COVID 19 Vaccine Deep Dive: Safety, Immunity, RNA Production, (Pfizer Vaccine / Moderna Vaccine)
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- Опубліковано 22 тра 2024
- Professor Shane Crotty, PhD joins MedCram to answer a series of COVID vaccine questions including what are the chances of long-term side effects? How safe is RNA vaccine (i.e. Pfizer / BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines) technology? How long does mRNA from a vaccine stay in our cells? What else goes in vaccines? How long does immunity last? Why are T-Cells so important? Why does Pfizer's vaccine need to stay SO cold?
Shane Crotty, PhD is a Professor at the La Jolla Institute for Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Crotty Lab. Professor Crotty also has an academic appointment with the University of California San Diego. He has earned the rare distinction of "World Expert" in vaccine research by Expertscape which place Professor Crotty in the top 0.1% of scholars publishing information on vaccines over the past 10 years. See his full bio here: www.lji.org/labs/crotty/#over...
Professor Crotty on Twitter: / profshanecrotty
Interviewer: Kyle Allred, Physician Assistant, Producer and Co-Founder of MedCram.com
See our new interview with Prof. Crotty on how virus mutations (UK variant and S. African variant) may be impacting COVID-19 transmission and vaccine efficacy.
Research referenced in this video from Prof. Crotty and his team was published Jan. 6, 2021, in the prestigious Journal Science: science.sciencemag.org/conten...
New York Times article highlighting Prof. Shane Crotty's research: www.nytimes.com/2020/11/17/he...
00:00 Introducing Prof. Shane Crotty's Research
0:35 How long does COVID-19 "immune memory" last?
0:57 The three primary aspects of immune memory: antibodies, killer T cells, and helper T cells
2:25 The anatomy (protein makeup) of SARS-CoV-2
3:02 Why is spike protein the primary target?
5:17 Could a mutation allow SARS-CoV-2 to infect without spike protein?
7:02 Utilizing lipid nanoparticles to deliver mRNA and the role of RNA normally
9:52 What human cells does an RNA vaccine go into?
10:36 How long does mRNA from a vaccine stay in human cells?
11:44 What else goes in vaccines besides mRNA and lipid nanoparticles? Any preservatives or adjuvants?
12:30 Why are adjuvants used in many vaccines?
14:08 Protein production from mRNA
15:00 Why utilize the "extra" step of mRNA to code for protein antigens?
17:28 Are mRNA vaccines the future of vaccine development?
19:18 Any chance for mRNA to enter our cells' nucleus?
20:55 The immune response to a coronavirus vaccine
23:17 Expected symptoms from immune response to a vaccine vs. vaccine side effects
25:50 Should people who've had COVID-19 get vaccinated?
27:27 Immunity from COVID vaccine vs. a natural infection
28:30 Why does the Pfizer vaccine need to be stored so cold?
29:04 What would you say to a family member who is nervous about a rushed vaccine and RNA technology?
32:37 What about the possibility of long term side effects from RNA vaccines?
33:30 What's next for Shane Crotty's research team?
(This video was recorded on December 16, 2020).
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See other recent MedCram Interviews: Ventilate Your Home! Optimize Health with Prof. Joseph Allen: ua-cam.com/video/OQ6DhgwgtGw/v-deo.html
Coronavirus Mutations and Vaccine Implications with Prof. Shane Crotty, PhD: ua-cam.com/video/j7xsOsrDmPQ/v-deo.html
If You Get COVID 19 with Prof. Roger Seheult, MD: 10 Tips to Optimize Immune System: ua-cam.com/video/vN30emwcNS4/v-deo.html
Vitamin D and COVID 19 with Prof. Roger Seheult, MD: ua-cam.com/video/ha2mLz-Xdpg/v-deo.html
At Home COVID 19 Antigen Test Update with Prof. Michael Mina, MD ua-cam.com/video/CjphzlV5DYo/v-deo.html
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Thanks for this. I would like to hear this guy’s findings on what immune response or genetic markers correlate with increased risk of hospitalization. I want to know what is actually happening here. Comorbidities just aren’t the answer.
27:15 If the purpose of vaccines are to make the immune system aware of, and hold the memory of a particular aspect of a virus for possible future response to a actual infection, then why would a person who's natural immune system, that successfully responded to the actual virus require a vaccine?
