissolve' it just changes from one element to another; e.g iridium-192 decays (transforms) into Platinum.
Crash Course Physics, Please make it a thing
+TurboFishDestroyer In march, it will start.
+TurboFishDestroyer Coming in March! Series preview at the end of this month :)
-Nicole
+CrashCourse :-)
MusKubium what happen if black holes are like storage cleaner and when it die it will release all the things that it stored up inside of it?