How Does Hair Dye Work?
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- Опубліковано 12 сер 2015
- Some hair dyes are basically fine-grained paint. But dyes that stick with you for more than a couple weeks physically and chemically change each hair. Learn how with HowStuffWorks.
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This is not my natural hair color. There are three basic chemical formulations of hair dye: temporary, semi-permanent, and permanent. Before we look at what each of them do, let’s look at the physical structure of hair.
Hair is dead stuff. Three layers of slightly different dead stuff. The core, called the medulla, is not pertinent to our interests today.
But it’s surrounded by a thick layer of cells called the cortex - no relation to your brain’s cortex. It’s where you find the pigmented melanin proteins that give hair its color.
Protecting the cortex is hair’s outermost layer: the cuticle. As hair’s armor, it’s made up of overlapping scales. Temporary dye just sticks to the cuticle - it’s more like paint, really, and it’ll usually all circle the drain with your next shampoo.
Semi-permanent dye contains molecules of pigment so tiny that they can slip between the scales of the cuticle and stick to the cortex. But it’s still more paintlike - it doesn’t chemically react with anything in the hair.
The wee pigment particles will wash back out through the cuticle’s scales with soapy water, so a semi-permanent dye lasts about 12 shampoos max.
Permanent dye, as the name suggests, is designed to stay with your hair until the hair grows or falls out. In general, permanent dye consists of two solutions. First, an alkaline chemical plus two types of particles that will come together to form the new color: dye precursors and dye couplers.
Second, the developer: an oxidizer, usually a weak solution of hydrogen peroxide. You (or your salon professional) mix ‘em together right before applying them to your hair.
The alkaline chemical (either ammonia or a gentler substitute) goes to work opening up the cuticle. For dye to be most effective, it needs access to hair’s cortex. The alkaline stuff temporarily softens and relaxes the cuticle’s scales.
The next hurdle in achieving a new hair color is getting rid of some of the existing melanin in the hair’s cortex. Enter the developer. It oxidizes the melanin molecules, breaking melanin’s double carbon-carbon electron bonds and giving up one of its own oxygen atoms to fill in the space.
The result: the melanin turns colorless and releases sulfur atoms. That’s right: part of permanent dye’s characteristic stink isn’t actually the dye at all, but an element of your hair passing into the air.
But that’s not the developer’s only job: It also kicks off the reaction that brings together the new color molecules by oxidizing the dye precursors. These are usually colorless chemicals that develop color when oxidized.
The resulting pigmented particles (called intermediates in industry lingo) are monomers that, left to their own devices, would slip through the cuticle’s scales like semi-permanent dye.
But the dye couplers react with the intermediates to form polymers of pigment that’re too big to just slip back out. That’s how permanent color resists fading through multiple washes: It’s trapped beneath the cuticle.
SOURCES:
science.howstuffworks.com/inno...
chemistscorner.com/chemical-re...
pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/stu...
www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/ca...
Tro, Nivaldo. “Chemistry in Focus: A Molecular View of Our World”. Cengage Learning. Jan 1, 2015. p. 369.
books.google.com/books?id=OYX...
www.thechemicalblog.co.uk/why-...
www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Hair-...
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pgbeautyscience.com/dye-precur... - Наука та технологія
trying to break down the last part
hair structure from outermost layer:
1. cuticle
2. cortex (contain melanin which gives your hair color)
3. medulla
stuff in the hair dye:
1. alkaline (ammonia)
2. dye precursors
3. dye coupler
4. developer/oxidizer (hydrogen peroxide)
process:
1. alkaline open up and soften cuticles
2. developer removes existing color in melanin (by oxidizing melanin molecule)
3. developer brings in new color (by oxidizing dye precursors)
4. dye coupler helps trap the new color underneath the cuticles
Thank you
And people worry about Round up
goodbyegray
Appreciate Video clip! Sorry for chiming in, I would love your opinion. Have you researched - Millawdon Goodbye Gray Trick (Sure I saw it on Google)? It is an awesome exclusive guide for learning how to reverse gray hair fast minus the headache. Ive heard some incredible things about it and my best friend Jordan after many years got excellent success with it.
