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@@jh5kl Good see , man ! It obviously DID walk upright , and of course did NOT drag it's tail . It could hold it's tail up just as much as a cat or dog ! D. .😌
spino 2100: is a futuristic creature sent back in time to confuse paleontologists who had access to modern weapons and could shoot lazers out of its eyes
The scariest thing about this posture is how tall it would make spinosaurus look. It already looks tall given how it’s sail puts its height higher than all the other mega theropods but if this thing walked like a Therizinosaurus it would really tower above everything else
Holy hell, the thing would have been unironically one of the tallest theropods ever... Hell, its very likely it would have been THE super-predator in the region and basically untouchable when fully grown.
Actually the s-shaped neck is nearly if not entirely universal in birds. Since all birds are descended from theropod dinosaurs then it's a reasonable assumption that most theropods also had an s-shaped neck in a neutral position.
Just so everyone knows, the animations EDGE shared are not mine. He accidentally got me mixed up with another animator Ik. No big deal. The real credit goes to bARTek.
Agreed; the Quadrupedalism theory was far too sprculative and the Spinosaurus legs were robust enough for a compotent bipedal locomotion when it switched to Terrestrial habitat
Spinosaurus here may not be my favorite Dinosaur, I still like seeing such a unique dinosaur from outside of America. This “Sail-Backed” beast will definitely be featured in my upcoming card series.
Jackson Gabbett yep! It’s going to be a card game similar to Pokémon, but the creatures will be prehistoric animals. All of the animals will look like how recent scientific discoveries depict them.
Yau Tv I am not sure as the designs for the creatures are still in the works. I’m currently in the process of figuring out what species to do, what their attacks will be, and their colors.
8:29 damn it's forelimbs look as big or bigger than it's hindlimbs I can't wait for 2025 when we find out Spino had wings and a shot lasers from it's eyes 😍
I'm waiting for he day they find out that we had a transition and the thing had evolved eventually into a dino-whale. Meaning that Spino we have now could lead to an entire line of therapods that left the land almost entirely. Or it could have just died out...
@@AngelEmfrbl to me, it looks more like it was converging on crocodile morphology, not necessarily whale (Ichthyosaur, I guess) It's limbs were still fully formed, possibly webbed, diminishing in size but not necessarily heading toward vestigial or flippers. Who knows, maybe it was heading toward a theropod seal body form
@@nicholashaan7345 and a 69 inch.......................................................................................................................................... Index finger
Lately I have been watching videos about seal rescues, music, autism and horror games. I'm not sure why this made UA-cam think I was interested in watching 20 minutes of Spinosaurus research, but I suppose it doesn't hurt to be up to date on fossils. Bravo, UA-cam, you have succeeded in educating me once again!
This revised neck posture and leg proportion makes me think of swans. And now I can't get the image of a spinosaurus waddle-gait-running at something on land out of my head. It is a picture of pure and utter panic on the part of anything it's coming at.
If the mass of a 36 feet spino is 4 tonnes, then that would mean a 50 feet long spino would weigh more than 10 tonnes, from scaling using the square cube law. That would make it the heaviest theropod surpassing even Scotty the rex. Are the weight estimates correct for a 36 feet spino or does the animal become more gracile as it ages?
Well it could be possibly as the spinosaurus is still considered the largest Land Carnivore, so adding more to that, I wouldn’t be surprised if it did out weight Scotty, really making it the largest, I determine Largest with, Size, Weight, Length, Height, which spinosaurus has more on then Trex Scotty, Scotty is heavier but not longer or even taller, So like I said I wouldn’t be surprised if it does weight more.
Spinosaurus shows how important finding a complete or near complete specimen is. The discovery of "Sue" expanded how we understood Tyrannosaur physiology. A find like that for animals like Spinosaurus, Therizinosaurus, or any number of creatures known by small number of bones would help fill so many gaps and settle a lot of speculations.
just came across this channel and the 8 year-old version of me that was obsessed with spinosaurus (because of Jurassic park 3) is going feral inside me.....
Small correction for 6:46 : the mass of the Spinosaurus _neotype_ FSAC-KK 11888 (the specimen examined in the new 2020 study by Ibrahim et al) is roughly 3-4 tonnes which is a subadult being around 17 years of age. Other larger specimens (fragmentary specimens that imply bigger adult individuals) were certainly heavier.
Did Ibrahim estimate a mass of fully grown individuals in his latest paper? If so do you know what it was, or do you have a link that gives acces to the full study?
@@svenheuseveldt7188 He doesn’t seem to give an estimate for larger specimens in the study given that they focus on an animal the size of the neotype when doing their GDI calculations. So I guess if one wanted to figure out the mass of a larger individual you’d have to essentially scale up from the measurements given for the neotype. Not sure if both of these links work but this should be the full paper about the tail and the supplementary material that shows the weight and CoM estimates : www.dropbox.com/s/2uq3gk72ua8oy7b/s41586-020-2190-3.pdf?dl=0 static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2190-3/MediaObjects/41586_2020_2190_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
Awesome vid. I'd love to hear what you think about its hunting methods and possible prey. If its similarly equipped for hunting as other aquatics, possibly a way to work out its locomotion.
I have read quite a few articles about the flexibility of the spinosaurus tail. However, I've yet to read a single one that mentions my theory. Correct me if I am wrong and I'm always open for discussion. What if the spinosaurus did not simply just rely on its tail and as of recently MAYBE also its webbed hind feet, but rather swam much more like that of a snake? Using its entire body as the propulsion system, including that all famous large sail. I suspect that the tail would not need to be as flexible if it swam in this manner as the large neck and side muscles were doing all the harder initial thrusting for propulsion.
For all the people joking around in the comments; *this is how science is supposed to work.* New evidence is found. If the new evidence runs counter to previously held hypotheses or theories, it gets tested. If the new evidence is found to hold up better than the old evidence, the paradigm shifts. And the people who liked the old version better have to suck it up and accept that it was wrong or try to find more evidence to support a modified version of the old paradigm.
I have a few Questions you could do a video on, did theropods actually use their tails in combat like some media depicts? Was spinosaurus capable of hunting terrestrial prey? What was dilophosaurus's jaw like? And was it a picsavvore like spinosaurus? And finally, how fast exactly was t rex and it's cousins?
