Master Therion I'm not sure that's medically advisable. I'd like to refer you to a few medical professionals I know of: There's Dr Teeth, he's with the Electric Mayhem Medical Group; there's Dr Feelgood but he works with a motley crew; there's Dr Funkenstein, his funk is the best; and my friend Gloria always calls on Dr Beat. Oh, I almost forgot about Dre.
You actually don't need to combine them per se. Virus vectors were actually used in genetic engineering before the "invention" of CRISPr or TALENS (another gene editing tool similar to CRISPr). They essentially do the same thing but CRISPr does it much more efficiently, safely, accurately, and cheaply. The only thing preventing the modification of the human genome is regulation.
FreshlyHere I would like to respectively disagree, according to this peer reviewed article here www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167779913000875 there are many ways to insert genes into a cell. RNA IS one of the ways but, (at least in TALENs) the most efficient way is through a plasmid targeted towards a single or multiple genes. (read the Genome editing with site-specific nucleases section directly below the TALEs section). This is what I meant when I stated that virus vectors had been "replaced" by CRISPr and TALENS, the plasmid vector has made unpredictable and inefficient virus vectors a near obsolete technique. Sorry about any confusion my original statement caused!
I've seen some papers recently that suggest viral vectors may be applicable in certain instances, and may harbor some advantages (www.nature.com/articles/srep05105, www.nature.com/mt/journal/v24/n3/full/mt2015164a.html). I'll have to look into the review you shared, though it is a bit older- thanks for the added info! I hope we do continue to explore viral vectors just in case there are added benefits we're not yet aware of.
FreshlyHere One area I have heard a lot of talk about recently with viral vectors is the antibiotics industry. With the rise of the "superbugs" and the decreasing effectiveness of traditional antibiotics retroviruses engineered to destroy those same superbugs have been explored in lab trials. (Although due to their unpredictable nature these engineered viruses are still a long way off)
Let's be honest here: Using retroviruses to modify the nuclei of cancer cells isn't that far off from CURING CANCER WITH AIDS. (Not really, but I need to post _CURING CANCER WITH AIDS_ at least once in my lifetime.)
IIRC, that's exactly what was said some years ago, I didn't look into it at all, but I'm sure that whenever it was talked about way back when, they would have been referring to this.
We need more money to be pumped into this area of research, so that future humans are immune to all diseases, including cancer. For example, if you are immune to cancer, you don't need a cure/ treatment for cancer anymore. More money then can be pumped into other areas of research.
You can't be immune to cancer that not how your immune system works. It can't identify and successfully fight off your own bodies cell seven though it can help suppress cancer to a certain extent.
torrqueable not true, cancer is the result of cellular damage due to oxidation and free radicals which result in genetic mutations due to error in cell repair. With error free repair, we are technically free from cancer. Borrowing the same idea of advanced cellular regeneration from Marvel character DeadPool but not to that extent as it will be pure fantasy and impossible to achieve that level of super regeneration but we can use it as a ballpark to work towards it. For instance studies shown that naked mole rats and water bears and certain kinds of sharks are cancer immune.
As human cells age their DNA becomes degraded and we can't stop that, so as we age we become more susceptible to cancerous growths. The only "cure"in the animal kingdom that we know of is octopuses, which are incompatible with human DNA. So if you find a new way to prevent aging contact the CDC immediately otherwise we will need to continue surgery, chemo, and radiation to treat cancer
Vincent Jack Actually, 10% of Europeans have a mutation called CCR5-Delta32, making them immune to HIV/AIDS. And that's the only way as of today that we've cured AIDS. Google "the Berlin patient". He had AIDS and leukemia, so he was irradiated and his bone marrow destroyed and he got a bone marrow transplant from a donor with a CCR5-Delta32 mutation, so the new CD4 T cells were immune to HIV. After a few months, the HIV virus couldn't be found in his blood. He remains the only person as of yet to have been cured of AIDS.
Wouldn't lentiviruses be more dangerous? Retroviruses and lentiviruses both can hold about 9 kilobases. Unlike retroviruses, lentiviruses can traverse the nuclear membrane. That means they can infect nondividing cells like neurons.
meme boi Lentiviruses (HIV-1/2, visna/maedi virus) are the genus of retroviruses family, orthoretrovirinae subfamily. Retroviruses are also spumaretrovirinae subfamily (don't infect humans). Another dangerous virus is from orthoretrovirinae subfamily, deltaretrovirus genus - HTLV 1, 2 and 3, it causes T-cell lymphoma in humans
Wait, isn't that what CAS-9 is for now? It targets a specific section of DNA, removing the "what if it shoves the new gene into an old gene?" scenario.
How to modify your own dna, even only on very specific cells: Create your own "gen virus" to bind to specifically the cells you want and let them insert specific chemicals.
"The Academician’s private residences shall remain off-limits to the Genetic Inspectors. We possess no retroviral capability, we are not researching retroviral engineering, and we shall not allow this Council to violate faction privileges in the name of this ridiculous witch hunt!” Points to anyone that gets the reference.
That is simply a question of definition. They aren't alive according to most definitions, since they don't have any metabolism whatsoever. They are more similar to plasmids and transposons. All "life" on Earth discovered so far falls into 3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota.
