Handmade Wooden Ship Manufacturing in Pakistan | Amazing Wood Ship Manufacturing Process

Поділитися
Вставка
  • Опубліковано 7 січ 2025

КОМЕНТАРІ • 576

  • @melchurmoreau5677
    @melchurmoreau5677 Рік тому +31

    That's brilliant stuff from Pakistan, I don't care who ever buy it,but it's being built, that's class. Keep up the good work and thanks for posting.

  • @urieaaron
    @urieaaron Рік тому +67

    It is easy to forget in our modern times how these ships were built hundreds of years ago. Watching them being built today in the traditional manor reminds us of how intelligent and resourceful human beings have always been. Just because we are 'modern' that does not mean we are any more intelligent then our forbearers. Something I have to be reminded of once in a while.

    • @thyristo
      @thyristo Рік тому +2

      So you think they had normed screws, and electrical equipment back then...

    • @urieaaron
      @urieaaron Рік тому +3

      @@thyristo fair enough

    • @hamix0137
      @hamix0137 Рік тому

      old culture evolves with time@@thyristo

    • @chippysteve4524
      @chippysteve4524 11 місяців тому +1

      There are loads of top knotch craftsmen in France and large parts of Europe because they didn't kill their apprenticeship system.They still know how to build magnificent ships,cathedrals,etc.In the US and UK this all seems like witchcraft to us as we have been seriously dumbed down.We'd be the last ones to realise that :-)

    • @kulsumkhan1042
      @kulsumkhan1042 11 місяців тому +1

      1​@@thyristo

  • @skyus364
    @skyus364 Рік тому +8

    we need the second video........the ship in the water.........amazing craftsman skills.....

    • @norseman5041
      @norseman5041 5 місяців тому

      it is not a ship; it is a boat.

    • @Inday-PUSIT
      @Inday-PUSIT 4 місяці тому +1

      ​@@norseman5041
      its already a ship .. a boat can be boarded by only 6 t o 7 person but any boat that can board more than 30 person can be called a ship either its a wood or metal.

  • @percyjohnsson816
    @percyjohnsson816 Рік тому +16

    Real craftsmen with simple tools!

    • @patrickrooney5130
      @patrickrooney5130 2 місяці тому

      ask a guy of a building site with them tools to do something like that. and he would tell you to..... Your self.

  • @YmmomZednanref
    @YmmomZednanref 6 місяців тому +6

    Mashallah... Pakistani Boat and ship builders very hardworking and skills full Good job brothers... I'm watching from Philippines.

  • @paulwalsh2458
    @paulwalsh2458 Рік тому +10

    Loved watching this. Would be nice to see a part two showing it being finished and launched.

    • @BoatbuildingIndia
      @BoatbuildingIndia 10 місяців тому

      Love you guys so how To Make Wood Ship Model ❤❤❤❤❤

  • @imetr8r
    @imetr8r Рік тому +18

    What type of wood is used for the planking. It is a beautiful yellow color without knots. Its amazing!

  • @conquistador1425
    @conquistador1425 11 місяців тому +3

    Wow these people are amazing!!!

  • @jehadshargawi
    @jehadshargawi Рік тому +4

    Masha'Allah 🙏

  • @majie1018
    @majie1018 Рік тому +3

    Love the old fashion electric drill!

  • @BCVS777
    @BCVS777 Рік тому +12

    Fascinating! Would like to see a tour of one that is finished!

  • @Mr.forestfinds
    @Mr.forestfinds 2 місяці тому +1

    such dedication to traditional craftsmanship!

  • @alocin110
    @alocin110 Рік тому +28

    Excellent ship building. Cannot believe how much work and precission were put together for this beautiful production. Great Pakistani workker. Salute to you all. Great job guys!

    • @matton36
      @matton36 Рік тому +4

      One storm and that ship is going down

    • @jehadshargawi
      @jehadshargawi Рік тому

      maybe you are a jealous jew to say that @@matton36

    • @hamix0137
      @hamix0137 Рік тому

      that doesnt happen often you know all the ships were wooden 150 years ago and they used to go across sea@@matton36

    • @Ty-bz7zx
      @Ty-bz7zx Рік тому +2

      Hard work...sure... Precision ??? LOL I must have watched a different vid.

