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The conservation aspect of this is cool but the human possibilities have a mountain of moral, ethical and philosophical implications. How human would a human be if created from reproductive cells produced this way?
I’m a bilateral lung transplant recipient and this news is amazing to hear. Since heart and lung transplants began (30+ years ago), there have been very little improvements to the methods used. While success rates have increased over time, this is a huge step forward and I can only hope that more people of need will get a second chance at life as I have.
To be fair, if I were a scientist, and I heard Hank Green call my research "a little weird", I wouldn't be upset, just hyped as hell that my work got enough recognition to be on a pbs show.
As a 3 time kidney transplant patient & ill w/ CKD since 1981 when I was 9yo, this is some of the most exciting news I've heard in my life! #DonateLife
@@MayTheSchwartzBeWithYou It’s just part of the unfortunate reality of medicine. Unless we come up with another way to test these things, animal testing will continue to be a necessary evil.
More accurately reperfusion injury. Return of circulation to hypoxic tissue both delivers oxygen to those cells which causes issues, but the other face of perfusion is the effective removal of metabolic waste products. Once the Krebs cycle gets interrupted and anaerobic processes are begun toxic waste products begin to accumulate in the cell, including potassium. If the cells are ischaemic for too long they will lyse, releasing all the toxic metabolites and potassium, not a huge issue if they can't go anywhere, but once blood is flowing again and those products are mobile, they will cause further injury to surrounding tissue.
If you read more about OrganEx (and the technology it was built upon, which iirc was BrainEx), they deal with this by having not just reoxygenation occur outside the body, but also they keep very close tabs on the metabolic waste products in the blood and increase or decrease the medicines they’re administering into the “patients” in real time.
I wonder if this new "Organex" technology might help save the lives of not just people in need of organ transplants, but of people who suffered a cardiac arrest and have been flat-lined for close to an hour. Basically, bringing them back from the dead.
My first thought too, followed rapidly by the fact that oxygen deprivation is the final cause of brain death in a significant number of situations. Blood loss and strokes also come to mind, with blood loss in particular meaning that massive trauma could be survivable as long as your brain is undamaged. Find a way to reattach the critical nerves and decapitation would be survivable!
I hope I’m not the only one here disturbed by the sentence: ”They induced heart attacks in the pigs and then they left the bodies alone at 36-37 degrees C for an hour to cause cell damage.” I mean I know they are doing important medical research but having to “induce a heart attack to deliberately torture and finally kill a pig and then let the body just rot” sounds awful.
Wait is this oxyglobin. I need to look this up but I remember hearing this stuff worked super well as a substituate blood in dogs and cats but was terrible in humans. So as a vet would be interested in seeing this come back on the market. However, as a scientist would love to know if this stuff works on human organs because it went off the market like 10 years ago specifically because it didn’t work in people.
You forgot to say that witnesses were in shock in front of the pig's vigorous movements after being injected. That it created great concerns and a call to revise the definition of a "deceased". That scientists argued that there was no "readable" cerebral activities when it happened, despite one voicing that it can still be the case even if technology cannot. That scientists have said that they have no idea if the organs are still functional, that it deserves more studies. That such study goes far deeper than just "transplantation". That the same team have found a way to revive some cerebral cells. As much as it is impressive, it is also nightmarish... And what is the true necessity of such research when technology is about to create custom organs in the future. It cannot be only "transplantation", they search immortality, and this can lead to many directions.
I am so looking forward to "you have to admit, when you go to a cocktail party and tell people what you do, _it's a little weird"_ becoming a reaction gif
When I was a kid I thought that by the 2020s there would be time travel and Terminators, but if you had told me we'd have rat/mouse chimera sperm and pig organ transplants I wouldn't have believed you.
Nah humans are superior everything is here so we can advance as a species and evolving into super conscious…. This can only be achieved once death is made obsolete, by the process of reverse aging… Many animals will die for us humans to evolve…Animals will remain the same therefore they are expendable….
Australian researchers were studying the inclusion of testes segments from one bull into the reproductive tract of a different bull, including different breeds. Can't remember how it turned out 🤔
Don’t even worry about it. In my experience most things are totally cool for about a week after that expiration date. Hearts are just like dairy products, right? Let’s assume so.
