A Quick and Easy Diophantine Equation

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  • Опубліковано 4 січ 2025

КОМЕНТАРІ • 127

  • @richardryan5826
    @richardryan5826 3 роки тому +24

    The substitution isn't really necessary in this problem. The given equation can be rewritten as (x + 1)(x - 1) = 2y^2. Because x is odd, 4 divides (x + 1)(x - 1), and it follows that 2 divides y. Given that y is prime, y = 2, etc.

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому +3

      A nice approach!

    • @michaelpurtell4741
      @michaelpurtell4741 3 роки тому

      that is also basically what i did . factor then set x= 2n+1 then Y^2=2n(n+1) then 2n=n+1 then n=1 ...now need to watch video to learn the more complicated approach and what the heck (from the comments) Pells rule is

    • @ivandebiasi6657
      @ivandebiasi6657 3 роки тому +5

      Also becouse x and y are prime we can simple use the fact that
      x² - 1 = 2y²
      (x+1)(x-1) = 2y • y
      And becouse x + 1 > x-1
      we have x + 1 = 2y and x - 1 = y
      => x + 1 = 2(x - 1) => x = 3 and we have done

    • @rangaswamyks8287
      @rangaswamyks8287 3 роки тому

      We can directly say 3 and 2 satisfies the equation sir

  • @MelomaniacEarth
    @MelomaniacEarth 3 роки тому +6

    DO U DAILY WORK ON THIS STUFF .....THIS IS INSANE MAN.....THNKS FOR EVERYTHING

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому +5

      Absolutely and thanks!

  • @infintiy_math
    @infintiy_math 3 роки тому +13

    There is actually an infinite amount of integer solutions given by the general method of solving Pell Equations. I wonder if there are an infinite amount of infinite prime solutions as well.

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому +9

      Nope! Only one prime pair since y must be even and the only even prime is 2.

    • @MrTipack
      @MrTipack 3 роки тому +1

      @@SyberMath I agree prime and even is the key here.

    • @isws
      @isws 3 роки тому

      there arent infinite solution there are like 3

    • @christianthomas9863
      @christianthomas9863 2 роки тому

      @@SyberMath correct

  • @RexxSchneider
    @RexxSchneider 3 роки тому +11

    Just to get you started on the general case, where x must be odd and y must be even:
    { (1,0), (3,2), (17,12), (99,70), (577,408) ... }
    Obviously, the negative values are also solutions.

    • @f5673-t1h
      @f5673-t1h 3 роки тому +4

      Basically, all the solutions are x and y, where x+y*sqrt(2) = (3+2*sqrt(2))^n * (-1)^k, for some n and k integers.
      This is from algebraic number theory, where x^2 - 2y^2 is the norm of the algebraic integer x+y*sqrt(2), and you want the norm 1 numbers, i.e. they are invertibles.
      All invertibles are of the form (1+sqrt(2))^n * (-1)^k, but this gives you elements of norm either 1 or -1. So you take n to be even to force a norm of 1, and that's how you get (3+2*sqrt(2))^n * (-1)^k

    • @mcwulf25
      @mcwulf25 2 роки тому

      Yes if the constraint X,y prime wasn't there. With 2y^2 = (x+1)(y-1) and y any integer the solution is more complicated with the factors on the RHS = 2a * b where ab=y^2.

    • @christianthomas9863
      @christianthomas9863 2 роки тому

      as and y are prime numbers and y = 2k, the only prime number for y that is even is 2

    • @RexxSchneider
      @RexxSchneider 2 роки тому

      To summarise, with the restraint that x and y are prime, then we only need deal with natural numbers.
      Writing x² - 1 = 2y², it is immediately obvious that x is odd and x > y.
      So (x-1)(x+1) = 2y² but since y is prime, the only factorisations of 2y² are (1 * 2y²), (2,* y,²) and (y * 2y), with the first factor being smaller. That gives three cases:
      Case 1: (x-1) = 1 and (x+1) = 2y² giving x=2 which is not a solution for integer y.
      Case 2: (x-1) = 2 and (x+1) = y² giving x=3 and y=2.
      Case 3: (x-1) = y and (x+1) = 2y. Taking the difference we get 2 = y and hence x=3 as before. So that's the only solution for prime x and y.

