Temples were really multifunctional weren’t they? Divorce centrals, local warrior monk castle, pain in the butt to politicians, you name it! What would’ve happened if a daughter of the Tokugawa went to one after being married to the imperial family to allow her family control over the courts🤔
From 'reading' the comic Usagi Yojimbo, thoroughly historically researched by its creator, Stan Sakai, I learned that all the hundreds or thousands of shrines dotted around the landscape, usually on much travelled routes, serve as potential sleeping place for weary travellers. Rather similar to the mountain huts in the Alp Mountains, probably in other mountains also. Although these mountain huts also store some supplies I believe to aid climbers who cannot move because of bad weather. The general code of use is that you leave the mountain hut as it was when you first entered it. Meaning you will have to buy supplies that you used up and replace them.
@@AudieHollandot sure how that’s possible considering you’re probably stranded. How exactly are you supposed to lug stuff back there, considering that the only reason you’re in the hut is because you’re lost and the weather is bad? And yeah, in all the folklore I’ve read, those shrines’ main purpose seems to be a place for someone to sleep in on the side of the road.
@@ferretyluv The situattion with the mountain huts is very different. It's now, modern times, so if people use them, it's not problem for them to restock them. Only when the weather is really bad it can be a problem. But after the storm has passed, probably after the person has returned home, they can still have the hut restocked by the locals and those who used it pay for that.
This is how it should be for kids, don't understand why in this day and age the government will still try to forced children to go back to their abusive parents. Evil
This is comforting to know. As a survivor of domestic violence I know first-hand how incredibly difficult it is to separate & end the relationship. Scary too. I'm so glad that this was provided for it just makes me feel good & happy. Thank you °~•.♡.•~°
Built a bookshelf, finished filling it, spent all afternoon playing on the switch with friends, then stopped to eat and call it a night. Only to find a Linfamy uploaded, this day just keeps getting better I swear.
Stuff like this makes me wonder why I haven’t given up on life and spiraled into cynicism and mysanthopy. Yet somehow despite it all. I still believe. Stupid hope.
Ditch the hope and live live just cause you can and care for yourself and your needs as much as possible (and I'm not suggesting to do so at the detriment of others, ofcourse). I feel you. It's crazy rough here and men are trying a bit more in some places, but it's still mostly quite a disaster. It takes generations to mend all the damage that past time bigotry has caused within societies. And we're still producing more as we go, so things go at snail pace. We cannot afford to give even a single inch to bigoted behaviours. Tolerance stops at intolerance. And there is space and there are ppl who get that, so find your tribe, be with them, and drop the hate into the same bin as hope and allow yourself to be and to observe life from a quiet internal place. And if some day we can no more, then so be it. We've worked very hard and we've contributed on every day that we spent without starting wars out of vengeance (sth. they do all the f*ing time, damn it. So much so that the count of days without any war globally are an embarrassing pitiful account to that). Find your calm place. When you spiral negatively, rest. If it gets worse through rest, do something simple and very doable and do it so mindfully that there's no room to spiral anywhere, between a breath and another breath. May you be well.
@@MandatedReporter i would hate to think who would get child custody. If the husband was a terrible person, no doubt they wouldn’t be much better of a father
This is honestly the kind of thing every country should have. I don't know what power churches have when it comes to caring for the abused, but if they aren't places of refuge for those in abusive situations, not just marriage, they definitely should be.
Sadly as for a few churches I know (not all of these btw) They'll discourage seeking divorce and refuge away from the husband, and say "maybe you two need marriage counseling" but specifically from the church. This tends to end with the "therapist" telling the wife to stay, to be a better wife, to be there for the husband more.
It's very common to have international organizations around the world providing shelter to women and helping them with divorce procedures. It may not be in every corner of the world but in many. But there's so freaking much abuse that their capacities are ..... ///orz///
Engelhardt is a German name and consists of 2 parts (as most of them do): Engel is the modern German word for "angel", but in a historic context it can also refer to the tribe of the Angles, after whom England is named. They moved over to Great Britain from the northern German peninsula Anglia, along with the (German) Saxons and (Danish) Jutes in the 5th century. Some Angles (and Saxons and Jutes) stayed at home, so you can find people of those tribes in both places. Hardt, hardt, hard or hart means "strong" (like a warrior) and is obviously related to the English word "hard". An Engelhardt would either be a "strong Angle tribesman" (on his way to conquer the British mainland) or, if we take the more modern reading, a "strong angel", aka something like a "battle angel" kicking Hell's legions' asses under St. Michael's command. This used to be a first name in ancient times (before Christianisation), but also became a surname in (Christianised) medieval times. When it's used as a surname, there's a 99% chance, that it doesn't refer to Angles, but means "battle angel". Because surnames only became a thing, when the church was already in charge.
not married yet and bru im not even in a relationship But i am so interested, i wanna visit this temple haha does it still exist? lol PS: Tokeiji and Mantokuji, ight, noted! 😂
It's a good thing these divorces weren't incentivized by paying the women tons of money for years. It's really increased the number of divorces in the USA. It's created an opportunistic mindset.
Why do you draw Japanese people with brunette hair, instead of black hair? All the Japanese people I saw when I visited Tokyo and Kyoto had jet black hair.
Some people in Japan actually are brunnette naturally(it is very rare and more recessive) but are forced to tdye their hair black when they are in middleschool, and taught to keep doing it for life, because if they don’t massively conform by the time they are in their late teens, standing out in any way could cause the people in charge of universities and jobs to be biased as F*** Towards them, for absolutely no reason, but the law would like, favor the employer’s opinions. The law that heavily favors the employer’s bias towrds the workers’ haircolors and overall apperance has only very recently been overturned, so now schools don’t have to force people to dye their hair to blend in.
Even in the 0.1% of cases where this is true, if she doesnt want to be married to him for any reason why should she? wouldnt it be better for him as well to be divorced than have a mean wife?
The videos are great...except for the profanity. As a teacher, I cannot show this in school. If they become more school appropriate (no profanity) you probably will gain views.
In pre-mordern Japan? When match making and arranged marriages still happen in Japan even today? Even if she did abusers arr good at pretending to be decent people until the honeymoon phase is over. Don't victim blame.
That picture of the woman throwing the sandals is a powerful piece of a primary source. I love looking at contemporary artwork of the history being studied
It’s not exactly a primary source. It’d be a secondary source since it’s a painter reporting on the fact. A primary source would be like documents tracking the number of divorces that year or whatever.