Imagine if the entire human species recognised we are all dying, and instead of busying ourselves with pointless jobs that is some part of the machinery that makes pointless products or services that really only distract ourselves from our mortality, we all busied ourselves working together to solve the problem of ageing, which would also necessarily need to solve the problem of cancer and heart disease and every other disease. Imagine if we built society around what science has evidenced to be the best for our health and around constantly increasing that knowledge, rather than accepting the current status quo of living a short, crappy, materialistic life and then dying of some disease or other, or just watching your body break down so much it can no longer support your life, no matter how well you looked after yourself. This generation could be the first generation of practically immortals and society would be radically different.
I love keeping rats as pets, I would love to adopt a rat/mouse chimera offspring someday I wonder if their respiratory health would be better, worse, or the same?
@Gi Gi In the target species you knock out the cell type you want to take from the other species, then put in the foreign stem cells for that tissue type, which grow into the appropriate place as the desired tissue type. All much harder than it sounds.
The coolest thing I've read about synthetic blood analogues is the idea of super-saturation of oxygen allowing (hypothetically) a person to explore underwater for long periods of time without taking a breath!
Why wouldn't they be able to move? Other than a specific detail about the animals there is nothing to make it different from any other stud farm, and those animals are typically well looked after (unfortunate exceptions exist, but they are valuable so keeping them healthy is just good business).
By now, you may have answered your question, but if not... it's that the sperm was immobile (thus unable to fertilize an egg), not the mice themselves. Hope that makes you feel better! 😉
This with the organs was covered by another of my favorite science content channels, so I'm glad it's being spread around more. There's such a deficit of donated organs that it's sad, and anything that helps prevent organ waste is a great step forward!
Am I the only one who thought of Zombies? 20 years from now, someone will steal Organex and sell it to the highest bidder. Something will be changed, an accident will happen, and boom. Zombies
Anyone else read/listened to the short story "antihypoxiant" by Andy Weir? No? What about the ideological follow-up, "Dead men can't complain" by Peter Clines? Whatever the case, let's just take care and move cautiously with the testing of this stuff, yes?
This is insanely exciting but not for the reason u mentioned - this could be key tech in printing new organs that are currently dying before the end of the print due to print time. But if u could mitigate that, organ donors wont be even needed.
There was a guy at the zoo pointing at the baby pigs that were playing tag saying "and that one's bacon, and that one's hot dog, and that one's rump roast," I pointed at him and said "and that one's soilent green." I thought I was as funny as him, but he backed away silently like he was scared or something. I literally made his joke at him.
@@marshalepage5330 Very cool. Won't make me stop eating them, though. They aren't fully sentient, and unless you can prove otherwise, I nor will most others stop eating meat.
@@proloycodes what they meant to say is, "I will never stop eating meat no matter what happens," the sentience thing is just a conveniently impossible standard. If someone doesnt have the empathy to care for others or animals, then they never will no matter the evidence sadly.
I’m glad that this kind of technology is moving forward but at the same time I could never be the person doing this to the animals. I’m fully aware that I eat sausage but I am completely removed with how it’s made. Not really sure I know a way around factory farming and animal experimentation. The level of human improvement it has garnered is inarguably worth the suffering (to most of us obviously). In some ways I feel like a bleeding heart vegan and in other ways I just want to eat my steak and not think about where it comes from.
So really all I wanna know is When I fall asleep restricting blood flow to a limb and wake up panicking as if it is no longer attached, are my limbs okay
Is wonderful to think man has discovered a way to bring a new rat species into existence. No, I get it. It’s just somehow surreal the technique will produce massive numbers of something we constantly strive to exterminate.
I hope this does lead to improvement in the heath care systems rather than being reserved for the rich and elites that pays big bucks and not eligible for normal people under universal health care or insurance.
My sentence from this video is: "they induced heart attacks on pig" I'm favor os science I'm cool with it. But came to the comments section to see if anyone had something to say about it.
🤣the power of thumbnails and titles! When this video was released it was about “preserving organs“ and I didn’t care. Now that it’s about a ” pig that stuns experts“ I REALLY CARE Damn me and my judging a book by its cover🤣
2:45 - My boyfriend and I started laughing so hard at the thought of the researchers 'inducing the heart attacks' by jump scaring the pigs and yelling, "Oooga Booga"! Then I joked that - to truly test how pigs in similar health conditions to Americans - the researchers might've poured gallons of energy drinks into the pigs' troughs. (This is all a joke. A serious question is: how did the researchers actually induce the heart attacks?)