  • @joaquingutierrez3072
    @joaquingutierrez3072 3 роки тому +2

    My approach:
    We have x^2 - 1 = 2y^2, so x is odd (because if x is even, then x^2 is even, so x^2 - 1 is odd, a contradiction)
    If we factor the left hand side we have
    (x + 1)(x - 1) = 2y^2
    Both (x + 1) and (x - 1) are even, so (x + 1)(x - 1) = 2y^2 is divisible by 4.
    So y^2 is even, which implies that y is even.
    As y is prime, y = 2. And from this we get x = 3.
    Thank you for the video !! :D

    • @Rudxain
      @Rudxain 3 роки тому

      And if 2y^2 mod 4 = 0, this means it's *at least* divisible by 4. Since we know y is even, this means 2y^2 mod 8 = 0, because the greatest multiple of 2 that divides 2y^2 is 8.
      Another interesting fact is that the square of an odd integer is always 1 more than some multiple of 8. Said mathematically, if x is congruent to 1 modulo 2, then x^2 must also be congruent to 1 mod 8, and therefore also congruent to 1 mod 4. If we look at the square of an odd number as a binary numeral, its LSBs are "...001" because 8-1 is 3 bits wide, meaning "n & 7" ("&" is bitwise AND) is a 3b numeral

  • @dionisis1917
    @dionisis1917 3 роки тому +10

    Also we can use Pell equation yo solve the exercise

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому +1

      Yes!

    • @leif1075
      @leif1075 3 роки тому +1

      @@SyberMath Did you see my spoiler comment about how i aka swuare root of -1 is an answer?

    • @leif1075
      @leif1075 3 роки тому +1

      But who knows about Pells equation? I've heard but forgot about it.

    • @angelmendez-rivera351
      @angelmendez-rivera351 3 роки тому +2

      @@leif1075 i is not an answer, because i is not an integer.

    • @leif1075
      @leif1075 3 роки тому

      @@angelmendez-rivera351 I didn't know he only wanted integer solutions i wrote that before he posted the video when he just posted the blurb. So removing that restriction YES i IS INDEED A SOLUTION!

  • @crazy4hitman755
    @crazy4hitman755 3 роки тому +4

    I found out that if we consider that x and y can be any integers, than if some (x;y) is a solution, than (4y^2+1;2xy) will also be a solution. This actually shows that there are infinite integer solutions, pretty interesting

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому +2

      This is interesting. Can you share how that works or how you discovered it? It misses some of the solutions like (99,70) but still a good recurrence formula!

    • @speedsterh
      @speedsterh 3 роки тому

      I have no clue how you discovered that but it certainly works !
      I was also looking for a more general solution (ie x,y not necessarily prime)

    • @crazy4hitman755
      @crazy4hitman755 3 роки тому

      @@SyberMath yeah, there are other solutions as well. This is how I found it:
      By looking (mod 4) we see that x is odd and y is even, so we substitute:
      x=2k+1
      y=2m
      4k^2+4k=8m^2
      k^2+k=2m^2
      k(k+1)=2m^2
      k and k+1 are two consecutive integers, so they have no common devisors and when their product is a doubled square, than one them is also a doubled square and the other one is a square number.
      Let’s try the case k=2p^2
      x=4p^2+1
      (2p^2)(2p^2+1)=4p^4+2p^2=2m^2
      2p^4+p^2=m^2 Divide both sides by p^2
      1=(m/p)^2-2p^2
      This has the same form as the original equality
      So if x1=m/p and y1=p were solutions
      x1=(y/2)/y1, so y=2x1y1 and
      x=4y1^2+1 are also solutions
      In the case when k+1=2p^2
      we get different solutions, but I didn’t find any pattern in them and don’t know how to find all of them

  • @aashsyed1277
    @aashsyed1277 3 роки тому

    best video! love it :)
    very cool
    i hope you get way more popular way faster

  • @danielvieira8374
    @danielvieira8374 2 роки тому

    It is possible to reasoning starting by factoring the equation like this: (x+y)(x-y)=y^2+1. Thus (x+y)=(x-y)mod y^2 and consequently 2y=0 mod y^2. This means that 2y divides y^2, particularly 2 divides y^2. Since y is prime, it follows y=2.

