Why Do Strawberries Have Eight Copies of Their Genes
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- Опубліковано 5 вер 2024
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Strawberries are delicious, but for a molecular biologist, they're also very difficult.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
Encyclopedia Britannica “Polyploidy” www.britannica...
Nature SciTable “Polyploidy” www.nature.com...
Hardigan et al. 2020 “Genome Synteny Has Been Conserved Among the Octoploid Progenitors of Cultivated Strawberry Over Millions of Years of Evolution” doi.org/10.338...
Liston et al 2019. “Revisiting the origin of octoploid strawberry” www.nature.com...
Edger et al 2019. “Reply to: Revisiting the origin of octoploid strawberry” www.nature.com...
Zhang et al 2019 “Plant Polyploidy: Origin, Evolution, and Its Influence on Crop Domestication” www.sciencedir...
www.genome.gov...
www.gardeningk...
www.ncbi.nlm.n...
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Super cool new knowledge to research thanks to the whole staff at sci show plz pass it on
I suppose we should be glad Mendel didnt try his pea plant experiments with strawberries
I suppose it would just result in a 1:8 ratio of recessive genes tho
@@Whatever-mx3bt actually, 1:256 if you need all chromosomes to have the recessive gene
He likely would have actually given up on them as he almost did on pea plants. And in the latter, he only had to deal with the much more minimal complexity of partial dominance.
@@Silverizael oh huh
Yeah, he was generally considered to be lucky in that regard.
We may be laughing at plants for lacking intelligence, however they may be laughing at us for lacking efficiencies and backup plans.
I'm laughing at plants for lacking the ability to laugh. I'm laughing SO HARD
That laugh sounds forced and therefore disingenuous
I've learned about plant intelligence from herbalists like Guido Masse (youtube, Bionutrient Food Association). Or ecological forester Peter Wholeben (books). I think of the mutual relationships they create with animals, soil/microorganism interactions.
When you can’t just get up and move away from danger, you better have a good back up plan to survive. That, and as long as you are not using an organ that is not highly sensitive to DNA conditions like polyploidy (neural system for example), having as many copies of a chromosome as you can is not a bad thing.
@@s0d4c4n While I don't know if they have laughter some plants have actually been shown experimentally do produce noise some reasons could be repelling pesky herbivores, alerting nearby plants to pests, and at least in some cases such as mint telling other plants to get out of its way because mint is very aggressive.
It also turns out that plants do have cells which seem to incorporate at least some of the functionality of neurons specifically the use of action potential signaling. This is much less understood than animals but it is there and in some cases where plants do have active moving parts such as Venus Flytraps these signals control them.
Still the rate of plant action potential firing is far less than bilaterian animals more similar to what animals with nerve nets ultimately do.
Ever since that experiment in science class where we extracted strawberry DNA this has been living rent free in my mind.
Chemistry UA-camr NileRed also used strawberries to extract DNA to taste it, for their particularly high DNA content
Hank just casually dropping that seedless watermelon fact as if it didn’t blow my mind 🤯
Let us hope that we don't crossbreed our food out of existence due lack of seeds to reproduce the the plants.
@@Goldengirl48 I don’t think that’s gonna be an issue given that seedless watermelons are sterile so the only way to get more of them is to crossbreed watermelons that have seeds and can reproduce normally
@@kirstenlopez Actually, it's proven that species that humans use make their wild ancestors endangered if not extinct. The wild ones become rare--wolves, goldfish, bananas, you name it.
Also, let a scientist try to make a targeted genetic modification and see the uproar. But people breed genetic mutants manually and it doesn't generate opposition.
@@Raison_d-etre but again, in this case, that doesn't apply since they're sterile. A different species sure, but not this one
@@kirstenlopez Yes, in nature, if they can't reproduce, they're not considered to be a healthy specimen. Makes me wonder about nutritional/healthy value of it.
I learned sometime in my 4000 level plant physiology that there is nothing we can do to corn that corn wouldn't do to itself given the opportunity.
Its crazy the amount of alteration thats happened to corn over the course of human intervention. I think with more direct and meaningful alteration using crispr (or other method) we could make foods more nutritional and healthier to eat and not just sweeter saltier and fattier. Apples are getting crazy in recent years more and more varieties popping up.
Would corn ever try to be easier to digest, more nutritious, and have less fructose? Would corn try to get eaten and pooped out by itself?
@@ac.creations I like some of the new apple varieties! I don't like the humongous apples though.
@@Catlily5 Ah so Fuji’s are out then? Jk
I’ll stick with the Granny Smiths. I only have apples for in and around pies, then in and around my mouth. Haha
@@ac.creations Fruits/foods shouldn't be selected to sweet. To much sugar even in synergy is supposed to cause diabetes and Alzheimer's.
That “Hamlet” analogy really helped me understand 🤣🤣
It made me laugh at loud.
