Why is the universe QUANTUM? What if it isn't?
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- Опубліковано 17 чер 2024
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Background videos:
Quantum Field theory: • QFT: What is the unive...
Quantum mechanical model of the atom: • The Quantum Mechanical...
Chapters:
0:00 - The beginning of science
2:07 - Magellan offer
2:30 - Classical physics
3:40 - What is a black body?
4:24 - The Ultraviolet catastrophe
5:30 - Solution by Max Planck - Planck's law
7:03 - Why electrons should hit the nucleus
8:04 - The Bohr model of the atom
9:48 - A problem with Schrodinger's equation
10:30 - The Dirac equation and quantum field theory
11:51 - Is the universe Probabilistic or deterministic?
12:58 - What would a non-quantum universe look like?
Summary:
What do we think the universe is quantum? What if the universe was not quantized?
Classical mechanics was doing just fine after Isaac Newton reduced nearly all mechanical phenomena to a single powerful equation: F=MA, James Clerk Maxwell also solved the mystery of electricity and magnetism. Classical physics is continuous. This means you can always keep dividing things into smaller pieces. But scientists realized that classical physics had some major flaws because certain phenomena could not be explained, like the color of a hot glowing body.
In 1900, Lord Rayleigh and James Jeans had used experimental data to come up with a law for how all objects emit electromagnetic radiation. The problem was that according to their theory a black body will send out energy in any frequency range allowed by the temperature. But for very energetic objects at temperatures above 5000 Kelvin, their theory predicts that the object should radiate away all its energy until it reaches absolute zero. It is called the ultra-violet catastrophe.
The solution to this problem marked the end of the classical world and the beginning of the quantum world. In 1900, Max Planck had come up with an equation to explain black body radiation. He treated radiation as being quantized, released only in discrete quanta of energy. So the emission of radiation was limited to quanta of energy, proportional to a Planck's constant. E=hf, where the quanta of energy, E, is equal to the frequency f times Planck’s constant.
Another phenomenon that only quantum mechanics could explain was why an electron does not lose all its energy when orbiting a nucleus. If electrons orbit around the nucleus, then their circular motion means that they are constantly accelerating. But an accelerating electron means that it must be emitting photons, which means it must be losing energy. This would mean that the electron would continuously lose its orbital energy, and eventually hit the nucleus. So atoms could not exist.
Niels Bohr solved the problem by showing that only special orbits are allowed around the nucleus where the angular momentum of the electron is a whole number multiple of Planck’s constant over two pi. Light is only emitted or absorbed when electrons jump from one orbit to another.
Now to fully grasp our quantized world, we also need to account for special relativity. It was realized that the Schrodinger equation is wrong because it does not treat space and time equally. Paul Dirac fixed this problem by reformulating Schrodinger's equation to threat space and time equally. This became the =Dirac Equation.
His equation, and later others, do not quantizing objects, but they quantize fields. And this gave rise to quantum field theory, or QFT. In QFT, particles are treated quantizations of fields. This allows us to treat space and time equally such that it satisfies special relativity.
Another big departure from classical mechanics is the idea of probabilities. The wave function in the Schrodinger equation is related to the probability of finding the particle in a given location if you were to measure it. Prior to measurement, we cannot know in advance where it will be. So the outcome is not deterministic, but probabilistic. Only the probabilities of the alternative possible outcomes are deterministic.
#quantummechanics
#quantumuniverse
The world and the universe would be very different if it was not quantized. It would be a deterministic world where, theoretically the future would be predictable. But the world would not exist as we know it because, atoms could not form, quantum particles would not form. There would be no energy and no radiation. Without quantum mechanics, you could still have spacetime because general relativity does not require quantization. But this universe would be filled with nothing. - Наука та технологія
Background videos for better understanding of specific subjects discussed in this video:
Quantum Field theory visualization: ua-cam.com/video/jlEovwE1oHI/v-deo.html
Quantum mechanical model of the atom: ua-cam.com/video/fP2TAw7NnVU/v-deo.html
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Cool worlds channel posted a cool video yesterday that compliments this one for anyone interested.
Is distance quantized?
@@LucenProject that's a interesting question...I dont know the answer. What is the smallest measurement of distance we are capable of measuring?