  • @cav1928
    @cav1928 6 місяців тому

    in (x,y) ordered pair the following are solutions :(3;2), (-3;2), (3;-2), (-3; -2), because the restriction are that the number must be integers, not only prime numbers.

  • @smailmoudoub9176
    @smailmoudoub9176 2 роки тому +2

    (1,0) is also a solution. In fact, this équation have an infinity of solutions.

  • @italixgaming915
    @italixgaming915 3 роки тому

    2y²=x²-1=(x-1)(x+1) (1)
    2 divides 2y² then 2 divides (x-1)(x+1).
    But that implies that 2 divides both x-1 and x+1 (since their parity is the same).
    Then 4 divides 2y² then 2 divides y² then 2 divides y (for a similar reason).
    Since we supposed that y is a prime number, that forces y=2 (2 is the only even prime member).
    So we have: x²-8=1 and therefore x=3.

  • @Rudxain
    @Rudxain 3 роки тому +2

    I saw the thumbnail and thought that we were meant to search for 1 unsigned integer solution. I rewrote the equation multiple times hoping to find such solution but only got these:
    x^2 - 2(y^2) - 1 = 0
    (xx - 1) / 2 = yy
    x mod 2 = 1, therefore, xx mod 8 = 1
    xx - 2yy = 1
    (xx - 1)^(1/2) = 2^(1/2) * y
    ((xx - 1) / 2)^(1/2) = y
    (xx - 1) / yy = 2
    ("lb" is binary log)
    lb((xx - 1) / yy) = 1
    lb(xx - 1) = 2 * lb(y) + 1
    lb(xx - 1) = (lb(y) + 1/2) * 2
    lb(xx - 1) / 2 = lb(y) + 1/2
    I gave up so I used the brute force approach to find a trivial solution: x = 1, y = 0. But I wasn't satisfied so I found {3, 2} and stopped there. Then I saw the video and you said "primes" and I was like "bruh"

  • @Antonio-wh8lh
    @Antonio-wh8lh 3 роки тому +1

    What happens when x,y are not prime?

  • @Muzann77
    @Muzann77 3 роки тому +1

    Loved it

  • @nasrullahhusnan2289
    @nasrullahhusnan2289 2 роки тому

    A simpler way to solve is as follows:
    x² - 2y² = 1 then (x² - 1)/2 = y²
    Thus (x² - 1)/2 is a perfect squared integer, (x² - 1) is even hence x is an odd number. With these conditions then x = 3 as (3² - 1)/2 = 4 = 2² a perfect squared integer. Thus (x ,y)=(3,4)

  • @Ssilki_V_Profile
    @Ssilki_V_Profile 3 роки тому

    Fursly you can factor x*x-1 to get:
    (x-1)*(x+1) = 2*y*y
    If x = 2, then LHS is odd, but RHS is even.
    If X > 2 - than X must be odd. Because of that, LHS whill be prodoct of 2 even numbers, and it means that LHS is divisible by 4.
    But RHS can be divisible by 4 only if Y is 2. Then RHS is 8, and X is 3.
    And this is all.

  • @stvp68
    @stvp68 3 роки тому +1

    Primes can’t be negative?

  • @tatshatsarangi3894
    @tatshatsarangi3894 3 роки тому +1

    Just amazing ❤️❤️🤩

  • @davidseed2939
    @davidseed2939 3 роки тому +1

    I thought the prime number limitation was unnecessary, but I was wrong. Eg 17^2-2×12^2=1
    . Solutions of this type depend on finding triangular numbers "T" which are also square.
    In this case, T=36.
    y= 2×sqrt(T), 2y^2+1=289
    36=(m)(m+1)/2 where m=8 and x=2m+1=17.
    The given solution corresponds to T=1, m=1
    Square, triangular numbers are rare. Here are the first few. 1, 36, 1225, 41616, 1413721, 48024900.