@@bobbobber4810 same🤣🤣
Hamlet in a blender cleared things up for me too...😂
@@mlbh2os211 perfect comparison I swear🤣🤣
To sequence the chromosomes of a cell or a bunch of cells you need to split it in small chunks, sequence _them_ and then try to join the pieces in a computer (genearally using a known genome sequence from the species or some close one as a template).
Reconstructing the two separate copies of each chromosome, even if they have mostly small differences between them, is fairly straightforward. But with 4 or more it becomes a really messy job
I guess this makes the “GMO free” label you see on strawberries even sillier.
And the huge amount of chromosome copies is exactly why strawberries are perfect for teaching students how to extract DNA.
I was just going to mention that. For your older students, strawberry for the DNA, pineapple for the protease, and alcohol for the cocktail...
Huh. Is that why there's always one huge, weird, mutant strawberry in each basket I get that looks like a broken nose on one side and a butt with 3 cheeks on the other?
Evet. Çok komik değil mi?
So, if I use my spare room as an office, I'll evolve into a new species. Got it.
SciShow: "Why do strawberries have eight copies of their genes?"
Me, who has never heard of this before in my life: "Why DO strawberries have eight copies of their genes?!?!!?!?"
This brought back memories my years of research on strawberries during my time at university and Ag Extension. Thank you for spreading the word about the science of these whacky psuedofruit!
Hey I am a green biotechnologist and I have written my thesis on genotyping the strawberry genome. As said in the video the fragaria x ananassa (common strawberry) is descended from the F. Chiloensis and F. Virginia, this was discovered in a botanical garden in france. These species also have some common ancestors and the current theory is that the strawberry migrated from asia to America and went from 2n to 3n then 3n to 6n and 6n to 8n. The 2>3 step was within one species then two 3n species mated without reducing their chromosome count forming a 6n and lastly e 2n mated with the 6n without reducing. It seems that the strawberry has a naturally high rate of not reducing their genome.
It was really difficult to distinguish between the chromosomes using standard genotyping methods. Lots of fals negatives and due to a NDA I can't disclose much but a exciting development is coming from Dreden Germany which allows breeders to accurately and cost efficient look into the genome of the strawberry. And I made the first steps in it's development 😄.
That's incredible! Thank you for the information and your contribution to science!
I'm also a biotechnologist working with strawberry! I remembered a short nice article in News & Views on Nature Genetics when I read your post. I hope your research goes well!
oh, one SMALL correction - regarding "seedless" watermelons... MOST of those found in stores in the USA are actually just a (bred) variety that sweetens very early; before (most) seeds have formed. Anyone that buys one can tell you, most "seedless" watermelons in the USA do have some seeds (and you will note almost all are white and immature).
Yeah most of the ones in North America are “seed-less” instead of seedless
Why you gotta judge SciShow? No plant's wardrobe is truly complete without a few spare pairs of genes!
Ooooh yeahhhh
Nice
Please look into the unionizing attempts of HelloFresh employees.
Hank looks like such a kind person.
That's probably when you do the experiment where you extract DNA you use strawberries because they're so full of it
Nile Red approves
3:08 It's like turning the spare bedroom into an office .. over time, this could lead to a new species ..
Wait .. what? I don't know what you're doing in your new office/old spare bedroom space but ..
SciShow trying to make this video a polyploy.
lol this is the first SciShow video I've ever watched where I didn't actually learn anything. Working in the strawberry production and breeding industry has that effect! Super cool to watch and listen to SciShow talk about the neat genetics of plants!
"Octoploidy" is now my new favorite word and I need to find opportunities to use it in casual conversation.
So does this mean even the tiny wild ones that grow in my Mom's yard are octoploid as well?
Not necessarily, woodland strawberry are diploid, they are often used in research because it's easier to work with them
I was going to ask the same question. In Sweden the wild (small) strawberries are called Smultron. They have a very different smell and taste than normal cultivated strawberries. But I grow a variety that is a hybrid. A crossing between garden strawberry and “smultron” (diploid)
“Rebecca = Fragaria × vescana is a hybrid strawberry cultivar that was created in an effort to combine the best traits of the garden strawberry, which has large berries and vigorous plants, with the woodland strawberry, which has an exquisite flavour, but small berries. This cross cannot take place naturally.”(Wikipedia). The berries are not very big, approximately 1 inch. You can harvest as long as there is no frost. I actually still get some berries ( Stockholm area)
These videos give me the answers to things I never knew I wanted to know so badly
Hank channeling Carl Sagan when chatting about life and the diversity of life! 😄😄😄 ... and that is a high praise indeed!
Okay so it's been years since my plant physiology class but if I'm remembering correctly the prevalence of polyploidy in food crops isn't really a coincidence in many cases. More DNA = bigger cells = bigger fruits. Since humans like larger crops we tend to breed the plants that produce the largest fruit, resulting in more polyploid fruit.
