I read that as sphinctocopter and assumed scientists had found a flying dinosaur that loved shitting on everything from the air and named it after that fact
I think the spinosaur’s sail is the key to understanding how it functioned underwater. As water pressure doubles does it somehow aid in stabilizing and providing buoyancy, neutral buoyancy, or diving ability? Models have to be made.
I feel like the spinosaurus is one of the most unique dinosaurs ever Being the biggest carnivorous dino everywith a sail on tail and back crocodile like head, huge claws and the only semi aquatic dinosaur ever He deserves more respect
@@Chujoi0 www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk011hO0w5S9ZMdUuzvZ-CT8LkrUaSA:1596100682647&q=bobbit+worm+record+length&spell=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig1Nux0vTqAhUBKewKHdKzDO8QBSgAegQIDBAq&biw=1857&bih=1006 Bobbit worm record is 3 meter bruh
@@androyus Just look at the orange-and-white drawings of the bones shown in this video. The orange are all the bones already accounted for. Everything white we don't have yet.
spinocopter takes rolls Royce to court for infringement on it's 100 million yr old turbine engine design... nevermind the tail rotor idea every helo design clearly stole.. in the future spinocopter will be more careful with his breakthrough aviation design ideas
@@osmosisjones4912 Spinosaurus could probably stay in shallow water with just its fin sticking out to bask all while avoiding land, it possibly had webbed feet and and arms and some form of counter-shading. Imagine a furry spino with dark otter like fur, unlikely but than again it has had multiple changes throughout its history.
@@Skeptical_Numbat next with fucking electro reception oh wait YOU HAVE GOT TO BE JOKING THIS GIANT HAD ELECTRO RECEPTION man this makes humans specialization look like nothing comparison YOU HAVE HANDS FOR TOOL USE COOL I have a snout that can sense small vibrations in water GET ON MY LEVEL
@newb mann The *Spinosaurus* does seem to be an extraordinarily unique critter, remarkably adapted for a semi-aquatic lifestyle. Though it does _appear_ peculiarly front-heavy, with hind/primary legs which seem slightly too far back to be at the balance point (center of gravity). For me, how this would work out is an intriguing question. Perhaps it has much denser/heavier bones in the tail to counter it's buoyancy. Many semi-aquatic organisms (like ancestral whales) have this adaptation. I'm also pretty curious about where it lived in the environment of the whole vast (there's never been any river/lake/estuary system at this scale, before or since) *_Kem-Kem River/Wetlands/Lakes/Estuary System_* & how that would have influenced it's attack strategy. Crocodiles are stealth hunters, but Spiney couldn't stay completely hidden underwater due to that wonderful spinal sail (the purpose of which is still a puzzle up for debate). There were some seriously wide/deep lakes & rivers, full of deadly fish & other dangerous creatures, and some damn big ones, too: • *Mawsoniidé* A 4-5 meter long/300+kg giant lobe-finned fish. • *Lepidotes* a 500+kg/2.5 meter long goldfish on steroids. • Not to mention some big sharks & some humongous *Sawfish/Sawsharks* estimated at weighing 2.5 metric tonnes, over 9 meters long & with a 4 meter long *_Rostrum_* studded with 10cm long teeth (Note that *Cartilaginous* fish - like *Chrondrichthyes/Sharks/Rays* - don't fossilize all that well, but the *_Rostrum_* is composed of denser pseudo-bony cartilage, with a high enough calcium content to fossilize). They also have one of the most sophisticated Electrosensitive systems in nature, with a high density of *_Electroreceptors_* called the *_The Ampullae of Lorenzini_* densely dotted on the underside of it's gigantic *_Rostrum_* to find fish hiding beneath the muddy seafloor & slash them into bloody shreds. There'd have to be an immense number (& diversity) of fish & other organisms to support the uniquely large number of predators living in this region & era.
@@Skeptical_Numbat what was the foliage in the area I wonder idea just popped into my, it's 4 am brain is what if the sail was more designed to help camouflage it as a bunch of plants floating in water or even if some of the non boney parts allowed for it to brush against foliage on land and have it stick to the sail, since cartilage doesn't preserve well maybe there is some extras onto it that may add more function. As weird as this thing already is who knows it may have a special organ connected to its lungs in some way that fills up with air to help increase bouancy while it has maybe more fat to make it weigh more and sink. But who knows.
If that were the case then we'd probably need all the other dinosaurs to follow suit. Even as we discover new things, I'm wondering how they'd pull off a scientifically accurate dinosaur movie; maybe as a Walking With Dinosaurs-esque documentary that doesn't feel like a kids cartoon?
I love the genetically altered monsters we have in the JP films. Even the book says that they are not scientifically accurate due to having DNA from other modern animals, the JP3 spino is actually a genetic hybrid, hence why it's not at all accurate [at the time it was]
@New Lunar Republic Official yes very true but again this is from the genetics. The Raptors In Jurassic park are Deinonychus which at the time of the book shared the Latin Name Velociraptor, only their secondary names where Different. This is why they are much bigger than the Raptors found in Mongolia
@@noirody6256 there are tons of fossils of land-dwelling animals found in the middle of the ocean. This is because of the movement of tectonic plates, which, over millions of years, can bring land masses that were once above the ocean down into it, bringing the fossils with them. Similarly, you can find fossils of extinct ocean creatures in the peaks of mountains, because that land was once under water.
The artists colored concept illustrations are spectacular!!! Love the imagination of colors, etc.! Keep on illustrating!!!! Love it!!( and thank you for your talent sharing!)😘🙋‼️
Palaeontologists in 2040: "We now have sufficient evidence to conclude that the Spinosaurus was, in fact, a space-faring dinosaur, and it could shoot lasers from its mouth"
yeah, paleontologists are gonna mess up their grammar like that funny enough comment, too, I gave it a like. (Felt like I needed to say that so you wouldn't get defensive after the first sentence, your comment is not that bad)
Finding new information on a species absolutely changes what we previously knew about said species… All these comments make it seem like scientists and paleontologists have no idea what they’re talking about
I think everyone is missing the point: they said the sail would make it top-heavy, and cause it to tend to roll over, so it's clear that the "sail" was actually a keel. I think the spinosaur would enter the water to sufficient depth, roll over on its back, and use its tail to keep itself going on the right direction while it floated around, sipping umbrella drinks.
