I watched my lecturer's response like 100 times, didn't understand anything and left even more confused. I watch this video once, and I understand it so much better. Bless you
Pretty disappointing to see a video reaching wrong information to students and not doing anything about fixing their diagrams even after all these comments!
@Blue2013KITE It means that when it's stimulated in the center, it gets the OFF response (hyperpolarization and then post inhibitory rebound). When it's stimulated in the surround, it gets the On response (depolarization and burst of nerve impulses). It's the exact opposite of what is shown in the video. Hope that helps.
@molekularacNS I'm not 100% sure about that because I'm not sure what the neurotransmitter is that is released. Might have to look into that. Glad you are watching so many of the videos. Many more are coming :)
In Animal Physiology now and I was so lost. This doesn't go into as much detail as our textbook (probably because you made this years ago) but it's a start! Thank you! :)
Thank you!! My psych text sucks and takes all the detail away for understanding the mechanism. You filled all the voids with your video!! THANNNNNNNK YOOOOOOOOOOOU!!!!
@molekularacNS The horizontal cells basically inhibit the ganglion cells when they are stimulated. They do this by using an inhibitory neurotransmitter. That neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the ganglion cells that causes the ganglion cells to become hyperpolarized.
Can you explain what happens in the fovea where each ganglion cell is mostly connected to only one cone. Do those ganglion cells not have center and surround at the sime time? Are their just center OR surround organized? I don't quite understand that nor I can find the info anywhere.
You are very much welcome @JS. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.
Hey! I really like your videos and they are really helpful for studying, but i have to say that there are sometimes mistakes in them. In this video you say, that the ganglion cell and the bipolar cells of the surround-area of the RGCs periphery field are connected via horizontal cells. Actually it's the Amacrine cells that form that connection, horizontal cells connect neighbouring photoreceptor cells. But that leads to the same center-surround effect you are describing, caused by lateral inhibition, it is only the image which is not correct
@tashapi01 Yes, it can be confusing. The fact is that the Nervous System is VERY complex. That's just a different type of ganglion cell that responds in the exact opposite way of the On Center, Of surround cells. In response to light in the center, there's the inhibition and post-inhibitory rebound. In response to light in the surround, it gives a burst of nerve impulses. The brain then combines all the different combination and forms the image you see. Hope that helps!
Neuroscience-exploring the brain by Connors and Paradiso shows that the order is: For the center: Rod - bipolar - Ganglion For the surround: Rod - horizontal cell - bipolar - Ganglion
@XxXxSteffXxXx That's a very good question. I'm guessing that it would depend on how strongly each is stimulated. Although, I haven't looked specifically at that so I can't tell you for certain.
I applaud your efforts to explain this fascinating topic, but as has been pointed out more concisely by others, this is unfortunately a little confused (and wrong), Horizontal cells perform lateral inhibition in the outer synaptic layer - i.e. they are post-synaptic and pre-synaptic to rods (in your example) and pre-synaptic to the relevant bipolar cells (as well as being connected to each other via gap junctions). If anything, the position at which you show horizontal cells to be in your video (within the inner synaptic layer) should actually be taken by Amacrine cells. But the extent to which Amacrine cells are involved in feedback mechanisms is not (as far as I have learned to date) fully understood. I believe that there is very current research into whether starburst Amacrine cells might be involved in retinal processing for motion detection. I can see how the key idea of general lateral inhibition can still be drawn out as you present it, but the relative positions of horizontal and amacrine cells is crucially important.