The Dr. just said that FDA approved the mrna vaccines quickly. In reality, the FDA has not approved any vaccines so far. They've just authorized them for emergency use.
What concerns me is that safety tests can only test for known problems, unknown problems are only revealed by time.
Why would this be longer lasting than the immunity acquired by people who have already recovered from Covid-19
What we really need is a Kyle moderated head to head debate between someone like Shane Crotty and Professor Dolores Cahill .. why is this never allowed to happen on any media ? In a civilised world with so much at stake here surely highly educated specialists on both sides of the divide should be encouraged/allowed to debate so the public can assess the validity of their arguments .
My main question is: where does he work, is he engaged in any consultancy work for other companies and if 'yes' with whom? does he provide any other support or feedback to other companies, and if 'yes' whom? I want to know all affiliations, whether contract based or not, that he has to pharmacies, researchers, etc.
The covid vaccines are "Authorized for Emergency Use" by the FDA. "Authorized for Emergency Use" is not the same thing as "Approved". Dr. Crotty uses the word "approved." The vaccine roll-out is an on-going study not yet "approved" by FDA.
Great upload fantastic questions, but why if they believe in the safety of the vaccine so much, did they look for indemnity from the countries they sold it to.
@medcram As someone who has an autoimmune condition, I am concerned that the vaccine will worsen it, or cause another to develop (from what I have read, if you have one AI condition, you are at higher risk if developing others). Could you please dedicate one of MedCram’s updates to this subject?
How will life saving blood transfusions affect those who receive blood from a vaccinated person? I'm not sold on M-RNA, we do not know long term effects on how it will affect our DNA. It's irresponsible not to question this. I'll take my chances on natural immunity.
Another question not addressed is this: When a person gets vaccinated for this virus, can they still be contagious if they get infected by someone?
Ok so we've seen plenty of videos and information everywhere about how this vaccine is supposed to work and what it does, but can someone please start asking questions like WHAT COULD GO WRONG WITH THE COVID VACCINES - BOTH SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM? (If there are any long term effects?) So we can possibly outweigh the pros and cons of getting it or not
Considering this is a different type of vaccine using mrna, how can past safety records of two months apply to this vaccine?
I thought this was very informative, but I have one serious concern, the very serious side effects some people have experienced such as partial paralysis, damaged nervous system, and death which is the most serious side effect of all. They mentioned was small reactions and they mentioned a 95% succes rate. But what about that small group of people inside that 5% with the serious reactions and death. I read one report about a vaccine, I believe from the 50s that was canceled due to adverse reactions. If I'm remembering this right, the adverse reactions from the Covid RNA vaccine was 5-6 times higher than the 1950s vaccine, yet this was not discussed in the video. While the information in the video was helpful, ignoring the discussion on these two very important concerns, including death makes me now question whose behind this video and if this might have been partially scripted. Right now this video has only a 50% trust index with me.
Of the many cases of COVID worldwide, there have been "only a handful" of reports of people contracting it multiple times. Is that not enough evidentiary basis to know/infer that immunity developed from natural infection is durable?
If immunity lasts few months after a covid illness, how do we know that an individual's immunity after this vaccine will sustain longer?
If the manufacturers accept full indemnity for the potential side effects, I'm ok with it. If not, then I don't want it.
Neither full, nor any.
Who's here after the myocarditis outbreak?
Lots of good questions in the comments.... hopefully they can be answered too
Why isn’t the question of Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)reporting and the deaths being reported being addressed.
Very informative. However, the dr. kept saying FDA approved, but I thought it was only given emergency use authorization?
Please, answer this question as it seems to be really important.
So those mRNAs will help to produce the viral spike protein. This protein mostly will be placed on the surface of the manufacturing cells.
And the doctor said that they still don't know for sure in which cells the RNA will enter.
I wouldn't be happy seeing my muscle cells displaying the spike protein being attacked by the immune cells, but even worse, what about nerve cells and other vital cells that are not able to reproduce themselves so quickly?
So important!
This vaccine has not been tested on immunocompromised Cancer patients, so my husband’s oncologist advises against taking it @ this time. Are there plans to test on this population? Jeanne ( retired RN)
Thank you for the great info. My question is if the spike protein (created by our cell's ribosomes) are expressed on our own cells, wouldn't our immune system then attack our cells?
