Immunology: Neutrophil Mechanisms
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- Опубліковано 14 жов 2024
- Being highly motile, neutrophils quickly congregate at a focus of infection, attracted by cytokines expressed by activated endothelium, mast cells, and macrophages. Neutrophils express[18] and release cytokines, which in turn amplify inflammatory reactions by several other cell types.
In addition to recruiting and activating other cells of the immune system, neutrophils play a key role in the front-line defence against invading pathogens. Neutrophils have three methods for directly attacking micro-organisms: phagocytosis (ingestion), degranulation (release of soluble anti-microbials), and generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).[19]
1976 copyright act entitles fair use for non profit educational purposes. I don’t make any money off of videos, and the dmca extends the definition of fair use from the 1976 copyright act
God bless you. I love these lessons. Very well prepared!
Very informative video. Need to add more on individual arm especially NETosis.
agreed. that is one of the coolest mechanisms ive ever learned about, well that and the inflammasome
thanks for the comment!
Very informative video, thank you. I'm a beginner in this field, but am intrested in the inflammation subject and the connection toward adverse health effects. Do you have any information sources on the neutrophils as a contributor in cancer?
Great question, I am going to paste a link to an NCBI article that reviews the links between the two, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6520693/
keep in mind the referenced studies and experiments are not a substitute for a consensus, I expect we should have one soon
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6520693/
I also have a video on Reactive Oxygen Species:
ua-cam.com/video/-P5Qjc2-Wl8/v-deo.html
Thanks for informative video, i just need to know why you just enumerate 3 types of granules ?? as far as i know there are 4 types and the (secretory granules)is missed in your video and i don't know why .
It wasnt mentioned in the textbook ( peter pahram's the immune system) the hard thing about teaching immunology is knowing when you should draw a line and say "this is good enough for a course" and "this is too new and needs a better consensus among scientists" and "this is too much for the student" your guess is as good as mine though
Hey Thomas, I've been planning to do lectures like you and to provide textbook figures. Did you receive any copyright strikes or anything of that sort? I'm in the US, but I'm unsure about the laws behind being able to provide a lecture on youtube and showing figures from textbooks. If I state that "1976 copyright act entitles fair use for non profit educational purposes. " and state the textbook title, will it be considered okay?
Not received any copyright strikes yet, probably bc I have not had enough traffic to get picked up by YT copyright bots. generally the clause I use now is a bit more extensive
"The 1976 copyright act entitles fair use for non profit educational purposes and is extended under the DMCA, see title 17 section 107 of the us copyright code: ” In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include- (1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;(2) the nature of the copyrighted work;(3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and(4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work”.
let me know how it goes!
Thomas, to your knowledge can microbial DNA, after being phagocytosed by a neutrophil, be incorporated into a host genome? Alternatively, do the NETs display any microbial DNA?
To my knowledge they do not have any microbial DNA integrated in their genome (but ive been wrong before). Most Neutrophils undergo apoptosis which, in case the respiratory burst, host cell repair enzymes and etc. wasn't enough also activates DNAases. To my understanding NETs are laced with anti-microbial proteins. I wouldn't be surprised to find microbial DNA showing up in some test on NETs but its not there to serve a functional ie antimicrobial purpose, it is just there as a byproduct of pathogen destruction. But again.. ive been wrong before. Let me know the context and I may be able to point you in the right direction
Thank you for your thoughtful response. I ask as I work in a clinic focused on joint infections. We've recently noticed then when we aspirate the fluid from joints that appear to not be infected anymore, We are still getting positive microbial reads on next generation sequencing. I'm very curious how this can be possible and how long microbial DNA can remain present in a joint even if the pathogen is no longer alive. I'm wondering what whether some of the microbial DNA can be embedded within these NETs. Once again thanks for the thoughtful video. Going to keep looking for answers.
I have never worked on next gen sequencing but youd be surprised just how sensitive these tests are...
I am not sure how relevant this to your inquiry but I find it interesting that some symbiotic species have evolved a similar strategy to NETs but instead of using neutrophils they use bacteria living on them schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2007/01/ciliate_007.html
let me know how your search goes
Btw thank you so much for the video. It’s really helpful!
What is the relationship between intestinal microorganisms and NETs?
Great question, I have no idea, I do know that some research that is emerging showing microbiota play a role in regulating immune responses by inducing cytokine production, idk if there is a consensus reached yet but it is certainly a hot topic for research
heres a link for more info
ua-cam.com/video/er-K8YWIVu0/v-deo.html
@@medaphysicsrepository2639 Thank you for your reply.
What does it mean that neutrophils have oxidative and non oxidative cytotoxicity?
my guess is based off of two generalized ways of categorizing how neutrophils kill pahtogens. Oxidative being via respiratory bursts and non-oxidative being everything else: lysozyme being one example.
Thanks for the comment. Let me know if you have a question or if I dont explain something well enough
How Many germs can eat a neutrophil ?
How many germs can a neutrophil eat? only one idk of any pathogens that can eat neutrophils Id be really amazed if one did though
Nice video! try not to lift your mouse when your using it. The sound is quite distracting, at least for me.
When I made these videos I was broke af and had a cheap goodwill desk that creaked really loud sometimes, I have since gotten a better desk lol
NETs are neat!
I almost read that as NEETs are neat, but yes Ive never seen DNA used as a functional biomolecule before (except in euplotidium) truly novel
Toxic granules in neutrophils are normal or not please help
can you give context?
I having skin eruptions from past four months recently i got my blood tested and it shows toxin granulations in neutrophils
I will state that I am not a physician and can not give medical advice and that these videos were made for educational purposes only. That being said, it is not what I would consider "normal" but probably can be treated with the appropriate medical attention.
Well thanks for your opinion it really matters 😊
NETs are awesome!!
I do NETs research hehe so biased
I am honored to read this !!! let me know if you feel the need to point out any missing details
@@medaphysicsrepository2639 hehe NETs are pretty complex! We should come out with a pretty high-impact article soon 😁
Send me the link when you get it out !!!
@@medaphysicsrepository2639 www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02996/full
One came out today!!
The next one, the one I had mentioned, will come out in a few months!