People who watched Jurassic Park: Nooooo you can't just completely redesign my childhood!!! all of my toys and memories!! Paleontologist: haha spiney boy go splash splash
If they can create the abomination caled indominus rex i think its easy for them to create spinosaurus genetically modified to be a land based vicious evil man hunting dinousaur.
4:10 the new discovery I think is a revolution about Spinosaurus aquatic locomotion: the beast would dive and use the tail like a paddle to propel the body in the water, while the sail at the top of the back served as the tail of a plane to stabilize the animal against roll-over with help of the two rear palmed feet which served as the tail stabilizers. As once a aerodynamic Physicist told, a scarab is to large and heavy to fly because of the laws of physics, except nobody taught the scarab physics, so he flies anyway...
This. I'm SO interested in following how our image of Spinosaurus develops at this point. I loved it back when it was a theropod, but it's just getting more and more interesting the more we learn about it.
Thinking of the similar look of the 'sail' to that of 'sailfish', it strikes me, that, if the creature could completely submerge, the sail might counteract the sideways movements of the tail by blocking reaction with a much larger mass of water than the main body alone would provide. Spinosaurus would power forward with less whipping from side to side than without the sail acting as a side baffle. Again: thinking of it as an actual sail or fin: if there was appropriate musculature for 'trimming the sail', it could act to speed changes in direction by acting as a rudder.
The writer of the buoyancy paper got all butt-hurt because his model was invalidated by an unknown unknown. It was a good model given what he had to work with, but when such a major discovery upends your preconceptions you gotta change your thinking rather than dig in.
Witton was very defiant about that tail too. It's good to be skeptical, but why in the heck would a tail look like that if it can't be used to swim? xD
That sail would give its presence away on the surface so it probably hunted quarry below it while swimming on the surface....heating itself with that sail protruding up
4:23 Since you don't mention it in the video I would like to point out that Henderson results are likely flawed since the anatomical model he used for Spinosaurus was not accurate to the actual fossils, mainly his model's torso was almost twice as narrow as the actual specimen. This feature was already observable on the original specimens described by Stromer so there was no excuse to get it wrong and likely it contributed to the results obtained in the study. 5:19 Or mayyyyyyybe... The results were different to those of coeval turtles and crocodiles because Spinosaurus would be at a much higher trophic level than the other much smaller reptiles studied.
Sir Bedevere: what makes you think Ibrahim is a devil? JP3 Spinosaurus: well he turned me into a newt! Sir Bedevere: A newt? JP3 Spinosaurus: ... I got better.
@@Akaryusan The family Spinosauridae is named after the genus Spinosaurus, which was the original sole member of the family, and the others were added later. If we end up splitting the family, then AFAIK Spinosaurus gets to keep the family name, and the others are designated into a new family of their own.
This is pure speculation on my part, but I can imagine that tail being used not so much for continuous swimming, but for a short, powerful burst of speed to propel the Spinosaurus in an ambush attack. Kind of like a crocodile, but spending more time in water deep enough that the tail would provide thrust, yet shallow enough that it could still either steady itself with its feet on the mud or briefly tread water until the moment of striking, making buoyancy less of an issue.
That does also solve the problem of it rolling over onto its side constantly. It wouldn't do that if the water's shallow enough for it to have its feet on the bottom. Plus, I think there's a lot of evidence that it would've filled an ambush predator niche similar to a crocodile.
I think it makes a lot of sense for it to mainly stand in shallow water and to use the tail for occasional bursts of speed, a lot like a hippo with a newt tail. But I'm not sure how effective it could hope ambush anything with eyes considering the freakin gigantic sail on its back... maybe aquatic animals but definitely not land animals like a croc.
@@quitlife9279 Would work if the sail was used as some type of lure. Certain color? Bio-luminescence? Heh, now I'm thinking how cool it would be that the spino was a night fisher.
The buoyancy paper used an erroneous model where the spino was way too narrow. Tipping over was not a problem and that sail seems like it could help stabilize it while submerged. Having said that, I do appreciate the idea. At this point, we're getting a more and more complete image and conjecture is becoming less wild.
Finally. The video we were waiting for. Everybody was talking about the Spino in the palæontology community for the past few days. I was wondering: ''Wait... what about Ben G Thomas ? Where is he ?''.
I hate the modern recreation of its arms... It looked like a make a wish paralyzed child on steroids... But realism is more important than cool looks...
I've always loved Spinosaurus and watching/reading updates on the amazing theropod is one of my favorite things to do and in my honest opinion I think that it just gets more interesting over the years.
Back when I was a kid, this was my favourite dino, (probably just because I thought it looked cool in Jurrasic Park 3), but over the years, with all of the new discoveries about this animal that led to every iteration being vastly different than the previous one, it remained my favourite, due to its unknown nature, interesting discoveries and constant change in humanity's eyes.
The tail comes from the same specimen as the short legs described in 2014, and there's another expedition planned to recover more arm and possibly skull material as well. So we're looking at one animal that is getting uncovered and published one piece by piece, essentially.
What a quality video! Thank you for sharing. As for the the sail on the spinosaurs back: with the surface area that it has, it would have acted as a vertical stabilizer like an airplane. With it being so tall, the sail would effect the sail with a lateral force. The sail would act on the spine that should produce minimal torsional motion. This would support a much faster moving tail that wouldn't necessarily needed much sweeping motion. Wanted to share my engineers mind. Happy sailing my prehistoric comrades!
He's a semi-aquatic Sail waving dino of action. He's a large scaly webbed-foot who'll never flinch from a fra-eeay-eeay He's got tones of fishing skills He's got a croc snout and eels tail And palaeontologists swoon whenever his fossils show PERRY THE SPINOSAUR!!!
Hes a Semi-Aquatic egg laying dino of action. It's scaly webbed foot will never run away~ He's got more than just mad skills, he's got Croc tail and a Sail. When women hear him, they soak themselves when they him say: *"Q U A C K"*
More channels need to cover recent scientific news like you do. It feels weird to say, but someone reporting on a 2018 study feels rare on this platform. Keep it up!
(Dooby dooby doo-bah, dooby dooby doo-bah) Spino! He's a semi-aquatic, egg-laying dino of action! (Dooby dooby doo-bah, dooby dooby doo-bah) He's a scaly little spineback Who'll never flinch from a fray-ee-ay-ee-ay! He's got more than just mad skill He's got a tadpole tail and a sail And the women swoon whenever they hear him say *ROAAAR* He's Spino, Spino the theropod! Spino! (I said you can call him Agent S!) Agent S.!
could the sailfish sword fish dorsal fin be an indication of convergent evolution? they have a huge dorsal fin but despite of this, they are amongst the fatest fishes in the sees
Sail fish fold down their sails when hitting top speed. Spinosaurus sail couldn't do that and was probably a hindrance like a peacocks tail in most situations except for mating and sexual selection.
