Area Rule: How To Make Planes Fly Faster
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- Опубліковано 24 вер 2017
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I originally uploaded this on Friday, but there was a problem with the video not going out to subscribers, so I had to take it down. The ICBM defence video will be out this Friday! Making an effort to post more educational content on my instagram account, so give that a follow if you are interested. instagram.com/brianjamesmcmanus/
Real Engineering how about an swimmer while diving into the water
The underside of the Airbus A380 at the parts of the wing about 0-5m from the body. I believe this shows the rule effectively.
Real Engineering on the Russian Su-74 and it game changing designs.
The A10 with its rear mounted engines
Real Engineering - What about the De Havilland Comet?
Right off to KSP to try this now
lol me2
Except i dont think ksp areodynamics arent this advanced
Install the FAR mod
you'll have to get FAR to make that work
It is included in FAR: i.imgur.com/y6nGcDt.jpg
3:19 my pure sweet man that's not what .adult is for
It is now
XXX= Xreal Xengineering X.
yeah can you help me engineer a .adult domain and streaming service
Real Engineering I like the way you think! : )
Yeah right, next you'll tell me .cat is not for cat pictures...
Street lights! With recent hurricanes in America and major storm in Romania, many street lights that weren't aerodynamic enough were bent or torn away, while the nicely streamlined ones were still in place.
Halo444 no this actually works differently. The street lights are streamlined not to lower the amount of force applied by friction of the air, but to reduce the low pressure zone that forms at the back (the side where the wind flows away from the ligt) of the light, because this forms vortexes that will make the light swing from side to side perpendicular to the direction of the wind. Real engineering actually did a video about the burj kalhifa in which he explains it: ua-cam.com/video/niVguabIhTs/v-deo.html
Nope. The area rule reduces wave drag, and therefore is only a factor at speeds close to and beyond the speed of sound. The street light design has to do with a different phenomenon.
Roses are red.
This guy is aviation master.
Area Rule: How To Make Planes Fly Faster
"Wendover Productions is aviation master."
I wouldnt quite say that.. there is 6 major claims in this video.. 5 of them are mostly wrong.
Real Engineering = Real Information
He 's not beggin for subs or likes, so what?
hahahahaha... grow a pair and defend yourself tell me this. stop trying to defend from your other fake accounts hahahahah
Na it's ram nooos
Tesser 4D Don't give him any attention. That's what he wants :)
+Curious Omelette Eh wut? I am not a fake account? Lol. I subbed Tell Me This and many other channels like Real Engineering, Second Thought, RealLifeLore, Wendover Productions, Kurzgesagt, Seeker, Curious Droid, CGP Grey, SciShow Space, minutephysics, minuteEarth, AsapSCIENCE...
And I see many comments from Tell Me This as top comments but they aren't like "sub me pls" or "like cuz its my birthday" so I dont get your point
At higher speeds, the F-14 Tomcat's wings rotate rearward, creating a more delta-shaped wing geometry, but also matching more closely the ideal cross section area distribution you mentioned in your video.
This is also done to increase sweep as well as change the primary lift generation from traditional pressure difference due to laminar flow over the air foil, to vortex lift which intentionally creates flow separation to produce large vortexes above the wing
"More on that later" was never seen again.
He briefly mentioned that it was not economically feasible to taper the fuselage aft of the wings in the Concorde in the same way as the F-102 Delta Dager.
Lifting-body planes, The smooth transition of fueselage to wing on some fighters like the SU-27, No real edges on the Su-57,
Skyer, you want the t-shirt? Send your address to my email: mcmanus.brian1@gmail.com with the size you want, if you do.
You and wevdover productions make the best couple
See Jian Shin gayyyyy
gay gay gay gay
I ship them.
Nah just kiddin, I fly them of course
See Jian Shin yep
RealLifeLore, Kurzgesagt, CGPGrey, and Half As Interesting too. I'd honestly remove Kurzgesagt because they've seemed to have lost their art style over the years. They don't seem original at all now. Half As Interesting is goddamn awesome though.
Great info as usual! Only thing is I am still a bit confused on the specifics of what changes to the cross section area look like physically. We saw few examples and it was not explained. I would love to see a video explaining more of that.
