The Baryogenesis Anomaly: What happened to all the Antimatter?
Вставка
- Опубліковано 21 тра 2024
- Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: try.magellantv.com/arvinash - It's an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: www.magellantv.com/genres/sci...
CHAPTERS:
0:00 - What is the anomaly?
2:12 - Special offer for AA viewers
2:57 - Best theories in physics
3:46 - Why is there something instead of nothing?
5:57- Matter-antimatter creation
7:16 - Baryogenesis
8:12 - Sakharov conditions
9:15 - C and CP symmetry
11:23 - Weak force violates CP
12:02 - Baryon conservation
13:01 - Theories on matter antimatter asymmetry
SUMMARY:
Why are we here? Why is there something instead of nothing. Part of the answer is rooted in physics. Matter is not the simplest thing there could have been. The simplest thing In physics is nothing, the emptiness of spacetime. So why isn’t the entire universe made of nothing? According to physics, that's what the universe should be made of, because whenever matter is created, an equal amount of antimatter is also created. But when matter and antimatter meet, they annihilate each other leaving nothing. But for some reason almost everything in the visible universe is made of matter. What happened to all the antimatter?
The Standard model and general relativity do not account for how we got so much matter and almost no antimatter.
First, how did something come from nothing? With quantum mechanics, this “problem” has a workable solution. Nothing, or empty space has quantum fluctuations. Virtual particles are created and destroyed everywhere all the time. Empty space has energy, it can exert a force as can be seen in the Casimir effect. But when matter is created, antimatter is also created which annihilate each other. Antimatter is just like matter, except with the opposite charge.
But, we would expect to see just as much antimatter as we do, matter. But we see only matter. What could have caused this matter antimatter asymmetry? This issue is called the problem of Baryogenesis, which is the physical process in the early universe which caused the imbalance between matter and antimatter.
Russian nuclear physicist Andrei Sakharov proposed that the universe must satisfy 3 conditions in order to create matter and antimatter at different rates.
1. The universe must be out-of-equilibrium
2. The universe must exhibit C and CP symmetry violation
3. Universe must have baryon-number-violating interactions.
The first condition is easy to meet because we live in a universe that is cooling and expanding. It is not in equilibrium.
C symmetry stands for charge conjugation symmetry. It just means that the laws of physics should apply just as equally to antimatter as they do for matter. The weak force breaks C symmetry all the time. This is because neutrinos and antineutrinos only have one type of spin.
CP symmetry is the combination of C symmetry and P symmetry. P stand for parity. This means mirror image. Parity in the context of particles can represent spin, so a particle with a clockwise spin would rotate counter-clockwise for example.
The weak force has processes that violate the CP transformation and thus the CP symmetry. For example K, B and D mesons, which are particles made up of one quark, and one antiquark, can violate CP symmetry when they decay. But there are not enough CP violating interactions to explain the difference in the amount of matter and antimatter volume.
The last condition about Baryon conservation is also a problem. A baryon is a particle composed of 3 quarks. In general, you cannot destroy Baryons, you can only change them. For example, in beta decays a neutron can turn into a proton and vice versa. In order to satisfy the 3rd Sakharov condition, we would need a process such that can make 2 baryons from 1 baryon. We’ve never observed this happening.
So the question remains, what caused the matter-antimatter asymmetry. There are some speculative theories.
#baryogenesis
#matterantimatterasymmetry
One theory is from what Richard Feynman said - that antimatter is mathematically equivalent to ordinary matter moving backwards in time. So perhaps at the Big Bang, antimatter started going backwards in time and never encountered matter. Maybe the universe “banged” in two opposing temporal directions. The problem with this hypothesis is that antimatter that we observe all goes forward in time, not backward.
Some say that there might be mirror antimatter galaxies in distant parts of the universe. But if this was the case, we would expect to see some high energy gamma rays from the border areas where matter objects encountered antimatter objects. Nothing like this is being observed.
One way we may find out is by studying the gravitational wave background, but our instruments are not powerful enough to detect this. - Наука та технологія
Your way of teaching is on the next level
Your videos explains things sooooo well. For that, I thank you.