    • @hamix0137
      @hamix0137 Рік тому

      its pretty good@@Ty-bz7zx

  • @TheInteligenceOvWar
    @TheInteligenceOvWar 9 місяців тому +2

    I'd love to see Ed Bassmaster there doing 'I work' LOL

  • @onetruekeeper
    @onetruekeeper Рік тому +9

    Very skilled craftsmen. No machine can ever replace them.

  • @TwistedAkimoto
    @TwistedAkimoto Рік тому +23

    When i retire would love to go help these guys out to build some boats and learn some wood working skills just to keep my mind and body busy

    • @Brancaalice
      @Brancaalice 8 місяців тому +3

      Take some electric tools with you, it would be very helpful.

  • @yiy3429
    @yiy3429 Рік тому +9

    You are living legends.

  • @arlankarahan51
    @arlankarahan51 Рік тому +6

    Ма ша Аллах, братья пакистанцы! Каждый из них мастер! Вот у кого нужно учиться труду! Да одарит Аллах ваш труд баракатом!!!

    • @MrGeorgin007
      @MrGeorgin007 11 місяців тому

      Чему учиться, первобытному ремеслу и отсутствию технологий ? Ни Маша ни Паша им не поможет.

    • @arlankarahan51
      @arlankarahan51 11 місяців тому

      @@MrGeorgin007 тебе до их технологий, далеко! Они и без паши с машей обойдуться и даже без джона с сэмом!!!

  • @PeterNebelung
    @PeterNebelung Рік тому +47

    It's nice to see that the traditional ship building skills are still alive somewhere. Built using mostly basic hand tools, (that bow drill is amazing to watch) and built like a tank. I was wondering at the thickness of the planks, but later when they started putting in the ribs, it made sense. And the carving... Fantastic. Well done gentlemen. O7 I only wish the vid went on to show the launching.

    • @heywhatsthatsmell
      @heywhatsthatsmell Рік тому +4

      Yes , Built with mostly hand tools and no deodorant , Amazing .

    • @DrFelonious
      @DrFelonious Рік тому +3

      Have you seen how well tanks float?

    • @chippysteve4524
      @chippysteve4524 Рік тому +2

      I agree but that wd require a lot of forward planning and even then possibly days of waiting as they don't launch them every day.We are getting far too demanding I think.I'm just stoked that someone filmed this and shared it for free :-)

    • @davidswanson5669
      @davidswanson5669 11 місяців тому +3

      This is not traditional boat building. Boat building was done much more carefully and considerately than what’s going on here. The amount of unnecessary holes in this boat is astounding. Watch Sampson Boat Co if you want to see traditional boat building techniques.

    • @chippysteve4524
      @chippysteve4524 11 місяців тому +3

      If you look more carefully you will see that all those holes used to bend and hold the planks are in specific locations along the planks and are re-used to fasten the ribs afterwards.A very good idea.
      There is no way they wd be dumb enough to create more work and problems for themselves down the road.
      Any small gaps between the planks are regular and will close in the water especially with the caulking cord expertly fitted as seen here.The untrained eye doesn't see too well :-) There is a tendency in the west to overdo it with the precision and finishing where it simply isn't required.Some boatbuilders are bullied by their clients' expectations but what do they know?I wouldn't want to have a cabinet maker on my side in a crisis!
      I'd be interested to hear what Louis Sauzede (Tips from a shipwright) has to say about their craftsmanship. He went on a trip to south America to visit their shipyards.I think u'd enjoy that as much as he did :-) BTW true craftsmen look for the wisdom in each other's work,under different conditions with different materials and aren't bigoted enough to judge :-)@@davidswanson5669

  • @JayNewman-n6r
    @JayNewman-n6r Рік тому +17

    These guys R just incredible from designing & building a home that has it's own swimming pool to now building a ship & all from living
    off the land, these guys ought 2B commended just for their efforts alone just unbelievable what these achieve on their own.

    • @norseman5041
      @norseman5041 5 місяців тому

      achieved on their own?, this is how they have built ships for 100 years, they just did not progress. That is all, and we are amassed they can build boats like this. This is the ONLY way these guys know how to build a boat. LMFAO.