@@johno1544 the fin of the sailfish is for the purpose of manoeuvrabilty in high speed, perhaps the dorsal extension of the spinosaurus was for the same purpose but not at high speed?
I have a good point there. This dorsal sail really looks like the one of the present day sailfish. If so it would have helped this dinosaur to prevent fishes going away in the same way so to catch them with ease. Nothing to do with speed to my view at least...
Who knows, the shadow cast by the sail could have also acted similar to the shade cast by some heron species, attracting fish or making it easier to spot them. I doubt that was the main reason, but it might have been a useful byproduct of having a massive sail
In addition I have read on one occasion about the re interpretation, (The NatGeo secondary article has described it as 'fully' aquatic) One addtional counter argument has said by; Jaime Headden that - I have a feeling the modellers make the [bones] of the tail sans recumbent spines, and fear that, like much of the NatGeo promotional work, this was done without much concern for authenticity.
I remember doing a spinosaururs drawing with the sail on its tail, before the new discovery of course, and I had no idea until now that I actually looked like that
ngl, i kinda want to see the full discoveries and seeing flying spinosaurus imagine the terror of those flying spinosaurus upon the mainland dinos and beat pterosaurus
The natural world (here on earth so far) is ceaselessly fascinating. That ‘disproportionately‘ large tail (given its purpose yet unknown) compared to its main body size, has a snake-like appearance, as though two different creatures got stuck together. Such a teeny head too.
Narrator: tail could propel it self through the air... Pteranodons: What are you doing way up here? Spinosaurus: humans got it wrong... Again. Pteranodons: Figures.
Spinosaurus is my favourite dinosaur of all time! I remember being introduced to it back when it was a theropod with a sail glued on and a crocodile head! So excited about this stuff. :)
Honestly, we don't know much about the skeletons of other species of spinosaurs, such as baryonyx, irritator, and ichthyovenator. The only specie that has the most completed skeleton (that I know) is suchomimus. And with my very uneducated and inexperienced guess, if spinosaurus aegyptiacus' skeleton still isn't completed and we're still learning new things about it, while other spinosaurs don't even have most of their skulls and femurs discovered, then it's safe to say that the others should be researched as well. Sorry for the poor punctuation.
So this absolutely makes Spinosaurus unique once again! Albeit (thanks for ben G thomas noticing) has anyone heard the counter argument against the tail by mark witton? He described - how much displacement would occur with the long, reclined neural spines in the new Spinosuaurs tail if, as the new paper suggests, it was very flexible. This is really rough work, but it shows how the tail 'unspools' with even limited flexion. To be clear, this isn't a good thing. Tails aren't meant to rip apart when they're flexed. If Spinosaurus had these long, backwards-pointing neural spines, they surely limited flexion, no matter what else the tail verts were doing. This is an issue for the swimming hypothesis the spines start to displace from the width of the centrum at just 3-4 degrees. That doesn't imply a particularly flexible tail.
Mark Witton "withdrew" his tweet saying that with added soft tissue and muscles the neural spines wouldn't overlap each other allowing for more flexion then he previously thought/suggested. But Spinosaurus wasn't able to use it's tail as flexible like a crocodile as the tail is only supported by large muscle groeps for about 1/3 of the tail only. So it's likely it swam more gently and calmly through the rivers and it wouldn't be capable of persuiing it's prey in the water, more likely waiting for fish to come by and latch, more like a bear type hunting tactic by letting the fish come to him. but thats my guess.
@@svenheuseveldt7188 I did not see him withdrew his tweet though; he stil posts it; he only added an additional part as 'except this was the case' which he appearently skeptical - still keeps the theory, as far as his page appears. Though wasn't the fragility of the tail out-deletes the swimming entirely against the strong currents part as the article has established?
@@thedoruk6324 As far as i've been informed Mark Witton indeed questioned the flexion of the tail saying the neural spines would overhang three or so other neural spines which would limit flexion. But as far as I'm aware with added soft tissue and muscle the neural spines would actually deform, and the soft tisseu would actually bend the spines to maintain their shape allowing for flexion of the tail, which Mark Witton didn't account for which he did admit in his later tweets Obviously a rigurous analsys of the bones hasn't been made yet, so we won't know for sure until then. But here is the tweet: cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/580413794900246540/706582642199625758/unknown.png Here the actual site: twitter.com/MarkWitton/with_replies
Early 2000s: ISPAYNOSAURUZ T-REX KILLAH
2018-2019: venti dimetrodon
2020: Walking mosasaur platypus
G O D literally just Platypus but it’s scarier and bigger
Spinossaurs:the platypus of the cretacius. My god i want so bad to this nickname to catch
2001
"What's this? A Spinosaurus?"
*Puts on fedora*
"*Gasp!* Perry the Spinosaurus!"
@@wtwta.17452
Platypus requiem
The spinocopter caught me offguard ngl
I read that as sphinctocopter and assumed scientists had found a flying dinosaur that loved shitting on everything from the air and named it after that fact
I think the spinosaur’s sail is the key to understanding how it functioned underwater. As water pressure doubles does it somehow aid in stabilizing and providing buoyancy, neutral buoyancy, or diving ability? Models have to be made.
@@i-never-look-at-replies-lol They're called pigeons.
John DC it was quite funny though
It had me laughing no lie
At the end of the day, it doesn’t matter if spino was a water-ground type or ground-water type so long as it can use hydro pump
Lmao
That is completely ridiculous.
Everybody knows that all Fossil Pokemon have to be Rock type, not Ground.
I'm just gonna run aqua tail, spino seems like a physical attacker
I need to find out if it get’s rock or ground stab
@@eliphashunter960 dracovish, dracozolt, arctovish and arctozolt: we already know we're jokes...
I feel like the spinosaurus is one of the most unique dinosaurs ever
Being the biggest carnivorous dino everywith a sail on tail and back crocodile like head, huge claws and the only semi aquatic dinosaur ever
He deserves more respect
Stephano T it’s not the biggest carnivorous dinosaur . T. rex is much more massive
@@Jedtumble bruh
@Kein Herz アニ Biggest is measured by mass not length. T rex wins by a land slide.
Kein Herz アニ , if you measure who is biggest by length, Bobbit worm with it’s 30 metres can easily compete with blue whale.