I may always be an average joe that didn’t even finish college, and will very, very likely never be a physicist, but I love looking up at the night sky in wonder, while trying to grasp our place in it. You make these topics so incredibly accessible to people , and I can’t even begin to imagine how many young (and old!) minds you are inspiring with your passion, and your love and drive to share your knowledge. Thanks again- and please keep at it!
Arvin Ash and Dr PhysicsA are the clearest explainers of science in the Internet.
As promised, Arvin is marvelous! I could not always understand the first of the Sakharov conditions , the out-of-equilibrium, but only with the brief explanation of Arvin.
yes he is clear
cmb vs cgwb - not boundary gamma waves? food for thought
Thank you, Arvin! Great video and explanation as always 👏
What happened to anti-matter? I don't know -- go ask uncle-matter!
Or ask cousin-matter
Arvin Ash is very good at explaining complex subjects in physics. Loved this video, matter antimatter asymmetry is one of the great mysteries of the universe. Of course we would not be here without it.
Maybe you wouldn’t, but I would
I can tell that you and your team worked hard on this video. Keep up the good work.
He's way to teach is almost unique, and makes all he says, crystal clear! Thanks Arvin!
Excellent video! What about T and CPT violations and their impact on the Standard Model and the Theory of General Relativity?
Another fantastic dose of knowledge (and hypotheses). Thanks!
Great explanations! This was fun to watch.
Very nice video essay. If I may add, your explanations on CP violation and the antimatter time-reversal would have perfectly connected to CPT symmetry, or its violation. Furthermore the deep connection of CPT symmetry to the standard model of physics via Lorenz invariance emphasizes the now very often used expression of physics beyond the standard model. I.e. the standard model of physics being right, but part of a bigger theory. A follow up video on that would suit really nicely
I love your videos man… 💪🏼
Excellent video, as always. Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video.
Nice work on the visuals!
Dude, I'm giving this a thumbs up just for the phonetic eloquence of "baryogenesis anomaly"...
I have to look up baryogenesis in the Bible. I know where the big bang theory comes from. Chapter One.
I gave a thumbs up for the girl blowing kisses in the mirror!
@@paulwolf3302
Please, no bible references. We’re having so much fun here.
Dude , you rock!
Very nice presentation! Thanks for important information on this topic.
Awesome video! Thank you Arvin, take care brother. The next generation is lucky to have you, and your videos.
I appreciate that!
Fascinating indeed
I don't understand why Arvin's videos aren't more widely watched. Just here to push the algorithm.
There are many things in this universe that you don’t understand my friend.
Absolutely! This man explains things that I've been reading about for years, and suddenly it just clicks, he has an amazing talent for explaining things in easy to understand ways.😊
Love your channel and videos, very informative! You're on the road to 10 million subs!
I think Arvin would be happy with a mere 1 million subs. You know, for the immediate future anyway.
Hope I didn’t step on your toes there, @Arvin Ash.
Great presentation ! Thank you
Music to my ears... 🎼🎶🎸
What tools do you use for your animations ?
I don't make the animations myself. I believe my team members use both Adobe and Sony products.
CX
Thanks Arvin for the informative video as always. Would you explain how we make matters and anti matters in the lab?
Lotta fun man watching your videos. Thank you
What a fantastic video! My favourite explanation is leptogenesis via sterile neutrinos and the sphaleron process :)
The feynmann idea blew my mind
THANK YOU DR.ARVIN ASH...!!!
Whenever I feel depressed I know I can come to your channel and enjoy myself. Thank you
Pleasure to watch it live. 👥
Premiere it was recorded it's been sending live .
I just can’t picture antimatter going backwards in time, would you please talk about that in more details? Great video!
no one can. It's just that when you solve the Dirac eq for electrons, you get two solutions the propagate with exp(-iwt), and two with exp(+iwt)...so who get's the "+" sign? Is it (-w) for electrons and (+w) for positrons (w is frequency), or can you declare "all (anti)particles have positive frequency" so that it's (-w)(+t) for electrons and (-w)(-t) for positrons? So having the (-t) means they move backwards in time.
it's not really physical......but if you get into Wheeler-Feynman Absorber Theory, than maybe it's a way to look at it.