In a hypothetical scenario, could a virus develop symbiotic mutualistism with a host and to an extent where it would always pass on to the host's offspring? In a way, it would be like rewriting DNA, but not really
For retro viruses, yes, and I think there is evidence that it has happened in nature, or I could be confusing it with the story of mitochondria which are thought to have started out as separate organisms which got eaten by larger cells but were so useful they stuck around but I think I've heard of retro-viruses getting passed on in the host's DNA as well.
I was cracking eggs in the kitchen when he said "bunch of dumb babies" and almost made such an atrocious mess, my lady would have killed me! I love this show!
How is this possible? Im just preparing for a microbiology exam and was reading about retroviruses cause i didnt really understand how the work. Thank you SciShow for the awesome timing!
Ian Larkins not all cancer cells are the same. Cancers are caused by disfunction in the protooncogenes or tumor-supressor genes, and there are thousands of possible causes.
It is amazing to me the level of complexity that exist within these cells, to the point that we use personifying words that imply intent, like "want to" use" "recognize and destroy" and "disable", when really, it is all automated and deterministic. It does so much, like a rube Goldberg machine, without intelligent though to assist it along the way, re actively fixing and improving itself, on its own. it couldn't happen any way other than the way it does, and 99% of the time, its exactly the way it is intended.
Well, it's hard to draw the line between life and non-life. The distinction is just an arbitrary definition we came up with. The universe is hardly ever as black and white as we make it out to be.
Zac Cravens it evolved that way through trial and error. The error here being diseases and disorders. And we've impacted human evolution (one might say even halted it) through the development of modern medicine.
Hey I am going today babe and y I y the late reply we can I buy a new car and y you can y the late to great Wolf Lodge in my heart I have a new number bro I'm bdu the social nots you can di you sir and tdb I y I am and what I have been a heart beat the late an email from the best I have a t
Lol I had this when my family in the us and my family in the UK decided to visit centra america! I ate some bad chicken I'll tell you that! I guess I am just a dumb tourist lol
Uncle Ben I was checking to see if anybody else was going to say something about those. Kinda freaked me out a lil I must admit. Oh, love your rice by the way!
What I would like to know is: Why isn't HIV curable? Why is it the only virus that lays dormant for sometimes 10 years before causing any damage? If it takes 10 years to be able to cause damage, shouldn't such a virus that seems so weak be curable? Why is it so difficult to transmit but yet herpes is so easy to transmit, they're both a retrovirus aren't they? Please and thank you :)
HIV inserts its genetic information into the cell that it infects and what this means is any time that cell divides it makes another cell that has the same virus genetic information in it even though it has not been initially infected by live virus. therefore it is hard to destroy a virus that is so linked to the genome of the cell that it is in. treatments for HIV target certain enzymes and this aims to prevent new virus particles being released. the unfortunate thing is the HIV is RNA based which is less stable than DNA so more prone to mutation. this mutation can result in once effective drugs becoming ineffective within the same person. you would theoretically at this point be unable to kill the virus totally without killing the cells. the virus does not stay dormant for any number of years what happens post infection is virus particle numbers decline and then spend many years increasing at the same time as causing death of the cells they infect. once this reaches a critical point the person has AIDS and from there the prognosis is far worse as the immune system is essentially shot. the primary aim of any virus is to replicate so this is not a weak virus by any stretch of the imagination. its mode of action is very hard to treat. HIV is not great at surviving outside of its host and it requires the active transfer of many virus particles before it is infective. it also has a reasonably limited host cell range making it harder to infect. herpes is a large DNA virus so not a retrovirus at all but it has a broader host cell range making it more likely to infect. the method of infection is also much more likely compared to HIV infection. hope that helps
I do understand what you're trying to say. As far as I am aware, we have many retrovirus' living in our body all the time without causing any significant or any impact at all. Why is it that HIV is such a deadly retrovirus, but no others are? What I'm also trying to understand is, if HIV is so difficult to transfer (Almost impossible) why is it such an epidemic?
TenTonKoala well the vast majority of viruses cause no harm at all. Even those that cause harm often do not mean to do it it is just a part of their replication cycle. It also has a lot to do with the cell types they infect. Also HIV is not almost impossible to transfer. It is not as readily transferred as some viruses but it can still be transferred fine. Also because infected people don't always know they've been infected they can spread the virus far further than they would otherwise.
TenTonKoala if you can send a copy of that paper over that would be interesting. I can't imagine any reputable science could be done given the insanity of the methodology you describe! The ethical implications of doing that study are crazy and you would never get that approved by a research ethics body or by a reputable publishing journal. If it was done in animals fine but animal models have many of their own differences that make transfer studies unreliable. Even if you were to be correct about the transfer rate being so low if you take into account the fact that in the typical 8 year period before and untreated person gets AIDS from HIV you can assume that they will have had sex more than 100 times. If you say they had sex with 10 people in 8 years and each person they had sex with has sex with 10 others in the same period. Then say each person you had sex with 50 times then it should follow that you have 50% of those people being infected who then go on to infect 50% of the people they have sex with and it therefore spreads. A disease that doesn't show visible early symptoms and can persist for so long doesn't need a high rate of transfer to spread rapidly and widely. Even some of the most virulent diseases we know of do not infect 100% of people when the opportunity is presented.