+Mesozoic Scar We have *plenty* and I mean seriously a Lot of Evidence and studies that point out that the Spinosauridae were Generalist Carnivores instead of exaggrated piscivores. For example the recent study about the Spinosaurinae Irritator - a very closer relative of Spinosaurus - concluded the Spinosauridae especially Spinosauridae as Apex Predators of their habitats The research done by Aureliano and colleagues They presented the the food web of the Romualdo Formation. The researchers proposed that spinosaurines from the formation may have also preyed on terrestrial and aquatic crocodyliforms, juveniles of their own species, turtles, and small to medium-sized dinosaurs. This would have made spinosaurines apex predators within their ecosystem. Source Semi-aquatic adaptations in a spinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil Another example from another Spinosaurinae - the Siamosaurus - has been found in the Sao Khua Formation of Thailand, tooth crowns from Spinodaurids have been found in *direct* association with sauropod remains, indicating possible predation and scavenging Source The *x* of the Matter: Testing the Relationship between Paleoenvironments and Three Theropod Clades These cases are seperate from the famous Baryonyx ate Iguanodon btw So I could easily answer first two Questions Spinosaurus was very likely indeed capable of consuming terrestrial prey dinosaurs as well as large pterosaurs in addition to crocodyliforms and multiton white shark sized fish And second question The Dilophosaurus indeed suspected to be a more diverse eater Again the specilalization and piscivorous theories are exaggrated but the forementioned theropod likely eat both Terrestrial and Aquatic animals
+Mesozoic Scar there were quite recent studies done about the Tyrannosaurus itself and the results show that the animal was quite slower - should be expected with all the weight tbh - I can share the studies if you want Additionally I have more studies about Spinosauridae bite and bite force estimations
There probably wasn’t any terrestrial prey for Spinosaurus to hunt to begin with. Predatory theropods vastly outnumber herbivorous dinosaurs in the Kem Kem, both from skeletal and trackway evidence.
Well, the tail mass you're talking about would definitely help to balance the body weight, even if the total animal weight was closer to eleven tons, which's said to be the uppermost weight limit of said animal. Also, the hand bones wouldn't support walking on all fours, and the claws on the hands don't match with that overall format; but their format *does definitely* fit with a very blended diet of both fish and meat of land animals; so it was probably a generalist predator that ate just about anything it ran across that would fit the easiest food source available. Now, the tail bones do match a very flexible tail to the degree that fossilized land crocs show, but remember, bones aren't flexible, but what are are the muscles attached to the bones, and bones in that arrangement are small in the amount of motion.
From 3:45 untill 3:55 the animation is done by SpinodragonProductions but the model is made by bARTek. Here's the link: ua-cam.com/video/iB-2t_XcbrY/v-deo.html (I just wanted to put that out there; it was a free download so it wasn't stolen)
Can you guys please make a Palaeo Rift episode on Pachyrhinosaurus? Being such a common, unique and popular ceratopsid, it really deserves a video discussing its history in the fossil record.
Given how short those legs are, how long and heavy the the tail is, and the lack of structure in the tail locking it into a horizontal position like most other therapods, I rather expect Spinosaurs were tail-draggers much like the modern crocodillians. Now whether they kept their spine mostly horizontal, or if they assumed the old-fashioned 'tripodal' stance common to early 20th century therapod reconstructions, that question I leave to the professionals.
7:00 Do my ears deceive me, or is that song Diplodocus' "Plotting Cynodonts"? For the curious, skip to the 21 minute mark on this: ua-cam.com/video/JTBvPPL9E04/v-deo.html . Or listen to the whole thing, dinosynth is awesome.
4:07 Hmm, so the neotype is closer to 4,000 kilograms if Ibrahim and his colleagues stated the tail is "undermucled". This could mean that the largest individuals could achieve a mass of over 10,000 kilograms (10 tonnes). That is noticeably larger than Tyrannosaurus Scotty, which was 8,870 kilograms (8.87 tonnes). Interesting...
@@reezee2317 except they had different domains. Spino the river dragon and King of his waters, but rexy us a forest dweller and King of that. In water, rexy would be hugely disadvantaged, all spino has to do is force its head under water and hold his neck still, it can even out swim rexy and would have a easier time getting away then rexy has on land, and unless rex can bite spino his not winning. But on land, spino likely was too slow and rexy had a nasty bite. Mostly it would be a case of using weight to spin is advantage and spino only move is similar to a sumo wrestler. Otherwise rexy wins 9 out of 10 times at least
What I wish you would have done in one or both of these videos is mention the environment that this creature would be been surviving in. At the time, this area of north Africa would have been covered in water with the coastal areas being host to swamps and numerous river deltas. This paints a much better picture to why the Spinosaurus would have been semi-aquatic. I would imagine these large rivers and lakes near the coast were probably where these animals thrived since many large fresh-water fish also lived in this area during the Cretaceous period.
Maybe the tail was used more as a rudder, with the legs acting as the main propulsion. After all, no-one ever said it have to be a fast swimmer. It could have been an ambush predator.
+DragonFae16 That'ld technically make the Spinosaurus to equalavilent to the modern Crocodilian species like Orinoco - Slender Snouted - Nile and Saltwater crocodiles - which are very gluttonous and opportunistic predators
@Boi! Nice interpretation I agree that the significant advantages in height - the existence of functional arms & claws make The Spinosaurus a potential opponent
@@AnonningAnon The arms with slasher claws would cause immense injury even death We have no idea how muscular they were or how keenly/strongly Spino could deliver them
Looking at what you said one thing caught my attention. Spinosaurus could easily stand still up straight on two legs when its legs where straight. It could pick up large fish to while standing up. The issue is that whenever it has all its weight on one leg, and its not in a straightened position. In other words climbing even a simple hill would be a big challenge for it since when you walk one leg is off the ground and if you are climbing even just a gradually incline your leg is not going to be straight. So basically it would have to use its arms to help it climb.
The humerus is about the same size as the femur as well. Perhaps it used its forelimbs extensively when traversing rough ground in a coastal habitat, in much the same way as a human will.