  • @artszabo1015
    @artszabo1015 10 місяців тому +2

    It is just staggering how they can take straight material and force it to make those beautiful curves. Nobody could calculate the immense internal stresses in that structure. All of that without lasers or any modern measuring instruments. I am very very impressed.
    Art from Ohio

  • @drscopeify
    @drscopeify 10 місяців тому +1

    I love the ornate wood work at 34:00 and on, wow that is amazing wood working skills. This is not just a fishing boat but a piece of art, these are real craftsman no doubt about it.

  • @Uswesi1527
    @Uswesi1527 Рік тому +28

    Those master craftsmen they’re real talented top professionals. They make simple tools , but very efficient, extremely accurate, making difficult jobs easy . Thanks

    • @AA-69
      @AA-69 Рік тому +7

      This comment shows that you know diddly squat about boat building 🤣😂

    • @zbradbell
      @zbradbell Рік тому +1

      @@AA-69 wrong

    • @joseantonio5231
      @joseantonio5231 Рік тому

      @@AA-69 ignorante isso você é

    • @Xilla-posseLegendary-r4h
      @Xilla-posseLegendary-r4h Рік тому

      not, never use an crewing tool as an hamer

    • @davidswanson5669
      @davidswanson5669 11 місяців тому

      If they have enough money to buy all this wood, they should be able to buy a power drill. But if someone tells me that lumber is so cheap and abundant there, that the cost of the wood is not comparable to America and I shouldn’t be making such comparisons…then why isn’t that country exporting all that abundant wood to America, so my lumber becomes cheaper and Pakistan gets richer.

  • @LovelyAirplane-yh4nz
    @LovelyAirplane-yh4nz 11 місяців тому +2

    Wow ang galling,,,,, from philippines

  • @IrfanAhmad-xy7wd
    @IrfanAhmad-xy7wd Рік тому +1

    Excellent Excellent Excellent Fascinating Fascinating Fascinating speechless.....

    • @BoatbuildingIndia
      @BoatbuildingIndia 9 місяців тому

      Have a great video ❤ Good work wooden ship models

  • @paquitoignacio3449
    @paquitoignacio3449 Рік тому +6

    It’s amazing how brilliant and knowledge of this people to build a hand made wooden boat.

  • @PremMagar-k9y
    @PremMagar-k9y Рік тому +2

    Good job 👌👌

  • @bgd73
    @bgd73 Рік тому +13

    they make it look easy. great artisan skills.

  • @FloranceDesport
    @FloranceDesport Рік тому +5

    C'est du travail d'artiste en plus ils n'ont pas le matériel comme nous que du travail manuel ils ont du mérite bravo on devrais leurs donner la médaille du travail 👍👍👍

  • @M.A_DXB
    @M.A_DXB 26 днів тому +1

    Ma sha Allah maza aa gea video ka ik hi 40 mint ki video mai poora ship start se end tak dikha diya
    Waisy ye ik maheena lag jata ho ga bnaty bnaty

  • @tonoalvarado1436
    @tonoalvarado1436 Місяць тому

    ¡Impresionante! No tengo más palabras.👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏

  • @eccentricsmithy2746
    @eccentricsmithy2746 8 місяців тому +2

    That is some real craftsmanship right there. The ornate hand chiseled decor is amazing.

  • @vajnis
    @vajnis Рік тому +3

    Beautiful craftmanship!

  • @swaldron5558
    @swaldron5558 Рік тому +1

    Brilliant to watch, looks same as medieval times!

  • @ferd.6779
    @ferd.6779 Рік тому +7

    Hard working men, and very good craftsmanship as well, compliment from the Netherlands!! Keep up the good work. ;-))

  • @AntonioCarlos-pf5yo
    @AntonioCarlos-pf5yo Рік тому +3

    SELVA!
    Saudações ATLETICANAS!
    True work of art. And that!

  • @joyaku3078
    @joyaku3078 Рік тому

    craftmanship transferred from generaion to generation getting executed by these hardworking pakistanis
    RESPECT
    🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏

  • @pedrothewise2584
    @pedrothewise2584 Рік тому +2

    hard working clever guys

  • @BoydXplorer
    @BoydXplorer 8 місяців тому +2

    Amazing Wood Ship Manufacturing Processing in Pakistan. Interesting to watch. Tnx4sharing. Watching from DUBAI

  • @marcelpoitras6654
    @marcelpoitras6654 Рік тому +2

    Looks as good as it has ever been since Ancient Egypt! Keep up the Good Work!