I will try and find a copy by your next reply. I'm not too sure if it's reputable or not, I just know that I've read and even seen on some documentaries that this test was done and not a single HIV negative partner contracted the virus. While I do understand your point and it is valid. If you were to have sex 100 times in 8 years with say 10 different people, the infection rate isn't 50%. The infection rate is like I said, less than 1% from a one time encounter, and saying that, it's even more unlikely that the person you have sex with on that one time encounter has HIV. So, let's say out of 10 people, 1 person definitely has the virus. Your chances of contracting that virus is less than 1% So, if you do the math, you contracting HIV from encounters with 10 different women is less than 1% (If that makes sense) but let's say you have sex multiple times with that person who is HIV positive. Then your chances are increased, but not if that person's blood doesn't have much of the virus at the time. Anyway, you see where I'm going with this. I'm not trying to argue, just trying to wrap my head around this whole thing. What a finicky virus! Thanks again!
I'm just way too distracted by the fact that your voice and mannerisms are IDENTICAL to Hank Green from Crash Course to hear or retain anything you are saying :o.
I have seen this before in a movie about using viruses fighting cancer but it turned most around the world into angry night walking Zombies.... Oh yeah! I am Legend!
See also: RNA-mediated physics, chemistry, and molecular epigenetics figshare.com/articles/RNA-mediated_physics_chemistry_and_molecular_epigenetics/3505913 Cited works: [1] A quantum theory for the irreplaceable role of docosahexaenoic acid in neural cell signalling throughout evolution [2] Climate warming is predicted to reduce omega-3, long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid production in phytoplankton [3] Maternal choline intake alters the epigenetic state of fetal cortisol-regulating genes in humans [4] Electrolytes induce long-range orientational order and free energy changes in the H-bond network of bulk water [5] Serial interactome capture of the human cell nucleus [6] Pado, a fluorescent protein with proton channel activity can optically monitor membrane potential, intracellular pH, and map gap junctions [7] Dissipation Bounds All Steady-State Current Fluctuations [8] Physicists prove energy input predicts molecular behavior [9] Metabolic Regulation of Histone Post-Translational Modifications [10] Architecture of the symmetric core of the nuclear pore [11] Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA [12] The 3.8 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of Zika virus [13] Characterization of a Novel Orthomyxo-like Virus Causing Mass Die-Offs of Tilapia. [14] Force distribution in a semiflexible loop [15] Mammalian elongation factor 4 regulates mitochondrial translation essential for spermatogenesis [16] The Bull Sperm MicroRNAome and the Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Sperm MicroRNA Expression [17] Human milk miRNAs primarily originate from the mammary gland resulting in unique miRNA profiles of fractionated milk [18] From Mosquitos to Humans: Genetic Evolution of Zika Virus [19] Comprehensive Transcriptome Profiles of Streptococcus mutans UA159 Map Core Streptococcal Competence Genes [20] A Tunable Mechanism Determines the Duration of the Transgenerational Small RNA Inheritance in C. elegans [21] Resveratrol Attenuates Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO)-Induced Atherosclerosis by Regulating TMAO Synthesis and Bile Acid Metabolism via Remodeling of the Gut Microbiota [22] Wolbachia Blocks Viral Genome Replication Early in Infection without a Transcriptional Response by the Endosymbiont or Host Small RNA Pathways [23] Ancient horizontal transfers of retrotransposons between birds and ancestors of human pathogenic nematodes [24] Identification of Amino Acid Substitutions Supporting Antigenic Change of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses; [25] Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model [26] The phylogenetic utility and functional constraint of microRNA flanking sequences; [27] Distinct E-cadherin-based complexes regulate cell behaviour through miRNA processing or Src and p120 catenin activity [28] Olfactory organ of Octopus vulgaris: morphology, plasticity, turnover and sensory characterization [29] From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior 30] Endolysosomal trafficking of viral G protein-coupled receptor functions in innate immunity and control of viral oncogenesis [31] An Epigenetic Signature for Monoallelic Olfactory Receptor Expression [32] Mitochondrial functions modulate neuroendocrine, metabolic, inflammatory, and transcriptional responses to acute psychological stress [33] Stress dynamically regulates behavior and glutamatergic gene expression in hippocampus by opening a window of epigenetic plasticity [34] Evolution of Constrained Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Ligand Conformation and Receptor Selectivity [35] Induction of FOS immunoreactivity in central accessory olfactory structures of the female rat following exposure to conspecific males, [36] Stimulus-specific combinatorial functionality of neurona c-fos enhancers [37] Allosteric switch regulates protein-protein binding through collective motion [38] Stress-induced gene expression and behavior are controlled by DNA methylation and methyl donor availability in the dentate gyrus, [39] Direct evidence for sequence-dependent attraction between double-stranded DNA controlled by methylation [40] Rapid Down-Regulation of Glucocorticoid Gene Expression in the Dentate Gyrus after Acute Stress in vivo: Role of DNA Methylation and microRNA Activity [41] Systems Nutrigenomics Reveals Brain Gene Networks Linking Metabolic and Brain Disorders [42] Molecular requirements for a pandemic influenza virus: An acid-stable hemagglutinin protein [43] Modeling Recent Human Evolution in Mice by Expression of a Selected EDAR Variant [44] The SNP rs1625579 in miR-137 gene and risk of schizophrenia in Chinese population: A meta-analysis [45] COMT val158met polymorphism and molecular alterations in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: Differences in controls and in schizophrenia [46] Reduced protein synthesis in schizophrenia patient-derived olfactory cells [47] Stress dynamically regulates behavior and glutamatergic gene expression in hippocampus by opening a window of epigenetic plasticity [48] Oppositional COMT Val158Met effects on resting state functional connectivity in adolescents and adults [49] Essential role for a novel population of binucleated mammary epithelial cells in lactation
Umm -- hate to break it to you scishow but some of this is incorrect (atleast I believe it is - its been a while since I worked in that area). "CD4" is a glycoprotein on the surface of some immune cells. It is NOT the name of a type of immune cell although they are sometimes referred to as CD4+ immune cells (ie CD4 positive cells -- cells expressing CD4). CD4 (along with CD24 I believe) act as a co-receptors for the viral spike protein GP120 so its basically saying "an immune cell HIV can infect". en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD4 Oh and you say most HIV treatment involves blocking reverse transcriptase (this is correct -- these drugs are sub classified as NNRTI's and NRTI's) and preventing entry in to the cell. I believe this latter one is incorrect -- blocking protease (Protease inhibitors such as indinavir) is the other major avenue of attack; together the three drug classes make up HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) and patients are usually treated with 1 drug from each class. Blocking entry in to the cell is a relatively new technique for HIV treatment (after my time in the industry) and not as commonly used as protease inhibitors. (Another fun fact for those interested in retroviruses though: 10% of a mouse genome is made up of inactive versions of ERV (a retrovirus))
Thanks for explaining this in such a simple way. But does this mean that retroviruses can also be put in vaccines? & Why? Are retroviruses man made viruses?
