Cold Weather Tips | Choosing and Layering Winter Clothes
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- Опубліковано 19 лис 2023
- Winter weather is on its way and many of us will be spending a lot of time outdoors so this week's vid will cover some cold weather tips to help you stay warm this winter. Layering winter clothes helps keep you dry and warm in a few ways. First it gives you the ability to add and remove layers based on the weather conditions and your activity level. That helps keep you dry by avoiding sweating during times of exertion. Second, the layers themselves trap air space between them which adds to the insulating ability of the clothing.
The number and weight of your layers is going to vary depending on the conditions and what you’re doing. For example, if I’m on a late season whitetail hunt, sitting in a tree stand for hours on end I might have a midweight merino Long John bottom, heavy wool or softshell pants, and a pair of bibs on my bottom. Up top I’ll have a mid weight long sleeve top, heavier merino quarter zip, a down vest, and a heavy wool pullover. I carry the bibs and heavy pullover in my pack and put them on once I’m settled in the stand so I don’t overheat on the way in.
If I’m hunting late season elk in the mountains where temps often plummet well below zero, and I’m doing a lot of hiking and climbing, I’ll do away with the bibs and lighten up the top layers. I’ll go with a lightweight base layer up top, then stack everything else as before. The reason I opt for a lighter base is climbing mountains is hard work and, even though temps may be well below freezing, I’ll often strip down to my base layer up top to avoid sweating. If I do sweat, the lighter base layer dries quickly in the dry winter air. When I cool down, I can start stacking those layers back on and they’ll be dry because I took them off before sweating in them. I want to take a minute to revisit and clarify what I just said. People always say you should avoid sweating but when you're working hard, especially if the sun is out and there’s little wind, you’re going to sweat. It’s impossible not to. What we can do is remove layers to keep from wetting them out. And with fewer layers what sweat we do produce will evaporate quickly at which point we can put the dry layers back on.
Today there are countless options for technical outdoor clothing. Synthetics are light weight, durable, fast drying, and insulate well even when somewhat damp. The downside is it stinks horribly if you wear it for more than a day or two. Wool tends to absorb more moisture than synthetics and takes a little longer to dry. But it maintains high insulating value when damp. An added benefit is that it doesn’t stink, even when you wear the same base layer for weeks, or months, at a time. A great example of that is the 74 days I spent in the wilderness on Season 8 of Alone. During all that time I wore the same merino wool base layers, never washing them. For two and a half months I rarely even took them off. I didn’t smell real good but the clothing didn’t stink at all which is quite amazing.
Goose down is another one of nature’s miracles. Weight for weight, there is no other material on the planet that comes close to down’s insulative qualities. When the mercury plummets you simply can’t beat it. But there’s a catch and it’s a big one. Down really shines with its super cold because when it’s that cold, it’s also dry. Cold air simply can’t hold the moisture like warm air can. For down, dry is crucial because if it gets wet it loses its loft and its insulative qualities along with it.
If you're getting any Firstlite gear, please use this link. tinyurl.com/yrsak3tb
List of FL Gear shown in the Vid:
Kiln Longjohn Bottoms
Kiln quarter zip hoodie
Wick Short Sleeve T
Trace Pants
Brooks Down Vest
Uncompahgre Foundry Jacket
Brambler Gaiters
Other Gear:
Schnee's Pack boots
Schnee's Timberline boots
Columbia wool Bibs
NaturalGear Snow Camo Pullover
Asbell Wool Pullover
Surviving Alone by Clay Hayes - amzn.to/3Qqou3l
GEAR I USE:
Backpacks - kifaru.net/
Archery Gear - www.3riversarchery.com/
Tents & Tarps - seekoutside.com (enter clayhayes5 at checkout for 5% off!)
Optics - www.vortexoptics.com
Clothing - www.firstlite.com/
You can also connect with me on my other media outlets!
Website: www.twistedstave.com/
Facebook: / clayhayeshunter
Instagram: / clayhayeshunter
Patreon: / clayhayes
Hey folks, if you're thinking about picking up any of the FirstLite gear, please use this link. As mentioned in the vid, I really like the mid weight base layers! www.firstlite.com/collections/black-friday/?lang=en_US&
Are the pants you are wearing for this video the Trace pants you listed in the video description? I've been looking for a relatively quiet, yet durable pant but just end up finding noisier pants somehow. Would also love to know if you have any pant recommendations for wetter/rainier climates / early spring?