    • @hamix0137
      @hamix0137 Рік тому

      this is not egypt

    • @BoatbuildingIndia
      @BoatbuildingIndia 9 місяців тому

      Looks as good work a wooden ship models

    • @BoatbuildingIndia
      @BoatbuildingIndia 9 місяців тому

      ​@@hamix0137thanks to all ❤ Good work wooden ship models

  • @NoI494
    @NoI494 Рік тому +2

    Respect for those peoples.👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻

    • @BoatbuildingIndia
      @BoatbuildingIndia 9 місяців тому

      Have a great video ❤ Wooden Ship Manufacturing Process

  • @Concreteblockmachineug
    @Concreteblockmachineug Рік тому +1

    what can't you guys build for sure...seems i haven't seen it all ...Good job🤜🤜

  • @ronbelanger4113
    @ronbelanger4113 Рік тому +1

    Great to see the old way carrying on. Bonus for those next level toe cover sandals.

  • @Bushcraft624
    @Bushcraft624 Рік тому +5

    Wow!!! Ang ganda at lubhang matibay dahil sa mga ginamit na materyales, mahusay na mga mang gagawa, ka hanga hanga, mabuhay kayo mga kapatid at pag palain ni ALLAH... Ingat kayo palagi sa pag tatrabaho Good job❤❤❤

    • @chesslerbooks
      @chesslerbooks Рік тому +1

      Filipino Wow!!! It's beautiful and very durable because of the materials used, good workers, you are amazing, long live brothers and God bless you... Always be careful when working Good job

    • @stevenhirsson795
      @stevenhirsson795 Рік тому

      Plenty of Piss an Vinegar…. Next step Farming for FOOD….May ALLAH bless you…

  • @RogowskiBubba0864
    @RogowskiBubba0864 Рік тому +2

    Incredible skills 😊

  • @osmandugenci842
    @osmandugenci842 Рік тому +4

    İçinizdeki güzellik işinize de yansımış... Bayıldım. Türkiye 'den Sevgiler Saygılar.....

  • @TuanNguyen-wl7fh
    @TuanNguyen-wl7fh 13 днів тому

    Công nhận những người thợ. Làm việc thủ công nhưng rất nhanh. Chính xác đẹp. Quá giỏi. Rất đẹp.

  • @akireon5440
    @akireon5440 11 місяців тому +4

    Very interesting video... Just curious, I assume those ships aren't cheap to purchase so why wouldn't they give them some power tools to push more out faster. Makes no sense to me, a cordless drill is relatively cheap.

    • @bittarapitulapie7579
      @bittarapitulapie7579 3 місяці тому

      they also used an electric drill, but no video was made of it

  • @jadezee6316
    @jadezee6316 4 місяці тому

    amazing skills and talent and i hope such ability and craftsmanship never disappears....

  • @TimStifter-x9c
    @TimStifter-x9c Рік тому +1

    Great Work!

    • @BoatbuildingIndia
      @BoatbuildingIndia 9 місяців тому

      Thanks to have a great video a Wooden Ship Manufacturing

  • @tanksouth
    @tanksouth Рік тому +1

    Fantastic.
    Thank you

  • @tigas5279
    @tigas5279 Рік тому +3

    Modern and Ancient way combined but over all amazing technic and hard work. Thank preserving the old way system in building big boat

  • @delinquentinparadise
    @delinquentinparadise 10 місяців тому

    Very impressed. I hope they are all proud of their work and suitably rewarded.

  • @jesurey988
    @jesurey988 Рік тому +3

    Amazing job

  • @alemalia6888
    @alemalia6888 10 місяців тому +1

    using a electrict drill would be also more convinient like you guys use the electrict plane and saw,, awesome job,,next project remake the nohah's ark..

  • @mrxd7953
    @mrxd7953 Рік тому +4

    these guys work hard, even harder when you see their tools are nor sharp. every ship yard needs a sharpening man.

  • @kellwng
    @kellwng Рік тому +2

    Like no one has ever built ship before\

  • @RextheDragon881
    @RextheDragon881 5 місяців тому

    That string/bow powered drill- awesome. Great work guys

  • @cledanmalek8345
    @cledanmalek8345 Рік тому +7

    You guys are true boat builders! The best!