I kind of wonder who takes more/bigger pills per day, multiple myeloma patients or HIV/AIDS patients. I know what multiple myeloma patients take since I am one and 30 seconds of googling it for HIV didn't give me an answer.
Retroviruses have already been considered as a way to edit genes. A study was done with twelve kids who had a deadly genetic allele combination, and were given a modified retrovirus to fight them off. It did work, but two of the twelve kids developed leukemia and I think the others suffered from other cancers. Retrovirus are uncontrollable, and the new CRISPR already works so well there's no point in using them.
Well two can play at that game! Didn't mammals hijack a retrovirus to enable live births by stopping the mother's immune system from attacking the featus?
Jean-Baptiste; theres a name I havnt heard dropped in a long while. I may be thinking of a different Jean-Baptiste then the one stated, as I only know of one, but now I need to watch that movie again. Odd that no one else in the comments I have read has mentioned it. Ive seen comments for all the other names....
so if we could make our own but like a anti virus for it we can affect our selves and have it possibly fight them off and maybe help dispose of other problems in the human body and it may allow us to do more
i recently had a test on retroviruses...according to what i just learned i failed 😅
At least it didn't come back positive.
*bah dum **_tiss_*
17inchcorkscrew HAYOOOO.
Oh, I thought "retroviral" was when an older video suddenly became very popular on UA-cam.
Master Therion
I bet that just Rick rolled off your tongue.
Bruce Dunn Some songs are very infectious. Just the other day I had a dance fever.
Master Therion
I hope you picked up the phone and said "Doctor, doctor, can't you see I'm burning burning?"
Bruce Dunn No, but I did say "It's getting hot in here." And then I took off all my clothes.
Master Therion
I'm not sure that's medically advisable. I'd like to refer you to a few medical professionals I know of: There's Dr Teeth, he's with the Electric Mayhem Medical Group; there's Dr Feelgood but he works with a motley crew; there's Dr Funkenstein, his funk is the best; and my friend Gloria always calls on Dr Beat.
Oh, I almost forgot about Dre.
Have an essay due friday about this this video is probably gonna save my grade thanks scishow✌🏻️
"Oh, you're a villain alright, just not a super one!"- Retroviruses to Virus
"What's the difference?" -asks Virus
"Presentation!" -Retrovirus
So can you combine retroviruses and CRISPR to modify/insert specific genes and modify the human genome ?
You actually don't need to combine them per se. Virus vectors were actually used in genetic engineering before the "invention" of CRISPr or TALENS (another gene editing tool similar to CRISPr). They essentially do the same thing but CRISPr does it much more efficiently, safely, accurately, and cheaply. The only thing preventing the modification of the human genome is regulation.
+Mark Nutt Not quite! We still need an effective delivery method. One such way is, indeed, viral! :D
FreshlyHere I would like to respectively disagree, according to this peer reviewed article here www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167779913000875
there are many ways to insert genes into a cell. RNA IS one of the ways but, (at least in TALENs) the most efficient way is through a plasmid targeted towards a single or multiple genes. (read the Genome editing with site-specific nucleases section directly below the TALEs section). This is what I meant when I stated that virus vectors had been "replaced" by CRISPr and TALENS, the plasmid vector has made unpredictable and inefficient virus vectors a near obsolete technique. Sorry about any confusion my original statement caused!
I've seen some papers recently that suggest viral vectors may be applicable in certain instances, and may harbor some advantages (www.nature.com/articles/srep05105, www.nature.com/mt/journal/v24/n3/full/mt2015164a.html). I'll have to look into the review you shared, though it is a bit older- thanks for the added info! I hope we do continue to explore viral vectors just in case there are added benefits we're not yet aware of.
FreshlyHere One area I have heard a lot of talk about recently with viral vectors is the antibiotics industry. With the rise of the "superbugs" and the decreasing effectiveness of traditional antibiotics retroviruses engineered to destroy those same superbugs have been explored in lab trials. (Although due to their unpredictable nature these engineered viruses are still a long way off)
Let's be honest here: Using retroviruses to modify the nuclei of cancer cells isn't that far off from CURING CANCER WITH AIDS. (Not really, but I need to post _CURING CANCER WITH AIDS_ at least once in my lifetime.)