Hi, i was initially confused with the topic of lateral inhibition and hoping this video would help. Should the photoreceptors then lead to horizontal cells, then leading to bipolar cells then connecting to amacrine cells which feed into the ganglion cell? Also, what is lateral inhibition and what is it caused by? i dont understand the inhibitory process. thankyou :)
@aykhk7 I don't remember the textbook. It's from notes I took in college. If your book says something different, go with it. My videos (like many textbooks), can have errors in it. Do your research and you'll find the answer :)
@PittDr All questions are answered in the Interactive Biology community forums from now on. Go to the website in the description and then visit the community. This is to make it as efficient as possible as we have multiple people over there to help answer questions. All the best
@LeeSuzanna Thanks for your feedback. I'm glad that you are finding value in the videos. I'm actually a High School Science and Math Teacher. If you check out my website, you can go to the About Page to find out more about my background. My site is listed on my channel page.
You are very much welcome @@lucifershome. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.
@jock10171017 The truth is that it's even more complicated than you describe. There are always details that can be left out. The human body is much more complicated than what I'm showing in this video and what you are saying in your comment, and more complicated than we fully understand it to be. This video is a general overview, and does illustrate some of the major processes that happen.
@thesameidiot All questions are answered in the Interactive Biology community forums from now on. Go to the website in the description and then visit the community. This is to make it as efficient as possible as we have multiple people over there to help answer questions. All the best
Its really nice how you try to explain these potentially confusing detail, I commend that, however just 1 thing the issue about the horizontal cells, leading physiology texts such as Ganong, Gyton and Berne and Levy all says that they connect the rods and cones, bipolar and even interplexiform cells not the ganlion cell directly, the amacrine cells however do connect them as well as bipolar. what i suggest you can do is, put a pop up text saying the difference if you see other books differ.
@InteractiveBiology I've heard that horizontal cells inhibit glutamate release from neighboring photoreceptors as well. Which book did you use as your source?
So horizontal cells connect adjacent rods and cones? So does this mean if surround is off the horizontal cells give an inhibitory effect to the central on rods/cones? Please someone just explain the horizontal cells action in the more generally accepted textbooks.
And you are right, text books do have mistakes at times, but in this case i haven't seen a difference with most of the major text. All the same what determines knowing the actual orientation of the cells is histology and electron M. So we must research.
The Pathway is Photoreceptor - Bipolar Cell - Ganglion Cell. The different effects of ON-center or OFF-center bipolar cells or ganglion cells is due to the receptors expressed on the bipolar cells. Horizontal cells (and amacrine cells to some extent) are involved in LATERAL INHIBITION. This process is used by the retina cells in order to accentuate contrast, i e, borders of between light and dark objects in or visual field. I guess it's why we can see a white paper on a white table with ease.
This video kind of misses a bit of the information flow... Mohammed seems to have summed it up more accurately - Receptors -> Horizontal (with feedback inhibition of receptor output) -> Bipolar -> Amacrine (with feedback inhibition of bipolar output) -> Ganglion
@CKLH I'm sorry, for some reason I just realized that I hadn't responded to your comment. Actually, I'm not really sure what that statement means. I tried to find an answer but couldn't. Hope you find it!
inhibition accentuates borders in the visual field. It's why you easily can follow borders of a white piece of paper lying on a white table. The nervous system likes to accentuate borders/changes so that we notice even fine change. The focus is on change itself. Compare w temp. When you sit in the hot tub, u almost feel pain as you get in. The body reacts sharply to the change of temperature. After a while the sensory system adapts and you relax. Changes seems to interest the sensory syst most.
AMAZING. I've been sitting here, trying to figure out this concept and it just hasn't been working. Great video!! You might just help me save my grade in neuro :)
how I can I describe the different ganglia cells in different parts of the visual processing? I know they are at the eye level and in the cortex level. Can you please describe its function and importance please?
@virregribbe Sorry to break it to you, but it's so complex that I've seen different descriptions in different books, so I picked one. Yeah, I know - It's crazy. We don't fully understand all aspects of this complex thing we call the human body. Makes you wonder . . .
The center of a receptive field of a ganglion cell. Remember that the receptive field is composed by many photoreceptors in retina. Thus, the center is the photorreceptors localized in the center of these fields.