@@j.kaimori3848 Uh...no? Primary source would be dealing directly with the people involved during the actual event, secondary source would be recreating the event/taking the information from records or from others talking _about_ the event. Primary vs secondary (vs tertiary etc) is about the degree of separation from the actual events.
I was staying in Kyoto few years ago. I was just wandering around town and came across this shrine with a long line of women. It was pretty neat. Late that night I went to a bar and there were two gentlemen drinking beer. One of them asked me how I liked Kyoto and I asked them about the shrine I found. A quiet drunk man in the corner speaks up and says "it's a shrine for women." He then ordered another beer. Im like oh cool thats interesting. 5 min later He says "it's a shrine to pray for divorce." He sat there quietly for another 15 minutes and ordered another beer. He speaks up again and says "my wife went to that shrine". And then we all bought another round and held up our glasses
It's still better that she was praying for divorce, than picking specific herbs to be used as spices on a dinner only meant for her husband... But divorce pretty much always sucks, it's rare for those to go smoothly, no matter who inmates it.
I read a book about women who wanted divorce in Edo period and how they "persuaded" their husbands to give them one - one was spending money like crazy, burning candles, taking long hot baths and adding not enough salt to pickled foods so they got rotten. Another one was so desperate that she run the town... naked. So many creative ways to finally break free, huh. The book is fictional, but I strongly believe that women might have been clever enough to use similar techniques.
@@RebeccaOre pennsylvania pretty much didn't until the 1980s. you could file, but both parties had to agree the marriage was unsaveable and sign, and there wasn't a no-fault divorce before then. If your husband refused to sign the papers, you were just married forever, unless you went to another state that did things differently and lived there long enough for residency, or managed to hide somewhere from him for three years to count as separated to get divorced without needing his signature to get it. also quite a few forms of abuse weren't considered "marital misconduct" enough to qualify for divorce back then, and if you had kids they were likely to refuse to allow the divorce "for the children." things are better now, not as good as they should be, but better than they were even then at least.
Probably somewhat based in reality. My grandma did that when she was engaged to a really old man as a young woman. He didn’t want to leave her even if she made him broke so she ran away
Gotta say, 3 years of temple life to seperate from an abusive relationship, would probably be beneficial. Calm situation after the special hell that is domestic violence would probably help if it was bad enough to give historical Japanese DV PTSD. I have DV PTSD, and it's a figurative pain in the ass. A temple stay would have helped a bit with decompressing from the situation. But personally, I'd rather no one of any gender suffer through the hell of DV.
I was thinking this too. Coming out of a bad relationship, you have a place to stay, something to eat and something to do, plus people around to chase off your ex or any flying monkeys if they try to come knocking.
Thank fuck for no-fault divorce. Seriously, there should be a sign saying "divorce ends BAD marriages, it's a GOOD thing that BAD MARRIAGES aren't allowed to fester"
People look at me sideways when I congratulate someone on ending a long-term relationship. But what am I supposed to do? Tell them it's sad that they got out of something that clearly wasn't working? Better to have a bad breakup than a bad relationship.
Exactly! You let that shit fester and that's how you end up with a murder case or suicide. A divorce lets both parties come out alive which is a far better alternative.
Yeah, so in my tribe(I'm Native), a woman could divorce her husband by placing his belongings (tools/gear/clothing/ect) outside the home for 3 days and nights. And if he didn't collect it and go back to his family by then? Oh, well it was lit ablaze, and the woman was free to remarry after. And about the ex? Well, depending on the reason for divorce, there was a high possibility that he couldn't remarry.
@@younglingmaid2526 Cherokee, Eastern band specifically. There's an important distinction between the two bands. Also this is an older practice, just fyi.
Ive heard there’s a general trend of native tribes traditionally having better rights and autonomy for women than in many other parts of the world. Maybe not every tribe, but the average is higher than elsewhere. I do wonder what historic forces led to that development compared to many parts of Eurasia I believe the Viking era of some Nordic cultures also had this practice too. It was a pretty warlike culture and the rights of women didn’t apply to all women (since they practiced slavery and female infanticide), but adult women of the culture had more autonomy than in other parts of Europe for the day
Women have had more power, historically, than people normally think. For example, women in Medieval England frequently ran local businesses and could own property. Your social class actually had more bearing on your opportunities in life than your gender did unless you were rich. Rich women were far more limited in what they were allowed to do, but if you asked any of the lower class women whether they'd want to live the life of a miserable noblewoman or an empowered peasant woman, they'd probably choose the former.
@@SkeloperchMaslow’s hierarchy is in play here I’d expect; rights are great but not as important as significantly lower chances of starving or freezing to death.
The Viking age of Norway wasn’t terrible for women either. Norwegian women were still considered to be inferior to men even if they were of a fairly high class, but the law mostly protected them from sexual harassment and they could initiate divorce proceedings. They could also own land and businesses and do religious work.
@@JasTheSassYes, and in ancient Norse cultures, rape of a free woman was also punished severely, you could get tortured or killed if you got caught doing it. Not so much for the women taken in raids, but daughters of locals had a right to not get raped, and it wasn't considered a woman’s fault if men couldn't control themselves. In many places it was possible to use your wife as a birthing machine, because your sisters, aunts and grandmothers lived in the same house: Husband wasn't dependent on his wife alone to take care of the kids, so you could basically abuse her and just give her children to be raised by your mother and sisters. One of the reasons women got their rights back, was because our households got smaller: Wives had to help in raising their children and take care of the house mostly on their own, without other women's help... and it really isn't smart to treat badly the only woman who made your food and raised your children.
I feel sad that I'm like "that's so easy! It's awesome that there were so many options for abused women to escape!" because in a lot of European countries throughout history, there have been almost no freaking options for abused women to get a divorce. 19th century Japan was very forward thinking compared to a lot of other places in the 19th century.
Uhhhh did you forget the part that there's only two of them that they have to pay and spend several years of their life in a religious temple? Meanwhile, the dude gets to just sign a piece of paper and keep the kids?
@@teresawelter7530 Yep The creator of the video @Linfamy really put it in such nice and funny words 😁 ( I love his humor 🤩 ) Sometimes husbands care too much for wifes to understand lol 😂😂😂
I remember this coming up in an episode of Samurai Champloo, but instead of the husband going to brothels all the time, it was the wife. Because the husband had forced her to go into prostitution to pay off his debts... Anyway, Jin decided to help her run away to a monastery so she could seek divorce.