Pretty sure whatever they use in lethal injections to kill the person causes heart attacks(there are other ingredients to immobilize them), potassium chlorate if i remember correctly
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The conservation aspect of this is cool but the human possibilities have a mountain of moral, ethical and philosophical implications. How human would a human be if created from reproductive cells produced this way?
Rat Sperm
Wait, a monthly payment on memory?
The corporate overlords and taking more and more
So you say. One step further to Cat-Girls?
Sounds good, don´t you think ?
I'm sterile and have a weak heart, but I can rest easy knowing that in the future I will be able to have a healthy pig heart and beautiful rat babies
Ah, the marvels of modern engineering!
All babies are "Rugrats"
Is you can afford it.
@@TheLazyass111 some people don't live in america
😂😂
I’m a bilateral lung transplant recipient and this news is amazing to hear. Since heart and lung transplants began (30+ years ago), there have been very little improvements to the methods used. While success rates have increased over time, this is a huge step forward and I can only hope that more people of need will get a second chance at life as I have.
To be fair, if I were a scientist, and I heard Hank Green call my research "a little weird", I wouldn't be upset, just hyped as hell that my work got enough recognition to be on a pbs show.
As a 3 time kidney transplant patient & ill w/ CKD since 1981 when I was 9yo, this is some of the most exciting news I've heard in my life! #DonateLife
It would also be interesting to see if the small repairs on the brain might help to combat things like alzhimers and stroke recovery.
my mind went directly to this. i hope so too
was it just me or did the sentence “ induced heart attacks on pigs “ make you feel kinda bad for them too
Yep.
Pretty sad considering adult pigs are about as intelligent as young human children. And young pigs are just straight-up adorable.
@@MayTheSchwartzBeWithYou It’s just part of the unfortunate reality of medicine. Unless we come up with another way to test these things, animal testing will continue to be a necessary evil.
Yea I kind of cringed at that part to be honest. :/
reminder that heart attack guns exist
More accurately reperfusion injury. Return of circulation to hypoxic tissue both delivers oxygen to those cells which causes issues, but the other face of perfusion is the effective removal of metabolic waste products. Once the Krebs cycle gets interrupted and anaerobic processes are begun toxic waste products begin to accumulate in the cell, including potassium. If the cells are ischaemic for too long they will lyse, releasing all the toxic metabolites and potassium, not a huge issue if they can't go anywhere, but once blood is flowing again and those products are mobile, they will cause further injury to surrounding tissue.
Thanks, this was what I was thinking while watching and then wondered if I was wrong or what if I'd been taught had been updated.
If you read more about OrganEx (and the technology it was built upon, which iirc was BrainEx), they deal with this by having not just reoxygenation occur outside the body, but also they keep very close tabs on the metabolic waste products in the blood and increase or decrease the medicines they’re administering into the “patients” in real time.
I couldn’t stop staring at “Rat sperm” while you were talking about organ preservation
Same
I wonder if this new "Organex" technology might help save the lives of not just people in need of organ transplants, but of people who suffered a cardiac arrest and have been flat-lined for close to an hour. Basically, bringing them back from the dead.
My first thought too, followed rapidly by the fact that oxygen deprivation is the final cause of brain death in a significant number of situations. Blood loss and strokes also come to mind, with blood loss in particular meaning that massive trauma could be survivable as long as your brain is undamaged. Find a way to reattach the critical nerves and decapitation would be survivable!
That question is explored in this months Popular Mechanics. Apprently during the organx experiments, the pigs moved.
I hope I’m not the only one here disturbed by the sentence:
”They induced heart attacks in the pigs and then they left the bodies alone at 36-37 degrees C for an hour to cause cell damage.”
I mean I know they are doing important medical research but having to “induce a heart attack to deliberately torture and finally kill a pig and then let the body just rot” sounds awful.
I don't know if it matters what they do to the body. It's not like we bury them normally.
torture? what?
The shirts keep getting better! Thank you for your videos
Wait is this oxyglobin. I need to look this up but I remember hearing this stuff worked super well as a substituate blood in dogs and cats but was terrible in humans. So as a vet would be interested in seeing this come back on the market. However, as a scientist would love to know if this stuff works on human organs because it went off the market like 10 years ago specifically because it didn’t work in people.
it's OrganX
Per their source in the description: "OrganEx, an adaptation of the BrainEx extracorporeal pulsatile-perfusion system and cytoprotective perfusate..."