@Shanae He never said "nonsense" but "possibility". And he never said "always flows forward' but "seems to". In fact, no one knows the truth whether it flows forward or backwards since the model of relativity actually *requires* back-in-time trajectories between particle interactions. Read Feynman's particle path-integral.
Also the usage of absolutes isn't a good habit; especially in physics. Arvin realizes that very well.
@Shanae
There’s a conspiratorial edge to your comment.
Thank you Sir Arvin
"coming up.. right now" so pleasing to hear from you every time 👌
Hi Dr. Ash, I think we have given up too easily on the rapid separation explanation. If there was a slight overabundance of matter in 1/2 of the universe just prior to inflation then net matter would have been separated from antimatter faster than the speed of light. The boundary areas where we expected to see m/a annihilations all occurred during the period before recombination. As fantastically improbable that such an overabundance configuration is, if we consider that the universe is infinite, which recent examination of the CMB says is likely, then, such regional departures from average nothingness become inevitable and magnified by inflation. Which, unfortunately, is a sort of an anthropomorphic solution unless we can peer into the period of time before recombination to see something.
An "infinite" universe can't have expanded from a single point 14 billion years ago. I think you need to recheck your understanding.
Of course this is an interesting subject. A couple days ago I was watching an interview with Alan Guth about various matters including the baryon number problem. I wondered if we live in a multiverse in which whole universes were created in pairs, with the baryon number problem solved by reference to the pairs of universes. An excess in matter of 1 universe correspons to an excess of antimatter in the other member of the pairs of universes.
Great video!
Great videos! Best on UA-cam. I'd love a videon on Gauge theory
I've been waiting for so long... finally it's here
and then it's not
Thanks for the brain food, Arvin!
Excellent..... thanks 🙏.
Awesome awesome video Arvin🙅♂️🙅♂️👌👌👌 nice one man ✨✨✨❤️
Excellent video as always.. I know we can create anti-matter in the labs but in tiny amounts.. but in other experiments at LHC when we bang tiny particles into each other - no anti-matter is created (just like you said).. my question is why should the big bang have created anti-matter also? And I know we need anti-matter to explain super symmetry but thats only an unproven theory
Mmmm... A possible antimatter Universe moving backwards in Time? He's been watching too much Tennant!
Who can ever get enough of Tenet!
as always plenty of good stuff
This mans content is so good!
Arvin you're number ONE!!!! 🎯⭐⭐⭐
4:24 ? Do virtual particles create gravity? What is density of virtual particles? How much grams per cubic centimeter, even if ephereral?
The vacuum energy seems to only add a tiny energy density that can gravitate, this is (possibly) the cosmological constant or dark energy that makes up around 67% of the energy in the universe (equivalent to a few atoms per cubic metre). The problem is according to quantum field theory the vacuum energy should be 10^120 times bigger than that, which is why a quantum theory of gravity (which would be a theory of the vacuum of space) is still not understood. Maybe somehow the effects of the vacuum are shielded from producing gravity, who knows.
And, do these virtual particles fit into the standard model? Why don’t they produce a gamma ray like other matter/antimatter pairs that annihilate each other?
@@ronaldbrunsvold5632 Yes they are part of the standard model. They are not real ('on shell') particles so they cannot produce real particles, they only interact with real particles.
Love this channel
Very good! 😊
I see the titles of your videos and I'm like, ehhh... I probably have seen videos or explanations about this before. But every single time I learn something new and I enjoy your presentation of the information. Thanks for making these videos!
Hi Arvin, can you please make a video about the physics of wireless communication? You can explain it in a much better way than anywhere else we can find :)
Explaining 5G is on my list. But check out Lesics for engineering explanations. I think they do a really good job.