The explanation that Japanese women cut their hair short as part of the procedure to divorce from their husbands might also explain why some Japanese girls cut their hair short after a break-up. Additionally, it may be the reason why Lilith is almost always depicted with short hair in Japanese media since it might symbolise her divorce from Adam. Although I can't tell if her short hair stems from those traditions, or depictions of Lilith in Japan are influenced by Rei Ayanami from Neon Genesis Evangelion (that might also explain why Lilith in Japanese media is usually depicted with blue hair), if it's the latter then that is such a bizarre coincidence.
Well... Rei IS an incarnation of Lilith. Kind of. It's more like Lilith manifests herself in Rei's form, and since Eva is such a touchstone work, later depictions of Lilith reference her appearance when she and Rei merged.
@@JinxedPixie88 Amazing what one piece of art can do to permanently alter the public's perception of one character. Although, in the case of Lilith, this is not the first time this has happened to her. Paintings in the romanticism period such as "Lady Lilith" popularised the depiction of her with long red hair in the west; and when paired up with her Japanese depictions with short blue hair, they coincidently form a red oni, blue oni pairing.
When women go through major life changes they usually cut their hair. It’s not a strictly Japanese thing to do. Women in America will cut their hair after they get married, after they have a child, after they get a new job, or after they get a divorce.
@@t.k.griffin1315yes I think this is a common theme across many cultures. I personally cut my hair when I wanted to reflect outside that I had become free inside… for many different scenarios. Experience and memories are attached to your hair as it grows. When you cut it, it feels like you’re starting fresh. You still have the old memories but they are no longer an outward part of you, and you let go of attachment to them. That’s how I always interpreted it.
This feels like an appropriate place to put this: **ALL DIVORCE IS GOOD** I'm just saying: a perfectly happy couple doesn't just trip over a divorce. "Oops, took a wrong turn at Albuquerque, guess we're divorced now." But the way some people talk about no-fault divorce you'd think that having that option open causes people to end marriages for shits and giggles. They don't even consider that maybe you _don't_ actually want to be married to someone who will end a marriage for fun. They'll say shit like "women will divorce over men not doing chores" but...like...do you really want to be married to someone like that? do you really want to be married to someone who takes your vows so unseriously that, if provided with the opportunity, they will dump you over insignificant problems? Sounds like you're going to have problems eventually and might as well save yourself the trouble. Find someone who you vibe with better. I mean, have some self respect, geez. (and for the record: a spouse refusing to help care for the home that you are co-habitating isn't an insignificant problem, just putting that out there. Obviously unless you've jointly agreed that one person will handle all of it. Yes, I know, some people have that dynamic where one works and the other handles the chores and its all hunky-dory. Its called consent and communication, but not everyone has that in their marriage and that is a perfectly valid reason to chuck that marriage in the trash.)
I like your reasoning. I think a lot of people do not take their vows seriously, and it's not unreasonable to want a divorce if they are not being a partner. And I think the people that whine about getting divorced over 'little reasons' are probably not mature enough for marriage. Or they married a dud who divorced them for silly reasons. XD
@@TomFranklinXIf she's getting paid less than you it's either a) because pf the wage gap b) she is in a lower paying job or position than you. Also the half and half thing only exists if you have sole custody of the kids and the other parent has to pitch in their share (which is 10% generally not 50% like you're touting it to be) or is a housewife who had no method of income of their own. You'll only lose the rights to your kids if you were an exceptionaly bad father otherwise by court regulations it's 50/50 custody between the two for the sake of the children.
The hairpin with hair reminds me of Ruyi's Royal Love where Ruyi cut her hair to end her marriage with Qianlong. I'm glad women that are in bad marriages have a chance to divorce. (Even though its easier said then done.)
Yes, even if divorce is usually sad thing, it helps to finally escape from abusive woman or man. The worst thing that could happen when divorce will turn sour and your wife (or husband) will start to accusing you of things you never committed and never thought about. If you have vastly different amount of wealth or kids are involved (the worst part) it is frequently gets messy. Don't rush into marriage because your husband/wife is hot, rich, famous etc, give it time. The main question to answer, what my wife/husband will do when things will get hard, when things will get boring, when there will be misunderstandings and conflicts of interests. I said not if, I said when. If you have any doubts if you wife/husband will leave you on a spot when something like that happened - don't marry them. Probably don't even date them. Imagine you are getting diagnosed with some horrible disease, you lose your job/business and can't recover for long time. What your partner will do?
Divorce is always important, even if there are kids in the crossfire. My parents only got married when my mom got pregnant with me, so i wouldnt be illegitimate when i was born. They divorced before I even knew what baby food was. I have never seen them in the same building together. Never seen them side by side. But they still managed to have a decade long war over me, and i was forced to leave the life i knew to go love with my dad at 8. Even though the constant fighting and abuse still affects me, i can confidently say that divorce is good even for a child. Otherwise i would have been stuck with him my whole life instead of having the chance to pick "the other side"
Israel has had to implement a law to force men to sign getim, divorce decrees. There's a detail in Halachah (Jewish law) that states that a wife requires a get. Some men refused to give them despite abandoning their families, and now their options are to flee Israel and keep running until his body turns up, go to prison, or sign the get. Keep in mind that the agunot (chained women, women without getim) are profoundly restricted in what they can do, depending on how Orthodox they are. It's messy. Ironically, the law originated to prevent spouses from ghosting.
So their was a sexist rule that not all human beings were equal and some were sentient items just to rip apart no matter what!? Fuck all Abrahamic faiths religions and beliefs. Its a mockery of human rights.
@jebes909090 damn you sound insecure af 😂 we can acknowledge that a huge amount of women were oppressed (more women than men btw) without bringing up that some people had it good. It's strange that you feel the need to bring up information that's completely irrelevant to the point made just because you're uncomfortable with the fact that factually women had it harder than men in almost all of history. The times when it went the opposite way are few and far between. If it makes you uncomfortable, maybe work to be a good guy not to try to undermine people who have empathy for women 😂
Will any of these be retroactively made into numbered "History of Japan" (Edo Period) episodes? It's anxiety-inducing that the official series currently ends at Episode 93 rather than Episode 100. 😅
Women all over the world have done this for as long as humans have existed. It’s cleansing and healing. Hair holds a lot of cultural and personal significance usually attached to memory, spirituality, relationships, and status. Cutting is a shedding of old and welcoming of new.