@@kuwaitisnotadeployment1373 plank length
This guy's videos are so clear to understand any complexity that we have in our universe. You work hard to make this easier for us. 👍🏻
In watch a lot of these types of channels, but Arvin Ash is the only one I wish was my friend. 💛
Thanks buddy. I AM your friend.
That's oddly how I feel lol. I watch a bunch lf these channels but Arvin seems like a guy I'd like to have a drink with and pick his brain.
Plus, he looks like imhotep from the Mummy.
Agreed, but also hank from scishow, michael of vsauce fame, and DEFINITELY derek of veritasium.
@@danielhathaway1498 nope, f*ck those plebs...its Arvin or GTFO
The best video I've ever seen on the topic. Straight to the point and easy to understand. Thank you.
"As we know, every object emits radiation."
You certainly don't talk down to your audience and that's very refreshing. At 43, I only recently learned about Black Body radiation and it's still blowing my mind. Another great video Arvin!
“We” the scientific community. Not UA-cam lol.
@@russiankid112233Incorrect, unlike some other science presenters, Arvin doesn't dictate facts to his audience, he talks to them kindly.
@@naytchh7 Dictation and kindness are mutually exclusive, and saying we in reference to professionals of the field doesn't equate to dictating fact. weather that's what he meant is debatable.
@@russiankid112233 You're not gonna win
That debate, social media is way too
Emotive.
I agree with you, But the purpose of a lot of comments isn't to be right, it's to be presumed right.
it's just what Big Quant wants us to believe
Lol.
big quant 😂😂😂
I’m sure this is meant in jest, but the notion that “big science” (i.e., scientists employed in large, complex experiments like the LHC) is in it for the money is utterly ridiculous. Anyone with a Ph.D in physics could go to Wall Street or the City of London and be making a high six figure income (just to start) at any hedge fund tomorrow.
@@JohnnyAmerique yes they can.
@@JohnnyAmerique Wow I must have missed Hedge Fund Management in my many physics courses. But let me guess, physics-ists can do anything because they are smarter-er
Thank you. Your channel is always enlightening and the graphics are fab.
There is an underrated (IMHO) paper by Lucian Hardy "Quantum Theory from Five Reasonable Axioms" relating to this. And yes, General Relativity is also compatible with these axioms (the first axiom being the principle of relativity dressed up as "measurability") Given the body of empirical evidence summarized by QM and GR, it is almost inconceivable that a different set of axioms that are not reducible to these five might also explain this data. The conclusion (by an almost overwhelming likelihood) is that quantum theory may be incomplete but not incorrect - that is if we find a unified theory, it will also be quantum in nature. Curiously the first 4 axioms in this paper come from classical probability theory. The last, which is what makes a theory "quantum" in nature, is simply a statement of reversible continuity between any two system states.
Great video Arvin, one of your best so far. Very well written and put together. Looking forward for more!
Black body radiation is racist😡😡😡
Very nice you put Ernest Rutherford as a pioneer of QM. He opened the door to it.
Amazing. So easy to follow on such a complex topic. Very well described and broken down.
I really love the music at the start when the Arvin Ash logo comes up. Credits to the makers.
Is vapor a wave or a particle?
I was probably made with Waldorf Quantum and Behringer Neutron synthesizers ;-)
EBM is really nice to dance to
Arvin--you are a total treasure on the internet. Thanks!
Found this channel on accident and I’m so happy I found it. I’m too curious a person to not try to understand some of this and this channel helps put some of that at ease
I just want to say I appreciate your videos, most of the time it’s hard for me to retain information with other videos, but for some reason your videos I can retain it very easily
Arvin Ash is an amazing instructor. His method of presentation is first class. There are other top-notch scientists like him but his presentation skills are rivaled by no-one. I also admire professor Al-khallil as well. We are in debt of the ones who teach us .professor Ash is among the very few on earth.
he is in my top 5. Anton Petrov's channel is also amazing
@@themethodroath Yeah, that's a great channel too. Other great channels are:
- PBS Spacetime
- Sabine Hossenfelder
- Parth G
- Up and Atom
- Fermilab (with Don)
- Physics Girl
- Veritasium
- The Science Asylum
And there are probably more.