System is designed to react (max output) when there is a difference between the center and surround, for example when the center is stimulated by light, but not the surround or vice versa. The fields OVERLAP EXTENSIVELY. The greatness of it all is: 1) Contrast is accentuated 2) The cells are, on a low level, always active. From a low level, it is hard to code a decrease in light with lower levels. With both ON- and OFF-centers, that overlap. CHANGES are always coded with increase in firing.
Horizontal Cells synapse with photoreceptors in the External Plexiform Membrane. So Ph--H--Ph. Amacrine synapses with Ganglion Cells in the Internal Plexiform Membrane. so it's G--A--G.
What is the point of inhibition in the surround? What does that tell the brain?? Is this the same for cones?? I thought cones were generaly one photoreceptor cell to one bipolar to one ganglion cell, so do they have receptor fields and if so how do they work? Basicaly my major problem with understanding this is that I don't know why this is the mechanism, why can't the brain just use an on stimulus when a photoreceptor is stimulated by a photon and an off when it isnt and make up the picture?
Thank you for creating these videos and posting them on UA-cam. For future videos, I'd like to suggest that you use the drawing tool a lot less - it takes too much time to write out words and draw graphs, and they can be sort of unclear when you do it that way. Otherwise, nice work!
Yeah, this was confusing for me as well in Neuro. My only question is, what's the point of off center/on center cells. Our prof spent alot of time on this and I just want to know the bigger picture.
We do actually understand a lot of how the body works in broad detail. Horizontal cells do not connect to ganglion cells. They connect to on or off bipolar cells which then synapse with ganglion cells. The activity of the bipolar cells results from input into their receptive field (composed of direct input from photoreceptors and indirect input from horizontal cells) and then goes to ganglion cells both directly, and also indirectly via amacrine cells.
@InteractiveBiology The structure of the Retinal cells are well-known and there shouldn't be any disparities between most authors. More reading and you'll find consistencies in what @virregribbe mentioned. H do not connect to G at all. B are the only link between Rods/Cones to the G. H are lateral processing neurons that connects between Rods/Cones. There is something called the Amacrine Cells that behaves just like H. You might want to redraw the diagram.
...this leads to a lower influx of Ca2+ and lower release of Glutamate. reaction (important part): on-bipolarcell > lower efflux of K+ and that leads to a depolarisation off-bipolarcell > lower influx of Na+ and that leads to a hyperpolarisation so in your example the center is build by on-bipolarcell and the surrounding by off-bipolarcells.
From Adler's Physiology of the Eye chapter 21 "direct current injection into non-mammalian HCs clearly shows an effective, low-frequency dominated, sustained path from HCs to GCs." BOTH horizonatal and amacrine cells seem to be involved, and as stated in the video horizontal cells seem to connect to ganglion cells
Question: So this is the direct cause for the slightly over contrasted boarder we see between two different colours (or brightnesses/energy potentials, meaning something in contrast to each other), right?awesome videos your creating by the way :D
Best visual explanation of this phenomenon that I have found. Cleared up a lot of questions for me. Thanks!
Woohooo. Glad you found it valuable, Kevin. Make sure to subscribe for more.
I watched my lecturer's response like 100 times, didn't understand anything and left even more confused. I watch this video once, and I understand it so much better. Bless you
These are the kind of comments that keep me going. Glad to help. Make sure to subscribe for more 👍🏽
The horizontal cell are between the rods and the bipolar cells and they work using GABA in responds to Glutamate (more glut=more GABA=more inhibition)
This was very helpful. Videos 32-35 summed up a 3.5 hour medical school lecture in 30 mins. Thank-you soooo much!!!
congrats on being in medical school !! im rooting for you and happy for you haha
shouldn't the modulation cells be the amacrine cells not horizontal?
+Chillinsaga yap
YES
Correct
Yeah but they are also reffered to as horizontal calls
Horizontal cells are not directly connected to Ganglion cells
Pretty disappointing to see a video reaching wrong information to students and not doing anything about fixing their diagrams even after all these comments!