The SR-71 has that rule incorporated with pretty dramatic effect as the fuselage nearly disappears into the wing as the wings cross section increases. It's also noticeable on the B-2. Much larger at the cockpit, slung way out in front of the blended wing. Then the wing becomes thinner and thinner as you travel rearward on the plane since the wing is increasing in span.
Fantastic video as always, the B1-B Lancer has an interesting and ascetically pleasing fuselage taper
Greetings from Canada! I submit for your approval, the "Avro Arrow" as an example of where the Area Rule played an important role in the aircraft's design.
Wow, that's awesome! I already found a couple (I think):
- The reason for the Space Shuttle external tank and boosters not being in line.
- The reason for vertical and horizontial stabilizers never starting at the same point.
- The reason for military drones like the Global Hawk having a big hump in the front.
- The reason for modern planes like the A350, 787 or CS300 having front sections with completly smooth tapering unlike older planes like the 737 having a distinct "nose" in front of the cockpit windows.
- The reason for the iconic bulging shape of the Super Constellation.
- The reason for the Eurofighter Thyphoon having small fins between the canards and the wing.
- Probably the reason nobody uses canards.
You are almost completely wrong LOL
This is one of the best channels I know of. I'm so glad that we're from the same country :)
Which country is that? I love the accent!
It's an Irish accent :)
@@redmondokelly2464 *oirish
My favourite example of this (if it is one) is in swimming. When we dive into the water we put our arms forward in what is called the streamline position. This makes our area curve pretty similar to what you showed as the optimal one and I had never thought about that this could be the reason why we do it.
Bro it's Monday morning and I'm trying to work man.. Ugh guess I can stop for a few minutes UA-cam..
BaRKy bitch please it midnight here
Ikr
its 4 pm
woah look who it is!
Honestly did not understand the area rule. And whats with the cross section graph, is it a graph? Or a cross section of the plane? What does the line represent? How did one small change on the plane design make the line smoother? I have to find another video on youtube that clearly explains this to enter your contest.
it's a function. x is the position along the plane's length, and y is the area of the cross-section of the plane taken at that position. Basically, you are cutting the plane in short slices from nose to end, and the area of each slice give you one point on this curve. That's how i understand it anyway
In less mathy speak its basically like this: you want a football like shape, narrow at the front, slowly broadening, then gradually narrowing again at the end. That graph is just the mathematical way of showing that
If you're still unsure of the cross section that is being discussed and how the graphs work:
Imagine you had a giant bread slicing machine like thing that could cut the plane into thin little sections. Run the plane through that such that the first slice is the very tip of the nose, like the heel of a loaf of bread.
Measure the area of each of the slices, and plot them on a graph in order. The larger the area, the taller that point is on the graph. - You want a nice smooth curve with no sudden jumps or falls.
These comments explain it better than the video, the video needed more explanation especially with regards to the graph and an explanation on the briefly mentioned 'wave drag' and the shock-waves it creates?
The football shape thing is close but the cross sections don't have to match the "shape" of a football they have to have values similar to those positions on a football.
Imagine: slice the plane into thin ribbons from nose to tail. Reshape the weird shaped ribbons into circles and then put them back together. The ideal plane following this process will end up shaped like a football.
This effect can be found on the XB-70 Valkyrie, as the fuselage slowly gets smaller while becoming part on the middle wing structure. Also, the engines were placed in a smooth box which was designed in such a way to be as aerodynamic as possible, while still allowing for the necessary features go compression lift.
The B-52 Stratofortress's 8 engines are all mounted as forward from the wing as possible and now, after so many years of just admiring the aircraft for what it does, I can now see how it is able to carry out [to far greater extent] such tasks which its predecessors from the B-17, B-29, B-36 to B-47 Stratojet were previously designed for and just admire the progression of technology brought to us by the minds of engineers all the while.. Thanks for the great video as always.
Great video as always, but please include more detailed axis labeling, as it was quite difficult for me to understand the area rule. Thank you!
Minute Engineering
Love this channel and all the information I've gained from it!
I've noticed the cross sectional area distribution, I do believe on the location of the cockpits in fighter jets.
i literally went to the bathroom, got cereal and adjusted my seat to watch the video as comfortably as possible
Would love to see a video on the F1 power unit (engine) especially after Mercedes achieved 50% thermal efficiency recently on a dyno & hope to race it next season
My favorite cross section area proportion is on the Su-27 family.. It flattens out at the wings
Yes, and actually this is a technique that a lot of airliners use as well, except at the bottom rather than the top of the fuselage. It would be inconvenient to narrow the plane above the wings because that would reduce passenger space, and the same goes for lowering it at the top of the fuselage, but they can lower it at the bottom of the fuselage, because that way, they only cut into cargo space.
In the Netherlands you have a special type of a reclining bicycle, we call them banaanfietsen which literally translates to bananabikes. They probably have one of the most optimal aerodynamic shapes for a vehicle and it follows the curve really well i think. Please give it a search!
Omg, thank you so much. This is probably one of the hardest things for me to grasp when learning about aviation!!! Thank you!!
You can see that in the blackbird. The wings are heavily put back on the plane but the intakes for the engine being put just in front of the wings. Not to create too much drag but for the desired purpose you said In this video.
Yes, although more so on the SR-71 than the A-12.
Also the oddly wide nose slightly tapers on the way back to the wing almost in line with the engines. I also assume that this applies to the bulbous bow on large ships as the primary use is to reduce wave drag. Also I'm in Cork so hmu.
The area rule has also been applied to the designs of exhaust ports and mufflers in high performance racing engines.
Great video. Great channel. I always look forward to new videos for you. The thing I like best is you don't shy away from technical information in fear of alienating part of your audience like most channels do.
Certainly the 9 de Havilland Comet with its beautiful stream design.
The engines were encased inside the wings and it was the first jet-powered airliner.
can you make a video from how to stop an ICBM
Richard Clutterbuck Why wouldn't it work if it was a nuke?
Love the new intro. Keep up the great work!
Loving the new intro! Blends beautifully with the rest of the video
Faster plane means hotter plane
( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)
I’d say my favorite examples of this principal are the SR-71, F-117, and the B-2 spirit.
F-117 doesn't follow the area rule at all?
I love these great informative videos, keep up the good work!
I'd love to see the cross sectional area for a B-36D. You could probably do a whole video on that aircraft.
The A300-600 Super-transporter is the most Aerodynamic
beluga?
Muhammad Nur Arifin A300-600ST = Airbus Beluga yep
That is the ugliest plane I have ever seen!
+iamezza - It wasn't designed to be pretty though, was it? Also, you won't need to worry you'll see one often, because only four of them exist across the entire earth. Having said that, they'll make six of the new A330 Belugas, so your chances of seeing one are going to increase by a whopping 50%! :p
Robert Faber Actually, there are now 5 Belugas flying, and I've seen all of them lol
Also I think I read that they were making 5 of the new Beluga XL
Wait, what's the rule 😂
The rule essentially comes down to keeping increases and decreases in surface area as smooth and small as possible. If a plan suddenly becomes larger in one place, it has to become smaller in another in order to smooth out the total amount of space the plane occupies in the air.
Thanks!
It is: Rule 34
I think the coolest application of the area rule is how it affects the SR-71 Blackbird and let to the amzingly cool flattened look for the fuselage and almost conic shape seen in the empenage as the wing area increases.
Just started studying Aerospace engineering. I love the plane videos!
I'm all for supporting you channel, but one third of this video is an advert... not including pre-roll ads.
Pre-rolls are turned off on my channel. I'd rather present an ad that I approved at the end of my video, than for my viewers to HAVE to watch a 30 second pre-roll just to gain entry to the content.
Andrew Boot ...Roasted
Sees video only out for a minute
Me: Ok
Nice short video that taught so much. It never crossed my mind that the cross section could be that important.
Nice video!
I’m looking forward to the next full length video
This area rule is found in javelins as well as spears. Funny how they got this right before we even started flying 😐
you cannot discover something twice and i find it sad that just because they were German/worked for the nazis that some people never got the recognition they deserved. Otto Frenzl(i knows classic german name) figured this out almost a decade before Whitcomb and yet people call this effect after him instead.
also engine placement on small business style narrow body jets has little to do with area rule. you can't put the engines anywhere else but at the rear. not enough room under the wings. to put them there needs a high wing or large undercarriage(both undesirable). fokker 614 aircraft had them on top which looks kinda funny and mounting them on the middle/front fuselage blocks your view, is too stable(yes that can be bad) and is very noisy inside the cabin.
They can always be mounted within the wing as in the UKs V bombers and the Comet. But that would obviously restrict the engine size. But it is a possibility.
Not sure if some one already said this but there is an extreme example on the SR-71 blackbird which is my favorite plane and the B-17 flying fortress gets smaller towards the tail. Great videos man I’ve been watching you videos all week since I found your channel and I’m hooked I’ve watched almost all of them
Keep it up, can't wait for the next video!
Thumbs down, until you engineer up a little something after the lengthy commercial! Come on!
B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber. One of the craziest balances of this cross-sectional area rule while also minimizing the radar cross-section.
The Aggregat A9 rocket designed at Peenemunde during WWII had a distinct narrowing of the rocket body over the stabilization fins to better control the cross sectional area.
The Northrop T-38 Talon's fuselage is highly tapered near its wings. Great video!
Nice video, and good idea on the challenge!
The best example I could find was the X-29, which like the original junkers had a forward swept wing.
I was wondering if the odd shape of the V-2 rocket was influenced by the area rule, but it seems it slightly predated the development of the area rule by just a few years. It seems to have the right shape though.
Ahh, the first and only place I found this. Great job!
My favorite designs are from the boeing 787 with the aerodynamic body and its very bendy wing and the design of the A300-600 Super-transporter how it has such a big hump and it is still aerodynamic, really cool!!!
I love the shape of the Piaggio Aero Avanti. It's very interesting!!
Dude I love these plz upload more
Lol, great video to watch just before I go to my fluid mechanics class :D
Love you videos makes the concepts so easy to learn about
Tuna, sharks and other fast fish also co-evolved to have a cross-sectional pattern.
I found a cool research paper where the area rule is seen in different types of fish.If you are interested, the title of the paper is "Review: Analysis of the evolutionary convergence for high performance swimming in lamnid sharks and tunas" (its a little long but has some cool stuff)
Aircraft wise for the area rule I have to reference my favorite close air support fighter, the A-10 Thunderbolt. The area literally changes from cockpit, to wing, to engines, to tail and seems to match the curve pretty well. Also not that a football travels at transonic speeds, but I think it's funny that if you mirror the curve over the bottom axis it'll look like a football lol
The Sr-71 and A-12. They both had strakes running along the length of the cockpit and fuselage to better handle transonic speeds. And the 2 seater Training variant of the Sr-71 had a second smaller cockpit above and behind the first, which dramatically lowered the top speed due to the incredibly large amount of drag it produced despite it's small size.
Thanks for the great information. Is it possible to make a video about dynamic scaling please?
Great shit lad
thanks for this video, really helpful ! :)
The most beautiful application of the area rule was in the design of the B-58 Hustler, wonderful and fast plane.
Aerospace Engineer here...
Take a look at the Cessna Citation X aft fuselage. It's heavily area ruled for several reasons; first, to reduce drag due to compressibility effects (as the video mentions) but also allows the massive engines to be mounted closer to the aircraft centerline which reduces the moment caused by an OEI (one engine inoperative) case which in turn reduces the required size of the vertical tail thereby also reducing drag (not just in the transonic range).
Love this channel by the way. I hope it inspires more people to get into STEM fields.
The Northrop F-5 is a good example of the area rule being applied. There's a very visible narrowing on the fuselage at the middle of the plane for compensating for the wings.
You can see it quite plainly in birds, waterfowl in particular. Look at a picture of a kingfisher or a gannet diving and they seem to hold themselves to match their cross-sectional area according to the area rule.
Now I'm not saying I think birds can do math, but if they could I wouldn't be surprised.
My favorite example of the Area Rule is the SR-71 Blackbird spy plane. The fuselage is shaped like a teardrop, and tapers inward right next to the engine nacelles located at the back.
BEST CHANNEL ON UA-cam! ALWAYS WORTH WATCHING!
Another example of this area rule is present in the flight of some rifle bullets, especially when the speed of the bullet drops below Mach 1.3 and encounters the transonic flight regime. Although unlike an airplane, a bullet does not have wings or other significant protrusions, and therefore area ruling is expressed more subtly.
Really like your videos, really informative! Example: wheel placement and housing on Airbus A380
Great video, I think the bomber Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit has a thicker fusolage where the wings are less wide for the same reason
The SR-71 Blackbird. That's some crazy speed and crazy area rule.