Or curing HIV with HIV...
Or you could just use CRISPR.
IIRC, that's exactly what was said some years ago, I didn't look into it at all, but I'm sure that whenever it was talked about way back when, they would have been referring to this.
xkcd.com/938/
Coolway99 lol I love xkcd
Imagine someone sneezing a bunch of tiny voldemorts at you though
Groovy!
But Voldemort can't sneeze... he doesn't have a nose!
Jordan Shank well its a good thing voldermort isn't the one sneezing then isnt it
Avada Katchoo!
This makes me want to watch Stargate atlantis. =p
I'm a wraith!
How?
Such a good show 😍
So that's what Doctor Beckett means when he talks about developing a retrovirus to turn the Wraith into humans.
What show?
Stargate Atlantis
wow i really should've gotten that =/
We need more money to be pumped into this area of research, so that future humans are immune to all diseases, including cancer.
For example, if you are immune to cancer, you don't need a cure/ treatment for cancer anymore. More money then can be pumped into other areas of research.
You can't be immune to cancer that not how your immune system works. It can't identify and successfully fight off your own bodies cell seven though it can help suppress cancer to a certain extent.
"We need more money to be pumped into this area of research"
HAHA
torrqueable not true, cancer is the result of cellular damage due to oxidation and free radicals which result in genetic mutations due to error in cell repair. With error free repair, we are technically free from cancer.
Borrowing the same idea of advanced cellular regeneration from Marvel character DeadPool but not to that extent as it will be pure fantasy and impossible to achieve that level of super regeneration but we can use it as a ballpark to work towards it.
For instance studies shown that naked mole rats and water bears and certain kinds of sharks are cancer immune.
As human cells age their DNA becomes degraded and we can't stop that, so as we age we become more susceptible to cancerous growths. The only "cure"in the animal kingdom that we know of is octopuses, which are incompatible with human DNA. So if you find a new way to prevent aging contact the CDC immediately otherwise we will need to continue surgery, chemo, and radiation to treat cancer
Vincent Jack Actually, 10% of Europeans have a mutation called CCR5-Delta32, making them immune to HIV/AIDS. And that's the only way as of today that we've cured AIDS. Google "the Berlin patient". He had AIDS and leukemia, so he was irradiated and his bone marrow destroyed and he got a bone marrow transplant from a donor with a CCR5-Delta32 mutation, so the new CD4 T cells were immune to HIV. After a few months, the HIV virus couldn't be found in his blood. He remains the only person as of yet to have been cured of AIDS.
HE WAS LIKE FORGET ABOUT (INERT SUPERVILLIAN) IT'S TIME MEET SOME REAL SUPERVILLIANS AND THEN AN EXXON MOBILE AD PLAYED I'M DYING
Can you do one on cerebral aneurysms? I had one rupture at 19 and would love to learn more!
phantasm1234 Still at it huh?
I've seen several people post this exact same thing? What's with that??
phantasm1234 +
Are gnomes related to genomes?
0:52 Ribosomes don't make amino acids
that is correct
Felipe Clavijo yes the ribosome translates the mrna to amino acids .Ever codon of the mrna matches a specific amino from witch the protein is made
Exactly. They just bind the aminoacids to make proteins.
You mentioned Zorg!! 💕💕
I love this video... I'm tired of explaining this
Wouldn't lentiviruses be more dangerous? Retroviruses and lentiviruses both can hold about 9 kilobases. Unlike retroviruses, lentiviruses can traverse the nuclear membrane. That means they can infect nondividing cells like neurons.
meme boi Lentiviruses (HIV-1/2, visna/maedi virus) are the genus of retroviruses family, orthoretrovirinae subfamily. Retroviruses are also spumaretrovirinae subfamily (don't infect humans). Another dangerous virus is from orthoretrovirinae subfamily, deltaretrovirus genus - HTLV 1, 2 and 3, it causes T-cell lymphoma in humans
Was hoping to hear Robbie Rotten mentioned as a super villain :'(
dilux He has cancer
who?
dilux , He's not really super.
Stephanie & friends always have to save him.
+Massimo O'Kissed he's number one
Hawkecrail He will teach you to be the super villain number one
Make a video about the origin of HIV. That must be interesting.
Nightraven26 thx
Minecraft & Roblox saying something that radically different from common knowledge would be helped a lot by providing some source.
Wait, isn't that what CAS-9 is for now? It targets a specific section of DNA, removing the "what if it shoves the new gene into an old gene?" scenario.
Teth47
It's actually what Bacteria use to defend against Viruses like that
Teth47 +
CAS-9? Is that the same as CRISPR, or similar?
CAS-9 and CRISPR are the same for that matter
Fitti No. CAS-9 is the exact protein used, CRISPR is the process.
Well this is terrifying.
as soon as i heard "it adds to our DNA" i thought: there, that's the way to immortality
How to modify your own dna, even only on very specific cells: Create your own "gen virus" to bind to specifically the cells you want and let them insert specific chemicals.
Fascinating
"The Academician’s private residences shall remain off-limits to the Genetic Inspectors. We possess no retroviral capability, we are not researching retroviral engineering, and we shall not allow this Council to violate faction privileges in the name of this
ridiculous witch hunt!”
Points to anyone that gets the reference.
WOOT! Tap up a vein, I need me my SMAC!
Still my favorite game of all time. Played it regularly for about ten years.
