Methemoglobinemia, types, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, physiology made easy

methemoglobinemia, methemoglobinemia disease, methemoglobinemia pathophysiology, congenital methemoglobinemia, acquired methemoglobinemia,
Met-hemoglobinemia is a disorder characterized by elevated levels of met-hemoglobin in the blood, which leads to tissue hypoxia.
Pathophysiology of met-hemoglobinemia: This disease occurs when red blood cells contain met-hemoglobin at levels higher than 1%. Met-hemoglobin results from the presence of iron in the oxidized ferric form instead of the usual reduced ferrous form. This results in a decreased availability of oxygen to the tissues. This condition can be congenital or acquired.
Two main types of met-hemoglobinemia are congenital methemoglobinemia and acquired methemoglobinemia. In congenital methemoglobinemia, there’s a problem with the synthesis of cytochrome b5 reductase enzyme. Acquired methemoglobinemia is much more common than the congenital form, which is caused by exposure to certain substances, for example: Local anesthetics like benzocaine; dapsone, which is used for the treatment of leprosy; and nitrates or nitrites.
Symptoms of Met-hemoglobinemia include: cyanosis in the skin and oral mucosa, headache, mental status alterations, like confusion or syncope, seizures; and even coma. Cardiovascular symptoms include dyspnea, heart palpitations, chest pain, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction.
Diagnosis of met-hemoglobinemia is characterized by cyanosis. A fresh blood sample will show a characteristic unhealthy, bluish, chocolate-brown color; instead of the normal healthy red. The most accurate test to confirm the diagnosis is a multiple wavelength co-oximeter, which is a blood gas analyzer that measures met-hemoglobin as a percentage of the total hemoglobin concentration in the blood sample.
Management and treatment of met-hemoglobinemia depends on its types. Management of congenital methemoglobinemia is focused on avoiding agents that can further induce the production of met-hemoglobin. Acquired methemoglobinemia is considered a medical emergency, and the mainstay of treatment is supplemental oxygen, along with intravenous methylene blue. Methylene blue is a dye that reduces the iron in met-hemoglobin back to its ferrous state, so it converts met-hemoglobin to normal hemoglobin.
Chapters:
0:00 - methemoglobinemia (methemoglobinemia disease)
0:10 - pathophysiology of methemoglobinemia
1:02 - types of methemoglobinemia
1:10 - congenital methemoglobinemia
1:17 - acquired methemoglobinemia
1:42 - symptoms of methemoglobinemia
2:06 - diagnosis of methemoglobinemia
2:36 - management and treatment of methemoglobinemia
2:50 - treatment of acquired methemoglobinemia
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"Content is For Informational & Education Purpose Only, Creamed From Various Authentic Books of Pharmacy & Medicine. The Video Content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition."