External Spinal Cord (Surface, Segments, Spinal Nerve, Enlargements, Reflex Arch) - Anatomy

Content:
Introduction: 0:00
Topography of Spinal Cord: 01:07
External Surface of Spinal Cord: 02:44
Spinal Segments: 03:41
Spinal Nerve and Vertebral Canal: 05:15
Enlargements of the Spinal Cord: 07:33
Spinal Nerve Anatomy: 08:27
Reflex Arch: 14:13
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Topography of Spinal Cord (Medulla Spinalis)
- Vertebral Canal (Canalis Vertebralis)
- Covered by:
○ Pia Mater
○ Arachnoid Mater
○ Dura Mater
- Foramen Magnus to L1/L2
- 40-45 cm long
- Medullary Cone (Conus Medullaris)
- Filum Terminale (Terminal Thread)
- Cauda Equina
External Surface of Spinal Cord:
- Anterior Surface
○ Anterior Median Fissure (Fissura Mediana Anterior)
○ Right Anteriolateral Sulcus (Sulcus Anterolateralis Dexter)
○ Left Anterolateral Sulcus (Sulcus Anterolateralis Sinister)
- Posterior Surface
○ Posterior Median Sulcus (Sulcus Medianus Posterior)
○ Right Posterolateral Sulcus (Sulcus Posterolateralis Dexter)
○ Left Posterolateral Sulcus (Sulcus Posterolateralis Sinister)
Segments of the Spinal Cord
- 8 cervical segments
- 12 thoracic segments
- 5 lumbar segments
- 5 sacral segemnts
- 1 coccygeal segments
- Spinal nerves going out throguh Intervertebral Openings (Foramina Intervertebralis)
Relationship between the spinal cord and the vertebra:
- Spinous processes of cranial cervical vertebrae
Correspond to same segment
- Spinous processes of caudal cervical vertebrae
- Segment +1
(e.g. vertebra C7 = spinal segment C8)
- Spinous processes of cranial thoracic vertebrae
- segment + 2
(e.g. vertebra T3 = spinal segment T5)
- Spinous processes of caudal thoracic vertebrae
- segment + 3
- Vertebrae T10-T12
- lumbar segments L1-L4
- Vertebrae T12-L1 (epiconus)
- lumbar and sacral segments L5-S2
- Vertebrae L1-L2 (conus)
- sacral and single coccygeal segments S3-S5 and Co
Enlargements of the Spinal Cord
- Cervical Enlargement (Intumenencia Cervicalis)
○ Brachial Plexus
- Lumbosacral Enlargement (Intumenencia Lumbosacralis)
○ Sacral and Lumbar Plexuses
Anatomy of the Spinal Nerve:
- Spinal Nerves synapse with nuclei in gray matter of spinal cord
- Posterior Root / Sensory Root (Radix Sensoria)
○ Enter through the posterolateral sulci
○ Spinal Ganglion / Dorsal Root Ganglion (Ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis)
○ Pseudounipolar neurons
- Anterior Root / Motor Root (Radix Motoria)
○ Enter throguh the anterolateral sulci
- Spinal Nerve contain:
○ Sensory Fibers
○ Motor Fibers
○ Sympathetic Fibers (Between C8-L2)
○ Parasympathetic Fibers (Between S2-S4)
- Branches of the Spinal Nerve
○ Ventral Branch
§ Cervical Plexus
§ Brachial Plexus
§ Lumbar Plexus
§ Sacral Plexus
○ Dorsal Branch
○ White Ramus Communicans
○ Meningeal Branch
Reflex Arch
- Mono-Synaptic Reflex
○ Patellar Tendon Reflex
- Multi-Synaptic Reflex
○ Withdrawal Reflex
Sources used in this video:
- Memorix Anatomy 2nd Edition by Hudák Radovan (Author), Kachlík David (Author), Volný Ondřej (Author)
- Biorender
- University notes and lectures

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