@@kissit012 I know in Iran they do something similar (usually as a protest). I'd just never seen this custom before I came to Japan and always wondered why.
I cut my hair after a breakup as a cathartic thing. It wasn’t a bald or ugly style: it was short, stylish, and sassy. It suited me and my state of mind.
Japanese culture is really very interesting especially in the turn of the century. I’m sure the women were very happy to have some protection and have some sort of option which woman around the word have struggled with even till this day.
Maybe in case of pregnancy? There is old laws about women waiting more or less one year before getting remarried so that we are sure if she end up pregnant the baby is not from her ex husband. My other guess is that they stay at the temple to heal and have the time to think of what they wanted in life. And I guess free labor for the temple as a thank you?
The temple would be a place of refuge (like if the husband was violent, or even simply if the wife wanted to be able to be physically separate from her soon-to-be-ex-husband for personal comfort reasons since this was likely a very emotionally taxing time for her). This way the lady wouldn't need to immediately worry about finding safe lodgings and/or food and water once she left her spouse's household.
Don't ever give that up unless you meet someone who makes your life objectively AND subjectively better overall. And even then, consider carefully before you decide on cohabitation. I love my spouse so fully and it's very much worth it. But I feel like 99% of marriages (if not more) are borne out of convenience/obligation/societal expectation/emotional neediness, and not just like...realizing you're super happy together and want to make each other's lives better.
Oh I mentioned it, by default the man gets custody. However, it wasn't uncommon for negotiations to change that, or the man could be in a weak position and had to fight for custody.
A woman's property was her own, before and after divorce. Things were more complicated with an adoptive husband who inherited land from his wife's family. That was handled through negotiations.
Would you stay at a temple for a year to get divorced?
Don’t have to go to a temple to support the channel though: www.patreon.com/Linfamy
Enronces no todos los budistas pese a que hay un libro llamado "tinieblaa tibetanas" pero algo bueno tenian que tener pa que s3 expandiera
You know what famous clan didn't like daughters' divorces?
@@fran3ro what clan? 🤔
@@Linfamy Fuji-something if I remember correctly
what kinder snacks they got?
“She had a caring husband… he cared a lot about prostitutes”
Ok, that fake-out legit cracked me the hell up 😂
The Shogun of Mis-directs
Fake-out legit is crazy
Very caring indeed. 😂💥
The wildflower one was slightly more subtle. Cracked me up twice as much.
Temples were really multifunctional weren’t they? Divorce centrals, local warrior monk castle, pain in the butt to politicians, you name it!
What would’ve happened if a daughter of the Tokugawa went to one after being married to the imperial family to allow her family control over the courts🤔
Temples were pretty cool :)
Now they have conbini stores instead 😅
From 'reading' the comic Usagi Yojimbo, thoroughly historically researched by its creator, Stan Sakai, I learned that
all the hundreds or thousands of shrines dotted around the landscape, usually on much travelled routes, serve as potential sleeping place for weary travellers.
Rather similar to the mountain huts in the Alp Mountains, probably in other mountains also. Although these mountain huts also store some supplies I believe to aid climbers who cannot move because of bad weather. The general code of use is that you leave the mountain hut as it was when you first entered it. Meaning you will have to buy supplies that you used up and replace them.
@@AudieHollandot sure how that’s possible considering you’re probably stranded. How exactly are you supposed to lug stuff back there, considering that the only reason you’re in the hut is because you’re lost and the weather is bad?
And yeah, in all the folklore I’ve read, those shrines’ main purpose seems to be a place for someone to sleep in on the side of the road.
@@ferretyluv The situattion with the mountain huts is very different. It's now, modern times, so if people use them, it's not problem for them to restock them.
Only when the weather is really bad it can be a problem.
But after the storm has passed, probably after the person has returned home, they can still have the hut restocked by the locals and those who used it pay for that.
and there is always the oldest means of getting out of a bad marriage.
Poisoning your spouse.
This is how it should be for kids, don't understand why in this day and age the government will still try to forced children to go back to their abusive parents. Evil
This is comforting to know. As a survivor of domestic violence I know first-hand how incredibly difficult it is to separate & end the relationship. Scary too.
I'm so glad that this was provided for it just makes me feel good & happy.
Thank you °~•.♡.•~°
Youre so strong❤ praying and hoping youre safe and well❤
this art style is so cute! yet historically accurate and interesting!
Thanks!
@@Linfamy np!
Built a bookshelf, finished filling it, spent all afternoon playing on the switch with friends, then stopped to eat and call it a night. Only to find a Linfamy uploaded, this day just keeps getting better I swear.
Good job building the bookshelf :)
Preferred wild flowers over the flower in his home, great way of putting it
Stuff like this makes me wonder why I haven’t given up on life and spiraled into cynicism and mysanthopy. Yet somehow despite it all. I still believe. Stupid hope.
Cling on to that hope!
@@Linfamy You'd rather recommend her to suffer? Interesting.
Ditch the hope and live live just cause you can and care for yourself and your needs as much as possible (and I'm not suggesting to do so at the detriment of others, ofcourse). I feel you. It's crazy rough here and men are trying a bit more in some places, but it's still mostly quite a disaster. It takes generations to mend all the damage that past time bigotry has caused within societies. And we're still producing more as we go, so things go at snail pace.
We cannot afford to give even a single inch to bigoted behaviours. Tolerance stops at intolerance. And there is space and there are ppl who get that, so find your tribe, be with them, and drop the hate into the same bin as hope and allow yourself to be and to observe life from a quiet internal place. And if some day we can no more, then so be it. We've worked very hard and we've contributed on every day that we spent without starting wars out of vengeance (sth. they do all the f*ing time, damn it. So much so that the count of days without any war globally are an embarrassing pitiful account to that).
Find your calm place. When you spiral negatively, rest. If it gets worse through rest, do something simple and very doable and do it so mindfully that there's no room to spiral anywhere, between a breath and another breath.
May you be well.
@@KxNOxUTAYour comment is full of wisdom. Gave me some relief. Thank you so much ❤
Could a divorced woman remarry after she left the temple
Yep 👍
They could be "spirited away" to another region for rehousing
@@MandatedReporter i would hate to think who would get child custody. If the husband was a terrible person, no doubt they wouldn’t be much better of a father
This is honestly the kind of thing every country should have. I don't know what power churches have when it comes to caring for the abused, but if they aren't places of refuge for those in abusive situations, not just marriage, they definitely should be.