  • @OceanicGyogō
    @OceanicGyogō Рік тому +2

    Amazing work Pakistan! incredible skills and craftsmanship, Truly amazing. This is the true definition of "Handmade"🥲😮👏

    • @BoatbuildingIndia
      @BoatbuildingIndia 9 місяців тому

      Thanks to all family members ❣️❣️ sport

    • @OceanicGyogō
      @OceanicGyogō 9 місяців тому

      @@BoatbuildingIndia huh?! 🤔 🤦‍♀️ 😂

  • @Apodictic1
    @Apodictic1 Рік тому

    The bolts don't look like brass and will not last very long from rust. Wooden boat builders I think are the most amazing wood crafters.

  • @AbdaGutierrez
    @AbdaGutierrez 6 місяців тому +1

    In our modern times it is hard to find the volume's of hard wood and a centinial trees to cut as a good material to build and made wooden ship,, and to protect our environment prohibited cutting trees specially century old and to contribute recovery af our drastically destructive ecological system of our environment,,,❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂

  • @AmirkhanTV-A
    @AmirkhanTV-A 28 днів тому +1

    They don't have any engineering drawings 😮 how they make ❣️🎉

  • @RIZALISHAK-c1b
    @RIZALISHAK-c1b 8 місяців тому +1

    😮😊❤ nice jop very good hero

  • @pierredecine1936
    @pierredecine1936 4 місяці тому

    Truly a Wooden Work of Art !

  • @cheythompson740
    @cheythompson740 Рік тому +2

    The 2 dudes having a scrap at 30:42 😅

  • @ahmedmakodi3654
    @ahmedmakodi3654 Рік тому +2

    Bon Courage Vous avez Une Grande Expérience Qu'à LLAH Qui Vous Gardez En Bonne santé. AMIN

  • @giovannifinievoli8825
    @giovannifinievoli8825 Рік тому +1

    great job!

  • @glenncronise7775
    @glenncronise7775 11 місяців тому +1

    Wow! A 1 HP power drill (human, not horse).

  • @GerardOBrien-l1v
    @GerardOBrien-l1v Рік тому +6

    Stunning! And no noxious chemicals or plastics used in construction

    • @rolandscales9380
      @rolandscales9380 5 місяців тому

      Noxious chemicals are probably in order to protect the timbers from shipworm.

  • @jeffcurham280
    @jeffcurham280 Рік тому +1

    Michael Palin went on one of these dhows when he filmed his trip around the world.
    I think he left UAE and sailed to India. Great TV!

  • @marcellebaudry5786
    @marcellebaudry5786 Рік тому +6

    cool bravo

  • @bonjuior
    @bonjuior 7 місяців тому +1

    👍🏻穴あけは簡単ではないので電動ドリルを使ってみてはいかがでしょうか?😍😍😍

  • @cleuniceherrmann6670
    @cleuniceherrmann6670 11 місяців тому +1

    Que.o.altissimo.deus.verdadeiro.abensoe.estes.irmaos

  • @ProbinsyanongmanginhasayVlog
    @ProbinsyanongmanginhasayVlog 10 місяців тому +1

    Sir nice your ship is made of wood

  • @peterschipper6614
    @peterschipper6614 6 місяців тому +1

    awsome incidible loved every minuteof this vidio

  • @paulclairethomas1344
    @paulclairethomas1344 Рік тому +1

    Experienced this scene on a similar vane in Dhoha in the Sultanate of Oman.. Brilliant experience. .

  • @michaelstevens3479
    @michaelstevens3479 Рік тому +4

    You could save a lot of time and effort if you bought your wood from timber merchants in the west as it comes with a bow in it.

  • @erm3461
    @erm3461 Рік тому +2

    Construção magnífica., grande mestre carpinteiro.

  • @WoodenHandicrafts999
    @WoodenHandicrafts999 4 місяці тому

    The workers work really hard.