@@themethodroath I find it insane how Anton Petrov hits us with a new video, based on science articles, from the latest research almost every single day of the week. I literally learn something new from that man every single day. I love him! lol This channel is awesome aswell! lol
Agree with everybody (I am wearing My Anton Petrov t-shirt I got two days ago :D) and just want to add
ScienceClic English -> GoLd!!
Physics Videos by Eugene Khutoryansky
-> Super good, MANY things
Since the first time I stumbled across your videos I liked and subscribed and haven’t missed any of them. You truly are a great teacher, thank you for your time and helping others to understand the most complex matters of the universe as we currently understand them.
The best video I've seen on quantum mechanics in a long time!, wonderfully explained with thanks.
Thanks Arvin ! Excellent video, I wish a lot of people would follow it to the end and understand the magic of quantum physics in our world/universe
Yay Arvin. I enjoy these videos very much!
Arvin, this video provides an awesome brief and succinct explanation. One of your, if not the best.
I love videos like this - historical backgrounds of how we found out about things. They make it so much easier to learn and understand how we understand the universe as of today. If there were videos like these thirty years ago, I might have been much better in school.
The history of scientific inquiry is of the utmost importance to learning, in my opinion. While many of the greats before us are far more intelligent than us, being able to at least see what they had to work with and what they come up with is amazing. Much of science builds upon itself over time, understanding how it was built is an amazing thing.
Sadly, often in high school, you’re simply taught things so you can pass a test. Now that I’m in college, understanding these building blocks really helps put these things in perspective. Especially if they’re built on quantum mechanics.
this video helped me finally understand Plancks constant. Thank you!.
Excellent video. Actually, I'd say it's a superb video, but many of your other videos are equally superb, so we have a tie with a plurality of your videos being in that superb position. Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video. A must see video for everyone. Arvin, you are enlightening the world.
His videos are great, however, enlightenment is not knowledge per se. One can not "teach" or "be taught" enlightenment. One can be told a particular definition of enlightenment but can not go to enlightenment classes.
We are made of this stuff...and we act both individually and collectivly.
You explain v complex topics so smoothly. its just amazing, My Friend..!
EXCELLENT video. from 9:21 through 11:30 timestamps perfectly resolves the alignment of the Schørdinger equation with relatively with Dirac's equation bringing my understanding of how MOTION plays into these distinctions. Although I have been immersed in this world for a while, until this episode I did not realize these dependencies and interactions with time and motion which had really been bothering me. I had been simply doing the "shut up and calculate" approach. No professors had shared this aspect to clarify that Dirac's equation HAD included that balance and how that led to QFT.
Very well explained. Thank you!
Very well presented. Thanks for the instruction!
Thank you for always sharing such fascinating things, you always have a video I look forward to watching.
I hope you have a nice day, Arvin and crew :-)
Thank you for sharing SOOO many helpful insights that alot of us wouldnt understand without having spent years studying this in depth
One of the very best explanations of where we are and how we got here. Thank you.
Amazing content, congratulations folks!!!
Thank you for these amazing videos! What are your thoughts on Weyl's tile argument?
such a great video👏🏼
Absolutely amazing video! No surprise its arvin ash! Keep up ! Never stop!
Excellent Video SIr, Thank You
Best science illustrators out there
ua-cam.com/users/EugeneKhutoryansky
What a wonderful explainer you are!
Arvin, you explain these concepts soooo well. I wouldn't be surprised if one morning you premier a video announcing that you've developed your own Grand Unified Theory. Well done!
there is un error
Great video, as always.. 👍
Thanks fr all ur amazing knowledge
U r the best youtuber ever
I'd love to watch Arvin give this lecture in Copernacus' day and see what 2021 would be like
Yet another amazing video!
Thank you ❣️ keep 'em coming
What a beautiful explanation!
Very good explanations!
This guy is a great teacher-I actually think I understand this stuff after watching this! Presentation is fantastic
Time is fascinating. I worked the subway stations for nearly 10 years. From one end of the city to the other. Every so often I would notice the city would be saying that, "Today just flew by" or "The day was just dragging along." How can an entire city complain about the same time paradox unless it was effected by it. Maybe a time distorted bubble the earth passes through in its revolution around the sun. Maybe random waves of time distortion hitting the earth? Maybe they're randomly given off by the sun. Maybe they're from outside our Terran system and reach us in intervals. ???? Ti-i-i-ime, is on my side. Yes, it is!