Thanks for doing these kind of videos, extremely useful for those of us who don't have the experience yet. Saving us money, time and headache!
@@grant6245yep, they’re the trace pants. Good for warm weather by themselves or cooler if you wear a base layer under them.
@@clayhayeshunterdid you mean warmer if you wear a baselayer?
He means cooler weather
I live in the mountains of interior Alaska. I can’t avoid sweating, even in extreme cold. (Wearing all the right gear) Just know when to slow down for a few minutes and open up the jacket to ventilate. I’ll even pull my hat for a bit to cool my coconut down then put the hat back on. I also work at sea in Alaska, I see lots of people that choose the wrong clothing for the conditions. Used to work in Antarctica and the Arctic on icebreakers too. Drink some water while you’re cooling off from exertion too.
Yep
How ya'll got coconuts in Alaska?! I stay away from that gmo stuff
@@autotek7930can’t tell if this was sarcasm or not but he met his head(sorry if it was)
@@EIectrxc it was sarcasm 😊👍😎😉
@@EIectrxc that's means my sarcasm game is strong lol
Investing in winter clothing was worth every penny. In my younger years, I didn't care for winter, and I think part of the reason was because I didn't have good winter clothing. When I finally started getting good winter clothing, my enjoyment of winter increased a ton, and now it's my favorite season.
agreed
Great info backed up by sound experience.
I’ve worked construction in cold climates for the past 35 years. I fully agree with layering quality warming layers. Silk weight merino 1/4 zip base layers close to skin. Next layer a grid fleece with hood and also 1/4 zip. Next top layer a goose down coat long and finely a breathable/durable rip stop shell with lots of pockets at the chest full zip and a hood. A neck gator and hat that covers your ears. Face and eye pro. Bottom layers silk weight base next to skin carhartt cargo pants then carhartt coveralls with full leg side zippers. One pair of heavy weight wool socks and quality boots leather pack boots add a toe warmer on brutal cold days. Gloves are always a problem retrieving nails and small fasteners is difficult with heavy gloves. I do use them though in the brutal days. Black diamond works for me. I rotate gloves all day at lunch rotate socks. Have also spent years on telemark, alpine skiing, snowboarding, ice climbing in places such as Utah, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, and the Dakotas. All these layering systems serve well in extreme country with ever changing conditions. I use OR expedition gators and full zip bib shell full gortex. Bring a med kit some food high in calories and enough water In insulated carriers. Fire start kit, two Black Diamond headlamps with extra batteries. Keep your batteries and lamps in your coat pocket. A poncho and cord. All in a 35 liter Black diamond pack. Rope, harness, tubular webbing, draws,ice axes ice screws and or cams and nuts if required. Hiking poles shock corded so can’t come apart for buddy safety. I’m not an elite by any means! I just enjoy the outdoors. Have fun be safe and invest in good gear.
Darn tough socks are my go
To .
Glad to finally see a guy that knows about wool and boots, being wet in half rain and snow can kill you quick. Timber cutting in the pacific northwest we never get out of our wool and if we do its for only a few months.
Here in Wyoming a good wind shell combined with wool is a great combo
A good wind shell works well here in NC as well! I use my sil nylon rain jacket, weighs nothing, blocks wind.
Hey Clay great tips for cold weather just in time .
Thanks 👍
Spot on! Learned this in the Army. Has been very valuable during my deer hunting as well.
Great advise.
Experience is priceless.
If you are starting to feel hot or cold, you are already late in adding or removing layers.
Keeping hydrated is essential. That is overlooked many times, especially when hunting from a stand. It can be difficult to remember to hydrate when it's -20 degrees.
For base layers, I try to find affordable silk....kind of an oxymoron but some are more affordable than others. Silk is EXCELLENT at wicking moisture away from the body.
My wool choice is 100% merino or merino/alpaca for sub-zero.
Down is great if you can keep it dry. I add a waterproof shell over my down but it makes a lot of noise. Great for hiking or hauling but I seldom use down while hunting. I try to stick with wool outer layers while hunting.
Overall, I find it easier to manage my temperature with merino. I seldom "feel" cold or hot with a heavy merino outer layer.