Maybe, its been quite some time since I looked at this comment and it seems this creature just keeps changing. I believe this original comment was before we even knew it had a paddle tail@@highloughsdrifter1629
Thanks. Very interesting. Could the tail indicate a water way slow troller that used its claws as a way to help it find food? Maybe even looking at the shores of water ways. ? I don't see it as a crocodile-like ambusher despite its head shape. Since you are a fan..what do you think? I wish I could find as much about Stegosaurus. my favorite.
What if hatchling/juvenile spinosaurus had more flexible tails and were more aquatic early in their life, and as they aged, grew more terrestrial and a stiffer tail?
@@Deform-2024 I severely disagree on the clear aquatic diet part as there is literally confirmed fossil evidence from two differentiated Spinosaurinae (closest species to Spinosaurus such as Irritator and Siamosaurus) that the Spinosaurids being Generalistic Carnivores that definetly consumed dinosaurs and large pterosaurs The legs also likely %25 longer than first depicted on 2014 NatGeo publishment and are robust. You could check out the fossil pictures on google
@@thedoruk6324 There is only evidence Spinosaurus ate large armoured fish, not dinosaurs. It could have hunted for dinosaurs that were swept out into the river, but that is speculatve. Plus, Scott Hartman's 27% leg increase was long ago disproved by Ibrahim.
Ernst Strohmer said the most direct correlate to Spinosaurus in modern times was Trioceros cristatus. He was right. They might also learn a lot from the other sailed chameleons and the pustulatus family.
+Shawn Charton In addition Michael Milbourne compared the elongated tail spines to Basilisk Lizards and Phillphines Sailfin Lizards rather than Salamanders or tadpoles
There should be more fossils out there. This animal loved water. Imagine how hot the equator location around the world was back then. That's what I'm saying, there has to be more.
17:20 - I think that was the Mark Witton's point, the NatGeo's PR/Advetising campaign has shown the Tail to be much more derivered even than crocodiles and made extremely speculative thoughts such as the tail being 'actively' used for Propolsion against the extreme water currents; which the Mark Witton's digaram's (beneath his Tweet) shown quite impossible, additionally, the tail's flexiblity becomes questionable after two sprints; which another illustration has shown
@Boi! People should really be aware that the NatGeo is prone to exaggrate and show inaccuracy, especially on the matters of paleontology They were the ones that propaganated the quadrupedalism despite the non-existent evidence
I knew it! I knew the new tail would help have a more bipedal stance! I just hope all this convulution with spinosaurus ends soon. I love this animal so much, and I hope we finally can agree with a definitive stance and look for the animal
Such an interesting dinosaur, I hope more new information be discovered soon. Would be cool a video about other members of spinosauridae. There is evidence of ichthyovenator have a similar tail isn´t it?
And who knows, there may have been eastern (Baharia) and western (Kem-kem) versions of the Spinosaurus. Those places were well apart even in the cretacious period.
+Richard Renes Precisely! The Morocco Spinosaurus subsepcies could also present significant differentiations compared to Egyptian & Libya Subspecies, albeit the 2010 isotope analysis established; for the morocco spinosaurus; that it did spent a significant part of its life around terrestrial habitats as much as water
I forget which paper it is but that idea was recently put forward, I believe the researchers also argued the somewhat poorly known South American Spinosaur Oxalia might also be a member of this Genus. Kinda like how Sarchosuchus is found in African and South American fossil beds, Africa and South America were still lightly attached 110mya if I recall right
What is that chill banjo/harmonica song that starts at 14:45?! I've heard it somewhere and it's driving me crazy trying to remember where! Also it's awesome.
@@EDGEscience I do appreciate that, and thank you for replying, but no credits show up at the end of the video for me, and the video description under Music just has a copyright disclaimer. Am I missing them somewhere else?
Paul Sereno said that Spinosaurus' thigh bone like a bridge stanchion combined with the curvature of Spinosaurus' leg and muscles attached to an extended tail would cause Spinosaurus to walk on land like any therpod at speeds from 15mph to 20mph.
@@Deform-2024 yeah, apparently according to Ibrahim in a recent Q and A,under the new reconstruction the largest specimens could reach 10 -12 tons , which if accurate would truly make Spino the largest known theropod by a considerable margin.
So wait hold up -Big front claws -Muscly back legs -Stood upright -Long, thick tail -Spikes on it back *The spinosaurus was a fucking real life Godzilla.*
Why won't they just print out 3d models of those bones and start building practical models with different materials to test all hypothesis? It should be possible, right?
None of the fragmentary specimens are the same size as the holotype, Paul Sereno and Najir Ibrahim had to calibrate each specimen to correct the size to accommodate the reconstructed mounts you see in museums. The specimens are from various sub adults of growing individuals. Stromers specimen is the example that the size estimates maximum are based. The rear feet on the specimen that Najir worked on has determined the reasoning for the aquatic adaptation. The ungals have flat dorsal surfaces and are nearly identical to those found in types of various turtles. I have juvenile pedal ungal specimens in my lab I'm studying and as well as the caudal vertebrate. I'm working on reconstructing the vertical plane of tail related to its lateral dimension. I'm also now reconstructing the dentarary based on Stromers specimen from photographs and scientific drawing of his published works for a public school. Many paleontologists are working on various areas of research to determine it life style. New research is developing on 3D analysis of skeletal models that will be computerized for anatomical range of motion ( just starting on Archaeopteryx and other research by the University of Michigan 3D studies on Mastodons bones, that's on line). Unfortunately the Tagana formation has not produced any complete skeletal material at this time, also many private local collectors have been digging and removing specimens for the commercial fossil trade. We are working on reviewing specimens at this time in private collections of Spinosaurus material that may offer new evidence. I'm sending a specimen to Dr. Sereno for further study at this time. Stay tuned alot more information is coming and will probably change our view on this critter several times. The research is evolving based on so many fragments and partial skeletal evidence. That's just the way it is in the field of paleontology.
@@davidletasi3322 *Please* Keep everyone informed! Any re-interpretation to Spinosaurus is critical to understand the theropod nowadays Do you aware of the larger specimens such as the NHMUK R and the Fossil Humerus?