Sadly as for a few churches I know (not all of these btw)
They'll discourage seeking divorce and refuge away from the husband, and say "maybe you two need marriage counseling" but specifically from the church. This tends to end with the "therapist" telling the wife to stay, to be a better wife, to be there for the husband more.
It's very common to have international organizations around the world providing shelter to women and helping them with divorce procedures. It may not be in every corner of the world but in many. But there's so freaking much abuse that their capacities are ..... ///orz///
Way to make my Friday evening Linfamy!!🎉🙏✨👌✨✌️✨
Hope your day's going well :)
@@Linfamy much better now🙏
Wow! That’s so interesting! It’s nice to know that there were options for women stuck in bad marriages, even if those options weren’t always ideal.
Engelhardt is a German name and consists of 2 parts (as most of them do):
Engel is the modern German word for "angel", but in a historic context it can also refer to the tribe of the Angles, after whom England is named. They moved over to Great Britain from the northern German peninsula Anglia, along with the (German) Saxons and (Danish) Jutes in the 5th century. Some Angles (and Saxons and Jutes) stayed at home, so you can find people of those tribes in both places.
Hardt, hardt, hard or hart means "strong" (like a warrior) and is obviously related to the English word "hard".
An Engelhardt would either be a "strong Angle tribesman" (on his way to conquer the British mainland) or, if we take the more modern reading, a "strong angel", aka something like a "battle angel" kicking Hell's legions' asses under St. Michael's command.
This used to be a first name in ancient times (before Christianisation), but also became a surname in (Christianised) medieval times.
When it's used as a surname, there's a 99% chance, that it doesn't refer to Angles, but means "battle angel". Because surnames only became a thing, when the church was already in charge.
Thanks for the info!
Still going strong linfamy! KEEP IT UP!
Thanks brother!
I love the 3 shaved headed women gossiping about Monks! ❤🤣🤣🤣
I don't know woman running from man throwing her boots into temple is soooo easy picture to read 🤣 for some reason, pretty funny, but also sad tough.
Nothing beats bursting into laughter in the middle of a cube farm because of the video you're listening to so you can drown out the monotony
Really facinating stuff (esp about the nettle tree).
Linfamy: Hold on to your kids because about to get divorce
Me: I didn't know your my husband
How this was handled is so interesting.
Interesting video I see so Divorce was a thing in Edo peroid Japan.Ahh histroy is so dark❤❤
2:47 A Kamikaze D3A or Ki-51 crashing into Cleveland Class light cruiser USS Columbia CL-56, in 01/06/1945, Lingayen Gulf.
It took me longer than it should have to realise begone abuser was a take on begone thot. 🤦♀and also I saw the little bonus in the cc box.
Question: was the "alimony of knowledge" supposed to be a pun? Coz it was a good one. 😆
That is quite cool.
Wow! Didn't even know they was an option, I thought they were just screwed
kane and kanjiro are like the name of tanjiro and kanao for Demon Slayer
I swear his sense of humor makes buddha and kuan yin stare at me for laughing. The divorce ritual is homicide. Lol
Didn't samurai shamploo did something cool with that theme?
Wait . . . what did the priest do with the baby in Roshomon? You don't mean . . .
🥲
?????????
Kane was probably frigid.
Very interesting!
Hold onto your kids, we're about to get divorced
You want out of a horrible situation? First, you must spend two years in another horrible situation.
🥲
And once you're out, you'll be very hated, cause you dared to escape. Be read for abuse galore and murder!
Knowledge!
ok but why do i feel like " kanjiro " and " kanae " are somehow related to demon slayer
Because you’re a weeb
not married yet and bru im not even in a relationship But i am so interested, i wanna visit this temple haha does it still exist? lol
PS: Tokeiji and Mantokuji, ight, noted! 😂
I was a caring husband, but the sucked my...money away
🥲
Good system
yay divorces in Japan let’s fuckin gooooo
Wow new video!🎉 I thought you died
Temples were uppity😅
not first?? oh my😢
🥲
ancient darvo
💪👌✌️👏☝️👍😜
It's a good thing these divorces weren't incentivized by paying the women tons of money for years. It's really increased the number of divorces in the USA. It's created an opportunistic mindset.
Less than 10% of divorces result in alimony
Ima BEAT IT so dang hard to 2:40
2:43 WOAH HER BOOBIES OUT💀
Month far to long in between uploads to go without yr funny jokes
Based Temple. This way the woman only devote to God 🙏
Why the horrifying disrespect in this video? So gross. You should take it down and change your awful disrespectful attitude.
Why do you draw Japanese people with brunette hair, instead of black hair? All the Japanese people I saw when I visited Tokyo and Kyoto had jet black hair.
Because it's a bit hard to color black hair when the line art is also black, but good point, varying the hair color more would be good 👍
Some people in Japan actually are brunnette naturally(it is very rare and more recessive) but are forced to tdye their hair black when they are in middleschool, and taught to keep doing it for life, because if they don’t massively conform by the time they are in their late teens, standing out in any way could cause the people in charge of universities and jobs to be biased as F*** Towards them, for absolutely no reason, but the law would like, favor the employer’s opinions.
The law that heavily favors the employer’s bias towrds the workers’ haircolors and overall apperance has only very recently been overturned, so now schools don’t have to force people to dye their hair to blend in.
@@LinfamyIt's fairly common to use a very dark shade of blue or purple for black hair, so you could do that.
Yeah I guarantee these were never abused. A mean woman never used these things to accuse her husband of being abusive when he wasn't.
Even in the 0.1% of cases where this is true, if she doesnt want to be married to him for any reason why should she? wouldnt it be better for him as well to be divorced than have a mean wife?
18s braindead comment any% speedrun
had a stroke trying to read that
He’s not gonna pick you, you’re too old
I hope he picks you, sis
The videos are great...except for the profanity. As a teacher, I cannot show this in school. If they become more school appropriate (no profanity) you probably will gain views.
Sweet boylove doesn't make decent people "gag" >:(
She picked the guy.
In pre-mordern Japan? When match making and arranged marriages still happen in Japan even today? Even if she did abusers arr good at pretending to be decent people until the honeymoon phase is over. Don't victim blame.