I stumbled onto a really light-weight and WARM wool gloves....Brushtail possum wool from New Zealand. I really love those gloves but they are a bit fragile. Great mid layer.
I know merino and silk are expensive. But the 1st time you use it, you'll know why many people love and recommend it.
I have those same Montana made pack boots, they're great for wet snow hunting.
If I may, I wanted to add a caveat for those just starting into the outdoors. A lot of the gear can be expensive, wool is no exception. It takes years to accumulate piece by piece. So don't fret too much. I would recommend trying to get a light weight upper base layer first, then lower long johns; this will help with smell and wicking sweat away from your body. Cotton is rough to wear when it is cold and it gets wet. However, it is extremely warm and durable. As someone who lives in the sopping humidity of the southeast year round, cotton will work in our wet winters if you are smart. Use it as a mid/outer layer, think flannel shirts and canvas pants. This will protect your more expensive wool base layers while providing a durable layer that can be protected from precipitation with a rain jacket or poncho.
Very good information! Thank you 🙌🏻🙏🏼
Dziękuję pozdrawiam serdecznie 🤗👍 👏
I live in Pennsylvania. My camp is close to Woolrich. They made great stuff. 25 years ago I took my first buck wearing a Woolrich coat on property they owned! It's sad to drive through with the plant being shut down and the company making things overseas now. Thanks Clay for all the info over the years! And happy new year!
Thanks for sharing!
Great timing. Just moved to Alaska and the only cold weather clothing I own is the stuff issued from work. It’s gotten below zero a couple times this week already.
I've been following you for over a year. Love all your videos I'm 15 and live in Alaska and am outside a lot I can relate to a lot of what you are saying. Even like big synthetic jackets start to stink, or gloves. Thanks for all you do you are one of my hero's. Thanks Mr. Hayes.
many thanks
Thanks for replying, you just made my day.@@clayhayeshunter
Great advice.
Cold and dry is easier to deal with than cool and humid. even 40-deg nights, when humid, can make my 15-deg sleeping bag feel woefully inadequate. Shiver, sweat, repeat. Layer on, layer off, repeat -- all day and all night. And nothing dries quick enough. FirstLite's newer zip-off baselayers are a cool idea. I'm looking forward to trying them out.
Great stuff Clay!
Hi, I just started following you on UA-cam and it’s great to be informed of all the interesting things you share! Your knowledge is amazing, thank you for sharing and I look forward to seeing more. I will definitely share this with my family and grandchildren 🙏🏽❤️🇨🇦Blessings from the interior of British Columbia, Canada 🍁
Thanks for the video.
I agree on sweat. I put two sheets of paper towel under my hat for moisture wicking when working in the cold. Keeps my hat dry.
Thank you very much for your information
As always, Clay, your advice is practical, logical, and backed up by long experience, which makes it VERY valuable. I couldn't help but smile when you talked extensively about the importance of layering, which my late mother (who was certainly not a hunter!) drilled into me before I was ten years old.
Two questions: We're right on the same page as far as goose down is concerned: 1. My experience has shown me that it offers more warmth for less weight but is a disaster when wet. But do you use and recommend any synthetic down substitutes-like PrimaLoft, for example? How do you feel about widely used Thinsulate, which essentially has no loft? 2. You didn't address synthetic fleece (a.k.a. Polarfleece), which I use a lot for mid-layers because it's comfortable, it's light in weight, and it dries VERY quickly. Do you avoid fleece, and-if so-should I?
On another front, I know that the late-season, black-powder cow hunt is your focus now, but are you going to do some late whitetail hunts in the mountains and foothills? I have TRULY enjoyed those trips in past years and hope to be a "guest" on more of them in the near future.
All the best,
Chris (in Maine)
Hey I'm new to elk hunting and I'm looking for any tip on the subject so this was very helpful and look forward to more
Dont know if it been said but here goes; wool doesnt stink because the oil thats in the wool from either treatment or the sheep's natural secretion effectively becomes soap when wet. So when you are sweating in wool, you are in a sense washing your clothes :)
Interesting
Honey don’t wash that. It’s okay. I’ve been sweating.
Lanolin?
Awesome video, thanks so much...
Avoiding sweating is so important in cold weather. If I'm not cold when standing still then I've got too many layers on.
One time this backfired though as went hiking with people I'd not been with before and they were so slow that I was standing around in the cold waiting for them. Won't do that again.