Thank you for spending the time to get this information out!
I have an immune response to bullshit and after being fed months and years of it by hyper partisan political media feeding me slogans built to manipulate me rather than educate me, I am naturally skeptical of their messaging. When, however, I can hear from genuine experts who aren’t interested in sound-biting me into submission with slogans like “trust the science” but who are interested in informing me, I become less skeptical because I feel like I have a better handle on things.
I have great confidence in the methodical progress of the scientific approach to problem solving... I just do not trust the hyper-partisan media.
I share this because I am genuinely grateful to those who participated in the making and sharing of this video and also in the hopes that our society can build its own “immune response” to the manipulation by modern journalists or other participants in our current media crisis.
How do we know the mRNA is being destroyed without lipidnanoparticles in people for the past ten years? Have we been studying this for ten years in humans? If so where are the results of these studies and why did we start studying this ten years ago? (Comment at 909 in video)
Given that most people have little to no symptoms after exposure to the natural virus what is the impetus for the majority of the population to receive a vaccine that seems to cause symptoms of illness?
30:00 is very encouraging but I still worry about the long term (5 years and more) effects on our bodies. The other vaccines wern't RNA based. We're only learning how these cells work ... I suspect it's way more complex than we understand now .
I'm disappointed. Important questions were missing, such as: Once the spike protein is displayed on the surface of our own cells, does it mean that we're triggering an autoimmune response? Why not?
"We don't have a good grasp on how long protective immunity lasts from either Cov or the vaccine." The wiggle room on this is awesome for the people who stand to profit from these vaccines.
Long term immunity is not the primary goal of a vaccine, just a bonus if it happens.
If the mRNA message disappears so quickly, how does it make enough spike protein to trigger an immune response?
Great interview!
@27:20 ok so since we dont know how long natural immunity lasts from covid19 patients who have recovered, and we also dont know how long vaccine immunity lasts, maybe we should let those who have already recovered from the virus be a control group to find out how long natural immunity lasts compared to the vaccinated people, so we can use this statistic going forward.
A lot of people have concerns about lead, mercury, and aluminum in vaccines. You should have asked him about that.
May I ask what happens to the cell that has received the RNA? Does it gets killed off by the killer T-cells or coated with the antibodies? What if the cell is a vital one like a nerve cell?
It gave me multiple health problems including tinnitus.
Auto immune disorders is a condition in which overactive protein attack bad and good cell tissue. Given mRNA vaccines are protein based , how will it affect a person with an auto immune disorder short and long term?
So the longterm effects are felt to be known after 2 months. Someone help me understand how that works? How would we know if it wouldn't affect reproductive health? or cause cancer? Please understand, if this is an experimental vaxxine, long term effects might take a long time to affect us negatively, no?
Would this channel be willing to have a specialist who doesn't work for a vaxxine development company, give a different view?
Has anybody else noticed that they’re people who have had COVID-19 are getting more side effects with the first vaccine? It would make sense that they are immune system is going to recognize it quicker. I found it strange that some other nurses that I work with who had Covid immediately got headaches after our first injection. Just curious if anyone else has seen this where they work.
The Pfizer BioNTech study primary completion date is set for August 2021. So far only 2.1% of the total sample size has had the safety follow-up beyond 3 months. Close to half of the sample size was followed for less than 2 months from intervention. This was the basis for the EUA.
The best conclusion we can make is that the vaccine is safe for the first 3 months after administration.
The interviewer is asking very intelligent question.
You didn't mention the polyethylene glycol (PEG) that is in the vaccine. How do you know if you are allergic to PEG?
My concern is what happens if the immune system sees a single type of cell creating proteins it considers a foreign body. Will it cause an autoimmune reaction. I am not a biology major by any stretch of the imagination but do understand the basics of the biological mechanisms.
Wow, the questions people are asking here, gotta say I'm impressed! Impressed to hear sound logical questions, this is good!
Would be really nice if you could do a similar Q&A about the Astra Zeneca vaccine.
Since they are a bit different in design.
What are your thoughts about Ivermectin, Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine, Regeneron as Options or Alternatives to a mRNA vaccine?
I don’t like the two month threshold for the long term outcome effects. Doesn’t seem right.