That picture of the woman throwing the sandals is a powerful piece of a primary source. I love looking at contemporary artwork of the history being studied
It’s not exactly a primary source. It’d be a secondary source since it’s a painter reporting on the fact. A primary source would be like documents tracking the number of divorces that year or whatever.
@@ferretyluv painting and the record are both primary sources
@@j.kaimori3848 Uh...no? Primary source would be dealing directly with the people involved during the actual event, secondary source would be recreating the event/taking the information from records or from others talking _about_ the event. Primary vs secondary (vs tertiary etc) is about the degree of separation from the actual events.
Anyone know what the piece is called? Trying to find a copy with no success
@@MimifBones I’m not sure but maybe you can put the picture through google, maybe?
"one small step for a woman,one giant leap from your abusive ass" gonna memorize that one
3:03
😂😂😂 I loved that
I was staying in Kyoto few years ago. I was just wandering around town and came across this shrine with a long line of women. It was pretty neat. Late that night I went to a bar and there were two gentlemen drinking beer. One of them asked me how I liked Kyoto and I asked them about the shrine I found. A quiet drunk man in the corner speaks up and says "it's a shrine for women." He then ordered another beer. Im like oh cool thats interesting. 5 min later He says "it's a shrine to pray for divorce." He sat there quietly for another 15 minutes and ordered another beer. He speaks up again and says "my wife went to that shrine".
And then we all bought another round and held up our glasses
Amazing story
"That's tough bro..."
"Fuck man."
Well at least his wife didn't turn into the moon
It's still better that she was praying for divorce, than picking specific herbs to be used as spices on a dinner only meant for her husband... But divorce pretty much always sucks, it's rare for those to go smoothly, no matter who inmates it.
I read a book about women who wanted divorce in Edo period and how they "persuaded" their husbands to give them one - one was spending money like crazy, burning candles, taking long hot baths and adding not enough salt to pickled foods so they got rotten. Another one was so desperate that she run the town... naked. So many creative ways to finally break free, huh.
The book is fictional, but I strongly believe that women might have been clever enough to use similar techniques.
do you remember the book title? i'd like to read it!
They absolutely did do all kinds of things to convince their husbands to divorce. Going to temple was an option if that didn't work.
@@Linfamy South Carolina didn't allow women to divorce husbands until the Reconstruction government.
@@RebeccaOre pennsylvania pretty much didn't until the 1980s. you could file, but both parties had to agree the marriage was unsaveable and sign, and there wasn't a no-fault divorce before then. If your husband refused to sign the papers, you were just married forever, unless you went to another state that did things differently and lived there long enough for residency, or managed to hide somewhere from him for three years to count as separated to get divorced without needing his signature to get it. also quite a few forms of abuse weren't considered "marital misconduct" enough to qualify for divorce back then, and if you had kids they were likely to refuse to allow the divorce "for the children." things are better now, not as good as they should be, but better than they were even then at least.
Probably somewhat based in reality. My grandma did that when she was engaged to a really old man as a young woman. He didn’t want to leave her even if she made him broke so she ran away
Gotta say, 3 years of temple life to seperate from an abusive relationship, would probably be beneficial.
Calm situation after the special hell that is domestic violence would probably help if it was bad enough to give historical Japanese DV PTSD.
I have DV PTSD, and it's a figurative pain in the ass. A temple stay would have helped a bit with decompressing from the situation. But personally, I'd rather no one of any gender suffer through the hell of DV.
I was thinking this too. Coming out of a bad relationship, you have a place to stay, something to eat and something to do, plus people around to chase off your ex or any flying monkeys if they try to come knocking.
It's crazy that the husbands didn't want to treat their wives respectfully, but didn't want them to leave either.
Treating people like objects does that
Not sure it’s much different now.
Abusers don't want their victims to leave. Then they'd have nobody to abuse.
Reverse Stockholm Syndrome?
tale as old as time 🎶
Thank fuck for no-fault divorce. Seriously, there should be a sign saying "divorce ends BAD marriages, it's a GOOD thing that BAD MARRIAGES aren't allowed to fester"
People look at me sideways when I congratulate someone on ending a long-term relationship. But what am I supposed to do? Tell them it's sad that they got out of something that clearly wasn't working?
Better to have a bad breakup than a bad relationship.
Exactly! You let that shit fester and that's how you end up with a murder case or suicide. A divorce lets both parties come out alive which is a far better alternative.
Everyone who isn't abusive knows that. It's only abusers who want no fault divorce to go away
@@RandomName-my2uo
The GOP actually wants it gone.
People can divorce for other reasons as well, like falling out of love.
Imagine paying the abuser. "Sorry our daughter didn't want to be stuck with your crap-ass son..."
Yeah, so in my tribe(I'm Native), a woman could divorce her husband by placing his belongings (tools/gear/clothing/ect) outside the home for 3 days and nights. And if he didn't collect it and go back to his family by then? Oh, well it was lit ablaze, and the woman was free to remarry after. And about the ex? Well, depending on the reason for divorce, there was a high possibility that he couldn't remarry.
That’s interesting. Which tribe do you belong to if I may ask you?
@@younglingmaid2526 Cherokee, Eastern band specifically. There's an important distinction between the two bands.
Also this is an older practice, just fyi.
So nice. No hassle divorce.
That's really interesting. I'm definitely gonna remember this
Ive heard there’s a general trend of native tribes traditionally having better rights and autonomy for women than in many other parts of the world. Maybe not every tribe, but the average is higher than elsewhere. I do wonder what historic forces led to that development compared to many parts of Eurasia
I believe the Viking era of some Nordic cultures also had this practice too. It was a pretty warlike culture and the rights of women didn’t apply to all women (since they practiced slavery and female infanticide), but adult women of the culture had more autonomy than in other parts of Europe for the day
Pretty cool how women had enough power to get divorced.
Women have had more power, historically, than people normally think. For example, women in Medieval England frequently ran local businesses and could own property. Your social class actually had more bearing on your opportunities in life than your gender did unless you were rich. Rich women were far more limited in what they were allowed to do, but if you asked any of the lower class women whether they'd want to live the life of a miserable noblewoman or an empowered peasant woman, they'd probably choose the former.
@@SkeloperchMaslow’s hierarchy is in play here I’d expect; rights are great but not as important as significantly lower chances of starving or freezing to death.
You should look up the Medieval Divorce duels.
The Viking age of Norway wasn’t terrible for women either. Norwegian women were still considered to be inferior to men even if they were of a fairly high class, but the law mostly protected them from sexual harassment and they could initiate divorce proceedings. They could also own land and businesses and do religious work.