@@Chujoi0 www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk011hO0w5S9ZMdUuzvZ-CT8LkrUaSA:1596100682647&q=bobbit+worm+record+length&spell=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig1Nux0vTqAhUBKewKHdKzDO8QBSgAegQIDBAq&biw=1857&bih=1006
Bobbit worm record is 3 meter bruh
Hey Spino, no matter what happens you'll always be my favorite dino
It’s no longer a super T. rex. But being a hippo crocodile so well adapted to the water it grew fins and a fish tail is pretty scary
@@randomancrossoverfan we lost spino as a giant t-rex.... but in the process we got godzilla.
@@budja1501 we got dino platypus
@@randomancrossoverfan I like him so more cause he looks so cool
same
I love his cultural evolution from being generic t-rex with a sail to a semi aquatic croc/bear.
A croc or a bear alone is scary already let alone them combined
Croc-bear? Oh God
Croc-bear-murder hippo.
Ursacrocoduckopus.
Or giant ancient newt of death!
Spinosaurids: "Why can't you just be normal?"
Spinosaurus: *screams*
This comment is SO underrated
"I hate you, PAM! I want to go live with my real mom!"
Relatable
Baryonx and other spinosauroids : ight ima head out
Well keep in mind that many spinosaurids don’t posses a complete skeleton much like Spinosaur. there could yet be a stranger looking one
spinosaurus :"this isnt even my final form"
Btw, which part of Spino's body left that we haven't found the complete fossil? Just curious.
@@androyus I'm convinced those neural spikes aren't complete. Once we have those, we'll hhave a more coomplete picture of the animal.
@@androyus
I'm pretty sure most of the limbs haven't been found yet. Just Wait till it turns out he had fins
@Grant Willis Three sails
@@androyus Just look at the orange-and-white drawings of the bones shown in this video. The orange are all the bones already accounted for. Everything white we don't have yet.
2022: New spinosaurus fossil found with parts strongly resembling a modern helicopter.
2030: new spinosaurus fossil found that spinosaurus had a stand
Sprazzmatic internal combustion engine bones.
spinocopter takes rolls Royce to court for infringement on it's 100 million yr old turbine engine design... nevermind the tail rotor idea every helo design clearly stole.. in the future spinocopter will be more careful with his breakthrough aviation design ideas
@@colk5373 such a good comment and no one properly reacting to it
Interior crocodile alligator Spinosaur: STANDO POWAH
2030: *"Spinosaurus had wings"*
Me: Why I am not surprised?
End of the world spinosure wasnt a dinosure🤣
2040: spinosaurus is a fungus
2050: "Spinosaurus could spit acid."
"FFFFFFUUUUUUUUUU--!!!"
3000: Spinosaurus could survive in space for up to a decade
3500: Spinosaurus was telepathic and could communicate with beings from other dimensions
That flying joke caught me off guard, gave me a good laugh. This why this channel is my favourite place for paleontology news
Right? It was brilliant.
Loved it!
I mean if nothing else it's comparable to the absurd lengths some people will go to to claim spinosaurus wasn't aquatic.
It's unexpected though. That Spinocopter got me good
Lol ikr hahaha
Spinosaurus is like the platypus of theropods in terms of weirdness.
@@resurrectedhelicoprion Listen kid, I don't have much time. The correct helicoprion reconstruction is-
The tail would make a good looking great sword
That or Deinocheirus.
@@resurrectedhelicoprion Well you are not really a shark.
“He’s a semi aquatic egg laying mammal of action”
Coming up : Spinosaurus fossil found with intact wings...
Oh naw
Why did I hear Tom Tucker?
Spinosaurus fossil found buried with stone tools and a utahraptor pet.
@@good7bad13 I see you everywhere lol
Or feathers.
It was a large duck all along.
20 years later:
New spinosaurus sail suggests spinosaurus built the pyramids
the fact it lived in egypt aswell 💀
Imagine this theory was true
@@imcodezero1112 that means theoretically, the lizard people theory could be correct.
bro💀
I imagine in a couple years, Spinosaurus is going to be an aquatic, flying, multi-headed hydra
So, a King Ghidorah of the seas.
MrWhatdafuBOOM that’s terrifying, he just propels himself at astonishing speeds and takes chunks out of other animals
@@nutcrackerreal100 And instead of hurricanes, he creates giant maelstroms.
The Leviathan...
Still less wtf than Platypus
Helicoprion: How many baffling reconstructions are you?
Spinosaurus: Like 5 or 6
Helicoprion: You are like little baby. Watch this
Just wait until 4:40 gets proven to be true and spinosaurus gets renamed helicoptrion.
@@Tibovl Spinocopter?
Any good video on the Helicoprion?
For anyone interested in reading a GREAT book on Helicoprion (and other cartilaginous fish), I suggest "Resurrecting the Shark" by Susan Ewing
at this point, you might just be on to something
Say hello to the tadpole tail spoon.
The sail on the back was a dorsal fin. There probably was skin and muscle connecting the tale fin to the back fin
Death Tadpole
@@osmosisjones4912 Spinosaurus could probably stay in shallow water with just its fin sticking out to bask all while avoiding land, it possibly had webbed feet and and arms and some form of counter-shading. Imagine a furry spino with dark otter like fur, unlikely but than again it has had multiple changes throughout its history.
@@FAKELIEN animals that massive don't need hair. Take hippos for example.
Paleontologists:makes a discovery that changes spinossaurs body
A few months later...
Paleontologists:Wanna see me do it again?
I study paleoanthropology, you have NO idea how many times the same thing has happened to Neanderthals.
Spinosaurus, the Transformer of the Cretaceous era - now with swimming tail!
@@Skeptical_Numbat next with fucking electro reception oh wait YOU HAVE GOT TO BE JOKING THIS GIANT HAD ELECTRO RECEPTION man this makes humans specialization look like nothing comparison YOU HAVE HANDS FOR TOOL USE COOL I have a snout that can sense small vibrations in water GET ON MY LEVEL
@newb mann
The *Spinosaurus* does seem to be an extraordinarily unique critter, remarkably adapted for a semi-aquatic lifestyle.
Though it does _appear_ peculiarly front-heavy, with hind/primary legs which seem slightly too far back to be at the balance point (center of gravity). For me, how this would work out is an intriguing question. Perhaps it has much denser/heavier bones in the tail to counter it's buoyancy. Many semi-aquatic organisms (like ancestral whales) have this adaptation.