Btw, henna is permanent. It binds to the cortex molecules. I've been doing it for a decade. Indigo is another natural dye, and over henna, it creates a bluish-black. Indigo is not permanent. If you look good with red hair and wanna commit, I recommend it.
Lauren here! I fell down a research rabbit hole while writing this script -- lots of complex chemistry and microscopic materials science go into making everyday hair dyes. Now I want to research exactly how much physical and chemical damage hair dyes actually do.
I have dyed my hair red since I was 18. I just recently found out that there was a completely natural alternative called henna and have been using it since.
How does henna work? It says it's temporary but it doesn't seem that way to me, it has never washed out.
LadyPashta
I've always heard that henna is permanent, but that it fades or changes over time as you wash your hair. Maybe that's what it means by 'temporary'?
I'm not sure how it works -- I'd have to dig into some research. I'll add it to our idea list! Thanks for watching. :)
Thanks!
what about colors any tips on which colors last the longest without to much fading like red fades fast in my hair is there any colors that fade slower then reds ?
what about colors any tips on which colors last the longest without to much fading like red fades fast in my hair is there any colors that fade slower then reds ?
anyone else watching this while dyeing their hair?
bet you'll find one
Me
Lol!
Me
Me
Thank you so much! I'm currently doing a science project on the chemistry of hair dye and this helped so much!
^___^ That sounds awesome! Good luck! /Lauren
hey, i have a project on effect of hydrogen peroxide on action of hairdye and was wondering if you could share your experience in your project.
Bishi Ice can u please send that project to me
Hey
*sits stunned with all this info i never had*
Pretty much the cortex is what holds the hair color. You cant permanently color it with out using permeant hair color that uses ammonia or MEA to open the cuticle to color the cortex. Then the small dye molecules get blow up by the peroxide so they can leave the hair. Peroxide can be super strong like 40vol some lines carry 60vol.
Hi! I like understanding what actually goes on chemically with all these processes. Thank you. I also have a question regarding thermally rebonded hair. Would it be okay if I dyed it? Atleast semi-permanent?
Awesome information some examples and techniques would strengthen this information but great general knowledge over all.
i accidentally bought permanent instead of semi-permanent hair dye. is there anyway to remove the color without bleach/other harsh chemicals. (it's been one day)
Im distracted with her hand gestures
reine villa Yeah, I gesticulate a lot. It's a thing I'm working on. Thanks for watching anyway! /Lauren
+BrainStuff - HowStuffWorks Gesticulate is one of my favorite words. I'm glad you do it now just so I could hear it (in my head) in a sentence.
+BrainStuff - HowStuffWorks noooo we love your hand gestures ^_^
Thank you so much for this video. I've been stuck in the DIY haircolor echo chamber of people repeating "I don't know the science behind it."
This was really helpful and cool thanks!
hi i have a project work on effect of hydrogen peroxide on action of hair dye and i was wondering if you could give some experiment which i could perform when teacher from different schools would come to grade me for class 12
I have dark brown hair and I wanna go to a silver grey but my hair is pretty damaged so I don't know what to do...any suggestions?
can the color of a home hair color kit be use without the developer ? and will it hurt my hair . just for temp color.
My colour i would like to try is Platinum White
Me as a man honestly would like to try all the hair dyes on my hair I will honestly find it cool also is there eye pigmentation or should I go back to the 24th century?
Honestly this video helped me so much🙌🏾👏🏾
hair addiction? not really. but I've been watching lot of Guy Tang lately for inspiration for my next hair color endeavor. To answer your question: I don't know- I've been blonde(natural), brunette, black, red(temporary) pink and blue. Blue is my favorite so far though.
As a man, masculine more than feminine, I am not really into my looks, other than not smelling bad and exercising. However I've always wondered what I would look like with blond hair, I naturally have dark brown hair, I think it would be fun to try for a vacation one time.
mam can u plz explain me... it's very important...that if permanent hair colour applied on hair the colour restrict the water to get in to the hair......or hair will remain dry...or hair can easily be washed bye water...in short the hair doesn't became water proof...hope u understand what i am trying to ask...plz reply
...purple will go perfect with your black hair extensions...I'ma proff hair stylist & now there are demi permanent colors that we work with everyday...and also new permanent colors with NO ammonia...