Haven’t watched this video yet and I already know how good it is 🤩🤩🤩🤝💯❤️❤️
Always the best and the clearest scientist on the net ! Thanks from France 😉👍☀️
Wow - refreshing new episodes !!
Your narrative, logical flow and graphics are superb. That makes this video a real pleasure to watch.
You mention that relativity puts space and time on the same footing, but that we can only speak of probabilities. Yet if space was quantized with each "particle" moving at C no matter one's frame of reference probabilities would disappear. Whittaker's AETHER & ELECTRICITY makes a good case for this requirement.
Your best video ( that I've seen).
It's the best "next step" from high school physics and some of the headaches physics at that level can give you. This should be a part of high school physics.
A little too much 'gee whiz' on the 2nd playing, but it's a start.
I'm currently in high school physics and chemistry. So far physics is just classical physics, but chemistry is taught by the quantum model of things
Hi Arvin, thank you for your excellent informative videos!! Would you please consider doing a video on the Zeno and anti-Zeno effects?
Good one! I put it on my list.
@@ArvinAsh you never did it
~1 year from the future
Greetings from New Zealand, I love this channel. Worth getting up at midnight to watch these videos!!
Good morning my friend!
Lol 5 pm (evening) in india
Great video sir🙏🙏
Waiting to see this
They say "think big", but Plank thinked small and got the nobel. And I mean reaaaaally small.
Thank You!!!!🙏
Top notch as always
Love the videos.
Fascinating stuff.
GREAT VIDEO
Love your channel from Bangladesh ❤️
Excellent sir
Music to my ears... 🎼🎶🎸
From India.
Fun fact: it was fairly recently demonstrated that electron jumping shells is not instantaneous and takes time to occur.
Arvin amazing your power of synthesis! ;)
Magellan sounds great! Will give it a go 🔥this was so interesting!
Unbelievablely good explanation indeed. Wow wow wow 👏 😍 👌
Love this guy!
Amazing video
That was great
Impossible to explain something that even top physicists can't agree on in just a few minutes. But this is the best I have seen! 👍
Oh, mic drop at the end of this video Arvin. Boom!!!
thank you
Very good information 🙏🙏🙏🙏
Great vid! Do you think it's possible that time is quantized too?
It is possible. Mathematical manipulation of constants gives us Planck time, which is the theoretical smallest unit of time defined in quantum mechanics.
@@ArvinAsh Why not almost certain?
@@ArvinAsh Planck time has to do with frequency of light high enough to have too much energy, so it becomes a black hole. It's not the smallest unit of time in QM, time in QM is not quantized at all, there is no time operator in QM. There is position operator, momentum operator, energy operator etc. but no time operator. In both plain QM and QFT time is continuous and not quantized.
Hi Ash
New subscriber here. Great videos. I looked you up in Spotify and found nothing. Do you have any podcast? If you don't, you should. Keep up the good work
Thanks. Stay tuned. We are just getting started in setting up a podcast. We should have something in about a week.
Wow Avinash. God bless you
This was cool. I'm writing a book about the idea of T-symmetry being misunderstood as a single type of symmetry, rather than two distinct and separate ones that have been lumped together by our inability to perceive their differences in a meaningful way-- and not only what happens when we can perceive them, but what happens when they get manipulated. So I love seeing stuff like this :>
Congratulations, greetings from México City.
It encourages outsiders of physics like me to dive deeper into it every time I hear Arvin say the answer could be with someone looking at these videos.
At present my thoughts on Heisenberg's UP are that its on shaky ground, concept of space needs redefinition, time for things inside refrigerator seemed like affected by lower temperatures but didn't and as discussed in other comments space-time bending due to gravity too looked circumspect. My mind sometimes thinks about a crazy thought of all points in space being located in one place only and able to communicate with each other instantaneously. May be this is BS as I am a novice in physics.
The only thing cooler than your videos is your soundtrack leading up to “that’s coming right up….” Please extend it like by 2 secs
It's a privilege to live in a time where we understand so much but still realize we understand very little.