@@ArvinAsh Thanks, I will check it out!
Great video
Thanks!
Is it correct that the current known cross sections for CP violations in the standard model are insufficient to explain the imbalance of matter/antimatter?
Yes!
look up the "Jarlskog Invariant".
@@DrDeuteron Thank you that helped. As per Arvin's explanation it would seem the standard model would have to be wrong in a pretty serious way to explain the imbalance, which is highly unlikely. Far more likely the CP violations are just a sign of a correct but incomplete theory, and that the perceived imbalance is caused by something going on in the incomplete part.
I would still sort of support Feynman's way of thinking.
I agree it is an intriguing idea that has a lot of appeal. The main detractor is that whenever antimatter is created in a lab, it appears to go forward in time. You could argue that this is just a matter of perspective, that perhaps from some other perspective, that we are not privy to, antimatter particles are matter particles moving backward in time. But this introduces a perspective for which there is no evidence.
@@ArvinAsh
I don't understand the objection to this idea...
As far as we can tell, the direction of time is solely determined by entropy. So when antimatter is created in our universe, logically it also goes in the direction of increasing entropy from our universe perspective. If you look at it as going the other way in time, you would see it as normal matter.
At t=0 entropy was thought to be (almost?) 0. So both directions in time would increase entropy. For me it seems so natural that the 'mirror image' of our universe contains all the antimatter that for that universe looks like normal matter.
I don't think this is a falsifiable hypothesis though, but for me it follows from basic logic from what we currently know.
@@ArvinAsh Why must antimatter move backward in time? Could it not be possible that, like a coin which is having always two sides, the universe has two sides too which have been generated when the big bang happend? One with normal matter one with antimatter? And if so maybe they are interacting also with our universe in a way we do not understand, maybe that's what dark matter is.
Maybe the idea is wrong, but i',m too tired to think more about it.
Space e->~
@@ArvinAsh How many Gamma Rays come out of an empty breadbox sized box in an hour?
amazing video
Thanks Marvin
She divorced Uncle Matter and is now living in SoCal with a guy named Raul.
She's also in a lesbian relationship with Auntie Christa.
Ah, if course!
Raul was always so dark and mysterious
As always, I feel slightly closer to truth
I see what you did there ;)
Great comment 👌
👁️ CU
What is truth actually?
@@zahajek27 good point, I guess the best we have for now is an approximation
Awesome 💯
From what I've read (and you explained in your video), matter and antimatter are both self-attractive, yet matter and antimatter mutually repel each other. That could explain why there's no antimatter in our matter-centric universe. Antimatter and matter (what was left from a possible matterantimatter annihilation period taking place early during the early era of the universe) may have clumped due to their self-attractive properties. Meanwhile matter and antimatter kept repelling eachother and at some point as early as pre-star formation possibly completely separated, moving away from each other. There may be an antimatter twin universe somewhere far away from our matter-based universe which is why we never see any trace of any sizeable antimatter objects.
It would be interesting to learn a theory on how/whether an antimatter universe could work. It would obviously require a revision of everything we know about physics today to understand the behavior of antimatter in a space devoid of matter.
Hello Arvin,
Which theory is best for explaining dark matter currently according to you?
I don't have a strong opinion, but I like MOND idea. But I would be firmly in the minority on that. If it is proven to be a particle, I would probably place my bet on the Axion. BTW, I made two videos on these ideas not too long ago. MOND and Axion.
@@nemlehetkurvopica2454
After trying so hard we don't find any axions
Do we need to modify theory or experiment infrastructure?
Antimatter could form standard galaxies 'just' over the visable horizon, this could explain the fractal bubble structures we observe!!!
Arc-V
@@HerrFunnybones ??? Sorry I don't get your reference :(.
If there’s an arc or bubbles it’s usually a higher dimension interacting with another
@@HerrFunnybones Yep, thanks for replying. The cosmological question is 'which' dimensions. Is it an evolving metric or just skew parameters??