You forgot to say that witnesses were in shock in front of the pig's vigorous movements after being injected. That it created great concerns and a call to revise the definition of a "deceased". That scientists argued that there was no "readable" cerebral activities when it happened, despite one voicing that it can still be the case even if technology cannot. That scientists have said that they have no idea if the organs are still functional, that it deserves more studies. That such study goes far deeper than just "transplantation". That the same team have found a way to revive some cerebral cells.
As much as it is impressive, it is also nightmarish... And what is the true necessity of such research when technology is about to create custom organs in the future. It cannot be only "transplantation", they search immortality, and this can lead to many directions.
Very reminiscent of Lovecraft's _Herbert West: Reanimator._ :P
this will be very useful information for the future
I am so looking forward to "you have to admit, when you go to a cocktail party and tell people what you do, _it's a little weird"_ becoming a reaction gif
Organ Death Reversal is an excellent deathcore band name
When I was a kid I thought that by the 2020s there would be time travel and Terminators, but if you had told me we'd have rat/mouse chimera sperm and pig organ transplants I wouldn't have believed you.
Real life is weird sometimes isn't it? We didn't get Back to the Future or Terminator, but we might be getting Universal Soldier.
@Daemon Visigoth Pig organ transplants were common by the time you were born, wtf are you talking about?🤔🧐🙄🤦♂️🤡
don't forget we also created a pig chimera and grew a lamb in a bag (artificial womb) xD
Scishow: mouse rat
Parks and Rec fans:👀
I love the name of the video. It's like "experts don't want you to know about this one neat trick that will reverse organ death"
Funeral homes hate this guy!
RIP all of the animals that have died for the sake of science.
There is a statue of a lab rat dedicated to them!
Nah humans are superior everything is here so we can advance as a species and evolving into super conscious…. This can only be achieved once death is made obsolete, by the process of reverse aging… Many animals will die for us humans to evolve…Animals will remain the same therefore they are expendable….
@@kyetes.866 that's so sweet 🥺
@@lynnsey9343 Yeah doubt that’s sweet to the pigs that were forced to have a heart attack.
Australian researchers were studying the inclusion of testes segments from one bull into the reproductive tract of a different bull, including different breeds.
Can't remember how it turned out 🤔
That's nuts.
So glad this video came out, I saw the article pop up and I was floored
Thank you Hank, now when I'm at a cocktail party and somebody asks me what I do I can sheepishly look at them and say"I tinker with rat testicles"
Don’t even worry about it. In my experience most things are totally cool for about a week after that expiration date. Hearts are just like dairy products, right? Let’s assume so.
Well maybe to eat.
I look forward to the self-pumping synthetic blood future where hearts are considered an optional organ. Only a matter of time.
ECMO does exist
That sounds good but uh what about the others
@@headwreak1768 for now a third of Americans (murica) that die, die from heart disease. I'd say that's already a pretty huge dub
Sometimes I wonder what we could do if things weren't limited by profit.
Imagine if the entire human species recognised we are all dying, and instead of busying ourselves with pointless jobs that is some part of the machinery that makes pointless products or services that really only distract ourselves from our mortality, we all busied ourselves working together to solve the problem of ageing, which would also necessarily need to solve the problem of cancer and heart disease and every other disease. Imagine if we built society around what science has evidenced to be the best for our health and around constantly increasing that knowledge, rather than accepting the current status quo of living a short, crappy, materialistic life and then dying of some disease or other, or just watching your body break down so much it can no longer support your life, no matter how well you looked after yourself. This generation could be the first generation of practically immortals and society would be radically different.
Star trek
I love keeping rats as pets, I would love to adopt a rat/mouse chimera offspring someday
I wonder if their respiratory health would be better, worse, or the same?
They might not even need to be similar species. How about a Cat-Rat chimera? ;)
@Gi Gi In the target species you knock out the cell type you want to take from the other species, then put in the foreign stem cells for that tissue type, which grow into the appropriate place as the desired tissue type. All much harder than it sounds.