I too, never hike with new people
In cold weather during moveing I wear a Alpha Direct fleece hoody as base layer 140 g weight in combination with a thin wind jacket 90g weight or a light long sleeve shirt instead the wind jacket 100g weight that permeates more air. or additionally under the wind jacket If very cold. That prevents sweating very well.
I am a firm believer in wool over synthetics!! Used both and wool wins hands down. The big problem has been to find wool hunting clothes that you don’t need a mortgage to buy! eBay has helped a lot with that still expensive but not like new. A brand of socks called “ Darn Tough” makes good wool socks. I use gaiters too and they really help strange how this garnet is unknown.
Definitely not cheap but I recon that’s the way with most good stuff.
Wool, absolutely! I'm progressing toward Ventile and waxed cotton as outer layers for UK use. Darn tough socks are the best, they just are. I have some fantastic suede gaiters by Meindl, made for a German hunting supplier called Grüber. They turn your mid boots into knee - highs.
I have 4 different items from Asbell. They are so awesome. And I believe it’s just a small mom and pop shop
It is. Good folks.
Great stuff to know. Was watching Xander Budnicks hunt with you. Looked you up.
I was watching survivorman just now and I started thinking about Clay Hayes and his teachings about how to field dress game. And then I went on UA-cam on my iPhone and I seen a notification for this video 😄. Thanks 🙏 Clay 👊🏼
Good stuff
If you sweat, you die!!
@@Timeren2010 😆😆👊🏼
Something to consider for drying something in your sleeping bag, like wet socks or shoe inlays: if you have a down bag you want to avoid this if it is very cold. When your body heats these items it would turn into moisture that could get trapped in your sleeping bag. With down this is something you want to avoid generally as a sleeping bag is hard to dry.
I accept the weight penalty of synthetic bags for this very reason. I've had to go to bed in soaking wet pants and socks, which were dry in the morning. I learned that from Brian Call and the Gritty podcast a number of years ago. It works!
Johnson Woolen Mills makes quality products. Worn them to Idaho chasing elk need Warm Lake.
Sorry can´t buy from Firstlite, the shipping and taxes to Europe would be prohibitive, But I just bought my first merino t-shirt and long johns, and guess what, the brand is called Stoic. Love to wear it!
Plus one on the neck gaiter. Makes a huge difference
It's crazy how much a few grams of neck waiter make in your core temp
Funny enough, I just rewatched the keep your feet warm video literally yesterday. Then you post this one today!
Perfect!
Very nice
I've been using an iwom for blind hunting , it's great , pack it in put it on in blind your good to go
Cotton is Not the big bad evil that its made out to be and works well in winter.
1) Most people don't use it correctly.
2) Get any material wet with no way to dry it.. youre going to have issues, especially in winter!
Best thing about cotton is it's cheap. Sure I'd love a $600 boiled wool hoodie or artic suit... But it would be the only thing I wear For a decade. Carhartt duct pants have worked fine on skyscrapers and I can wax them if I have to for $20. Poor woman's solution.
Clay, have you ever used Chinook brand boots, specifically the bad axe model? They are an all rubber boot with removable liners. Very reasonably priced and durable. I used to work as a Forester her in western PA and my Chinooks would hold up much longer than other guys muck boots. I will sometimes take the liner out for my walk in and then slip it back in once I'm on stand. They are more of a loose slipper fit than say an athletic type fit, but they don't seem to give me any issues walking any distance distance. Made us USA too!
I just watched season 9 of Alone!!!!
Where was this video when I needed it 10 or 12 years ago. Really covering all the basics. I think working out a laying system that works for you is very individual as to what pieces in particular work the best. Only thing I'll add is winter in the mountains is a different beast. You have to be very proactive, and think about what your going to need, BEFORE you need it. The mountains don't tolerate a fool for long, especially during winter.
Oh and gloves suck. The exception being wool gloves, but if your rocking those fancy insulated gloves, your in for a "treat" if your hands are sweating, you take them off, and then the temperature drops - and it drops FAST in the evening. Any insulated glove that has a non removable liner in it, is a shitty choice. I've come to like chopper mitten's with wool inserts, wool gloves, OR some of synthetic single layer mid weight insulted gloves. (kings camo makes them) They key thing is removable inserts, or a single ply. The double layer/liner will snag and make putting on that glove next to impossible when they freeze and you've wet or sweaty hands.