I think cultivated plants probably can grow "a leaf here, and another leaf here..." (not exact qotation). And most of the wild ones will grow bigger according to the space/soil they have at their disposal.
Lmfao I just finished the other one. Let's see the difference
When you find out lemme know cause I can’t find it lol
Ya I thought I saw this earlier. Why did the reupload it?
Once your done tell us the difference
I legitimately saw no difference xD maybe it was in the sponsorship thing I skipped in both
Hi, suggestion for a video. How do insects breathe.
Animal: I can run from excessive UV light by going to shade.
Plant: I AM the shade and I can’t friggin’ run!
4:50 Hearing that Strawberries are a hybrid of an OCTOPOOID SPECIES.
My brain gasps, my arms goes up in benediction and i cry "Fhtagn R'lyeh!" 🐙
Edit: Yes, i know there was a missing L. :)
Hello fresh needs to chill tf out.
Next you’ll see a hello fresh ad stop for a hello fresh sponsored ad.
Nah I want them to continue. I’ve been eating cheap as chips for months cus of their abundance of promos.
@@piedpiper1172 do u have to keep making new accounts to get new promos? I always thought that would be a pain
@@briannaberlin6851 it’s only a few minutes to save like $90. I think you’d have to be a C-level exec to make more money in 2-3 minutes. That’s like $1800/hour. Worth the effort to me.
@@piedpiper1172 thank you for this, I'm a (hungry) grad student!
@@briannaberlin6851 Lol same!
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hit the print button too many times and all the copies came out at once
Wasn't this posted a few hours ago?
I now have a more pressing question about farming seedless watermelons... Where do the seeds for planting come from? (Other than the seed store)
+
The seed store
In times of disasters and mass extinctions space, solar, earth radiation changes, Earth's magnetic field weakens. Which might increase possibilities for gene mutations. Does anyone know?
But plants don't grow their leaves just anywhere at random. Different kinds of plants have arrangements, some may be alternate, some oppositely spaced, some grow their leaves in whorls. But none I've encountered or heard of use random placement.
I can hear the person whistling in the last few seconds of the outro audio XD. I'm guessing someone just whistled while recording and you guys were like screw it we'll keep it.
It's the background static that gives us our perception somthing to tune into.
- Because!
- That works!
Hey its fresh and new 2.0 scishow
Aren’t fruit of polyploid plants usually larger than those of diploid? Fragaria vesca, the European wild strawberry, has small fruit and is diploid. The American wild strawberry, F. virginiana, is octoploid like garden strawberries but is still smaller-fruited, though, so I might be over-generalizing.
Polyploidy. Fun word.
Anyone else have their mind blown at the seedless watermelon fact?
Ben de öyleyim.
Polyploids have been selected even before we knew what they were genetically. One of the common effects of polyploidy is that plants get bigger flowers and fruits, and their leaves get bigger and become darker green. All of these are desirable traits for ornamentals and food plants, so people have selected these for ages. As they mention in the video, having spare sets of chromosomes makes plants less likely to show recessive genetic traits. This is an advantage if a plant lives in an environment where it is vital not to change too fast. For a plant in a cold region it would be a disaster if it lost its winterhardiness in a period of milder winters. So in polar regions you can find more polyploid and vegetatively reproducing plant species than in tropical regions.
Gotta say I’m getting a little over seeing hello fresh adds.
Tell me about it!! I don’t see it ending anytime soon either. Very unfortunate!
In Swedish we have "Smultron" (wild Strawberries) and "Jordgubbar" (Strawberries). I just thought they bred the "smultron" variant and by doing so made the 8 chromosome variant "Jordgubbe". "Smultron" seems similiar but also very different from "Jordgubbar". I think most organisms with multiple copies in general are larger than their counterparts with single (or "2n" copies). At least that´s what I remeber from school (and going to a garden back then with a tree that was "4n")
Hank, nice knife skill in the advert. 😂
you can also propagate strawberries through crown division.
The watermelon fact is really really cool
True gamers know it’s a reupload…
I thought so lol. Considering I didn't think they'd have two sci show episodes one day :P Huzzah
This episode sponsored by Hank frustratedly chopping his own basil or something. I'd love to see a corner cam of him doing that throughout the entire video, just chopping up one enormous pile of herbs.
I made this comment before watching through to the end of the video.
I once worked in alfalfa crop improvement. Lots of diversity.
they have 8 copies so when a pair of "Genes" gets ripped they use the other pair
There's a cost to maintaining so many copies.
I’ve used Hello Fresh before. The meals are good, and the ingredients are (usually) good quality. However, I found the prep and cook times to be longer than what he recipes said, and some meals produce a lot of dirty dishes. I also have anxiety and very little motivation, so most nights it’s a sandwich for dinner. The recipes are written for the prepackaged quantities, too. I wish they’d include the amounts of each ingredient so I could more easily make meals later on for larger groups of people.