  • @ramaprasadghosh717
    @ramaprasadghosh717 3 роки тому

    (x-1)(x+1) = 2 y*y has a feasible solution for (x,y) in integral domain, for odd x only .
    Writing x= 2n+1 one gets
    n(n+1) = y*y .
    This essentially means y*y lies in between two square numbers n^2 and (n+1)^2.
    Hereby no feasible solution is there to x^2 -2*y^2 = 1 for integral (x,y)

  • @elkincampos3804
    @elkincampos3804 3 роки тому

    The unity fundamental of Z[√2] is 1+√2 but (1+√2)*(1-√2)=-1. That's the Norm of 1+√2 is (-1) then "the unity fundamental" with Norm 1 is (1+√2)^2=3+2*√2.
    Then the unities in Z[√2] with Norm 1 are the form +-(3+2*√2)^n with n\in Z.
    But if x^2-2*y^2=1 then (x+y*√2)*(x-y*√2)=1. That is x+y*√2 is a unity of Z[√2] with Norm 1.
    Then if x_n=(1/2)*((3+2*√2)^n+(3-2*√2)^n) and
    y_n=(1/(2*√2))*((3+2*√2)^n-(3-2*√2)^n).
    Then (+-x_n,+-y_n) are solutions where n\in Z.

  • @AB-oy5on
    @AB-oy5on 3 роки тому +2

    If you allow x,y to be composite, how do you generate the solution set?

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому +1

      Good question! That will be the topic of another video.

  • @juanmanueltineo1302
    @juanmanueltineo1302 2 місяці тому

    Es mucho más didactico y atractivo el hallazgo de Fermat en el trabajo de Nicómaco al respecto.

  • @carloshuertas4734
    @carloshuertas4734 3 роки тому

    To me, this was an easy one. I figured that x=3and y=2 fast. Thanks!

  • @pedrojose392
    @pedrojose392 3 роки тому

    Good morning! If they are prime numbers it is easy. x must to be odd. If you use mod4, cleary you see that y is even as we do not have squares gongruent to 3 mod4 for odd numbers, only congurents to 1. And then y can be only 2. By the way, where to study pell's equation? If you replace x^2 for a and y^2 for b we have that a=9+ 2K and b= 4 + k ; k integer. Is it possiple that a and b are both perfect squares for any k0?

  • @sultanwiranatakusumah4154
    @sultanwiranatakusumah4154 2 роки тому

    thankyou sir

  • @armacham
    @armacham 3 роки тому +1

    0:35 "in this particular equation, we're looking for prime solutions" - that came out of nowhere. How did you establish that we would only look for prime solutions?

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому +1

      That was the plan but I didn't make it clear before the start

    • @Mou7_Mou7an
      @Mou7_Mou7an 3 роки тому

      That's why I found (1,0) , (3,2) as solutions before hearing that sentence

  • @deepjyoti5610
    @deepjyoti5610 3 роки тому +1

    Thnx for pells equation i want it

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому

      Pell's Equations are fun!

  • @Chu-ob4kz
    @Chu-ob4kz 11 місяців тому

    what is the method called?

  • @aishbgm5743
    @aishbgm5743 3 роки тому

    is it correct using of congruence

  • @mcwulf25
    @mcwulf25 2 роки тому

    2y^2 = (X+1)(x-1)
    If y=2 then easy to show LHS factors as 4*2 so X=3.
    If y is not 2 then (x-1)=2 and (X+1)=y^2. However this gives the same solution.

  • @arsenmingo62
    @arsenmingo62 3 роки тому +2

    What about (1,0)?

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому +2

      It works but we are looking for prime numbers

  • @lucasolimpio4443
    @lucasolimpio4443 Рік тому

    Thank you for the explanation. Please Teacher, could you help me with this following exercise? Solve the equation in the integers: x^2- 5y^2= 5.