I'm also pretty curious about where it lived in the environment of the whole vast (there's never been any river/lake/estuary system at this scale, before or since) *_Kem-Kem River/Wetlands/Lakes/Estuary System_* & how that would have influenced it's attack strategy. Crocodiles are stealth hunters, but Spiney couldn't stay completely hidden underwater due to that wonderful spinal sail (the purpose of which is still a puzzle up for debate). There were some seriously wide/deep lakes & rivers, full of deadly fish & other dangerous creatures, and some damn big ones, too:
• *Mawsoniidé* A 4-5 meter long/300+kg giant lobe-finned fish.
• *Lepidotes* a 500+kg/2.5 meter long goldfish on steroids.
• Not to mention some big sharks & some humongous *Sawfish/Sawsharks* estimated at weighing 2.5 metric tonnes, over 9 meters long & with a 4 meter long *_Rostrum_* studded with 10cm long teeth (Note that *Cartilaginous* fish - like *Chrondrichthyes/Sharks/Rays* - don't fossilize all that well, but the *_Rostrum_* is composed of denser pseudo-bony cartilage, with a high enough calcium content to fossilize). They also have one of the most sophisticated Electrosensitive systems in nature, with a high density of *_Electroreceptors_* called the *_The Ampullae of Lorenzini_* densely dotted on the underside of it's gigantic *_Rostrum_* to find fish hiding beneath the muddy seafloor & slash them into bloody shreds.
There'd have to be an immense number (& diversity) of fish & other organisms to support the uniquely large number of predators living in this region & era.
@@Skeptical_Numbat what was the foliage in the area I wonder idea just popped into my, it's 4 am brain is what if the sail was more designed to help camouflage it as a bunch of plants floating in water or even if some of the non boney parts allowed for it to brush against foliage on land and have it stick to the sail, since cartilage doesn't preserve well maybe there is some extras onto it that may add more function. As weird as this thing already is who knows it may have a special organ connected to its lungs in some way that fills up with air to help increase bouancy while it has maybe more fat to make it weigh more and sink. But who knows.
Just imagine how cool it would be to see an accurate spinosaurus in a jurassic world movie.
If that were the case then we'd probably need all the other dinosaurs to follow suit. Even as we discover new things, I'm wondering how they'd pull off a scientifically accurate dinosaur movie; maybe as a Walking With Dinosaurs-esque documentary that doesn't feel like a kids cartoon?
Have it replace the "mosasaur" as the new aquatic threat.
Bk Jeong tbh that could work, seeing how suitable it is in water, it could be a new water threat
I love the genetically altered monsters we have in the JP films. Even the book says that they are not scientifically accurate due to having DNA from other modern animals, the JP3 spino is actually a genetic hybrid, hence why it's not at all accurate [at the time it was]
@New Lunar Republic Official yes very true but again this is from the genetics. The Raptors In Jurassic park are Deinonychus which at the time of the book shared the Latin Name Velociraptor, only their secondary names where Different. This is why they are much bigger than the Raptors found in Mongolia
Paleontologist: _Can you tell us exactly how do you look like?_
Spiny: *Laughs in extinct* *_No_*
Maybe one day, maybe one day.
*95% of the ocean hasn't been discovered..*
Spinosaurus: haha i go hide hide
@@wlt3r382 i'm not exaclty a paleontologist but i don't think the fossils of spinosaurus would be in the ocean
@@noirody6256 there are tons of fossils of land-dwelling animals found in the middle of the ocean. This is because of the movement of tectonic plates, which, over millions of years, can bring land masses that were once above the ocean down into it, bringing the fossils with them. Similarly, you can find fossils of extinct ocean creatures in the peaks of mountains, because that land was once under water.
I imagine god laughing at us
This Dino just got even more terrifying and beautiful then it already was. Spectacular!
Every update on this dinosaur makes it cooler and cooler
The artists colored concept illustrations are spectacular!!! Love the imagination of colors, etc.! Keep on illustrating!!!! Love it!!( and thank you for your talent sharing!)😘🙋‼️
2017-spinosaurus
2020-Spineyersaurs
I was loving how Animal Crossing had depicted the Spinosaurus in the most recent depiction discovered, and now it's outdated.
Palaeontologists in 2040: "We now have sufficient evidence to conclude that the Spinosaurus was, in fact, a space-faring dinosaur, and it could shoot lasers from its mouth"
yeah, paleontologists are gonna mess up their grammar like that
funny enough comment, too, I gave it a like. (Felt like I needed to say that so you wouldn't get defensive after the first sentence, your comment is not that bad)
Indeed, the Dinosaur Laser Fight was a true thing of beauty
That is a grievous misconception the lasers come from its eyes and the fire comes from its mouth, and it's not even fire it's radiation breath.
Godzilla's dad confirmed.
Finding new information on a species absolutely changes what we previously knew about said species… All these comments make it seem like scientists and paleontologists have no idea what they’re talking about
At this stage, if someone reconstructed Spinosaurus as a species of dragonfly I wouldn't be surprised.
AardvarkLord you mean crocodile? I would kinda be surprised.
Spinosaurus might as well be a weird sea serpent or dragon at this point. Or heck, it could be a living helicopter like Ben G Thomas hinted at.
The Gen 8 fossil Pokémon we needed.
This sounds like a job for David Peters Man!
Reconstruct Spinosaurus out of dragonflies.
Cannot get any weirder
04:40 - LMFAO! Perfect delivery; it took a moment for my brain to get around that. My hat, Sir.
I love this kind of jokes in serious documentary 😂😂😂
I think everyone is missing the point: they said the sail would make it top-heavy, and cause it to tend to roll over, so it's clear that the "sail" was actually a keel. I think the spinosaur would enter the water to sufficient depth, roll over on its back, and use its tail to keep itself going on the right direction while it floated around, sipping umbrella drinks.
You joke but for all we know that may have actually been how the gigantic dinosaur swam, with legs in the air.
@@quitlife9279 possible
@@quitlife9279 ...
Like otters swimming with their back facing down while eating sea urchins
Sipping cocktail and eating sushi
People who watched Jurassic Park: Nooooo you can't just completely redesign my childhood!!! all of my toys and memories!!
Paleontologist: haha spiney boy go splash splash
I can except at least walking/running upright i pray there is no knuckle dragging or insane slouch position unless it's hunting for fish
If they can create the abomination caled indominus rex i think its easy for them to create spinosaurus genetically modified to be a land based vicious evil man hunting dinousaur.