@Gi Gi You would have to ask the OP
@Gi Gi likely because both pet rats and mice often are prone to respiratory issues
@Gi Gi benign tumors is the biggest killer of pet rats I think
The coolest thing I've read about synthetic blood analogues is the idea of super-saturation of oxygen allowing (hypothetically) a person to explore underwater for long periods of time without taking a breath!
It doesn't work like that. There's a reason we can't breath pure o2
"...But don't tell my heart...My achy BACON heart". "After my surgeory my doc says, 'open wide and say oink!'". I'll be here all week folks!
This is huge!! I love good biology news :D
I've been thinking about this problem for a long time. Sounds like the breakthrough we've been looking for.
I read "keeping orgasms alive," and I haven't clicked on a video faster.
Just you wait till we birth dinosaurs from chickens.
oh, a new patented blood substitute. if we let them they'll make organ subscription services eventually.
shades of Repo Man
Me talking to a genetic engineer at a cocktail party: "So, what do you do for a living?"
Genetic engineer: "I'M GLAD YOU F****** ASKED!!!"
Imagine using a mouse to make a rhino.
... I know it wouldn't work like this but now all I can think about is tiny rhinos the size of mice and I kind of want one...
@@mistformsquirrel Sold!
gimme 5
I love SciShow. How is everyone today?
Doing good how about you?
Thanks!
exciting research :D
OrganEx sounds like a cheesy marketing name for FedEx’s organ transplant service.
4:52 A moment in the video when a specimen of a more prevalent specie is looking at an image of a specimen of an endangered one.
Thank you for not being frenetic. Good show.
Sound like a wrestling move
You can tell the scientists working on revitalising organs are wonderfully smart people by the name they chose for their groundbreaking new treatment
I read the title too quickly and I thought it was pipe organs😂
Imagine a farm full of chimeras that can't move, but just produce sperm to save rhinos... It makes me uncomfortable thinking about it.
Why wouldn't they be able to move? Other than a specific detail about the animals there is nothing to make it different from any other stud farm, and those animals are typically well looked after (unfortunate exceptions exist, but they are valuable so keeping them healthy is just good business).
@@agsystems8220 I thought they said something about them being immobile.
By now, you may have answered your question, but if not... it's that the sperm was immobile (thus unable to fertilize an egg), not the mice themselves. Hope that makes you feel better! 😉
This with the organs was covered by another of my favorite science content channels, so I'm glad it's being spread around more. There's such a deficit of donated organs that it's sad, and anything that helps prevent organ waste is a great step forward!
gotta bring my body into the shop for this fluid change
This was great!
Is there a punk song called 'Zombie Pig'? Seriously, I hope this helps transplant research and saves lives.
Incredible.
Am I the only one who thought of Zombies? 20 years from now, someone will steal Organex and sell it to the highest bidder. Something will be changed, an accident will happen, and boom. Zombies
I wonder if OrganEx could be used in blood transfusions when there is a lack of donor blood?
I imagine it'd start to do things you wouldn't want it to after being in the body for a while
@@toastboi138 right but this is an organ transplant, not long term blood replacement so that statement is moot.
But, if someone has coded, and is braindead, can't hurt?
I'm surprised that no FMA: Brotherhood references were made for the chimeras
Anyone else read/listened to the short story "antihypoxiant" by Andy Weir? No? What about the ideological follow-up, "Dead men can't complain" by Peter Clines?
Whatever the case, let's just take care and move cautiously with the testing of this stuff, yes?
🎵 it's gonna be the future soon, I won't always be this way
When the things that make me weak and strange get engineered away… 🎵
This is insanely exciting but not for the reason u mentioned - this could be key tech in printing new organs that are currently dying before the end of the print due to print time. But if u could mitigate that, organ donors wont be even needed.
"pig organs" and "rat sperm." ... Two epic band names
... And so is "mouse rat chimera" btw
There was a guy at the zoo pointing at the baby pigs that were playing tag saying "and that one's bacon, and that one's hot dog, and that one's rump roast," I pointed at him and said "and that one's soilent green." I thought I was as funny as him, but he backed away silently like he was scared or something. I literally made his joke at him.
Animals have feelings. Cows cry if you pay attention. Killer whales are smarter than humans and even communicate.
@@marshalepage5330 Very cool. Won't make me stop eating them, though. They aren't fully sentient, and unless you can prove otherwise, I nor will most others stop eating meat.
@@rikuleinonen can you prove you are sentient?