I think the engine position of slower attack aircraft like the A-10 is really interesting. The wingspan is very long and but narrow, keeping a proportional area to produce enough lift while still having room for a ton of missiles and bomb (longer wings means more weapons). Because of this odd wing shape with a narrow fuselage, the engines are tightly placed behind the wings but still in front of the tail end. It goes to show that even for slower jets that don't come close to supersonic speed, drag reduction is optimized as much as possible.
Ineta Life - False - I knew that someone would comment on A10 odd shape. The real reason for putting engines that far on the tail is that engines are shielded by wings from incoming anti-aircraft fire from troops on the ground. Also, A10 is intended to use improvised airstrips and this way, dirt is less likely to get to the engines.
Also, this video is shitfull of ads and does shit for explaining what attack area is. The graph is hilarious - "here you got semicircle line and here's more wavy and if you could make that wavy line more circular that would be greeeeat".
There, my post contains almost same amount of knowledge and less ads.
Drink your Ovaltine
The SR-T Black Bird and its incredible design made it look like no other plane with its finest details allowing it to reach up to mac 3 and over
when you mentioned the junker company a plane called he-162 immediately came into my mind, which has a pretty interesting design
The Cessna 172 is an aerodynamic masterpiece, the area rules is almost spot on, that's why it is so widely used :)
No, but on the SR-71 the fuselage is getting thinner along the length of the plane as the wings and their engine pods start to expand, such a cool aircraft
The "Flyera" follows this curve perfectly. It's my favourite example! :)
F-104 Starfighter and F-5 Tiger II both have strategic cockpit and engine inlet placement as well as tapered fuselages at widest wingspan, but I think the coolest example is the YF-23 (which was pretty darn fast). On top the airplane, right at the wing tip cross section is where the fuselage tapers away and the engine "humps" start, and out back it uses a Y tail with tapered engine outlets to match.
A great example of the whitcomb area rule is the tupolev tu-95 which both gets narrower where the wings are attached to the fuselage and it's wheel fairings are located behind the wings!
I'm gonna try this in my plane simulator!
Thanks so much real engineering, great video as always!
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The flap track fairings (canoe shaped things under the trailing edge of the wing) on passenger aircraft are used & shaped for this very reason, as well as a aerodynamic cover for the flap mechanisms.
Nice! more short videos please!
Love these videos. Was wondering if you could show how a C-5 galaxy works.
VERY interesting, thank you.
One of the most infamous jets, B-71 Blackbird being capable of reaching unheard of speeds. Truly an art of engineering. This rule would be applied to cars as well, to one of my favourite super cars, the Lamborghini Aventador with its sleek design as well as being able to drive at high speeds.
that was really brilliant!
The Airbus Beluga!! It tapers nicely at the back, but at the front its cross-sectional area gets big very fast (I'm guessing that it's curve would be something like the opposite of the original F-102 Delta Dagger). I wonder if extending the nose slightly forward would improve the ratio (would probably have to hinge horizontally rather than vertically to load cargo).
Most rifle calibre bullets (generally the higher velocity ones) are tapered towards the end for this reason
Best most beautiful example of this has always been the SR-71 for me. Check out how elegantly the fuselage tapers off to almost nothing right over the wings, to help counterbalance against the HUGE Pratt & Whitney engines (and the wings as well, of course).
Videos like this are why I want to study engineering Brian. Maith thu!!
I can see where mother nature takes a bit of this information like with the taper over the wings because some birds have a similar shape I think its really cool how we can take a look at the world around us and try to improve our daily lives from what we see in nature. one of my absolute favorite aircraft ever made takes these principles and puts them to a sort of extreme effect that aircraft being the North American XB-70 Valkyrie a bit of an obscure aircraft designed around the same time as the SR-71 Blackbird with similar speeds (you should look it up its a really cool aircraft with an interesting story behind it) anyhow I just thought it was really awesome to learn this today because I had no idea that such tiny changes in aircraft design could make such a difference in how it behaves in the air. Thanks a bunch!
How about Golf club head designs, particularly driver heads? Does that rule apply for that?
As an engineer in the aerospace industry, I always keep a model of the XB70 at my desk, as I've always viewed the plane as an engineering marvel, not only being the first plane to break Mach 3, but also pioneering countless technologies that were the backbone of aviation design for decades to come, like aluminum honeycomb construction. It's concorde-like, but has an asbolutely beautiful taper of the above-wing fuselage into the wing, as the below wing engine cowling ramps out to drop the incoming air to subsonic speeds.