Arvin Ash … You have The GREATEST GIFT GIVEN BY GOD TO ANY MAN … to explain , and MAKE CLEAR THE WONDROUS WONDERS HE HAS USED TO CREATE US AND ALL THE VISIBLE AND UNSEEN UNIVERSE … I can’t wait to sit and listen to You , and Elohim Creator TAKING TURNS THRILLING ALL OF US WITH ALL THE REST …
Wow…Really awesome
OMG the hype is high right now
You're so smart and you describe everything so well. You must be a genius lol
Arvin , could you make a video on the brane-bulk model ?
best videos of all times.
Somewhere out there is another universe , also wondering where all the antimatter is 😊
There's also "Phoenix Theory" that also assumes anti-matter has negative gravity
@@nemlehetkurvopica2454 "The gravitational interaction of antimatter with matter or antimatter has not been conclusively observed by physicists. ... Most methods for the creation of antimatter (specifically antihydrogen) result in high-energy particles and atoms of high kinetic energy, which are unsuitable for gravity-related study." - Gravitational interaction of antimatter - Wikipedia
Realy I like this video so so much 😊
Sir, Please Make a Detailed video about Cosmic Gravitational wave background.. thank you
It should always be remembered that Space is not nothing. It has been repeatedly demonstrated to curve in response to a large mass. The Charm Meson can change from antimatter into matter. Perhaps at the start of the Universe, conditions were such for other antiparticles to switch as well.
Charm quarks decay but positions can't.
...
" The next time you hear someone speak of "empty space" consider the fact that the vacuum density of one cubit centimeter of space equals 10^93 grams. Rather than being empty space is more like a cosmic singularity..."
@@gnarlydewd there is in average 1 proton per cubic meter of empty space.
@@onderozenc4470 do you even know what electrons and protons are?
Sir, is it possible that dark matter is a remnant of pervious universe?
Is "pervious" universe one filled with weirdos, paedos and pervs!!! And that explains why is is called dark matter lol
Space tunneled from Counterspace, through the Inertial plane. Space started when Dielectric energy was released from the Inertial plane, creating Time.
@@gyro5d 😅
Great video. I have been here since 1k subs
Awesome! Thank you!
Right now? I can't wait!
13:51 How do they know the antiparticles are traveling forwards in time? If every particle has its own reference frame, maybe from its point of view is indeed travelling backwards and from our point of view is travelling forward
Probably because they decay. And to decay you need to move forward in time.
Well i think the point is they look like theyre traveling forwards in time to us, not making a statement on the perspective of the particle.
The conjecture was saying instead of creating a matter and antimatter pair like normal, (where if you look at it as if the antiparticle moves backwards in time) instead you create them such that the antiparticle has no past timeline connecting to the positive particle, and no point in which they generate or annihilate.
By creating a particle and antiparticle, and choosing to think of the antiparticle as moving backwards in time, you have to think of the positive particle as being created at the same time as the antiparticle being destroyed in its own perspective. The past and future are switched for the two particles in this case.
But in the conjecture where the antiparticles and particles "move in different directions in time and therefore never interact" the idea is that INSTEAD of the antiparticle being destroyed in the reverse-time of the particle being created, now the antiparticle is being created in tbe reverse time as the particle being created.
Essentially, the conjecture isnt asking about how we think about the antiparticles own perspective, instead, its siggesting to flip the normal starting and ending point of the causal chain of events for the antiparticle, and Arvin is saying that scientists have never observed antiparticles do this. It probably violates physics.
In an antimatter universe, instead of wondering why we're here, do we wonder why we're NOT here?
Yes, because the antimatter universe is not here. So that is exactly what they wonder.
@@SgtSupaman maybe they know where my damn keys are.
Cool vid 🖖
This is what UA-cam is good for.
In my humble opinion is that there was equal amounts of Mater- Antimater.
Under super symmetry time scales are on a different scale.
That and the initial suspension of the law of attraction due to SS Antimater achieved apogee perhaps, perhaps not in any case I believe annihilationl is not off the table.
Hi. We went to this fancy universe and substituted all the antimatter for Folger's crystals. Let's see if anyone notices.