Boy you gotta love Arvin's style!!!! Go Arvin!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
Great video. Leaving this comment to support the channel
great sir
Sir, Please make a video on Dirac Equation.
5:00 frequency does not need to be an integer, it is still continuous
Integer multiple of PLANCK's constant. Frequency, of course, can be any number.
@@ArvinAsh But Arvin, the formula is E = h*f, and f is not integer, therefore I don't understand your statement. Where is the integer?
Arvin why isn't second order time treated like second order space in equations? (I.e. t squared isn't considered a plane like x squared). Seems like time only ticks when it gets squared.
Very good
Easy to understand
Thank you, I love this. QFT is consistent with my theory that there is only one infinite thing that always is, always was and always will be. This one infinite thing is conscious and intelligent and creates everything by natural laws, some we know and some not as yet discovered. One undiscovered law is the law of creation as applied to life. We may never know how it works, but we can see it work. The analogy of the human body gives us clues. The human has a unique relationship and function, possessing creativity and free will, communicating with the Infinite One, and choosing what it wants the Infinite One to create. Communication with the Infinite One is by true belief as expressed through emotions, thoughts and actions. Humans have tried to explain the Infinite One and in doing so created religion which missed the point, but in some ways was very close. Oh well, happy hunting.
Loved your video and presentation.
Hello Arvin
Can you please make a video about the fabric of spacetime itself? What is the nature of it, is it like a grid on which energy vibrates and creates particles? Is it made of something we still don’t know, could it be that it has its own laws of physics which we cannot understand yet.
We know it can bend and stretch, but can it be compressed? Since at on point in time it was fully compressed into a single point can we still somehow compress the fabric of spacetime and what will happen to the matter in that region? Will everything be compressed along with that scale.
It's really a figure of speech, a way to talk about very abstract math equations. We don't really know what it's "made of". The question might not have any good answer, like you can't really say what a wall in a computer game is made of. It's not bricks or wood, it's just an abstraction drawn on the screen and you call it a wall because it looks like a wall to you. It's made of immaterial numbers and algorithms. So is the "fabric of spacetime", just a convenient image to talk about.
Great video. I had read about these concepts in school but never quite understand the meaning behind the equations, until today!
I have one question though: When you say the future of the universe is non-deterministic, I understand that you are referring to the uncertainties of the quantum world. But the fact that universe largely operates in the classical realm, makes me believe that maybe the future is predictable, though ofcourse, predicting the future of universe would require a computer with infinite computing power, which isn't quite possible. But in principle, it should be possible. Now you might say that all classical phenomenon arise from quantum phenomenon, but I am not sure if that matters? Because the quantum phenomenon lasts only upto a certain scale, and the universe as a whole operates on classical physics. I mean, we could predict the big bang even though it happened billions of years ago, and I don't think any quantum physics was required for that.
I'm struggling with this as well. The whole basis of physics is to be able to predict the future and deduce the past, and we believe we can do so with stunning precision, yet quantum mechanics says we can't. Or at least we can't on the smallest scales, as you said. I guess that's why reconciling this is the biggest problem in physics.
Beautiful design by the Great Architect.
The main thing is that empty space time would only exist without QM.Yeah & that is proved by the scientists & beautifully explained by you.Thank u Arvin Sir
what does empty space time mean ? space time is a human inventiom, it's a geometric construct
About UV in classical, is the issue is that a very hot object would emitt way too much power in the UV range (the graph of the vid) or rather that any hot object would have to emitt way too much energy in to UV range (what I thought)?
Sir, you mentioned the concept of of a universe without Energy, without mass , at the end, isnt the space = energy ?
The vacuum energy is primarily a quantum effect, so it wouldn't exist in a universe without quantum mechanics.
And we don't know what dark energy is so its hard to say whether that would exist either (hell we can't even say with confidence whether dark energy even exists in our own universe - it could just be a mathematic artifact of GR being incomplete).
A larger sticking point though is how such a non-quantum universe would come about: How would you have a big bang with no mass or energy to go bang? The big bang (along with black holes) are the two most well-known situations where QM and GR come into conflict and tell us that one or the other (or more likely both) are not in their final forms. The idea that a universe could big bang without QM suggests that we should be able to solve the initial moments using GR alone and that does not seem to be the case.
13:00 - Trakai Castle