I don’t like it as well. Body chemistry is amazing and strange at the same time. The first vaccine shot is just to get the body ready for the second shot. It’s called a “booster” and has been used for years. I believe 2 months is at the longest time. You will have some Immunity after the first shot but it’s a week or two after the second shot.
Truthfully told!
two months does not equate to "long term" in my mind!! how many recalls have we seen for FDA-approved drugs a year or more after release?? And these vaccines will NOT be FDA-APPROVED, only EUA "authorized", which means way less testing and review.
@@judymiller5154 why do not you go ahead and make a better vaccines urself !
@@judymiller5154 //how many recalls have we seen for FDA-approved drugs a year or more after release?? //. This also applies to recalled vaccines such as the whole cell pertussis vaccine and oral polio in developed countries.
Appreciate this detailed interview. My question regarding assessing long-term safety with two month data is this; Why do we have a number of immunologist admitting they would wait at least a year to 18 months before taking the vaccine themselves? On live TV program called Straight Talk in Hong Kong we had two doctors reluctantly admit on air that they would wait when posed this question. I've no doubt if this virus was truly deadly like the spanish flu they would not hesitate. However evidently they feel it's worth waiting even with a low probability of longer-term side effects which presumably could be worse than long covid, otherwise why wait?
Good interview! Answer regarding why give vacine to people that already had it did not make sense. Also, what about the serious side effects. There were some in testing and since rolling it out. Why not discuss that?
You didn’t continue with the adjuvant . What is this made of?
A few prominent scientists are saying mRNA vaccines have the potential to make women infertile. Does Dr. Croddy have any comment on this?
I would love for him to also answer why some people have no side effects from the vaccine, some have minimal and others have terribal side effects. And is there a way to determine what your body response will be before taking the vaccine.
The carrier lipids won’t effect our natural cell lipids will they? It would be disastrous for our hormones and endocrine system
Please discuss the new UK strain.
Also, please cover aspect of vaccine response related to whether one can still pass the virus to others even after vaccination.
This guy is so smart that he hesitates after each question, not to think of the answer. He needs time to simplify all of it for the rest of us who got D's in biology 101. Excellent video, thank you.
The part which was not answered: Once our cell is instructed to build a virus spike protein instead of a regularly used protein,, he said that it is most likely covered with the virus protein and have some of that protein inside of the cell. Would the T cells not them attack the actual cell making these foreign proteins???
How does that work?
What happens to the body cel which is messaged to make the foreign protein?
If the vaccine RNA expresses as covid spike proteins on the cell, is there a danger of the immune system learning of the other proteins in that cell and causing some autoimmune response?
Great interview! 6 questions for Part 2 interview:
1) Will the cells that receive mRNA get decimated by CTL cells or NK cells?
2) Why not use a Mannose Binding Lectin to trigger a complement cascade against the viral glycoproteins?
3) Will nutritional status affect the efficacy or harm of vaccines?
4) Could a mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein create a risk of ADE in vaccine recipients?
5) Can a cruelty-free vaccine be developed?
6) Have glass shards been removed from vaccines stored in glass vials?
7) Why do some people allegedly develop Bell's palsy from the vaccines? (What is the mechanism, and can that be prevented?)
I got covid-19 in February, developed a severe form of lower lobe pneumonia that wasn't covered by my pneumococcal vaccine, was hospitalized, and later took 6 weeks recovery at home. I asked for an antibody test about 7 months later and came up negative for natural inoculation. I also have an autoimmune problem. So my body goes overboard in killing anything that irritates. I have found that I can't even keep immunity from chicken pox regardless of getting it as a child and getting vaccinated (my titers are too low); so I have to get a regular booster of varicella vaccine to maintain protection. I wonder if scientists are taking a look at people like me who have this inflammatory response (including those with arthritis for example.)
What incredible interview. Prof. Crotty explained many different concepts so concisely in a manner that many people would be able to understand. Credit should also be given to the interviewer for asking intelligent questions. Five stars
Thanks for this. I would like to hear this guy’s findings on what immune response or genetic markers correlate with increased risk of hospitalization. I want to know what is actually happening here. Comorbidities just aren’t the answer.