I would love if you dyed your hair purple, that would be beautiful
I'm not sure if you guys have done this better but can you show us what happens to your hair when you get a relaxer (straightener)
+Angie Lomax the disulfide bonds in the cortex get reformed by the addition of hydrogen . WOW make sense?
Wait so if you want to dye your hair white then do you just use the developer and not the hair dye? Or is there a white hair dye you should use?🤨😞 HELP!!!
Hi, hope you'll reply!!!
I dyed my hair with loreal casting creme gloss no ammonia in black colour (my natural hair is dark brown) and it says on the package that it stays on up to 28 washes. I have already had 28 washes and it has only faded. How long do you think it'll take to the colour to be completely out of my hair?? I hate it!!! :(
Btw- does flat iron make the hair dye last longer or not?
This was amazing
A question, when dying your hair, should u use more developer or color
Naficha Chowdhury equal parts.
I wanted to have red hair, so I tried a box kit. I ended up looking like the Little Mermaid, minus the fork comb.
Nicole S. It's very hard to get a natural-looking red hair dye if that's what you're aiming for. I'm glad i have it naturally ;)
can any different company developer can work for different company color ?
Yo mama joke of the day: Yo mama's hair so nappy, even moses couldnt part it
i have jet black hair colour and would lovee blue streaks
I'm thinking about making it blond, just like Ren from Nu'est, but I doubt if it is cool with my skin color :s
Should i mix a developer and a hair dye i am 12
So if I don't want the dye to last as long get semi permanent dye? I might dye my hair, thx for this helpful video!
+Bratayley Power Yeah, if you just want to try a color out, go for a semi-permanent dye. Though be aware that the color will fade and change as it washes out -- it won't just disappear. Good luck, and thanks for watching! ^___^ /Lauren
great video!
hi have u done a vid on why u get grey hairs. if so can u point me in the right direction. and also why do we get grey hairs even when we are young
videokiller We haven't done a video specifically about going grey, but this video that Cristen hosted about natural hair color goes into it a little: ua-cam.com/video/mDiBa0vLmfI/v-deo.html. Basically, we have special cells that create the pigments that give our hair its color. But as we age, those cells start to die off. How old you are when it happens depends on your genes. This article from HowStuffWorks goes into more detail: health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/aging/aging-process/stress-gray-hair.htm. Hope that helps!
I was thinking of getting a purple and got it prior my summer holiday. My only problem is that my natural hair colour ("black") renders the purple hard to see unless under direct bright light or after exposing it to heat and under dimmer lights, which will make it easier to identify the purple. Chinese hair problems :/ ugh :P.
gargontar I have to bleach my streaks before I dye them blue for similar reasons. /Lauren
I wanna do the underneath of my hair purple!
me, dying my hair: how the hell does this even work
Strange enough I understood the part about the electron bonds and melanin. But everything else, I require pictures to follow along.
2:22 so, like hair farts?
Gregor Masson Pretty much!
I just dyed my hair back black today lol it was blue
Midnight blue
Pink
Blue
Silver for me, please!
Red
ive always dyed my hair purple but I stopped cuz i soend like 50+ cuz i gotta bleach my black hair twice then die it outple with 3 bottles maybe 4 cuz i have long hair xD
Black, red, purple
What about premium permanent
So, dyeing my hair wouldn't ruin it?
Blue and Green and White.
I have a question, I want to dye my hair blonde or at least attempt to dye it blonde. I have dark brown hair but dyed it light brown a couple of weeks ago so I'm just gonna wait it out. I don't want to use any lightening products because I have thin hair (Asian hair) So I bought two hair colors that is ultra light ash blonde and light ash blonde, can I mix these together and it will turn my hair blonde? and If so, how do I mix them together? Do I mix it in only one of the bottles of developer? Do I pour more of the light shade or darker shade or 50/50?
Gladys Anne Sy you can't lighten your hair with a hair dye unless your hair is already light. you'll have to bleach it
try hicolor by loreal
Targaryen blond
I want to dye my hair an orange color
my mom said i had to write a paper on bleach, if i wanted to beach my hair. here i am!
you guys answer to really interesting questions but you need to have pictures of what you are saying!The brain understands better if it can have an image! Even just the words...But anyway your videos are very interesting!!