Lol, a reupload, not sure what's the difference.
Edit: I think I know... the Hello Fresh sponsor talk at the end seems different to be honest, but with my bad memory who knows I might be wrong.
If not and others noticed that too, let me know.
I was just revising about this topic for my exam on tuesday. This video solidified the ideas!
I'm pretty sure the majority of the polyploidy found in strawberries was induced to increase yield via use of mutagens such as UV light and colchicine.
Happy anniversary hank
I feel like Hank has not chopped those ingredients enough.
14 meals sounds great, but FREE SHIPPING world wide? That's amazeballs.
I thought watermelon was also grown seedless with the sinsemilla method or is it just the tiploid deal
Genetically design the perfect food, as a fruit/vegetable/starch. Complete protein/starch/vitamins and fibre And Tastes Great
To do that (if it’s even possible) we’d need to have perfect nutrition knowledge first, which is very very very far away.
They reuploaded this video the original one was uploaded 2 hours ago
Can u make a video abt vertebrates and explain them
Is polyploidism a way to avoid cancer? Plants can't move around so they might get exposed to excess sunlight. Is this a way to bypass harmful mutations?
4:26 Doesn't that show 16 copies of a chromosome in 8 pairs? Don't think that's right.
A cell that’s preparing to divide makes a copy of each of its chromosomes so that each daughter cell gets one copy. So after this replication process, the cell temporarily has double its genome and when it divides, each daughter cell goes back to having the usual number of chromosomes
@@kirstenlopez Yes but I don't thinks that's what the graphic is showing. It seems to be showing 8 pairs of the same chromosome when it should show 4 pairs of the same chromosome. 4 pairs x 7 different chromosomes = 56 chromosomes in each strawberry cell. This is the channel that had the lunar "lander" module taking off on its title card for years.
Interesting as always!
So a strawberry's DNA is wrapped in on itself before we read it's entirity, and a method is used to unravel specific portions to reveal specific segments to express...so if we could discover a pattern to how the system chooses to express, couldn't we eliminate 7 sets of data that would have needed to be sorted through? I know it's not as easy a skipping 7 each time, but there is definitely a method to the madness we aren't utilizing yet.
I was kinda having trouble following and then Hank broke out the Hamlet in a blender analogy.
Legend has it, polyploid organisms result from failed attempts at crabification
I was recommended this video while eating strawberries
turning a bedroom into an office does not result in a new species,but turning an office into a bedroom might lead to more of the same species :)
Something has to fight the pins.
Fragaria vesca
Time to try out the new laboratory
Thank you
As much as I like swollen receptacle tissue covered in achenes, if I consume one I start to look like them 🍓
Can't be a coincidence that Hemp is Strawberries closest kin. And then there is the apple tree. Did they all go goofy at the same time?
Thanks for making it
Pretty sure some species of the _Fragaria_ genus aren't octoploid.
Also, Hank, please careful with that knife! I don't think that's a safe way to be holding an onion while cutting it.
Can be very pricey. At ur own cost
So would the copying of chromosomes lead or associate with the age of the species
Like how old the strawberry lineage is
Or does it show that even pairs of chromosomes or copies of them lead to stabile life
Studying Polyploid Organisms: It’s like Deja Vu all over again
Hello Fresh = No thanks, if it takes more than a microwave to cook then I don't eat it. As far burning extra money on food if I wanted to do that there's Uber Eats (which is also a waste of money, it's fast food + a delivery fee on top of already high prices since you are paying slaves to cook and pack it instead of a machine).
That was a very nerdy advertisement for hello fresh
Cause stuff that tastey is eXtremelY important...
Wheat is a hexaploid!
This is very interesting and strawberries make a yummy science topic 😋🍓🍽️
Sat down for a break to eat strawberries and see this video.
It's a simulation😂😂🤷♀️🤷♀️🤦♀️
Okay when I began watching this video, only one thought entered my mind. How many of you also had the same thought? "Hank 's a lumberjack, and he's ok. He works all night and he sleeps all day." ;)
vegetarians have to remember they are eating other organisms that can be so complex up to 8n ;)
Strawberries are more yummy than a lot of organisms on Earth.
Why the reupload
Interesting about strawberries, not a fan of these and watermelons I have my reasons. I do love this channel and the many branches of science
Strawberries are actually better than any other organism on Earth. Delicious!
KiwiFruit. KiwiFruit. A Kiwi is a flightless bird, not a green and acidic seed filled fuzzy fruit
Thanks🍓🍓🍓
Cannabis can be treated to be poliployd and grow faster bigger and stronger .
So that's why they the seeds on the outside. All that DNA! LOL.