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  Рік тому +2

      You're welcome!
      Good question. We can solve this by using the following
      x^2 - 5y^2 = 5 ... (x, y) = (5, 2)
      x^2 - 5y^2 = 1 ... (x, y) = (9, 4)
      x + y*sqrt(5) = (9 + 4sqrt(5))^n*(5+2sqrt(5)) ... n is an integer
      Also check this out:
      www.wolframalpha.com/input?i2d=true&i=Power%5Bx%2C2%5D-5Power%5By%2C2%5D%3D5+solve+for+integers

    • @lucasolimpio4443
      @lucasolimpio4443 Рік тому

      @@SyberMath thank you very much teacher

    • @lucasolimpio4443
      @lucasolimpio4443 Рік тому

      Helped me a lot

  • @attila3028
    @attila3028 3 роки тому +1

    x^2=412y-3 can you make a video for this or somenthing like one side is linear and other side is quadratic diophantine equantions?

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому +1

      Sure! Why not?

    • @angelmendez-rivera351
      @angelmendez-rivera351 3 роки тому +1

      x^2 = 412·y - 3 x^2 (mod 412) = -3 (mod 412). Thus you only need to consider x = 0, 1, ..., 206 (mod 412) and check the solutions to the above equation of modular arithmetic. For x = 0, ..., 14 (mod 412), there is trivially no answer, because 14^2 < 206. Equations where one side is linear and the other is quadratic can always be reduced to solving elementary quadratic equations in modular arithmetic.

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому

      @@angelmendez-rivera351 That is correct!

  • @arpitdas4263
    @arpitdas4263 3 роки тому +1

    I did x-1*x+1 and then factored 2y^2 to get the prime solutions

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому

      Can you elaborate?

    • @chaosredefined3834
      @chaosredefined3834 3 роки тому

      x^2 - 2*(y^2) = 1
      x^2 - 1 = 2*(y^2)
      (x - 1)(x + 1) = 2*(y^2)
      Since y is prime, there are two ways to factor this. 2*y and y, or 2 and y^2.
      First version. 2*y > y, and x + 1 > x - 1, so 2*y = x+1 and y = x-1.
      2*y - y = (x + 1) - (x - 1)
      y = 2
      Putting it back into x^2 - 2*(y^2) = 1, we get x = 3.
      Second version. y^2 > 2 for any prime y. Since x+1 > x-1, we get y^2 = x+1 and 2 = x-1.
      Since 2 = x-1, we get 3 = x. y^2 = 4, so y = 2. Same solution.

  • @laifiyazid9257
    @laifiyazid9257 8 місяців тому

    can you please answer me what is the solution for the other case when x^2-2y^2=-1 i found that 5 and 7 are solutions but i cant prove that it is the only solution

  • @alihachicha148
    @alihachicha148 3 роки тому +2

    Thanks but how do you explain that 17²-2*12² = 1?? So (17;12) is another solution for the equation, isnt it ?? Maybe I made a mistake

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому +4

      You're welcome! That's another solution but in this case we are looking for prime numbers. I will make a separate video for the general case...

  • @LifeIsBeautiful-ki9ky
    @LifeIsBeautiful-ki9ky 10 місяців тому

    Since, x and y are both even, so (-3,-2) also solution for given problem

  • @prabhudasmandal6429
    @prabhudasmandal6429 3 роки тому

    Can we solve this way. X^2- 2y^2=1 or (x)^2-(√2y)^2=(x+✓2y)(x-√2y)=1or (x+√2y)=+-1 and (x_√2y)=+-1 as well. solving this we get x=+-1 and y=0