There is a very good civ4 mod of SMAX called Planetfall and an mod mod of it called Conflict on Chiron.
Both are great.
This is the content I've come to expect from SciShow. Glad to see you guys are back on track with the quality episodes!
Thank you for the video. Doing my Postdoc in a virology HIV lab. This is helpful
Basically the Hail Hydra of Viruses
It looks like Michael ran out of hair gel the day this was shot
Can you do a video on the research of whether viruses are alive or not?
That is simply a question of definition. They aren't alive according to most definitions, since they don't have any metabolism whatsoever. They are more similar to plasmids and transposons. All "life" on Earth discovered so far falls into 3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota.
Changing a virus to make it a treatment was the plot to the new I Am Legend, so no thank you
Dont we have crispr for gene editing already?
In a hypothetical scenario, could a virus develop symbiotic mutualistism with a host and to an extent where it would always pass on to the host's offspring? In a way, it would be like rewriting DNA, but not really
For retro viruses, yes, and I think there is evidence that it has happened in nature, or I could be confusing it with the story of mitochondria which are thought to have started out as separate organisms which got eaten by larger cells but were so useful they stuck around but I think I've heard of retro-viruses getting passed on in the host's DNA as well.
I was cracking eggs in the kitchen when he said "bunch of dumb babies" and almost made such an atrocious mess, my lady would have killed me! I love this show!
How is this possible? Im just preparing for a microbiology exam and was reading about retroviruses cause i didnt really understand how the work. Thank you SciShow for the awesome timing!
Ps. animal viruses dont inject DNA/RNA in the host cell. They enter it by endocytosis or fusion. Bacteriophage (bacteriaviruses) inject their hosts.
Just a shot in the dark, would it be possible to use a retrovirus to slow down or even reverse the process of cancer cells?
Ian Larkins how is that a shot in the dark when he said that is currently being researched?
Ian Larkins not all cancer cells are the same.
Cancers are caused by disfunction in the protooncogenes or tumor-supressor genes, and there are thousands of possible causes.
So, not so much supervillains, but rather...
Um. Immigrants.
It is amazing to me the level of complexity that exist within these cells, to the point that we use personifying words that imply intent, like "want to" use" "recognize and destroy" and "disable", when really, it is all automated and deterministic. It does so much, like a rube Goldberg machine, without intelligent though to assist it along the way, re actively fixing and improving itself, on its own. it couldn't happen any way other than the way it does, and 99% of the time, its exactly the way it is intended.
Well, it's hard to draw the line between life and non-life. The distinction is just an arbitrary definition we came up with. The universe is hardly ever as black and white as we make it out to be.
Zac Cravens it evolved that way through trial and error. The error here being diseases and disorders. And we've impacted human evolution (one might say even halted it) through the development of modern medicine.
[03:14] Where'd you get the faked retro-cave-painting... ('heh')
1:20 the voice thing
Hey I am going today babe and y I y the late reply we can I buy a new car and y you can y the late to great Wolf Lodge in my heart I have a new number bro I'm bdu the social nots you can di you sir and tdb I y I am and what I have been a heart beat the late an email from the best I have a t
Actually, I think integrase is the supervillian enzyme. It's what inserts into cell's DNA
Lol I had this when my family in the us and my family in the UK decided to visit centra america! I ate some bad chicken I'll tell you that! I guess I am just a dumb tourist lol
What about the use of the CRISPR system to cure genetic diseases?
"If you want something done, do it yourself! Nyah!"
Skeletor Jopko TBH
Ricky Bodmer ?
Tfw UA-cam unsubs you from scishow.
3:14 What are with those alien hands on the right?
Uncle Ben I was checking to see if anybody else was going to say something about those. Kinda freaked me out a lil I must admit.
Oh, love your rice by the way!
Maybe a leaf print or something.
A leaf with a wrist?
hand of RIV infected reptiloid
This video reminded me that I hadn't taken my antiretrovirals today 😘
Thanks 😂
Came for the 5th Element reference, stayed for the RugRats reference.
+1SciShow.
Superbugs Vs Retroviruses
Who will win? U guys comment!
First! Love your channel!
Good point! Just excited! Excited
...so, can retroviruses be cut out from the cell's DNA with crispr?
Kvarok yes, technically.but the process is too complicated, costly and worst of all we dont understand it well.
What I would like to know is: Why isn't HIV curable? Why is it the only virus that lays dormant for sometimes 10 years before causing any damage? If it takes 10 years to be able to cause damage, shouldn't such a virus that seems so weak be curable? Why is it so difficult to transmit but yet herpes is so easy to transmit, they're both a retrovirus aren't they?
Please and thank you :)
HIV inserts its genetic information into the cell that it infects and what this means is any time that cell divides it makes another cell that has the same virus genetic information in it even though it has not been initially infected by live virus. therefore it is hard to destroy a virus that is so linked to the genome of the cell that it is in. treatments for HIV target certain enzymes and this aims to prevent new virus particles being released. the unfortunate thing is the HIV is RNA based which is less stable than DNA so more prone to mutation. this mutation can result in once effective drugs becoming ineffective within the same person. you would theoretically at this point be unable to kill the virus totally without killing the cells. the virus does not stay dormant for any number of years what happens post infection is virus particle numbers decline and then spend many years increasing at the same time as causing death of the cells they infect. once this reaches a critical point the person has AIDS and from there the prognosis is far worse as the immune system is essentially shot. the primary aim of any virus is to replicate so this is not a weak virus by any stretch of the imagination. its mode of action is very hard to treat. HIV is not great at surviving outside of its host and it requires the active transfer of many virus particles before it is infective. it also has a reasonably limited host cell range making it harder to infect. herpes is a large DNA virus so not a retrovirus at all but it has a broader host cell range making it more likely to infect. the method of infection is also much more likely compared to HIV infection. hope that helps
I do understand what you're trying to say. As far as I am aware, we have many retrovirus' living in our body all the time without causing any significant or any impact at all. Why is it that HIV is such a deadly retrovirus, but no others are?