Hey ...I think that in field surround the sequence must be
Receptors...horizontal cell...bipolar cell ...ganglion cell
I just watched all 5 eye videos. AMAZING. it made everything so much easier to understand from class. thank you
@07gea That is correct. On pathway describes the on response (whether center or surround) and the off pathway describes the off response.
My professor tried to explain this in class but I found this explanation with images very easy to understand. Thank you.
@Blue2013KITE It means that when it's stimulated in the center, it gets the OFF response (hyperpolarization and then post inhibitory rebound). When it's stimulated in the surround, it gets the On response (depolarization and burst of nerve impulses). It's the exact opposite of what is shown in the video. Hope that helps.
@molekularacNS I'm not 100% sure about that because I'm not sure what the neurotransmitter is that is released. Might have to look into that. Glad you are watching so many of the videos. Many more are coming :)
Glutamaat
In Animal Physiology now and I was so lost. This doesn't go into as much detail as our textbook (probably because you made this years ago) but it's a start! Thank you! :)
Thank you!! My psych text sucks and takes all the detail away for understanding the mechanism. You filled all the voids with your video!! THANNNNNNNK YOOOOOOOOOOOU!!!!
@molekularacNS The horizontal cells basically inhibit the ganglion cells when they are stimulated. They do this by using an inhibitory neurotransmitter. That neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the ganglion cells that causes the ganglion cells to become hyperpolarized.
Can you explain what happens in the fovea where each ganglion cell is mostly connected to only one cone. Do those ganglion cells not have center and surround at the sime time? Are their just center OR surround organized? I don't quite understand that nor I can find the info anywhere.
you're a genius thank you!! much more easier to understand than the 1 hour lecture my prof gave
You are very much welcome @JS. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.
Hey!
I really like your videos and they are really helpful for studying, but i have to say that there are sometimes mistakes in them. In this video you say, that the ganglion cell and the bipolar cells of the surround-area of the RGCs periphery field are connected via horizontal cells. Actually it's the Amacrine cells that form that connection, horizontal cells connect neighbouring photoreceptor cells. But that leads to the same center-surround effect you are describing, caused by lateral inhibition, it is only the image which is not correct
@jaxn You are very much welcome. Thank YOU for your encouraging comment :)
@tashapi01 Yes, it can be confusing. The fact is that the Nervous System is VERY complex. That's just a different type of ganglion cell that responds in the exact opposite way of the On Center, Of surround cells. In response to light in the center, there's the inhibition and post-inhibitory rebound. In response to light in the surround, it gives a burst of nerve impulses. The brain then combines all the different combination and forms the image you see. Hope that helps!
Neuroscience-exploring the brain by Connors and Paradiso shows that the order is:
For the center: Rod - bipolar - Ganglion
For the surround: Rod - horizontal cell - bipolar - Ganglion
@XxXxSteffXxXx That's a very good question. I'm guessing that it would depend on how strongly each is stimulated. Although, I haven't looked specifically at that so I can't tell you for certain.
@marstricker You are very much welcome. Glad you found it useful. Stay tuned for more :)
I applaud your efforts to explain this fascinating topic, but as has been pointed out more concisely by others, this is unfortunately a little confused (and wrong), Horizontal cells perform lateral inhibition in the outer synaptic layer - i.e. they are post-synaptic and pre-synaptic to rods (in your example) and pre-synaptic to the relevant bipolar cells (as well as being connected to each other via gap junctions). If anything, the position at which you show horizontal cells to be in your video (within the inner synaptic layer) should actually be taken by Amacrine cells. But the extent to which Amacrine cells are involved in feedback mechanisms is not (as far as I have learned to date) fully understood. I believe that there is very current research into whether starburst Amacrine cells might be involved in retinal processing for motion detection. I can see how the key idea of general lateral inhibition can still be drawn out as you present it, but the relative positions of horizontal and amacrine cells is crucially important.