@@thedoruk6324 great questions, I hope you have a copy of Najir and Paul's text from Science dated 11 Sept '14 (on line). The bone I'm sending to Dr. Sereno could be a surangular that would be the brown colored missing top element of the lower back jaw as seen on Fig. S4. It is known from Baryonx from NHMUK that you may have referred. Paul thinks it may be from a lateral transverse process from the distal Caudals. It does have a Pluerocoel so that could very well be. Also your referring to NHMUK R-16421 is an exceptionally large upper premax and maxilla skull partial is an interesting specimen. There is an reconstruction of it with the teeth added, makes for a science fictional nightmare of a bite. Its interesting from the point of view for the dental occlusion of the anterior of the lower dentary. As for the humerus you mentioned, that reminded of the work Dale Russel was studying when an associate and I sent some Tegana Formation vertebrate fossils for him to research. He was working on the large humerus at that time and he had just published on Sigilmassasaurus cervicals that are now considered a junior synonym of S. egypticus. He recognized a raptor tooth for us that is now considered from Pyroraptor related to the holotype discovered in France. I have two colleagues that have been collecting in Morocco for several decades and they have me review their finds. The caudal vertebra illustrated in FigureS2 B is identical to the specimen I'm going to restore for the new tail studies. Anyway Spinosaurus is still a patch work of specimens and will be studied along time. There are thousands of bones in private collections from the Tegana Formation and local Moraccan collectors are finding specimens every day.
If the fin was not connected to the vertebra then could you speculate that it could move its spine in some way? I'm thinking of a sailfish. Also looking at the sail on a sailfish the spine appeaser to counter that of spinosaurus.
Get your very own EDGE merch! New designs have been added, including the 2020 Spinosaurus, Lisowicia, and Jewel Caterpillars!
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Art in the thumbnail belongs to Lucas Jaymez AKA DinoEscultura
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Hey I herd Godzilla music your a g fan yay
Gojira54 what timestamp?
could it be that Spinosaurus actually walked like the 70s dinosaur movies, upright while dragging its tail?
@@jh5kl
Good see , man ! It obviously DID walk upright , and of course did NOT drag it's tail . It could hold it's tail up just as much as a cat or dog !
D. .😌
2020 Spino: Looked like an ancient duck
2070 Spino: Have jet engines on its back
spino 2100: is a futuristic creature sent back in time to confuse paleontologists who had access to modern weapons and could shoot lazers out of its eyes
*Valstrax intensifies*
2050 Spino, cubs are actually bigger than adults
Zebimicio 2080: Optimus Prime
Spinosaurus 3042: Mother fucking Wyvern with robot arms, a split in half sail, and was able to transform into a Mallard Duck.
It's a freaking river dragon
It literally was. It was the king of its environment. A swampy, full of deep lakes and river. Inhabited by car sized fishes that made up its diet.
Yeah, now you’re getting it.
Dinosaurs are just dragons without powers
Yep! And they will soon discover that it spits fire, as it has tapered and spacious teeth useful for propelling flammable gases. Logical! ;)
@@gregorysaugustine5236 kings don't have to adapt to eating fish after loosing territory to other carnivores.
King? Pshhh.
Spino-BOI is receiving all the love this year
Who nows? Maybe it’ll make an appearance in 2020
With these amount öf reconstructions?
I'll bet a re-interpretation at the end of 2020
Or mid-2021
Maybe but only time will tell that & if we find something new again like the missing arms
Everyone is an idiot now...
@@tnb4509 well no you can still be right or wrong, we just won't know
5:11 oh god we’ve come full circle
hahahaha
Oh no the kangaroo model is coming back
The scariest thing about this posture is how tall it would make spinosaurus look. It already looks tall given how it’s sail puts its height higher than all the other mega theropods but if this thing walked like a Therizinosaurus it would really tower above everything else
@@ryaquaza3offical Absolute Unit
Holy hell, the thing would have been unironically one of the tallest theropods ever...
Hell, its very likely it would have been THE super-predator in the region and basically untouchable when fully grown.
It's sorta like we're all watching an artist workout concept art for an ever changing idea.
It actually makes pretty good sense for there to be an S with the neck. Pelicans do it all the time
Actually the s-shaped neck is nearly if not entirely universal in birds. Since all birds are descended from theropod dinosaurs then it's a reasonable assumption that most theropods also had an s-shaped neck in a neutral position.
Imagine a Spino standing realy deep in the water, streching his neck out like a Harpune to an unaware fish
On land, sure. But while swimming?
@@amandaburnham8626 True, the question is how much of an s-shape.
Craig Carmichael plesiosaurs had extremely stiff necks though?
Just so everyone knows, the animations EDGE shared are not mine. He accidentally got me mixed up with another animator Ik. No big deal. The real credit goes to bARTek.
Nice shout-out.
Spinosaurus reminds me of the Star Wars sequel trilogy, unplanned, changes ever year, and no real direction
One key difference
The spinosaurus is awesome and the sequel trilogy is a hot garbage fire in a trash compactor
@@bastionunitb7388 agreed
"An even more aquatic Spinosaur we don't have data on."
Spinosaurus Mermaidus?
Probably more like Maritimus*
I'm happy, I'm not a paleontologist or anything close but, that "knuckle walking" looked very idiotic lol
Agreed; the Quadrupedalism theory was far too sprculative and the Spinosaurus legs were robust enough for a compotent bipedal locomotion when it switched to Terrestrial habitat
Say that to a gorilla's face.
Everyone: Why cant you be normal!?!?
Spinosaurus: *Screams*
Deinocheirus, therzinosaurus and quetzalcoatlus: am I a joke to you?
You should just rename the channel, Spinosaurus Weekly Update Network...
spinosaurus is like a moody teenager, you never know what it wants to be.
😆
A 95million year old teenager 😂
*"ITS JUST A NEW PHASE, MOM!"*
It looks like it was evolving towards a croc-like bodyplan.
Most accurate and balanced presentation of Spinosaurus on UA-cam! This is why I'm subscribed!
Spinosaurus here may not be my favorite Dinosaur, I still like seeing such a unique dinosaur from outside of America.
This “Sail-Backed” beast will definitely be featured in my upcoming card series.
Did I hear card series?
Jackson Gabbett yep! It’s going to be a card game similar to Pokémon, but the creatures will be prehistoric animals. All of the animals will look like how recent scientific discoveries depict them.
@@calvarankingofthewest3555
And when will these cards publish and where to buy them?