Agreed that this video is still too complex, can't remember that much science from high school/college
there's demi permanent too.
Why is beard hair so much more scaly and crooked than head hair?
I want to dye my hair Black with a hint of purple, why? Because I love fucking purple!
so what is your original hair color?
+MrZamberto15 The brown actually is my original color -- I was trying to gesture to the green/blue streaks in it!
so we can dye hair without developer !
the host makes me remember lady gaga in poker face MV.
Can I use permanent hair dye without developer?
It depends on the type of dye, but you usually can. It just won't penetrate your hair as well, and will work more like a semi-permanent dye.
the hand gestures tho
nice vid
Maybe blue dunno if I look good in it need to do it in photoshop first or with a wig
RedStefan Trying on wigs is awesome. That's how I got the idea for my blue streaks. /Lauren
+BrainStuff - HowStuffWorks Maybe you should go for purple streaks next time before going entirely purple (unless you were just kidding about that).
Xcellent
I wanna color mine wild cherry
what would happen if u have thick hair
wow, i watched this, and have NO idea what she said !! i lost her, at 1.25 ..
is the process the same as perming hair?
+Game On I haven't researched it extensively, but it sounds like perms just effect the outer layer (the cuticle) -- though they affect it more strongly than hair dye. Perms contain chemicals that break apart the bonds that hold together the protein molecules that make up the cuticle. Those proteins, called keratin, give your hairs their shape: straight, curly, wavy, etc. When the bonds break, the hairs curl. Other chemicals in the perm then patch together the keratin protein molecules, holding the hairs in that curly shape. Here's a good summary of how a few different perms work: www.yalescientific.org/2010/04/everyday-qa-how-does-a-perm-work/ /Lauren
BrainStuff - HowStuffWorks it is only affect the outer layer.. that means it doesnt affect the roots at all? and does it affect the newly growth hair as well too?
+Game On If the chemicals are applied directly to the scalp or if they sit for too long, they could damage the roots of the hairs and effect the way that new hair grows. But if a perm is applied correctly, it shouldn't damage the inner core of the hair, and it shouldn't change the way new hair grows out.
White, I want white hair, but looks like the most difficult to mantain.
***** I'm so jealous of silvery white hair! Can't stand the thought of bleaching & dyeing my roots that often, though. I keep hoping that I'll inherit my grandmother's rockin' peppery silver-grey. /Lauren
Rudy Giuliani brought me here.
my hair is black with turquoise at the moment
Did you have to bleach your hair to make it turquoise?
Yes. My hair is naturally vary dark. It takes about an average of 3 + hours
ok, thank you!
Mmm.... What?
So permanent color is like a kid who sticks his head through a fence
My mom says Yes but my dad says no
Host looks like Lady Starlight
just subbed..... you seem cool
Completely useless comment, but you remind me of the assistant girl from Death Parade.
i wanna die my hair white..😐
Lit cuz my hair is permanent purple
I need no hair dye because phan exists so nothing else matters.
Blue lol
Ok, this will be the last video i watch...
@=====@..what? ??
2 anime 4 me
666 likes
Hair dye is complicated...
It's NOT natural?? (that's the bummer info of the day)
Stephen Mortimer Well, the brown is natural. The blue isn't.
BrainStuff - HowStuffWorks Since Elvira quit the air... you are my "it girl".... so for the sake of an old guy "buff don't damage your image" !! (please?)
Am totally relieved to know that at your "cortex" you are not blonde !!
christen why do we have tongues
First!
commenting first
Someone got a handcuff? Her hand gestures are criminally excessive.
Enkhe-Amgalano Budo Thought so too but the camera constantly zooms out so to not look awkward, she does something with her hands.
she lost me after couplers...
how do butt plugs work?
RuggedALAN I'm sure you're trollin', but for anyone who's genuinely curious about this topic, you might start with my co-host Cristen's excellent video about anal sex over on *****: (SFW) ua-cam.com/video/4JDoDt_FDSI/v-deo.html. She includes some links in the notes to other great info sources on UA-cam. For those 18+, I also recommend Erika Moen's webcomic about anal sex over at Oh Joy Sex Toy: (NSFW) www.ohjoysextoy.com/buttsex/. /Lauren
Blue