D3 Hybrid indeed they cannot take away the spino walking on its hind legs most of the time
Also palaeontologist: haha T. rex beats Spino
@@paulzan2246 why are we talking about a jurassic park debate completely different subjects bro can i get a comment that actually matters please
His huge tail is just where he stores all of his love and positivity. :')
Spinosaurus getting that quarantine glow up
4:10 the new discovery I think is a revolution about Spinosaurus aquatic locomotion: the beast would dive and use the tail like a paddle to propel the body in the water, while the sail at the top of the back served as the tail of a plane to stabilize the animal against roll-over with help of the two rear palmed feet which served as the tail stabilizers.
As once a aerodynamic Physicist told, a scarab is to large and heavy to fly because of the laws of physics, except nobody taught the scarab physics, so he flies anyway...
@Аleksa Despotović "“According to all known laws of aviation, there is no way that a bee should be able to fly."
I think Spinosaurus is one of the most interesting ancient animals. This 2020 is becoming a year of important discoveries.
This. I'm SO interested in following how our image of Spinosaurus develops at this point. I loved it back when it was a theropod, but it's just getting more and more interesting the more we learn about it.
Thinking of the similar look of the 'sail' to that of 'sailfish', it strikes me, that, if the creature could completely submerge, the sail might counteract the sideways movements of the tail by blocking reaction with a much larger mass of water than the main body alone would provide. Spinosaurus would power forward with less whipping from side to side than without the sail acting as a side baffle.
Again: thinking of it as an actual sail or fin: if there was appropriate musculature for 'trimming the sail', it could act to speed changes in direction by acting as a rudder.
Ah yes, even in a global crisis we can still rely on spinosaurus changing appearance every other month
Next we'll find a Spinosaurus holding the Infinity Gauntlet
That will put a smile on my face
Lmao
Not till June
I am Unicron word!?
Plot twist, a Spinosaurus killed all the dinosaurs.
5:59 Spinal existencial crisis, looking his reflection on the water.
“What am I?”
New villain for JW: Dominion. Flying spinos. That breathe fire.
Sounds like something from a Tremors sequel
Spinodragons, those sound like they would sell.
FIRST INDOMS THEN INDOS NOW SPINODRAGONS!? INGEN WHY!? 🤣😂😆
They would be scary as fuck
😂😍😂😂😂😂😂
OMFG "The tail propelled it through the air and the sail was a wing" I lost it
The writer of the buoyancy paper got all butt-hurt because his model was invalidated by an unknown unknown. It was a good model given what he had to work with, but when such a major discovery upends your preconceptions you gotta change your thinking rather than dig in.
It's human nature. We hate being proven wrong
The buoyancy paper used an inaccurate model even without taking this new tail into account.
@Bk Jeong did it? Lol serves me right for assuming w/o reading the paper myself!
Witton was very defiant about that tail too. It's good to be skeptical, but why in the heck would a tail look like that if it can't be used to swim? xD
They made spino too thin that why it was unbalanced
Huge tail equals incredible speed in water and an incredibly huge slap to the face!
spino slaps t-rex in JP3 resulting in insta kill 🤣
Omg Ben u legend thank you for covering this topic
That sail would give its presence away on the surface so it probably hunted quarry below it while swimming on the surface....heating itself with that sail protruding up
4:23 Since you don't mention it in the video I would like to point out that Henderson results are likely flawed since the anatomical model he used for Spinosaurus was not accurate to the actual fossils, mainly his model's torso was almost twice as narrow as the actual specimen.
This feature was already observable on the original specimens described by Stromer so there was no excuse to get it wrong and likely it contributed to the results obtained in the study.
5:19 Or mayyyyyyybe... The results were different to those of coeval turtles and crocodiles because Spinosaurus would be at a much higher trophic level than the other much smaller reptiles studied.
THANK YOU. Pretty much everything indicates Spinosaurus was indeed an aquatic predator.
This discovery makes you really think that we know nothing about these animals. This thing used to be a Carnosaur with a Spine.
Sir Bedevere: what makes you think Ibrahim is a devil?
JP3 Spinosaurus: well he turned me into a newt!
Sir Bedevere: A newt?
JP3 Spinosaurus: ... I got better.
🤣🤣🤣👍
And still he could pull of the boat attack scene...
XD
It's starting to get so weird that the spinosauridae family might have to get reworked in it's entirety
Imagine being so derived compared to others of your genus that it could genuinely be argued you don't belong in the genus that bares your name.
@@Akaryusan If Spinosuchus weren't already taken by a Triassic croc I'd think Spinosaurus be renamed Spinosuchus
@@ciernselar6549 you can't just rename a genus like that. basilosaurus is still basilosaurus even though we know it's a whale and not a lizard
@@ciernselar6549 this isn't how dinosaur naming works. Brontosaurus and troodon agree
@@Akaryusan The family Spinosauridae is named after the genus Spinosaurus, which was the original sole member of the family, and the others were added later. If we end up splitting the family, then AFAIK Spinosaurus gets to keep the family name, and the others are designated into a new family of their own.
Spino is the real life lagiacrus confirmed.
Can you imagine Capcom making an aquatic Spinosaurus inspired Brute Wyvern?! I would love Capcom forever!
Manic Yamanacki Yeah that would be super cool! They’d have to bring back aquatic battles though.
*tremble of sea and land starts playing*
Would be awesome
*BEST. COMMENT. EVER!!!*
This is pure speculation on my part, but I can imagine that tail being used not so much for continuous swimming, but for a short, powerful burst of speed to propel the Spinosaurus in an ambush attack. Kind of like a crocodile, but spending more time in water deep enough that the tail would provide thrust, yet shallow enough that it could still either steady itself with its feet on the mud or briefly tread water until the moment of striking, making buoyancy less of an issue.
That does also solve the problem of it rolling over onto its side constantly. It wouldn't do that if the water's shallow enough for it to have its feet on the bottom. Plus, I think there's a lot of evidence that it would've filled an ambush predator niche similar to a crocodile.
I think it makes a lot of sense for it to mainly stand in shallow water and to use the tail for occasional bursts of speed, a lot like a hippo with a newt tail.
But I'm not sure how effective it could hope ambush anything with eyes considering the freakin gigantic sail on its back... maybe aquatic animals but definitely not land animals like a croc.
@@quitlife9279 - Yeah, I was thinking of an ambush on fish, mainly
@@quitlife9279 Would work if the sail was used as some type of lure. Certain color? Bio-luminescence? Heh, now I'm thinking how cool it would be that the spino was a night fisher.