+1 Notice
Noticeable improvement-good job!!!
Is that why my Coffee is so tasty?
Thank you for not calling him "Soviet physicist" as although Andrei Sakharov lived in that time he was a political dissident and opposed soviet oppressive regime.
Yes indeed, I had heard about his views on Soviet oppression long before I learned about his scientific achievements.
My very favourite Physics channel....
This channel is a little more clear than other channels.
Ahhh, the folly of Man and his hubris. Yeah, everything just leaped into existence..... YEAH! Phhhhft. Nope.
Don't tell me, it required a magical sky fairy to snap his fingers.
@@garethhanby straw man, go read a book, preferably the Bible. Open your mind.
@@evanw2195 lol, the irony of a christian telling someone to open their mind and read the bible.
Have you got any other pearlers to go with that?
One of the questions of the physics that haunted me for years and still haunting is that, where is all the anti matter that was created at the beginning of the universe.
That question also haunts most cosmologists.
Good answer is in Medium article, starting there was no beginning of the Universe, and it explains matter/antimatter imbalance in galaxies:
No More Antimatter Enigma
I watch your videos two steps forward, one step back. That's how often I have to rewind because your trying to put years of college in a
Yes indeed, the videos are info packed, so please do rewind them or watch them as many times as you need. I would not expect most people to understand this in one viewing, even some physics students.
You might want to take another look at "Matter going backwards in time" it is quite a lot more unintuitive than youd think, and what we observe about antimatter actually matches what we would expect to see for time reversed particles.
Charge and Parity inversion = Time inversion
One thesis thats evidently false, but nontheless helpful in understanding this is the "one electron universe"
Sir
Please ans a question
We have two choices
First- verse have a beginning
But how something can evolve from nothing
2nd- it doesn't have beginning
But this points out that our verse is reason less but how something can happen/exists without any reason?
I think it makes more sense to look at antimatter as a system that exists throughout time, or in fact sets time in motion.
I know we like to look at time as something that we use to measure existence, but time is real and I would imagine a lot of energy(antimatter) to get it in motion. We as humans only have one perception of time, our own experience.
The structure of space is incredibly stiff, this is why it is so difficult to detect gravitational waves.
Also, it could be that an entire neighboring Galaxy could be made entirely of antimatter, and we have no way of telling it only by looking at it.
I believe that there are a number of surprises for us to find, as we will understand better the nature of the gravity and the making of gluons, as for all the dark matter which shows gravity interaction with normal matter, but no electromagnetic or nuclear interaction.
Thank you for the thoughtful video Mr. Ash, it is greatly appreciated...
It would be incredibly easy to detect a galaxy full of antimatter, actually ^^. Each element (whether that be matter _or_ antimatter) has an "electromagnetic signature": when you make a spectrogram of anything, you'll notice holes at certain frequencies. This is how we know what stars, planets, and galaxies are made of. Look up "stars spectrogram", you'll quickly understand the principle.
From what I gather, antimatter would emit a shitton of gamma rays ; which we have no problem detecting.
So no, there's no "anti-galaxies", at least not near us. Antimatter is not something we can't see. We can totally detect it, it's just that it's rare for some reason. And that "for some reason" is the whole mystery behind this video!
Heisenberg's Uncertainty principle is friggin' brilliant.
Ok, something I've always wondered, is since matter/antimatter annhilation results in energy release (gamma usually right?), why don't we see gamma rays coming from the virtual particle pairs when they annhilate? Doesn't this mean that we'd be seeing gamma rays coming from literally everywhere?
Does anyone know the name of the soundtrack that begins at 4:57? Couldn't find it by myself 😅
Vocalize
@@ArvinAsh Still couldn't find it ☹️ What platform is it available on?
Great video as always! But the animated portraits look creepy :D
So cool that Erwin Schrödinger is animated at 3:55 Did you do this for the first time or did I just not notice it?
Thanks. We started doing this in the past couple of videos. It's a kind of Easter egg that not everyone notices.