@@JasTheSassYes, and in ancient Norse cultures, rape of a free woman was also punished severely, you could get tortured or killed if you got caught doing it. Not so much for the women taken in raids, but daughters of locals had a right to not get raped, and it wasn't considered a woman’s fault if men couldn't control themselves.
In many places it was possible to use your wife as a birthing machine, because your sisters, aunts and grandmothers lived in the same house: Husband wasn't dependent on his wife alone to take care of the kids, so you could basically abuse her and just give her children to be raised by your mother and sisters.
One of the reasons women got their rights back, was because our households got smaller: Wives had to help in raising their children and take care of the house mostly on their own, without other women's help... and it really isn't smart to treat badly the only woman who made your food and raised your children.
I feel sad that I'm like "that's so easy! It's awesome that there were so many options for abused women to escape!" because in a lot of European countries throughout history, there have been almost no freaking options for abused women to get a divorce. 19th century Japan was very forward thinking compared to a lot of other places in the 19th century.
😂
Sadly, only two of these temples existed..
Uhhhh did you forget the part that there's only two of them that they have to pay and spend several years of their life in a religious temple? Meanwhile, the dude gets to just sign a piece of paper and keep the kids?
@@naheleshiriki5496 Yet it was STILL better than in Regency England where you needed a freaking act of Parliament.
@@michaelmurdock4607Was it actually breath, or was that metaphor of sorts?
That's the case for most divorce pleas today too : A caring husband who cares a lot....about prostitutes or other women 😅
That line really sent me 😂😂😂
@@teresawelter7530 Yep The creator of the video @Linfamy really put it in such nice and funny words 😁 ( I love his humor 🤩 )
Sometimes husbands care too much for wifes to understand lol 😂😂😂
I remember this coming up in an episode of Samurai Champloo, but instead of the husband going to brothels all the time, it was the wife. Because the husband had forced her to go into prostitution to pay off his debts... Anyway, Jin decided to help her run away to a monastery so she could seek divorce.
Ahhh the nostalgia
I remembered the same thing!
I was thinking of that same episode.
Yes i loved that episode! I really like to think Jin went back for her when she was released.
That was the first thing i thought about when watching this video!
Imagen your wife running away and the next day receving a letter that says "We bout to roll up on your porch homie" 💀
The explanation that Japanese women cut their hair short as part of the procedure to divorce from their husbands might also explain why some Japanese girls cut their hair short after a break-up. Additionally, it may be the reason why Lilith is almost always depicted with short hair in Japanese media since it might symbolise her divorce from Adam. Although I can't tell if her short hair stems from those traditions, or depictions of Lilith in Japan are influenced by Rei Ayanami from Neon Genesis Evangelion (that might also explain why Lilith in Japanese media is usually depicted with blue hair), if it's the latter then that is such a bizarre coincidence.
Well... Rei IS an incarnation of Lilith. Kind of. It's more like Lilith manifests herself in Rei's form, and since Eva is such a touchstone work, later depictions of Lilith reference her appearance when she and Rei merged.
@@JinxedPixie88 Amazing what one piece of art can do to permanently alter the public's perception of one character. Although, in the case of Lilith, this is not the first time this has happened to her. Paintings in the romanticism period such as "Lady Lilith" popularised the depiction of her with long red hair in the west; and when paired up with her Japanese depictions with short blue hair, they coincidently form a red oni, blue oni pairing.
When women go through major life changes they usually cut their hair. It’s not a strictly Japanese thing to do. Women in America will cut their hair after they get married, after they have a child, after they get a new job, or after they get a divorce.
Funny seeing Lilith here..
@@t.k.griffin1315yes I think this is a common theme across many cultures. I personally cut my hair when I wanted to reflect outside that I had become free inside… for many different scenarios. Experience and memories are attached to your hair as it grows. When you cut it, it feels like you’re starting fresh. You still have the old memories but they are no longer an outward part of you, and you let go of attachment to them. That’s how I always interpreted it.
This feels like an appropriate place to put this: **ALL DIVORCE IS GOOD**
I'm just saying: a perfectly happy couple doesn't just trip over a divorce. "Oops, took a wrong turn at Albuquerque, guess we're divorced now." But the way some people talk about no-fault divorce you'd think that having that option open causes people to end marriages for shits and giggles. They don't even consider that maybe you _don't_ actually want to be married to someone who will end a marriage for fun. They'll say shit like "women will divorce over men not doing chores" but...like...do you really want to be married to someone like that? do you really want to be married to someone who takes your vows so unseriously that, if provided with the opportunity, they will dump you over insignificant problems? Sounds like you're going to have problems eventually and might as well save yourself the trouble. Find someone who you vibe with better.
I mean, have some self respect, geez. (and for the record: a spouse refusing to help care for the home that you are co-habitating isn't an insignificant problem, just putting that out there. Obviously unless you've jointly agreed that one person will handle all of it. Yes, I know, some people have that dynamic where one works and the other handles the chores and its all hunky-dory. Its called consent and communication, but not everyone has that in their marriage and that is a perfectly valid reason to chuck that marriage in the trash.)
I like your reasoning. I think a lot of people do not take their vows seriously, and it's not unreasonable to want a divorce if they are not being a partner. And I think the people that whine about getting divorced over 'little reasons' are probably not mature enough for marriage. Or they married a dud who divorced them for silly reasons. XD
All divorce is good, until you realize that she gets half your stuff despite making 30% of the income, and you'll most likely lose your kids.
Not always, I mean my mom probably makes a large amount of the income too.@TomFranklinX
@@TomFranklinXIf she's getting paid less than you it's either a) because pf the wage gap
b) she is in a lower paying job or position than you.
Also the half and half thing only exists if you have sole custody of the kids and the other parent has to pitch in their share (which is 10% generally not 50% like you're touting it to be) or is a housewife who had no method of income of their own. You'll only lose the rights to your kids if you were an exceptionaly bad father otherwise by court regulations it's 50/50 custody between the two for the sake of the children.
The hairpin with hair reminds me of Ruyi's Royal Love where Ruyi cut her hair to end her marriage with Qianlong. I'm glad women that are in bad marriages have a chance to divorce. (Even though its easier said then done.)
Yes, even if divorce is usually sad thing, it helps to finally escape from abusive woman or man.