@@proloycodes what they meant to say is, "I will never stop eating meat no matter what happens," the sentience thing is just a conveniently impossible standard. If someone doesnt have the empathy to care for others or animals, then they never will no matter the evidence sadly.
@@smoglin2369 yeah i suspected that too, but nevertheless, i wanted to give the OP the benefit of doubt that they really meant what they said,
THEY CREATED MOUSERAT!
Could OrganEx be used to treat/prevent crush syndrome, and to treat stroke?
Hi Hank!
Is the chimera a Rouse or a Mat?
Nice shirt hank
I'm sorry, but something about seeing Hank Green with the label "rat sperm" up in the corner is just really funny to me.
They made a scarecrow-boat chimera guys...
I’m glad that this kind of technology is moving forward but at the same time I could never be the person doing this to the animals. I’m fully aware that I eat sausage but I am completely removed with how it’s made. Not really sure I know a way around factory farming and animal experimentation. The level of human improvement it has garnered is inarguably worth the suffering (to most of us obviously). In some ways I feel like a bleeding heart vegan and in other ways I just want to eat my steak and not think about where it comes from.
One step closer to the SmartBlood™ from Old Man's War
Yale is requesting a patent for their revive cocktail
It's pretty ominous seeing "RAT SPERM" in the top right corner for the first half of the video.
2:22 bookmarked
Getting some Neal Shusterman vibes from OrganEx
Restore your organs with this one weird trick! Experts are stunned!
So really all I wanna know is
When I fall asleep restricting blood flow to a limb and wake up panicking as if it is no longer attached, are my limbs okay
This is a family guy epic life hack.
Is wonderful to think man has discovered a way to bring a new rat species into existence. No, I get it. It’s just somehow surreal the technique will produce massive numbers of something we constantly strive to exterminate.
Jeez... I thought of zombie pigs... Phew...
2:45 - They induced heart attacks in the pigs
Pigs: *Why are we born, just to suffer?*
I hope this does lead to improvement in the heath care systems rather than being reserved for the rich and elites that pays big bucks and not eligible for normal people under universal health care or insurance.
*"They call me; MISTA PIG! AHHHHHHH!!!!"*
-Transplant receiver, prolly.
Reoxygenation injury sounds horribly painful 😟
Easy, just stuff all the organs in a brave human willing to be the storage device.
I can’t wait for my pig human heart
Wonder if this technology could bring those who have been cryogenically frozen closer to coming back?
Neat.
Claim your “here within an hour” ticket right here ❤️
I'm here
Same
Here!
Thanks but I’m good.
My sentence from this video is: "they induced heart attacks on pig" I'm favor os science I'm cool with it. But came to the comments section to see if anyone had something to say about it.
🤣the power of thumbnails and titles! When this video was released it was about “preserving organs“ and I didn’t care. Now that it’s about a ” pig that stuns experts“ I REALLY CARE
Damn me and my judging a book by its cover🤣
I’m just mad that if it wasn’t for wars then these finds could have been a thing of the past
👨🏼🌾 : "Sometimes, death is bettah"
🥰 I love you Hank and I know, it sounds a little weird 🤪🙃
kinda seems like natural vs synthetic motor oil
I wonder if this could be used in living people for cryogenics to actually work.
I’m a normal human I just want to pursue the super human.
What does Linode do?
What about physically sterilizing the mice and injecting teste stem cells into the part affected. Or a ball transplant?
Do you want zombies?
Because that's how you get zombies.
could this technology be used to stimulate organ regeneration in people who have deteriorating organs? something to think about.
2:45 - My boyfriend and I started laughing so hard at the thought of the researchers 'inducing the heart attacks' by jump scaring the pigs and yelling, "Oooga Booga"! Then I joked that - to truly test how pigs in similar health conditions to Americans - the researchers might've poured gallons of energy drinks into the pigs' troughs. (This is all a joke. A serious question is: how did the researchers actually induce the heart attacks?)
likely a large does of epinephrine.
@@LordxJoe That's my boyfriend's most serious guess. So now we've got two guesses on that tally.
Fed them bacon
Pretty sure whatever they use in lethal injections to kill the person causes heart attacks(there are other ingredients to immobilize them), potassium chlorate if i remember correctly
Maybe they could have also used some sort of overdose of amphetamine? One of the ADHD medications but more of it then taken by people?