Yau Tv I am not sure as the designs for the creatures are still in the works. I’m currently in the process of figuring out what species to do, what their attacks will be, and their colors.
Yau Tv also I’m currently selling them at my High School to make some money before I graduate. Afterward I’ll probably make an Etsy shop for them.
0:21 Godzilla flying theme from Godzilla vs Hedorah 1971
+ Tangerine Dream from "Risky Business" at 17:00 .... made we wanna have sex on a train.
The fucking music made me actually think the news was gonna be that the spinosaurs had genetic connection to Godzilla...
8:29 damn it's forelimbs look as big or bigger than it's hindlimbs
I can't wait for 2025 when we find out Spino had wings and a shot lasers from it's eyes 😍
I'm waiting for he day they find out that we had a transition and the thing had evolved eventually into a dino-whale.
Meaning that Spino we have now could lead to an entire line of therapods that left the land almost entirely.
Or it could have just died out...
@@AngelEmfrbl That would be amazing if the river-dwelling Spinosaurus had descendants that took to the sea as the wetlands started to dry up.
@@AngelEmfrbl to me, it looks more like it was converging on crocodile morphology, not necessarily whale (Ichthyosaur, I guess)
It's limbs were still fully formed, possibly webbed, diminishing in size but not necessarily heading toward vestigial or flippers.
Who knows, maybe it was heading toward a theropod seal body form
And radioactive blood.
@@nicholashaan7345 and a 69 inch..........................................................................................................................................
Index finger
With every new discovery about Spinosaurus, my love for this animal just increases!
17:57 Yes, Spinofaarus in all his glory!!!!
I'm glad someone else noticed that.
Our spiney boo just keeps gettin' THICCER.
6:22
oi those are my comments lol
Toostig cool
I'm on there... Pointing out the diagram shows what we have, thus confirming the short hind legs.
Best of the Spinosaurus update videos I’ve seen. And I’ve seen a lot.
Wasn’t expecting Godzilla’s them from Godzilla vs. Hedorah 😂
Lol same here
This is more exciting than any TV series I have ever followed.
It's 4 am man
Why must you do this
Lately I have been watching videos about seal rescues, music, autism and horror games. I'm not sure why this made UA-cam think I was interested in watching 20 minutes of Spinosaurus research, but I suppose it doesn't hurt to be up to date on fossils. Bravo, UA-cam, you have succeeded in educating me once again!
If an elephant can float I don't see how this could not have been at least semi-aquatic.
It was...
@@svenheuseveldt7188 I know I am trying to clarify too the others.
@@williamoldaker5348 it was fully aquatic
This is the first paleo video I've heard the phrase "shrinky dinked" in. Beautiful
I think im watching the Develooment of Kong: Skull island.
We really need a full skeleton
Better yet, several full articulated skeletons.
We need a real spinosaurus
@@EmperorHerpes *JP theme*
Considering what we have thus far... 😅
That would result in a even more freaky Dino.
I love the Nanosaur music you played at ~18:00. I played the heck out of that game as a kid.
Great video! -lifelong dinosaur enthusiast.
This revised neck posture and leg proportion makes me think of swans.
And now I can't get the image of a spinosaurus waddle-gait-running at something on land out of my head. It is a picture of pure and utter panic on the part of anything it's coming at.
If the mass of a 36 feet spino is 4 tonnes, then that would mean a 50 feet long spino would weigh more than 10 tonnes, from scaling using the square cube law. That would make it the heaviest theropod surpassing even Scotty the rex. Are the weight estimates correct for a 36 feet spino or does the animal become more gracile as it ages?
Unknown. That can’t be answered without new material.
Well it could be possibly as the spinosaurus is still considered the largest Land Carnivore, so adding more to that, I wouldn’t be surprised if it did out weight Scotty, really making it the largest, I determine Largest with, Size, Weight, Length, Height, which spinosaurus has more on then Trex Scotty, Scotty is heavier but not longer or even taller, So like I said I wouldn’t be surprised if it does weight more.
bruh 51 seconds ago... thats a little too early for me.. Great vid tho bout them walk and sails
Did you have a stroke? Yust kidding😂
2:15, Hey I remember those, I was fascinated with them as a child.
With every new discovery this animal gets stranger and more fascinating. Stromer would be proud of his spiny boi's renaissance!
Great video! And I'd like to see more on the possible ways it swam. I know there is debate on how stable, and fast, it might have been in the water.
Spinosaurus shows how important finding a complete or near complete specimen is. The discovery of "Sue" expanded how we understood Tyrannosaur physiology. A find like that for animals like Spinosaurus, Therizinosaurus, or any number of creatures known by small number of bones would help fill so many gaps and settle a lot of speculations.
I love ur intro it’s so energetic
just came across this channel and the 8 year-old version of me that was obsessed with spinosaurus (because of Jurassic park 3) is going feral inside me.....
Small correction for 6:46 : the mass of the Spinosaurus _neotype_ FSAC-KK 11888 (the specimen examined in the new 2020 study by Ibrahim et al) is roughly 3-4 tonnes which is a subadult being around 17 years of age. Other larger specimens (fragmentary specimens that imply bigger adult individuals) were certainly heavier.
Did Ibrahim estimate a mass of fully grown individuals in his latest paper? If so do you know what it was, or do you have a link that gives acces to the full study?
@@svenheuseveldt7188 He doesn’t seem to give an estimate for larger specimens in the study given that they focus on an animal the size of the neotype when doing their GDI calculations. So I guess if one wanted to figure out the mass of a larger individual you’d have to essentially scale up from the measurements given for the neotype.
Not sure if both of these links work but this should be the full paper about the tail and the supplementary material that shows the weight and CoM estimates :
www.dropbox.com/s/2uq3gk72ua8oy7b/s41586-020-2190-3.pdf?dl=0
static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2190-3/MediaObjects/41586_2020_2190_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
Awesome vid. I'd love to hear what you think about its hunting methods and possible prey. If its similarly equipped for hunting as other aquatics, possibly a way to work out its locomotion.
The Godzilla music in the beginning was a nice touch
Heard that "Earthbound" music in the background. Lol.
I love all this attention on my favorite dinosaur. All these discoveries are literally making me love it even more.