I was thinking the same, well said :)
thanks for clarifying, ur comment is the most insightful and I was very confused about amacrine and horisontal cells!
Hi, i was initially confused with the topic of lateral inhibition and hoping this video would help. Should the photoreceptors then lead to horizontal cells, then leading to bipolar cells then connecting to amacrine cells which feed into the ganglion cell?
Also, what is lateral inhibition and what is it caused by? i dont understand the inhibitory process.
thankyou :)
@aykhk7 I don't remember the textbook. It's from notes I took in college. If your book says something different, go with it. My videos (like many textbooks), can have errors in it. Do your research and you'll find the answer :)
Does the PIR (post-inhibitory rebound) explains why surround illumination followed by dimming leads to highly frequent action potentials?
@PittDr All questions are answered in the Interactive Biology community forums from now on. Go to the website in the description and then visit the community. This is to make it as efficient as possible as we have multiple people over there to help answer questions.
All the best
@sanyafolkesson That's awesome to know. Glad you are finding the videos helpful.
Amacrine cells not horizontal cells, no?
it really helps to understand the processes that happen in the retina! Thank you very much!
This was very helpful, thank you. The way you speak slowly and use repetition really helps drum it in :-)
@TheOptimisticOctopus you are very much welcome!
@greencarrots08 They do cause inhibition yes, and then you get the post-inhibitory rebound.
@InteractiveBiology
stimulation of both the center and surround produces only a mild response (due to mutual inhibition of center and surround)
@InteractiveBiology the neurotransmitter released pretty much throughout the visual system is glutamate.
@LeeSuzanna Thanks for your feedback. I'm glad that you are finding value in the videos. I'm actually a High School Science and Math Teacher. If you check out my website, you can go to the About Page to find out more about my background. My site is listed on my channel page.
I thought amacrine cells connected bipolar and ganglion cells
LAHockey2121
Yes, the organization presented is not correct.
Edit for grammar.
wow this is the one thing that made me get it before my neuro final thank you!!!
You are very much welcome @@lucifershome. Glad you got value from it. Make sure to subscribe to the channel, because I have a lot more content like this coming to help you understand how the human body works 👍🏽.
@jock10171017 The truth is that it's even more complicated than you describe. There are always details that can be left out. The human body is much more complicated than what I'm showing in this video and what you are saying in your comment, and more complicated than we fully understand it to be. This video is a general overview, and does illustrate some of the major processes that happen.
@thesameidiot All questions are answered in the Interactive Biology community forums from now on. Go to the website in the description and then visit the community. This is to make it as efficient as possible as we have multiple people over there to help answer questions.
All the best
@sharpiemarker99213 Glad you are enjoying them. Stay tuned for many more!
does that mean glutamate released by centre receptor is inhibitory and that of surround is excitatory ?
@xxcpxx That's awesome. Glad it helped you to understand and hope you get an A in Neuro :). Make sure to spread the word to your classmates :)
Its really nice how you try to explain these potentially confusing detail, I commend that, however just 1 thing the issue about the horizontal cells, leading physiology texts such as Ganong, Gyton and Berne and Levy all says that they connect the rods and cones, bipolar and even interplexiform cells not the ganlion cell directly, the amacrine cells however do connect them as well as bipolar. what i suggest you can do is, put a pop up text saying the difference if you see other books differ.
But r the receptive fields fixed areas or is the point of maximum light intensity always the center and the surrounding parts the periphery?
@shawnchong89 Very much welcome! Leslis is from St. Maarten :)
@TouchMyAwesomeButton Glad to hear. All the best!
@beinwhitebites Sorry, but not at the moment. Working on other videos. I've moved on from the nervous system for now.
@InteractiveBiology I've heard that horizontal cells inhibit glutamate release from neighboring photoreceptors as well. Which book did you use as your source?
@nashgalira Yes, it is related to lateral inhibition. I talk about it in Episode 34. Check it out.