Suffering with crappy gear is a good teacher! I’ve been there😉
@@clayhayeshunter My wife tells me I've become a gear snob. I can't imagine why... 🤣
It’ll happen 😜
Better to be an appropriately prepared gear snob than a human popsicle gear newb when it really counts. @@MiddleOutdoorsman
Thanks
When it comes to wool, I cannot recommend the company Micklagaard in Sweden enough. Yes they're crazy expensive, but the pants and anorak I have from them are probably the most well crafted pieces of clothing I've ever owned. They'll custom tailor to your measurements, and they're very helpful when you email them with questions. I'll be adding one of their jackets and a cape to my collection as well.
A cape?! What are you? A superhero? ;) That’s the wool gear I drool over and say ‘Maybe one day’ 😊
@@FrogDad556 it'll be the perfect addition to go with my can cannon grappling hook when I say "I'm Batman!" 😂 Seriously though, my only complaint is their price, but you do get what you pay for
Their stuff looks amazing but in a wet country like the UK I feel that wool outer layers aren't really appropriate. If I lived in Scandinavia I wouldn't hesitate. I use entirely wool base layers and midlayers, though. Outer layers are progressing towards Ventile and waxed cotton. I'm endeavouring to ditch plastics as completely as possible - a little nylon in my Darn Tough socks and my woolmesh base layers but that's about it.
@@danceswithbadgers The wool they use is treated with silicone so it sheds water. Granted, I haven't taken it out into a full on downpour, but I've never had water get through my anorak, and it dries quickly too
i have some big bill wool pants very much like those you have,, very warm. heavy yes but the good out weighs the bad.
I found a pair of the woolrich pants on eBay last year and they’re great except they’re a 32 length which is slightly short on me especially when I’m sitting with my legs bent in the tree stand. I’m thinking getting gaiters would help keep the air in under my ankles
I use wool every time everywhere
Be real careful about walking in any low spots. Because under cold, cold snow there can be mushy snow with intermixed water at about 32 degrees Farenheit. Maybe at your location a couple of weeks ago there was a sunny day and melting. So there might be several inches of slushy mush that then got snowed on at zero degrees or less. You can easily have a layer of snow multiple inches thick that is subzero snow, but it is insulating below it mushy snow that stays mushy. When you come by and crash through the overlay cold snow, you then step into warmer mushy snow. The free water finds every crack and pinhole in your boots, and then when you step up and over, up and over to trod along, at every lifting of every step your wet boots soaked to the skin are picking up the current outdoor temperature that might be subzero. You get bad frostbite real quick, so beware.
Even if you have on 4 layers of pants, you might be walking into a stiff wind sometime. Especially if you are walking down a hill slope into the wind. The wind can mash down all your layers, squeezing out the air spaces, and push against the thigh bone. It can get really miserable frozen real fast, especially if it is 50 or 60 below with the wind chill. But if you have a layer of foam rubber or neoprene tied/sewn between pants thigh layers, you get valuable non-mashing insulation that can save you from tissue freezing conditions. The most important part to protect is the front of the thigh since that is where the warming blood flow is the least.
The bane of winter clothing for me is when everything has a high neck, even when one layer fits over another, the necks are never able to all be zipped up at the same time. I prefer crew neck base layers and high neck outer, then I fill the space with a neck gaiter as I have ones in various thicknesses. I may wear two long sleeve mid-layers if it is cold enough, but a vest makes a good 2nd or 3rd mid-layer covering the chest wear needed leaving less bulk on the arms. Should the vest be under or over your LS mid-layers? That depends on which you tend to wear most. I tend to go long sleeve so I size the vest to fit over them. The lack of sleeves also makes the vest a lighter weight extra layer.
Hi Clay
Big pre-Alone fan here!
Interesting video too.
I’ve purchased things from Asbell and as you were talking about your wool pullover saying how you can get drizzled on it occurred to me that couldn’t one treat their wool with camp dry or scotch guard? Not sure if that would be good or if it would be a detriment to the performance. What do you think?
They make washes specifically for wool that help repel moisture but I don’t think I’d try any that wasn’t intended for it. Maybe on a cheap shirt just to try it but I wouldn’t treat anything expensive. At least not to start.
Great look into your layer system. The synthetic pants you were wearing, were they the Trace pants? Who makes those?