The worst thing that could happen when divorce will turn sour and your wife (or husband) will start to accusing you of things you never committed and never thought about.
If you have vastly different amount of wealth or kids are involved (the worst part) it is frequently gets messy.
Don't rush into marriage because your husband/wife is hot, rich, famous etc, give it time.
The main question to answer, what my wife/husband will do when things will get hard, when things will get boring, when there will be misunderstandings and conflicts of interests.
I said not if, I said when.
If you have any doubts if you wife/husband will leave you on a spot when something like that happened - don't marry them.
Probably don't even date them. Imagine you are getting diagnosed with some horrible disease, you lose your job/business and can't recover for long time.
What your partner will do?
1 - 3 years in a temple? It sounds like a time of refuge and healing.
Divorce is always important, even if there are kids in the crossfire. My parents only got married when my mom got pregnant with me, so i wouldnt be illegitimate when i was born. They divorced before I even knew what baby food was. I have never seen them in the same building together. Never seen them side by side. But they still managed to have a decade long war over me, and i was forced to leave the life i knew to go love with my dad at 8.
Even though the constant fighting and abuse still affects me, i can confidently say that divorce is good even for a child. Otherwise i would have been stuck with him my whole life instead of having the chance to pick "the other side"
Fun fact, divorced wives make the best ninjas.
Israel has had to implement a law to force men to sign getim, divorce decrees. There's a detail in Halachah (Jewish law) that states that a wife requires a get. Some men refused to give them despite abandoning their families, and now their options are to flee Israel and keep running until his body turns up, go to prison, or sign the get. Keep in mind that the agunot (chained women, women without getim) are profoundly restricted in what they can do, depending on how Orthodox they are. It's messy.
Ironically, the law originated to prevent spouses from ghosting.
So their was a sexist rule that not all human beings were equal and some were sentient items just to rip apart no matter what!? Fuck all Abrahamic faiths religions and beliefs. Its a mockery of human rights.
My great grandmothers story basically
@@MandatedReporter Oof, that sucks. I'm so sorry she had to go through that. I'll never understand get refusal.
That nettle tree bark thing sounds suspiciously like poisoning your husband. Which is a fair enough tactic if divorce isn't an option.
Hurray for temples
I really like your channel. I learn a lot of things about Japan's edo period. It's very cool.
Considering how badly women were treated in the past, it always makes me happy that place where they could seek refuge existed
Probably the majority of them wete still treated well and the temple was made by men.
@jebes909090 damn you sound insecure af 😂 we can acknowledge that a huge amount of women were oppressed (more women than men btw) without bringing up that some people had it good. It's strange that you feel the need to bring up information that's completely irrelevant to the point made just because you're uncomfortable with the fact that factually women had it harder than men in almost all of history. The times when it went the opposite way are few and far between. If it makes you uncomfortable, maybe work to be a good guy not to try to undermine people who have empathy for women 😂
Wish this was the case in our society for those abused or in danger for crimes not committed or innocent. Human nature does not change at all.
Will any of these be retroactively made into numbered "History of Japan" (Edo Period) episodes? It's anxiety-inducing that the official series currently ends at Episode 93 rather than Episode 100. 😅
Sorry to trigger your OCD :p
No, I think these are peripheral to the series.
Smart women, we need more protection like this everywhere, let us have rights like this all the time.
Women have more rights and get cash prizes in court all the time, even they cheat and cause the divorce.
Finally he remembered the password 🥳
😂
Ah~~ You have Yakuza: Kenzan? There is a side mission base on this story. Solutions: Musashi Miyamoto brutally beat up the abusive husband.
Huh...women in Japan still cut their hair after breakups. So thats where that came from...
Women all over the world have done this for as long as humans have existed. It’s cleansing and healing. Hair holds a lot of cultural and personal significance usually attached to memory, spirituality, relationships, and status. Cutting is a shedding of old and welcoming of new.
@@kissit012 I know in Iran they do something similar (usually as a protest). I'd just never seen this custom before I came to Japan and always wondered why.
I cut my hair after a breakup as a cathartic thing. It wasn’t a bald or ugly style: it was short, stylish, and sassy. It suited me and my state of mind.
@@YvetteArby This is why I can't get tired of living. I learn new stuff all the time.
Japanese culture is really very interesting especially in the turn of the century. I’m sure the women were very happy to have some protection and have some sort of option which woman around the word have struggled with even till this day.
My question is why she had to spend 2 years in a temple when she was the victim? Lmao
@@xionmemoriabureaucracy my friend, bureaucracy
Maybe in case of pregnancy?
There is old laws about women waiting more or less one year before getting remarried so that we are sure if she end up pregnant the baby is not from her ex husband.
My other guess is that they stay at the temple to heal and have the time to think of what they wanted in life.
And I guess free labor for the temple as a thank you?
The temple would be a place of refuge (like if the husband was violent, or even simply if the wife wanted to be able to be physically separate from her soon-to-be-ex-husband for personal comfort reasons since this was likely a very emotionally taxing time for her). This way the lady wouldn't need to immediately worry about finding safe lodgings and/or food and water once she left her spouse's household.
It's probably a good reason
@@kawaibakanekomakes sense it's a religious temple
The more time passes, the more convinced I am that remaining single was the best idea.
Don't ever give that up unless you meet someone who makes your life objectively AND subjectively better overall. And even then, consider carefully before you decide on cohabitation. I love my spouse so fully and it's very much worth it. But I feel like 99% of marriages (if not more) are borne out of convenience/obligation/societal expectation/emotional neediness, and not just like...realizing you're super happy together and want to make each other's lives better.
Love your videos, you're such an awesome story teller. 😂
Glad you like the vids!
3 years in a temple seems pretty light as far as historical divorce goes.
Based temple
What if there was children in the marriage? Who got custody in the divorce?
Oh I mentioned it, by default the man gets custody. However, it wasn't uncommon for negotiations to change that, or the man could be in a weak position and had to fight for custody.
Temple:you may get your divorce Husband:i own her .wife:im running to a divorce temple.Husband: no no
Had a rough day, but seeing you uploaded help cheer me up a bit. Always look forward to your new videos
Hope your day gets better :)
What happened to the woman's land when she entered the temple and then what happened to it after she was considered divorced by the temple?
They should have sent money and important documents to be protected ahead of them to the temple
A woman's property was her own, before and after divorce. Things were more complicated with an adoptive husband who inherited land from his wife's family. That was handled through negotiations.