  • @kingoreo7050
    @kingoreo7050 2 роки тому +1

    I over complicated this one so much
    (capital x = x^2, same for y)
    X - 2Y = 1
    (x + 2y)(x - 2y) = 1
    X - 2Y = 1
    2Y = X - 1
    Y = (X - 1)/2
    x - 2y = 1/(x + 2y)
    x -(X - 1) = 1/(x + X - 1)
    -X + x + 1 = 1/(X + x - 1)
    (-X + x + 1)(X + x - 1) = 1
    -x^4 -x^3 + x^2 + x^3 + x^2 -x +x^2 +x -1 = 1
    -x^4 + 3x^2 - 1 = 1
    3X -(X + i)(X - i) = 1
    3X -X(1 + i)(1 - i) = 1
    X(3 - (1 + i)(1 - i)) = 1
    X(3 -2) = 1
    X = 1
    x = +-1
    1 - 2Y = 1
    2Y = 0
    Y = 0

  • @ankitbhardwaj7958
    @ankitbhardwaj7958 3 роки тому

    X=1,y=0 is also a solution set

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому

      yes but we are looking for prime solutions

  • @LifeIsBeautiful-ki9ky
    @LifeIsBeautiful-ki9ky 10 місяців тому

    This equation is not a Pell's equation because he not discovered it, Euler Mistakenly named his name for this equation

  • @tatshatsarangi3894
    @tatshatsarangi3894 3 роки тому +1

    Brother can you please take this equation for a video
    Its a iit jee question and I can't figure it out.
    Q;- integrate x^2/{1-x^4√(1+x4)} dx
    Please make a vid on it brother ❤️

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому

      Will try

    • @tatshatsarangi3894
      @tatshatsarangi3894 3 роки тому

      @@SyberMath great 🤩

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому

      Is 1-x^4 in parentheses like this?
      integrate x^2/{(1-x^4)√(1+x4)} dx

    • @tatshatsarangi3894
      @tatshatsarangi3894 3 роки тому

      @@SyberMath yes onlyx^2 is numerator and rest are denominator 🙏

  • @tonyhaddad1394
    @tonyhaddad1394 3 роки тому

    Positif integers or all integers ??????

  • @kfjfkeofitorhf9520
    @kfjfkeofitorhf9520 Рік тому

    2X-4y=1
    X=2+1=3
    X=3
    y=X-1=2
    y=2

  • @allmight801
    @allmight801 3 роки тому

    only even prime is 2? wow is the proof long? can you summerize it?

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому +1

      I'm not sure if I can summerize it but maybe I can winterize it!
      😉😊😁

    • @RexxSchneider
      @RexxSchneider 3 роки тому +1

      To be serious, the only factors of a prime number are itself and 1, by definition. All even numbers have 2 as a factor, by definition. So an even prime number must have itself equal to 2. Q.E.D.

  • @Teamstudy4595
    @Teamstudy4595 3 роки тому

    x=3 and y=2. Without pen

  • @m4riel
    @m4riel 3 роки тому +1

    I got curious as to what the other natural solutions might be and found out that (3,2) is actually the only one.

  • @MA-bm9jz
    @MA-bm9jz 3 роки тому

    Another method is to work in Z[sqrt(2)]

  • @Germankacyhay
    @Germankacyhay 3 роки тому

    👍

  • @tushar1198
    @tushar1198 3 роки тому

    X is 3, y is 2

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому

      That's right!

    • @tushar1198
      @tushar1198 3 роки тому

      Solved in first 20 seconds ( I am just an average from india)

    • @SyberMath
      @SyberMath  3 роки тому

      @@tushar1198 No, you are not average! 😁

  • @hichemmammeri343
    @hichemmammeri343 3 роки тому +1

    over the integer there are
    6 couples (1.0) (-1,0) (3,2) (-3,-2) (-3,2) (2,-3)

    • @crazy4hitman755
      @crazy4hitman755 3 роки тому +2

      There are infinite number of integer solutions. For every solution (x;y), (4y^2+1;2xy) is also a solution, you can try this with (3;2) for example and find out that (17;12) is also a solution

  • @tonyhaddad1394
    @tonyhaddad1394 3 роки тому

    Or it dosent matter

  • @mathserreurs2479
    @mathserreurs2479 3 роки тому

    It's so mediocre.