What I'm also trying to understand is, if HIV is so difficult to transfer (Almost impossible) why is it such an epidemic?
TenTonKoala well the vast majority of viruses cause no harm at all. Even those that cause harm often do not mean to do it it is just a part of their replication cycle. It also has a lot to do with the cell types they infect. Also HIV is not almost impossible to transfer. It is not as readily transferred as some viruses but it can still be transferred fine. Also because infected people don't always know they've been infected they can spread the virus far further than they would otherwise.
TenTonKoala if you can send a copy of that paper over that would be interesting. I can't imagine any reputable science could be done given the insanity of the methodology you describe! The ethical implications of doing that study are crazy and you would never get that approved by a research ethics body or by a reputable publishing journal. If it was done in animals fine but animal models have many of their own differences that make transfer studies unreliable. Even if you were to be correct about the transfer rate being so low if you take into account the fact that in the typical 8 year period before and untreated person gets AIDS from HIV you can assume that they will have had sex more than 100 times. If you say they had sex with 10 people in 8 years and each person they had sex with has sex with 10 others in the same period. Then say each person you had sex with 50 times then it should follow that you have 50% of those people being infected who then go on to infect 50% of the people they have sex with and it therefore spreads. A disease that doesn't show visible early symptoms and can persist for so long doesn't need a high rate of transfer to spread rapidly and widely. Even some of the most virulent diseases we know of do not infect 100% of people when the opportunity is presented.
I will try and find a copy by your next reply. I'm not too sure if it's reputable or not, I just know that I've read and even seen on some documentaries that this test was done and not a single HIV negative partner contracted the virus.
While I do understand your point and it is valid. If you were to have sex 100 times in 8 years with say 10 different people, the infection rate isn't 50%. The infection rate is like I said, less than 1% from a one time encounter, and saying that, it's even more unlikely that the person you have sex with on that one time encounter has HIV. So, let's say out of 10 people, 1 person definitely has the virus. Your chances of contracting that virus is less than 1%
So, if you do the math, you contracting HIV from encounters with 10 different women is less than 1% (If that makes sense)
but let's say you have sex multiple times with that person who is HIV positive. Then your chances are increased, but not if that person's blood doesn't have much of the virus at the time. Anyway, you see where I'm going with this.
I'm not trying to argue, just trying to wrap my head around this whole thing. What a finicky virus!
Thanks again!
Reverse transcriptase enzyme
I'm just way too distracted by the fact that your voice and mannerisms are IDENTICAL to Hank Green from Crash Course to hear or retain anything you are saying :o.
I have seen this before in a movie about using viruses fighting cancer but it turned most around the world into angry night walking Zombies.... Oh yeah! I am Legend!
All my A2 edexcel Biology students say hey ~
See also: RNA-mediated physics, chemistry, and molecular epigenetics figshare.com/articles/RNA-mediated_physics_chemistry_and_molecular_epigenetics/3505913
Cited works:
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[2] Climate warming is predicted to reduce omega-3, long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid production in phytoplankton
[3] Maternal choline intake alters the epigenetic state of fetal cortisol-regulating genes in humans
[4] Electrolytes induce long-range orientational order and free energy changes in the H-bond network of bulk water
[5] Serial interactome capture of the human cell nucleus
[6] Pado, a fluorescent protein with proton channel activity can optically monitor membrane potential, intracellular pH, and map gap junctions
[7] Dissipation Bounds All Steady-State Current Fluctuations
[8] Physicists prove energy input predicts molecular behavior
[9] Metabolic Regulation of Histone Post-Translational Modifications
[10] Architecture of the symmetric core of the nuclear pore
[11] Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA
[12] The 3.8 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of Zika virus
[13] Characterization of a Novel Orthomyxo-like Virus Causing Mass Die-Offs of Tilapia.