Great video, a lot of great explanations and detailed understanding about the immune system offered in this video. Of the topics covered, the most important would be the explanation of the long term effects. What is the reason why if by two months that there are no foreseen negative effects? What statistical data exists to demonstrate “two months” as a credible benchmark to understand long term effects?
Correct me if I am wrong but I thought the approval was only emergency approval?
Is there any data from the allergic reactions that have occurred? Is there an allergy test being designed?
Kyle, Dr.Seheult - I can't thank you enough for your dedication to presenting factual medical information about this virus, covering complex topics with easy to understand explanations. I hope your channel continues to be this brightly shining beacon. I assume Dr.Seheult is completely slammed at the moment and I pray and hope you all stay safe and healthy. Keep up the great work!
Thanks so much for your feedback and support!
I send these videos & tell ppl the information I've learned to family members friends & co-workers who would rather listen to conspiracy theorists than the actual SCIENTISTS
@@davidbarber3821 I was listening to a podcast a while ago and a conspiracy theorist was asked why he subscribed to the theory. His answer? "Because it's fun."
@@RussCR5187
Wooooooow thats crazy
I would love to be tested by Professor Crotty I fell ill and was hospitalized in Sep 2019 with all the covid-19 symptoms and was I'm hospital with breathing problems. I suffered for months and am left with chronic asthma now. I have been exposed on many occasions to covid-19 and have not caught it..I would love to be tested on my t cells as I would be the longested person to date. I have had scores of covid tests and all negative wherever I have been exposed.
Are there published scientific data showing that the amino acid sequence of the spike protein obtained from the purified SARS-CoV-2 particles is identical to that predicted by the messenger RNA?
I appreciate that the interviewer (Kyle Allred) did his homework and is asking intelligent relevant questions that Professor Crotty can easily answer. It seems that, more often than not, interviewers really don't bother to learn anything before speaking to the expert so many of their questions are so general or vague that the expert has trouble constructing a useful answer. I found this very helpful in understanding this vaccine.
I thought I was good at analogies, but this doctor is an analogy master.
Do any of these mRNA vaccines change peoples design DNA/ ongoing function of processes, in any way?
I think I had COVID in October 2019. The pulmonary specialist didn't know what I had. I was in the hospital for 4 days. They treated me with everything they had. I would love to know if I have antibodies. I'd be more than happy to hear from anyone who can direct me.
Its interesting how the answer to the long term effects questions was based on results from previous vaccines. However, previous vaccines have not used mRNA before so they are not really comparable. It looks like an interesting method but only time will tell whether we see long term effects. Someone correct me if I'm wrong, I haven't studied med.
My biggest concern is the RNA staying in the cytoplasm and not being destroyed, could someone please explain to me how this is not possible?
Thanks
But we don't have a history with mRNA vaccines - so extrapolating from other vaccines that use different technologies seems like a rather weak extrapolation to make. And that seems hard to justify to me. Perhaps it is necessary given the pandemic, but we should be honest about the nature of what we can infer from other vaccines that use other technologies.
Why is this guy and this interview not on more mainstream media? Smartest and most clear presentation of information I've seen yet I believe. Well done.
I would like to ask the DoC which vaccines he decided to take for himself?
The computer mouse and car body analogies were amazing in their simplicity to help you understand an extremely complex process. This researcher is a keeper. Good choice in selecting him for your interview.
Thank you for your feedback
Enjoyed this interview. Know he knows what he is talking about because he can explain it in very simple terms. Thank you.
I wished you would have asked about pathogenic priming.
This channel has been critical for understanding the impact and facts of this pandemic and the available treatments and vaccines. Appreciate that it is presented in laymen’s terms.
So did the recipients of placebo get vaccinated after the double blind study and data was completed. I ask this because in all other clinical trials after the trial is completed the subjects are vaccinated under the guise of “safety” ..there is no way to accurately identify long term side effects these vaccines can cause.. this one will be no different I assume?
I feel secure watching a video from a doctor about covid and vaccines and when you ask a question he tells you we don't really know
This was the best explanation I've seen for all the questions and concerns regarding this vaccine. Thanks!
You’re welcome
All their videos are really good. You should just power watch a bunch and take notes.
Too many computer terms with regards to the human body. "Plug and play", "operating system". Are we being seen as hardware that needs software upgrades/updates?