  • @CésarRocha-i6b
    @CésarRocha-i6b 10 місяців тому +1

    Quiero. Que. Sigan. Pasando. Barcos. En. Miniatura. Cómo .el. Del. Perla. Negra. Con. Todas. Sus. Medidas. Todo. Lo. Que. Lleva. De. Principio. A. Fin. Desde. Rosarito. Baja. California. Norte me. Intereso cesar .García saludos

  • @kens.8834
    @kens.8834 Рік тому +1

    Beautiful boat. Nice lines and great artists !

  • @2AdAlchemy
    @2AdAlchemy Рік тому +2

    Gotta love the safety boots!

  • @victorpaz7430
    @victorpaz7430 7 місяців тому +1

    Pakistani people know how to do everything!

  • @linhho6713
    @linhho6713 9 місяців тому +1

    Verrygood. 👍👍

  • @bahramsadoughi2042
    @bahramsadoughi2042 Рік тому +3

    What kind wood they are usin ?

  • @Munguy-i8j
    @Munguy-i8j Рік тому +3

    How do they deal with ship worms? Those are very thin hulls. A floating drinking box?

  • @deanedeane4318
    @deanedeane4318 Рік тому +5

    Im speechless..... the things the first world has forgotten ... I'm wandering for how long this method /result has developed over and such a shame we didn't get to see her finish.... thankyou for sharing !!! 😉😎

  • @williamhoward8319
    @williamhoward8319 Рік тому +1

    beautiful build the carving is fantatic super great loved to see all your talent

  • @Snooka-rd8cx
    @Snooka-rd8cx Рік тому +2

    the sense of urgency......you would think these guys were going to WAR............if i ever want to stay afloat, im going with these dudes.... cmon now..

  • @glennlopez6772
    @glennlopez6772 7 місяців тому

    Yes, admirable!
    I would buy one if I could afford it and knew how to navigate!

  • @diegopecayojr2221
    @diegopecayojr2221 6 місяців тому +1

    This worker are talented

  • @dennisneo1608
    @dennisneo1608 Рік тому

    Fantastic work, gentlemen. Boat building is the highwater mark of carpentry.

  • @maureen...
    @maureen... 8 місяців тому +26

    PLEASE ADVISE ME.
    I was told to spread my savings across different things like BTC and Stocks to protect and support my retirement. with everything being shaky,I'm considering going into Trade. i don't wanna make the wrong choice.

    • @vincentstewart1843
      @vincentstewart1843 8 місяців тому

      I always advice new members to have a mentor orientation on how it works before getting involved. Trade offers more benefits than just holding.

    • @vincentstewart1843
      @vincentstewart1843 8 місяців тому

      Kate Floretta
      Face book

    • @vincentstewart1843
      @vincentstewart1843 8 місяців тому

      She Trade for Top Celebrities and super stars & could Mentor you.

    • @Godwin_blessing_felix
      @Godwin_blessing_felix 8 місяців тому

      you must have these things in mind
      1. Have a long term mindset.
      2. Be willing to take *risk*.
      3. Be careful, if you're not spending to earn back, then stop spending.
      4. Never claim to know - Ask questions and it's best you work with an assistant.

    • @Mayor1248
      @Mayor1248 8 місяців тому

      ​@@vincentstewart1843Yo I didn't know Kate was this popular,my cousin trade with her for some months now, I tried but couldn't understand anything it's not my thing tho so I passed Lol. I can testify that trade pays very well because my cousin at 23 bought a house already.

  • @jimwright1148
    @jimwright1148 Рік тому +2

    Top craftsmen

  • @bql333
    @bql333 5 місяців тому +1

    أفتحوا مشروع بناء السفن التقليدية في سلطنة عمان

  • @chippysteve4524
    @chippysteve4524 Рік тому +2

    Excellent craftsmanship.Everyone knows what they are doing and does it well.
    Must be lovely working somewhere where you don't need a roof and you are out in the fresh air!

  • @philipvanderwaal6817
    @philipvanderwaal6817 Рік тому +1

    I like the cordless drill

  • @fordaiffa6022
    @fordaiffa6022 Рік тому

    wow, proud of you. phenomenal !

  • @abekkaou
    @abekkaou Рік тому +3

    The pakistani Vakings :)

    • @eddygonzalez6018
      @eddygonzalez6018 8 місяців тому

      True. Very shallow keel, questionable futocks, thin planks, wide hull and no water line. It's a long ship. I can't wait to see how they caulk it. Some serious wide gaps there.