[14] Force distribution in a semiflexible loop
[15] Mammalian elongation factor 4 regulates mitochondrial translation essential for spermatogenesis
[16] The Bull Sperm MicroRNAome and the Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Sperm MicroRNA Expression
[17] Human milk miRNAs primarily originate from the mammary gland resulting in unique miRNA profiles of fractionated milk
[18] From Mosquitos to Humans: Genetic Evolution of Zika Virus
[19] Comprehensive Transcriptome Profiles of Streptococcus mutans UA159 Map Core Streptococcal Competence Genes
[20] A Tunable Mechanism Determines the Duration of the Transgenerational Small RNA Inheritance in C. elegans
[21] Resveratrol Attenuates Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO)-Induced Atherosclerosis by Regulating TMAO Synthesis and Bile Acid Metabolism via Remodeling of the Gut Microbiota
[22] Wolbachia Blocks Viral Genome Replication Early in Infection without a Transcriptional Response by the Endosymbiont or Host Small RNA Pathways
[23] Ancient horizontal transfers of retrotransposons between birds and ancestors of human pathogenic nematodes
[24] Identification of Amino Acid Substitutions Supporting Antigenic Change of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses;
[25] Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model
[26] The phylogenetic utility and functional constraint of microRNA flanking sequences;
[27] Distinct E-cadherin-based complexes regulate cell behaviour through miRNA processing or Src and p120 catenin activity
[28] Olfactory organ of Octopus vulgaris: morphology, plasticity, turnover and sensory characterization
[29] From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior
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[31] An Epigenetic Signature for Monoallelic Olfactory Receptor Expression
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[33] Stress dynamically regulates behavior and glutamatergic gene expression in hippocampus by opening a window of epigenetic plasticity
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[37] Allosteric switch regulates protein-protein binding through collective motion
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[45] COMT val158met polymorphism and molecular alterations in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: Differences in controls and in schizophrenia
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[48] Oppositional COMT Val158Met effects on resting state functional connectivity in adolescents and adults
[49] Essential role for a novel population of binucleated mammary epithelial cells in lactation
21th. *sad dance*
Umm -- hate to break it to you scishow but some of this is incorrect (atleast I believe it is - its been a while since I worked in that area). "CD4" is a glycoprotein on the surface of some immune cells. It is NOT the name of a type of immune cell although they are sometimes referred to as CD4+ immune cells (ie CD4 positive cells -- cells expressing CD4). CD4 (along with CD24 I believe) act as a co-receptors for the viral spike protein GP120 so its basically saying "an immune cell HIV can infect". en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD4 Oh and you say most HIV treatment involves blocking reverse transcriptase (this is correct -- these drugs are sub classified as NNRTI's and NRTI's) and preventing entry in to the cell. I believe this latter one is incorrect -- blocking protease (Protease inhibitors such as indinavir) is the other major avenue of attack; together the three drug classes make up HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) and patients are usually treated with 1 drug from each class. Blocking entry in to the cell is a relatively new technique for HIV treatment (after my time in the industry) and not as commonly used as protease inhibitors. (Another fun fact for those interested in retroviruses though: 10% of a mouse genome is made up of inactive versions of ERV (a retrovirus))
Thanks for explaining this in such a simple way. But does this mean that retroviruses can also be put in vaccines? & Why? Are retroviruses man made viruses?
You get a "like" just for the Zorg shoutout.
I love viruses
I kind of wonder who takes more/bigger pills per day, multiple myeloma patients or HIV/AIDS patients.
I know what multiple myeloma patients take since I am one and 30 seconds of googling it for HIV didn't give me an answer.
Firstarino
Retroviruses have already been considered as a way to edit genes. A study was done with twelve kids who had a deadly genetic allele combination, and were given a modified retrovirus to fight them off. It did work, but two of the twelve kids developed leukemia and I think the others suffered from other cancers. Retrovirus are uncontrollable, and the new CRISPR already works so well there's no point in using them.
There is something weird happening with your sound. I heard it before with Olivia but now I definitely am hearing it now with Michael.
Well two can play at that game!
Didn't mammals hijack a retrovirus to enable live births by stopping the mother's immune system from attacking the featus?
How effective is Reverse Transcriptase against something like Crisper?
Super villains turned savior? They wanna make a retrovirus suicide squad...
If there is CRISPR why use retroviruses to change DNA? Why bother with a new method, is it better or something?
A powerful treatment? Is this how we get zombies, Other Barry? This is how we get zombies.
k
Dumb babies....are there smart babies? Id actually like to know.
Has scishow forgotten about CRISPER
Jean-Baptiste; theres a name I havnt heard dropped in a long while. I may be thinking of a different Jean-Baptiste then the one stated, as I only know of one, but now I need to watch that movie again. Odd that no one else in the comments I have read has mentioned it. Ive seen comments for all the other names....
When and how is water created
Where's Mr. T cell when you need him? I PITY the fool who expresses Non self Antigens
I always watch sci show so that I can learn and see Michael Aranda. #crush3
thx for this ha bisky vid and if we kept the foreskin on the penis and made pink slime illegal we wouldnt have this problem with antibiotics
But how does this mutation work?
keep saying host i keep thinking of Bernarnold
so if we could make our own but like a anti virus for it we can affect our selves and have it possibly fight them off and maybe help dispose of other problems in the human body and it may allow us to do more
if we could ever control this mutant maker virus with nanotechnology or sometime.is it a good idea??
So, could I become Spider-Man with a retrovirus?
Michael the zipper on your pocket, is only like 70% up. Do you know this? Because it is bothering me
These other people are good, but I Still kinda miss Hank.
Could viruses accidentally cause cancer?
+SciShow Why do cats go limp when you pick them up from the skin on top of the neck, and is it not nice for the cat??
retroviruses can be recognised by their love for horned rim glasses and poodle skirts
dont we have CRISPR? why use retroviruses?
Was I the only one thinking "That's a really cool jacket. Where can I get one?"
cant wait for the new chinese retrovirus supercorona, block 2
Once again, please stop saying "process-eese". It makes no etymological sense.
Ribosomes make polypeptides and proteins, not aminoacids.
*Every single account on UA-cam should be subbed to this channel*
Donald Trump should be in the list of supervillans
"....are reproduced a ton". ? What kind of a statement is that?
Don't let robbie's inept clones take a lesson from retroviruses :V
What happened to the other guy? Or did the normal guy have a glow up??