LOVE it sooo much when a totally brainiac sounds like a normal person!!! Completely understandable and full of content!! I think I’ll give it a week and watch it again. THANK YOU!!
QUESTION: Has there EVER been a variant of an original virus that emerged STRONGER than the original?
It seems the common understanding is that all variants are weaker "offspring", not capable of causing higher mortality rates in those who contract a variant, regardless of whether they contracted the original virus. If this is true, then it's an even greater indictment of both the political weaponization of this "not-so-much-pandemic" and the complete lack of efficacy of these jabs and their boosters!
So, what's the truth about variants?!
Really impressed at how well the interviewer masterfully structured the interview so we can follow it with ease and understand difficult concepts
To Professor Shane Crotty: Could you share your advice regarding: (1) when the mRNA encoded in the vaccine gets translated in the cells, does it also get reverse transcripted into our DNA. If so, would our immune system, in the future, consider virus with S protein as if it were from within ourselves and therefore fail to respond to it? (2) would the fat nanoparticles as delivery vechile enable the mRNA to enter into broader types of cells other than just muscle cells? would such enhancement mean anything adverse, because the virus by themselves could only enter cells answering to Spike protein, instead of all types of cells.
The RNA as a messenger, compared with post it notes, clarified some things for me. Very well done video. I still think I will wait for a vaccine for a while longer
Great interview , great questions , great explanations from a very intelligent man , would love a second interview with many of the questions answered that people have asked and concerned about .
Well done !!!!!!
Do you expect that annual vaccinations will become the norm as wild mutations emerge on an annual basis?
Their is growing evidence that your immune system is dependant on a functioning microbiome. The types of bacteria and its diversity is a vital component in having an effective immune response. So if your microbiome has been impaired through over use of antibiotics would you have sufficient resources to mount an immune response?
Given that the vaccine is only eliciting temporary protection and its your immune system that is actually doing the protection, wouldn't it make sense to improve our immune function over having to keep vaccinations up to date every year?
Wouldnt it make better sense to screen for compromised immune function and treat that instead?
As you say RNA is very fragile, is there a possibility of it getting damaged as it enters the cell and a different protein being created?
Then through the RNA production of a different spike protein in your cell and subsequent immune response that is elicited, is it possible for the manufactured Spike protein to be categorised as a mutation?
Thank you for interviewing a top immunologist to explain vaccines to the public.
Why were animal studies not done first if mRNA technology is new to vaccines?
My understanding is that this is the first mRNA vaccine ever approved by the FDA. He makes it sound like the process is well known, repeatable and easily approved. Is it true that this is the first MRNA approved vaccine and, if so, why?
It is the first rna "licensed"for human use.
horizon-magazine.eu/article/five-things-you-need-know-about-mrna-vaccine-safety.html
Human trials of cancer vaccines using the same mRNA technology have been taking place since at least 2011.
Just FYI I had COVID+ back in December and recovered. I took the first dose of Moderna vaccine right after being symptom free for 20 days, the reactions was very severe: fatigue, chills, headache, fever, and general weakness. It all got cleared up after about 24 hours.
Some people are saying that the spike protein persists in the body and causes problems, potentially cancers. Any thoughts on that?
If there is a robust immune response to SARS-CoV-2 six to eight months after infection, why do people who have been infected with COVID-19 still need to be vaccinated, especially considering that we don’t know if the vaccine itself gives longer lasting immunity than natural immunity?
There seem to be some key assumptions operating here in this one-size-fits-all approach. Assumptions inherent in every one-size-fits-all approaches.
Thanks for this comprehensive outlay of how mRNA vaccines work. I have 2 questions though, which were not mentioned in your interview. 1. What can you tell about antibody dependent enhancement as a severe risk of mRNA vaccins? We all remember the Philippine debacle of the Dengue vaccins in 2017. 2. How real are the risks of developing auto-immune (or rather auto-immune-like) disease from the mRNA vaccins? These 2 questions are heard a lot as concerns among people and doctors who are against this new vaccine technology.
The questions you asked were ones I had, and ones I should have had. The answers were as thoughtful as the questions. I’ve read a lot and still learned a tremendous amount. Thanks to you both.
Professor explains well and in a calm manner. Thank you! 🙏🏻
Dr Crotty is a star! Great explanations made by a very credible personality which is in addition to the fact that he is a leading immunology scientist.