Pretty sure that Horizontal cells don't contact the ganglion, H cells synapse onto cones from cones
Yeah idiot
is one ganglioncel always connected with multiple rods or can one ganglioncel also be connected with only one rod ?
Can someone explain what this has to do with mGluR and Kainate receptors????
So horizontal cells connect adjacent rods and cones? So does this mean if surround is off the horizontal cells give an inhibitory effect to the central on rods/cones? Please someone just explain the horizontal cells action in the more generally accepted textbooks.
Does a ganglion cell generate one 1-d receptive field or 2-d?
And you are right, text books do have mistakes at times, but in this case i haven't seen a difference with most of the major text. All the same what determines knowing the actual orientation of the cells is histology and electron M. So we must research.
What about the differences between Bipolar cells H and D?
Nicely done video, I learn about stuff like this to get ideas for experimental circuit designs. I found this valuable, thanks!!
thanks for the clear video!
are the horizontal cells not connected do the bipolar cells?
The Pathway is Photoreceptor - Bipolar Cell - Ganglion Cell.
The different effects of ON-center or OFF-center bipolar cells or ganglion cells is due to the receptors expressed on the bipolar cells.
Horizontal cells (and amacrine cells to some extent) are involved in LATERAL INHIBITION. This process is used by the retina cells in order to accentuate contrast, i e, borders of between light and dark objects in or visual field. I guess it's why we can see a white paper on a white table with ease.
This video kind of misses a bit of the information flow... Mohammed seems to have summed it up more accurately - Receptors -> Horizontal (with feedback inhibition of receptor output) -> Bipolar -> Amacrine (with feedback inhibition of bipolar output) -> Ganglion
Thank you for this informative video as it clears up much of the confusion
You literally save my life
Wow, didn't know Russian doctors were this cute ^_^
@TheYazzola Thanks for your input!
@CKLH I'm sorry, for some reason I just realized that I hadn't responded to your comment. Actually, I'm not really sure what that statement means. I tried to find an answer but couldn't. Hope you find it!
inhibition accentuates borders in the visual field. It's why you easily can follow borders of a white piece of paper lying on a white table. The nervous system likes to accentuate borders/changes so that we notice even fine change. The focus is on change itself. Compare w temp.
When you sit in the hot tub, u almost feel pain as you get in. The body reacts sharply to the change of temperature. After a while the sensory system adapts and you relax. Changes seems to interest the sensory syst most.
How do complex and simple cortical cells fit into this model?
These are excellent by the way - keep it up!
excellent videos! very clear and easy to understand
AMAZING. I've been sitting here, trying to figure out this concept and it just hasn't been working. Great video!! You might just help me save my grade in neuro :)
how I can I describe the different ganglia cells in different parts of the visual processing?
I know they are at the eye level and in the cortex level.
Can you please describe its function and importance please?
is this concept related to the lateral inhibition??
@virregribbe Sorry to break it to you, but it's so complex that I've seen different descriptions in different books, so I picked one. Yeah, I know - It's crazy. We don't fully understand all aspects of this complex thing we call the human body. Makes you wonder . . .
I don't understand the very basic idea.... like, what's surround and center etc mean? The center of your vision or center of the ganglion cell?
The center of a receptive field of a ganglion cell. Remember that the receptive field is composed by many photoreceptors in retina. Thus, the center is the photorreceptors localized in the center of these fields.
Am I understanding it right that When center is ON, Horizontal cells are inhibitory and inhibit transmission to Ganglion cells???
Is "on center of surround ganglion cell "also referred as "excitatory center inhibitory surrounds"?
Yeah I think so because thats when you get more action potentials.
That is correct :)
does the input form the center receptive field go through horizontal cells when it is off-center on-surround?
System is designed to react (max output) when there is a difference between the center and surround, for example when the center is stimulated by light, but not the surround or vice versa.