The buoyancy paper used an erroneous model where the spino was way too narrow. Tipping over was not a problem and that sail seems like it could help stabilize it while submerged. Having said that, I do appreciate the idea. At this point, we're getting a more and more complete image and conjecture is becoming less wild.
"She turned me into a newt!!!!"
Spinosaurus 2020
"A newt??"
T-Rex
@@saintpossum6036
"I got better"
Spinosaurus
Imagine, if in a few years, we discover a new Spinosaur species with arm fins
@Boi! I agree. That would be pretty cool
Hmm.. that's not impossible
They could find one with a snorkle in its mouth and arm bands on and some scientists would still claim it lived on land.
Finally. The video we were waiting for.
Everybody was talking about the Spino in the palæontology community for the past few days.
I was wondering: ''Wait... what about Ben G Thomas ? Where is he ?''.
When you think spinosaurus coulden't get more cooler:
Spinosaurus: allow to reintroduce myself
i think its less cool that the spinosaurus has stubby ass legs
I hate the modern recreation of its arms... It looked like a make a wish paralyzed child on steroids... But realism is more important than cool looks...
@@maxim6088 well that is mostly the reason because dinosaurs couldn't pronate their arms like mamal
It got nerf
I've always loved Spinosaurus and watching/reading updates on the amazing theropod is one of my favorite things to do and in my honest opinion I think that it just gets more interesting over the years.
Imagine if we find a fully aquatic spinosaurid
I would not be surprised
This tail discovery literally has me over the moon. Makes me love Spino even more :>
It certainly lives up to the 'spino' part now, since it had more then they thought. Appropriate name. Even more then then before.
This make me like it less
@@lukeallen7304 JP3 fanboy alert
Scazoid Yeah you right
What if it ended up being a cryptosaur
Where is Doug?
We need an average of all the Spinosaurus reconstructions, to see just where they all point to.
BFDT I think he died from coronavirus.
Plot twist, spinosaurus was actual a giant tadpole. But this begs the question........
*WHERE'S THE MOTHER?*
A frog with a spine there u go
Bruno Bucciarati.
nah its just the in between of the crocodiles and some terrestrial carnivore.
@@cryingisthenosebleedoftheh790 r/wooooooooooooooooooooooooooooosh?
@@aCrocodileMan Colloso-frog with a spine*
Spinosaurus has always been my favourite dinosaur! This makes it even cooler!! AHHH!! Spinosaurus was amazing!!!!!
Back when I was a kid, this was my favourite dino, (probably just because I thought it looked cool in Jurrasic Park 3), but over the years, with all of the new discoveries about this animal that led to every iteration being vastly different than the previous one, it remained my favourite, due to its unknown nature, interesting discoveries and constant change in humanity's eyes.
Paleontologists in 2025: we discovered wy Spinosaurus went extinct: it evolved lightning-breath UNDERWATER
Electric eel
*Lagiacrus intensifies*
@@matteussilvestre8583 cool you know lagiacrus?
I fought one today
@@matteussilvestre8583 *Land and Sea tremble intensifies*
@Raccoon Boi monster Hunter
So basically like :
Other carnivores : THIS IS MY FOOD, NO MY FOOD ! MY HADROSAUR MEAT !
Spinosaurus : Ight, Imma headout
Spinosaurus: *middle finger*
Carcharodontosaurus: oh damn, thats a huge arm.
@@Scazoid ..... not cool spino
Chilantasaurus:errrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr.......
I just want a mostly complete specimen so we don’t have these “MuH final form”
The tail comes from the same specimen as the short legs described in 2014, and there's another expedition planned to recover more arm and possibly skull material as well. So we're looking at one animal that is getting uncovered and published one piece by piece, essentially.
Unfortunately with the rampant black market for fossils. I'm afraid that's a going be nearly impossible.
What a quality video! Thank you for sharing.
As for the the sail on the spinosaurs back: with the surface area that it has, it would have acted as a vertical stabilizer like an airplane. With it being so tall, the sail would effect the sail with a lateral force. The sail would act on the spine that should produce minimal torsional motion. This would support a much faster moving tail that wouldn't necessarily needed much sweeping motion.
Wanted to share my engineers mind. Happy sailing my prehistoric comrades!
I was so excited to see the notification for this video!!!! Spino is the coolest bloody dinosaur ever; thanks for making this video :)
08:21 Spinosaurus walks into a bar. The bartender says:"Why the long face?" **ba dum tss**
The Spinosaurus proceeds to devour the bartender, drink all his booze, and drunkenly return to the lake until its time to do it all again.
Spinosaurus' are very cool!
Gabriel Benejam A TyrannoCroc is cool and frightening- yeesh
He's a semi-aquatic
Sail waving dino of action.
He's a large scaly webbed-foot
who'll never flinch from a fra-eeay-eeay
He's got tones of fishing skills
He's got a croc snout and eels tail
And palaeontologists swoon
whenever his fossils show
PERRY THE SPINOSAUR!!!
Another commentator already did that
Hes a Semi-Aquatic egg laying dino of action.
It's scaly webbed foot will never run away~
He's got more than just mad skills, he's got Croc tail and a Sail.
When women hear him,
they soak themselves when they him say: *"Q U A C K"*
Some scientists lol. A jaguar can dive, a duck can dive, dogs can dive, I mean come on. If it lives near water it can probably dive.
More channels need to cover recent scientific news like you do. It feels weird to say, but someone reporting on a 2018 study feels rare on this platform. Keep it up!
Spinosaurus is easily one of my favorite dinosaurs, and it's interesting history in the fossil record is a good reason why
The guy keeps changing his look every week. Jeez dude we get it, you're special.
Honestly I'm surprised that we didn't consider a paddle like tail before. It makes so much sense that it's sail shape would continue down the tail
The shape and length of its legs show pretty clearly it spent most of its time in the water
(Dooby dooby doo-bah, dooby dooby doo-bah)
Spino!
He's a semi-aquatic, egg-laying dino of action!
(Dooby dooby doo-bah, dooby dooby doo-bah)
He's a scaly little spineback
Who'll never flinch from a fray-ee-ay-ee-ay!
He's got more than just mad skill
He's got a tadpole tail and a sail
And the women swoon whenever they hear him say
*ROAAAR*
He's Spino, Spino the theropod!
Spino! (I said you can call him Agent S!)
Agent S.!
You are my new hero
this should have 20k likes!