You got some real analytical skills. Subscribed
I have read quite a few articles about the flexibility of the spinosaurus tail. However, I've yet to read a single one that mentions my theory. Correct me if I am wrong and I'm always open for discussion. What if the spinosaurus did not simply just rely on its tail and as of recently MAYBE also its webbed hind feet, but rather swam much more like that of a snake? Using its entire body as the propulsion system, including that all famous large sail. I suspect that the tail would not need to be as flexible if it swam in this manner as the large neck and side muscles were doing all the harder initial thrusting for propulsion.
You know, at first I questioned the music choice, but now watching this, Earthbound style weirdness is really all you can describe this thing as.
It would seem to me that a simple comparison amongst the extant crocodilians would clear up a lot of this.
Agreed, too many people comparing it to least likely animals instead of the closer relatives for theropods aside from rather derivered avians
They have, it did not help.
Crocodiles are built differently.
For all the people joking around in the comments; *this is how science is supposed to work.*
New evidence is found. If the new evidence runs counter to previously held hypotheses or theories, it gets tested. If the new evidence is found to hold up better than the old evidence, the paradigm shifts. And the people who liked the old version better have to suck it up and accept that it was wrong or try to find more evidence to support a modified version of the old paradigm.
I have a few Questions you could do a video on, did theropods actually use their tails in combat like some media depicts?
Was spinosaurus capable of hunting terrestrial prey?
What was dilophosaurus's jaw like? And was it a picsavvore like spinosaurus?
And finally, how fast exactly was t rex and it's cousins?
+Mesozoic Scar
We have *plenty* and I mean seriously a Lot of Evidence and studies that point out that the Spinosauridae were Generalist Carnivores instead of exaggrated piscivores.
For example the recent study about the Spinosaurinae Irritator - a very closer relative of Spinosaurus - concluded the Spinosauridae especially Spinosauridae as Apex Predators of their habitats
The research done by Aureliano and colleagues
They presented the the food web of the Romualdo Formation. The researchers proposed that spinosaurines from the formation may have also preyed on terrestrial and aquatic crocodyliforms, juveniles of their own species, turtles, and small to medium-sized dinosaurs. This would have made spinosaurines apex predators within their ecosystem.
Source
Semi-aquatic adaptations in a spinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil
Another example from another Spinosaurinae - the Siamosaurus - has been found in the Sao Khua Formation of Thailand, tooth crowns from Spinodaurids have been found in *direct* association with sauropod remains, indicating possible predation and scavenging
Source The *x* of the Matter: Testing the Relationship between Paleoenvironments and Three Theropod Clades
These cases are seperate from the famous Baryonyx ate Iguanodon btw
So I could easily answer first two Questions
Spinosaurus was very likely indeed capable of consuming terrestrial prey dinosaurs as well as large pterosaurs in addition to crocodyliforms and multiton white shark sized fish
And second question The Dilophosaurus indeed suspected to be a more diverse eater
Again the specilalization and piscivorous theories are exaggrated but the forementioned theropod likely eat both Terrestrial and Aquatic animals
+Mesozoic Scar there were quite recent studies done about the Tyrannosaurus itself and the results show that the animal was quite slower - should be expected with all the weight tbh - I can share the studies if you want
Additionally I have more studies about Spinosauridae bite and bite force estimations
@@thedoruk6324 thank you very much
@@strzygon5426 You are very welcome! 👍
Let me know if You want to see more studies
There probably wasn’t any terrestrial prey for Spinosaurus to hunt to begin with. Predatory theropods vastly outnumber herbivorous dinosaurs in the Kem Kem, both from skeletal and trackway evidence.
9:50 the tiniest of detail that scientists have to look for. So crazy!! I didn’t even see that!
I like to think Spino sails come in many varieties. So there are some with normal arc-shaped sails, and some with the "dip"
Well, the tail mass you're talking about would definitely help to balance the body weight, even if the total animal weight was closer to eleven tons, which's said to be the uppermost weight limit of said animal.
Also, the hand bones wouldn't support walking on all fours, and the claws on the hands don't match with that overall format; but their format *does definitely* fit with a very blended diet of both fish and meat of land animals; so it was probably a generalist predator that ate just about anything it ran across that would fit the easiest food source available.
Now, the tail bones do match a very flexible tail to the degree that fossilized land crocs show, but remember, bones aren't flexible, but what are are the muscles attached to the bones, and bones in that arrangement are small in the amount of motion.
From 3:45 untill 3:55 the animation is done by SpinodragonProductions but the model is made by bARTek. Here's the link: ua-cam.com/video/iB-2t_XcbrY/v-deo.html (I just wanted to put that out there; it was a free download so it wasn't stolen)
Can you guys please make a Palaeo Rift episode on Pachyrhinosaurus? Being such a common, unique and popular ceratopsid, it really deserves a video discussing its history in the fossil record.
Given how short those legs are, how long and heavy the the tail is, and the lack of structure in the tail locking it into a horizontal position like most other therapods, I rather expect Spinosaurs were tail-draggers much like the modern crocodillians. Now whether they kept their spine mostly horizontal, or if they assumed the old-fashioned 'tripodal' stance common to early 20th century therapod reconstructions, that question I leave to the professionals.
7:00 Do my ears deceive me, or is that song Diplodocus' "Plotting Cynodonts"?
For the curious, skip to the 21 minute mark on this: ua-cam.com/video/JTBvPPL9E04/v-deo.html . Or listen to the whole thing, dinosynth is awesome.
Its "Encased in Amber" from the same artist
I love how the sail spine vertebrae on spinosaurus back look like a bunch of pikmin holding hands together in a line to show peace.
4:07 Hmm, so the neotype is closer to 4,000 kilograms if Ibrahim and his colleagues stated the tail is "undermucled". This could mean that the largest individuals could achieve a mass of over 10,000 kilograms (10 tonnes). That is noticeably larger than Tyrannosaurus Scotty, which was 8,870 kilograms (8.87 tonnes). Interesting...
Spino boi Coming For That crown from rex
@@reezee2317 except they had different domains. Spino the river dragon and King of his waters, but rexy us a forest dweller and King of that.
In water, rexy would be hugely disadvantaged, all spino has to do is force its head under water and hold his neck still, it can even out swim rexy and would have a easier time getting away then rexy has on land, and unless rex can bite spino his not winning.