The fields OVERLAP EXTENSIVELY. The greatness of it all is:
1) Contrast is accentuated
2) The cells are, on a low level, always active. From a low level, it is hard to code a decrease in light with lower levels. With both ON- and OFF-centers, that overlap. CHANGES are always coded with increase in firing.
Horizontal Cells synapse with photoreceptors in the External Plexiform Membrane. So Ph--H--Ph. Amacrine synapses with Ganglion Cells in the Internal Plexiform Membrane. so it's G--A--G.
No questions, but thank you so much. This is amazing/life-saving. You're doing God's work!!
What is the significance of the of the mechanism??
What is the point of inhibition in the surround? What does that tell the brain?? Is this the same for cones?? I thought cones were generaly one photoreceptor cell to one bipolar to one ganglion cell, so do they have receptor fields and if so how do they work?
Basicaly my major problem with understanding this is that I don't know why this is the mechanism, why can't the brain just use an on stimulus when a photoreceptor is stimulated by a photon and an off when it isnt and make up the picture?
This was super helpful! Especially when your neurobio professor does not explain the material very well!
Maybe you're too stupid for neurobio prof LOL
@jennyuzzy YOU Rock! And you're very much welcome!
this is great! i'm stuyding for my optometry boards exam and this was a great, succinct explanation!
Thank you for creating these videos and posting them on UA-cam. For future videos, I'd like to suggest that you use the drawing tool a lot less - it takes too much time to write out words and draw graphs, and they can be sort of unclear when you do it that way. Otherwise, nice work!
What does it mean when it says that the cells are monocular?
please I have a question : is it possible for a ganglion cell to be on centre/off surround in some cases and off centre/on surround in other cases ? ?
See 6:26.
I'm trying to learn this too but reading other comments there are apparently some flaws in the way he positions the neural cells
Yeah, this was confusing for me as well in Neuro. My only question is, what's the point of off center/on center cells. Our prof spent alot of time on this and I just want to know the bigger picture.
All the videos on vision are really clear and helpful! Thank you so much =D
We do actually understand a lot of how the body works in broad detail. Horizontal cells do not connect to ganglion cells. They connect to on or off bipolar cells which then synapse with ganglion cells. The activity of the bipolar cells results from input into their receptive field (composed of direct input from photoreceptors and indirect input from horizontal cells) and then goes to ganglion cells both directly, and also indirectly via amacrine cells.
i am currently reading a textbook that refers to on center, off surround ganglion cells as 'off center and on center' is this correct?
@InteractiveBiology The structure of the Retinal cells are well-known and there shouldn't be any disparities between most authors. More reading and you'll find consistencies in what @virregribbe mentioned.
H do not connect to G at all. B are the only link between Rods/Cones to the G. H are lateral processing neurons that connects between Rods/Cones. There is something called the Amacrine Cells that behaves just like H. You might want to redraw the diagram.
This video lines up with pics on MIT, McGill, and Harvard's websites. It also matches the pics in Gazzaniga's psych science text (2009).
...this leads to a lower influx of Ca2+ and lower release of Glutamate.
reaction (important part):
on-bipolarcell > lower efflux of K+ and that leads to a depolarisation
off-bipolarcell > lower influx of Na+ and that leads to a hyperpolarisation
so in your example the center is build by on-bipolarcell and the surrounding by off-bipolarcells.
From Adler's Physiology of the Eye chapter 21 "direct current injection into non-mammalian HCs clearly shows an effective, low-frequency dominated, sustained path from HCs to GCs." BOTH horizonatal and amacrine cells seem to be involved, and as stated in the video horizontal cells seem to connect to ganglion cells
thank you so much! you have been a great help for my assignment!!!
This makes so much sense now! Thank you!
what would happen if both center and surround were stimulated?
can you do some videos about learning and memory?
Question: So this is the direct cause for the slightly over contrasted boarder we see between two different colours (or brightnesses/energy potentials, meaning something in contrast to each other), right?awesome videos your creating by the way :D