Nate
Yep, Firstlite makes them.
I have two Woolrich shirts just like that I got at a yard sale for ten bucks a piece.
Good find!
You could look into some VivoBarefoot Tracker Forest ESC boots. They just might change your life with their wildhide leather, wide toebox, flexibility and Michelin soles.
What's up Clay, can you tell me the difference between glue in and screw in broadheads, because Idk which ones to pick.
Glue on tips are for wood shafts. Screw in will work for carbon or aluminum shafts.
@@clayhayeshunter Thanks, now I know what I need.
What size aswell wool pullover do you wear?
There certainly is a place for synthetics
i dont get how you are not cold in well below freezing temparatures. when it is like 8 defrees c during the day where i live it is so cold i am shivering even with a few warm layers on and a down jacket, i dont get how you are staying warm pretty casually in that type of cold i didnt think that was possible. also could you survive a night sleeping in a bush or the ground with warm clothes on?
Is that sleeping Indian wool overalls?
how come you went with buffalo instead of merino for your socks? you also mentioned alpaca when talking about socks, how does buffalo, merino, and alpaca compare to each other?
Liz got me those socks for Christmas one year. They’re the only heavy socks I have. I also wear merino from Darn Tough . They’re great too.
What do you think about wool on our skin, our body stink, so to speak, will not stink our wool inner layer, then outer layers where maybe since our body is not touching the material use synthetics? Thanks, i am here to learn.
The wool itself won’t pick up odor like synthetic materials will.
@@clayhayeshunter Thanks. 🙂 1 John 4:10,11
Hatchet Jack!!!!!! I KILT THE BEAR THAT KILT ME..
22:14 So if the pants are so great, what are they made out of and who makes them and what are they called? How waterproof are they?
There’s a list of gear down in the description.
What website would you recommend to buy these items?
Great video as always, thaks so much. Merino wool is great, love it. But if you know how Merino is produced and what they do with the animals you might hesitate to by again.
They sheer sheep, then turn them back out to pasture and sheer them again.
@@clayhayeshunter If they do this without mulesing, than everything ist ok.
If you found how rayon and polyester are made you may not wear it either
“I Hachet Jack being of sound mind and broke legs, do here by leave my bear rifle to any man who might find it…lord hope it be a white man!
It be a good rifle, and kilt the bear that kilt me! Anyhow, I am dead now, yours truly Hachet Jack.”
From the movie “Jeremiah Johnson”, and shared from memory of multiple viewings by me. :-)
Great movie 🎥
What material is your neck gater made of ?
It’s merino wool like the base layers
What are the pants do you have on in the video
The synthetic ones are the Trace pants from Firstlite. There’s a link down in the description.
#Roger
Make arrow building video bro……
I am allergic to wool. 😢
Taking your layers off isn’t going to stop you sweating? 🤨
Hi you
If people dont ask you if your cold then your not layering right.
Can't stand wool against my skin.
Check out merino. It feels like cotton
Me either. I use silk base layers under my wool.
Silk is excellent at wicking moisture, light-weight and very warm for it's thickness.
Also works great under football uniforms, if you play in Minnesota...
😊😊😊
@@clayhayeshunter
And it is outrageously expensive.
@@nohillforahighstepper
Thank you for the suggestion.
I'll check it out
Hopefully it is not as expensive as merino wool.
@@lancedevooght5027
Oh, it can be fairly expensive but well worth it.
It's cheaper than prosthetic limbs....
Can you wax your wool pants?
I’d not try that. They’re not canvas.
This is a guy with experience speaking. Nothing really to debate on.
Not hatchet jack!!! That’s a cold cat lol
Cotton kills.
Good luck arguing that with people that spend a lot of time in the desert 😆
Mooseknuckle8334..
Wrong...!
@@shadowcastre ok.....
Yesterday and today so far (11/19-11/20) every video on UA-cam, no matter how many subscribers or views has 6 likes on it. Isn't that queer? How does that happen? A few days ago was the same thing set at 8 likes. They be jackin with the system.
🤨
if you're going to be hiking or moving a lot you should be cold starting out and your generated body heat will warm you up. if you're sitting you need insulation in the form of air trapping lofted insulation or multi layers of fleece or wool that creates enough air space for your body to warm up and then a shell to retain that warmth by not allowing wind to chill you.