But on land, spino likely was too slow and rexy had a nasty bite. Mostly it would be a case of using weight to spin is advantage and spino only move is similar to a sumo wrestler. Otherwise rexy wins 9 out of 10 times at least
0:00 hey its my museum and its stan the t rex
What I wish you would have done in one or both of these videos is mention the environment that this creature would be been surviving in. At the time, this area of north Africa would have been covered in water with the coastal areas being host to swamps and numerous river deltas. This paints a much better picture to why the Spinosaurus would have been semi-aquatic. I would imagine these large rivers and lakes near the coast were probably where these animals thrived since many large fresh-water fish also lived in this area during the Cretaceous period.
4:34 - Heh, "neck meats". Was that a _Napoleon Dynamite_ reference, an _Invader ZIM_ reference, or neither? 😁
Maybe the tail was used more as a rudder, with the legs acting as the main propulsion. After all, no-one ever said it have to be a fast swimmer. It could have been an ambush predator.
+DragonFae16 That'ld technically make the Spinosaurus to equalavilent to the modern Crocodilian species like Orinoco - Slender Snouted - Nile and Saltwater crocodiles - which are very gluttonous and opportunistic predators
It would have to be smaller for that strategy to work, or live in deeper waters.
He protecc
He attacc
But most importantly
He has spines on his bacc
dude i just watched this old video and wow the slowed down earthbound music is so nice on here
I would really like to see you tackle the defense tactics of Spinosaurus and how would it be able to defend itself.
@Boi! Nice interpretation
I agree that the significant advantages in height - the existence of functional arms & claws make The Spinosaurus a potential opponent
@Boi! Yup, I certainly agree to that
Claws, tail, jaws. Look at crocs, but think of the bonus claws while taking out the spin of death.
@Boi! milbournes theory is extremely interesting and deserves more recognotion
@@AnonningAnon The arms with slasher claws would cause immense injury even death
We have no idea how muscular they were or how keenly/strongly Spino could deliver them
A new Spino video always make for a good morning!
Well,I hope we can just find what Spinosaurus is really like.
I KNEW the knuckle dragging rendition was wrong. It just looked plain dumb.
Looking at what you said one thing caught my attention. Spinosaurus could easily stand still up straight on two legs when its legs where straight. It could pick up large fish to while standing up.
The issue is that whenever it has all its weight on one leg, and its not in a straightened position. In other words climbing even a simple hill would be a big challenge for it since when you walk one leg is off the ground and if you are climbing even just a gradually incline your leg is not going to be straight. So basically it would have to use its arms to help it climb.
The humerus is about the same size as the femur as well. Perhaps it used its forelimbs extensively when traversing rough ground in a coastal habitat, in much the same way as a human will.
Maybe, its been quite some time since I looked at this comment and it seems this creature just keeps changing. I believe this original comment was before we even knew it had a paddle tail@@highloughsdrifter1629
Goddamnit, whenever I take my eyes off of Spinosaurus for a minute, it always looks different when I look back.
I do like the new look of spinosaurus
I find it interesting that despite finding more fossilized parts of the spiny boi it only kicked up more debate
Thanks. Very interesting. Could the tail indicate a water way slow troller that used its claws as a way to help it find food? Maybe even looking at the shores of water ways. ? I don't see it as a crocodile-like ambusher despite its head shape. Since you are a fan..what do you think?
I wish I could find as much about Stegosaurus. my favorite.
I think it would be funny if the reason this Spinosaurus is so weird because they happened to find the skeleton of a malformed Spinosaurus.
This channel is awesome
What if hatchling/juvenile spinosaurus had more flexible tails and were more aquatic early in their life, and as they aged, grew more terrestrial and a stiffer tail?
+Safton Quite Possible!
That wouldn't explain the comically short hindlimbs and it's clear aquatic diet.
@@Deform-2024 I severely disagree on the clear aquatic diet part as there is literally confirmed fossil evidence from two differentiated Spinosaurinae (closest species to Spinosaurus such as Irritator and Siamosaurus) that the Spinosaurids being Generalistic Carnivores that definetly consumed dinosaurs and large pterosaurs
The legs also likely %25 longer than first depicted on 2014 NatGeo publishment and are robust.
You could check out the fossil pictures on google
@@Deform-2024 True, either way, spinosaurus is one very weird theropod and will continue to surprise us all
@@thedoruk6324 There is only evidence Spinosaurus ate large armoured fish, not dinosaurs. It could have hunted for dinosaurs that were swept out into the river, but that is speculatve. Plus, Scott Hartman's 27% leg increase was long ago disproved by Ibrahim.
Ernst Strohmer said the most direct correlate to Spinosaurus in modern times was Trioceros cristatus. He was right. They might also learn a lot from the other sailed chameleons and the pustulatus family.
+Shawn Charton In addition Michael Milbourne compared the elongated tail spines to Basilisk Lizards and Phillphines Sailfin Lizards rather than Salamanders or tadpoles
@@thedoruk6324 pustulatus = Philippine sailfin dragons. :-)
There should be more fossils out there. This animal loved water. Imagine how hot the equator location around the world was back then. That's what I'm saying, there has to be more.
I'm just waiting for the moment where it turns out that its just a big fish that had wings and flew
I swear the next big discovery is going to be that Spinosaurus didn't even exist
17:20 - I think that was the Mark Witton's point, the NatGeo's PR/Advetising campaign has shown the Tail to be much more derivered even than crocodiles and made extremely speculative thoughts such as the tail being 'actively' used for Propolsion against the extreme water currents; which the Mark Witton's digaram's (beneath his Tweet) shown quite impossible, additionally, the tail's flexiblity becomes questionable after two sprints; which another illustration has shown
@Boi! People should really be aware that the NatGeo is prone to exaggrate and show inaccuracy, especially on the matters of paleontology
They were the ones that propaganated the quadrupedalism despite the non-existent evidence
I knew it! I knew the new tail would help have a more bipedal stance! I just hope all this convulution with spinosaurus ends soon. I love this animal so much, and I hope we finally can agree with a definitive stance and look for the animal
Such an interesting dinosaur, I hope more new information be discovered soon. Would be cool a video about other members of spinosauridae. There is evidence of ichthyovenator have a similar tail isn´t it?