Lmao this is amazing
You are a legend!
I wanted to do that :(
Early 2000s: "this is how the real spinosaurus was"
2017:"no this was"
2020:"no this was"
😩 next it'll be semi astrological
Jesus this thing just can't make up it's mind
@@jkosch Meanwbile in religion: "hey guys we have this new scientific evidence for x!"
"no you don't, that's just Satan"
The spinosaurus just refuses to give up.
"YOU MUST COMPLETE ME"
I'm glad you covered this find! It's so cool!
imo the spino just keeps getting cooler and more interesting every discovery!
could the sailfish sword fish dorsal fin be an indication of convergent evolution? they have a huge dorsal fin but despite of this, they are amongst the fatest fishes in the sees
Sail fish fold down their sails when hitting top speed. Spinosaurus sail couldn't do that and was probably a hindrance like a peacocks tail in most situations except for mating and sexual selection.
@@johno1544 the fin of the sailfish is for the purpose of manoeuvrabilty in high speed, perhaps the dorsal extension of the spinosaurus was for the same purpose but not at high speed?
I have a good point there. This dorsal sail really looks like the one of the present day sailfish. If so it would have helped this dinosaur to prevent fishes going away in the same way so to catch them with ease. Nothing to do with speed to my view at least...
Who knows, the shadow cast by the sail could have also acted similar to the shade cast by some heron species, attracting fish or making it easier to spot them. I doubt that was the main reason, but it might have been a useful byproduct of having a massive sail
@@zenebean yeah that's the odd thing sail seems so weird but there could be a bizarre hunting strategy it takes a big part in.
In addition I have read on one occasion about the re interpretation,
(The NatGeo secondary article has described it as 'fully' aquatic)
One addtional counter argument has said by; Jaime Headden that - I have a feeling the modellers make the [bones] of the tail sans recumbent spines, and fear that, like much of the NatGeo promotional work, this was done without much concern for authenticity.
"All the bones came from one individual"
Not like the previous reconstruction, which make it very dubious XD
Imagine getting called lame because you had to adapt to your environment by a species that only evolved because you got killed by a flying rock.
Ouch.
I remember doing a spinosaururs drawing with the sail on its tail, before the new discovery of course, and I had no idea until now that I actually looked like that
When is the next walking with episode?
ngl, i kinda want to see the full discoveries and seeing flying spinosaurus
imagine the terror of those flying spinosaurus upon the mainland dinos and beat pterosaurus
*you fool!. this isn't even my final form!*
As a film maker I still want to make him stand on two legs but the idea of him swimming with 4 and this tail is still pretty cinematic and cool.
The natural world (here on earth so far) is ceaselessly fascinating. That ‘disproportionately‘ large tail (given its purpose yet unknown) compared to its main body size, has a snake-like appearance, as though two different creatures got stuck together. Such a teeny head too.
it's a pelican?
it's a crocodile?
no it's Spinosaurus
Narrator: tail could propel it self through the air...
Pteranodons: What are you doing way up here?
Spinosaurus: humans got it wrong... Again.
Pteranodons: Figures.
this
this is why i always say "dinosaurs" whenever someone asks where we'd go if we had time travel.
Helicoptering Spinosaurus is one of the best things I have ever seen on this channel and needs to become a meme on the greater internet.
Spinosaurus is my favourite dinosaur of all time! I remember being introduced to it back when it was a theropod with a sail glued on and a crocodile head! So excited about this stuff. :)
Honestly, we don't know much about the skeletons of other species of spinosaurs, such as baryonyx, irritator, and ichthyovenator. The only specie that has the most completed skeleton (that I know) is suchomimus. And with my very uneducated and inexperienced guess, if spinosaurus aegyptiacus' skeleton still isn't completed and we're still learning new things about it, while other spinosaurs don't even have most of their skulls and femurs discovered, then it's safe to say that the others should be researched as well.
Sorry for the poor punctuation.
Ben : saying his going to make more spino vids
Me: 😄😃😁
So this absolutely makes Spinosaurus unique once again!
Albeit (thanks for ben G thomas noticing) has anyone heard the counter argument against the tail by mark witton?
He described - how much displacement would occur with the long, reclined neural spines in the new Spinosuaurs tail if, as the new paper suggests, it was very flexible. This is really rough work, but it shows how the tail 'unspools' with even limited flexion.
To be clear, this isn't a good thing. Tails aren't meant to rip apart when they're flexed. If Spinosaurus had these long, backwards-pointing neural spines, they surely limited flexion, no matter what else the tail verts were doing. This is an issue for the swimming hypothesis
the spines start to displace from the width of the centrum at just 3-4 degrees. That doesn't imply a particularly flexible tail.
Most likely Spino " cruised" the surface using more " lazy" flaps of the tail than butt-wiggling like a giant dog.
@@IWasaTeenageTeenWolf than it absolutely disproves going against the 'strong currents' argument right away
Mark Witton "withdrew" his tweet saying that with added soft tissue and muscles the neural spines wouldn't overlap each other allowing for more flexion then he previously thought/suggested. But Spinosaurus wasn't able to use it's tail as flexible like a crocodile as the tail is only supported by large muscle groeps for about 1/3 of the tail only. So it's likely it swam more gently and calmly through the rivers and it wouldn't be capable of persuiing it's prey in the water, more likely waiting for fish to come by and latch, more like a bear type hunting tactic by letting the fish come to him. but thats my guess.
@@svenheuseveldt7188 I did not see him withdrew his tweet though; he stil posts it; he only added an additional part as 'except this was the case' which he appearently skeptical - still keeps the theory, as far as his page appears.
Though wasn't the fragility of the tail out-deletes the swimming entirely against the strong currents part as the article has established?
@@thedoruk6324 As far as i've been informed Mark Witton indeed questioned the flexion of the tail saying the neural spines would overhang three or so other neural spines which would limit flexion.
But as far as I'm aware with added soft tissue and muscle the neural spines would actually deform, and the soft tisseu would actually bend the spines to maintain their shape allowing for flexion of the tail, which Mark Witton didn't account for which he did admit in his later tweets
Obviously a rigurous analsys of the bones hasn't been made yet, so we won't know for sure until then.
But here is the tweet:
cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/580413794900246540/706582642199625758/unknown.png
Here the actual site:
twitter.com/MarkWitton/with_replies
4:50... helicopter sounds.... LOL.... LOVE IT!
Back in time, Spinosaurus used to be the favourite dino of many ppl...
Golden times...