I wouldn't say solid evidence as the new identified 'material' appearently isn't very solidified
And who knows, there may have been eastern (Baharia) and western (Kem-kem) versions of the Spinosaurus. Those places were well apart even in the cretacious period.
+Richard Renes Precisely!
The Morocco Spinosaurus subsepcies could also present significant differentiations compared to Egyptian & Libya Subspecies, albeit the 2010 isotope analysis established; for the morocco spinosaurus; that it did spent a significant part of its life around terrestrial habitats as much as water
I forget which paper it is but that idea was recently put forward, I believe the researchers also argued the somewhat poorly known South American Spinosaur Oxalia might also be a member of this Genus.
Kinda like how Sarchosuchus is found in African and South American fossil beds, Africa and South America were still lightly attached 110mya if I recall right
i hear inferno from fire force! great vid btw, very interesting
What is that chill banjo/harmonica song that starts at 14:45?! I've heard it somewhere and it's driving me crazy trying to remember where! Also it's awesome.
credits exist for a reason
@@EDGEscience I do appreciate that, and thank you for replying, but no credits show up at the end of the video for me, and the video description under Music just has a copyright disclaimer. Am I missing them somewhere else?
Paul Sereno said that Spinosaurus' thigh bone like a bridge stanchion combined with the curvature of Spinosaurus' leg and muscles attached to an extended tail would cause Spinosaurus to walk on land like any therpod at speeds from 15mph to 20mph.
Cant wait for 2030 update where we found that fully terrestial spinos actually exists, and Ibrahim's spino is just an aquatic subspecies
I had this hypothesis about the tail and I wondered if other spinosaurids had this same feature.
BTW 4 tons is the weight of the Subadult Neotype, a full grown adult would have been in the range of 6.5 to 7 tons.
Heavier than that.
@@Deform-2024 the NHMUK R & the undisclosured humerus would also likely Make the Spinosaurus longer - 17m perhaps ?
@@Deform-2024 yeah, apparently according to Ibrahim in a recent Q and A,under the new reconstruction the largest specimens could reach 10 -12 tons , which if accurate would truly make Spino the largest known theropod by a considerable margin.
I think Spinosaurus's tail would have worked more as a rudder, allowing it to steer better
So wait hold up
-Big front claws
-Muscly back legs
-Stood upright
-Long, thick tail
-Spikes on it back
*The spinosaurus was a fucking real life Godzilla.*
Why won't they just print out 3d models of those bones and start building practical models with different materials to test all hypothesis? It should be possible, right?
It is, having little information about the masses involved or the end result is inconvenient.
There are programs that do that already. No need to waste time printing.
None of the fragmentary specimens are the same size as the holotype, Paul Sereno and Najir Ibrahim had to calibrate each specimen to correct the size to accommodate the reconstructed mounts you see in museums. The specimens are from various sub adults of growing individuals. Stromers specimen is the example that the size estimates maximum are based. The rear feet on the specimen that Najir worked on has determined the reasoning for the aquatic adaptation. The ungals have flat dorsal surfaces and are nearly identical to those found in types of various turtles. I have juvenile pedal ungal specimens in my lab I'm studying and as well as the caudal vertebrate. I'm working on reconstructing the vertical plane of tail related to its lateral dimension. I'm also now reconstructing the dentarary based on Stromers specimen from photographs and scientific drawing of his published works for a public school. Many paleontologists are working on various areas of research to determine it life style.
New research is developing on 3D analysis of skeletal models that will be computerized for anatomical range of motion ( just starting on Archaeopteryx and other research by the University of Michigan 3D studies on Mastodons bones, that's on line). Unfortunately the Tagana formation has not produced any complete skeletal material at this time, also many private local collectors have been digging and removing specimens for the commercial fossil trade. We are working on reviewing specimens at this time in private collections of Spinosaurus material that may offer new evidence. I'm sending a specimen to Dr. Sereno for further study at this time. Stay tuned alot more information is coming and will probably change our view on this critter several times. The research is evolving based on so many fragments and partial skeletal evidence. That's just the way it is in the field of paleontology.
@@davidletasi3322 *Please* Keep everyone informed!
Any re-interpretation to Spinosaurus is critical to understand the theropod nowadays
Do you aware of the larger specimens such as the NHMUK R and the Fossil Humerus?
@@thedoruk6324 great questions, I hope you have a copy of Najir and Paul's text from Science dated 11 Sept '14 (on line). The bone I'm sending to Dr. Sereno could be a surangular that would be the brown colored missing top element of the lower back jaw as seen on Fig. S4. It is known from Baryonx from NHMUK that you may have referred. Paul thinks it may be from a lateral transverse process from the distal Caudals. It does have a Pluerocoel so that could very well be. Also your referring to NHMUK R-16421 is an exceptionally large upper premax and maxilla skull partial is an interesting specimen. There is an reconstruction of it with the teeth added, makes for a science fictional nightmare of a bite. Its interesting from the point of view for the dental occlusion of the anterior of the lower dentary. As for the humerus you mentioned, that reminded of the work Dale Russel was studying when an associate and I sent some Tegana Formation vertebrate fossils for him to research. He was working on the large humerus at that time and he had just published on Sigilmassasaurus cervicals that are now considered a junior synonym of S. egypticus. He recognized a raptor tooth for us that is now considered from Pyroraptor related to the holotype discovered in France. I have two colleagues that have been collecting in Morocco for several decades and they have me review their finds. The caudal vertebra illustrated in FigureS2 B is identical to the specimen I'm going to restore for the new tail studies. Anyway Spinosaurus is still a patch work of specimens and will be studied along time. There are thousands of bones in private collections from the Tegana Formation and local Moraccan collectors are finding specimens every day.
So Spinosaurus most likely was a biped that also spent most of its time in water?
+Bazgoth Ar Quite likely to be Biped
Similiar to Crocodilians spent its life both in aquatic and terrestrial habitats and switching between
If the fin was not connected to the vertebra then could you speculate that it could move its spine in some way? I'm thinking of a sailfish. Also looking at the sail on a sailfish the spine appeaser to counter that of spinosaurus.
Please show us the comparision of all specimens of spinosaurus, to make a view of sail for example
Love this channel
Me too