"Ships that travel use fuel. Fuel has limits. Even fuels that are derived from solar energy have limits. Even fuel that is derived from nuclear power has limits. If you go too far, you cannot return. If your exploration takes you too far afield, you cannot return. If you enter an uncharted region, you will face physiological hazards and the possibility of entering another’s territory who could prove to be hostile to your presence." - An excerpt from "Life In The Universe" by Marshall Vian Summers.
I wrote a technical white paper on this very subject for a human Mars mission - used a good bit of computer modeling with known radiation issues. This included a surface habit. For a crew of four I could get total exposure below 0.2 Sv for the entire mission and this is for a total mission mass of 350 tons LEO - this included all fuels, shielding, spacecraft/lander/habitat and return with all consumables.
Love seeing you still frequent the space scene, Jesus! :D Originally discovered your channel when I saw you comment on that first Falcon Heavy launch way back I believe, which was really funny. Hope you are doing well!
Thanks so much for quantifying the radiation problem. I think one takeaway from this is that it is not ideal to use one vehicle for both transit and landing. Landing all that heavy sheilding and lifting it back into orbit is crazy. Collect lunar regolith robotically but even better might be gathering than at Phobos or Deimos.
Yes. Especially if you use solar electric to first boost the interplanetary vehicle, after it takes on cargo in LEO, into a very high elliptical orbit. Astronauts would then be launched to rendezvous avoiding the year it might take to boost the interplanetary vehicle
@@stevemickler452 Cycler orbit, can have an interplanetary vehicle that orbits between planets. Launch once and then for the next few decades just hitch a ride when it comes past. The shielding can stay in the orbit and just be transferred to a replacement vehicle when needed.
As a Therapeutic Medical Physicist, I am impressed with your breakdown of all this! Well done, Marcus! UV is ionizing, but other than that everything is pretty spot-on!
@@Enderwiggan1 I'm guessing there's a language barrier here. What @springby means is that different atoms and molecules vary in their reaction to UV at a given wavelength, because ionization energy varies based on electron configuration. See my reply to @keithb7981. "UV" itself is a somewhat arbitrary set of boundaries, hence why it's often referred to by subtype -- UVA, UVB, and UVC being most used-- when talking about its effects.
This feels like Christmas comin' a month earlier! Always on the lookout for anything Space related, and everything produced on this channel is top notch quality. Thank you for all your work!
I feel like someone needs to mention magnetic sails. some of the newer high-temperature superconductors coming out of fusion research are superconducting at the ambient temperature of interplanetary space in the inner solar system. a magnetic sail system has the advantage that it is about as good as a light sail in terms of thrust per mass in the inner solar system and generates a large enough magnetic field to provide most of the radiation shielding you need. if a full-size magnetic sail isn't an attractive option, there is also some research suggesting that you can use a smaller magnetic ring as a decelerator in the very upper reaches of an atmosphere at orbital velocities, which you could keep powered up for shielding on the trip there. It's usually referred to as magnetoshell aerocapture if you want to look it up.
Taking a moment to tell you how appreciated you are. Your videos are always well thought out and very professional. I've enjoyed every video, I've seen, that you created. You're amazing and thank you!
Markus, you are such a professional presenter and educationalist! This was a truly excellent presentation. Thank you so much for all the work and time you put into it. Got to become a patron!
There is so much to research and learn on this one topic. Orion is currently doing experiments that I hope will provide a lot of good data and info on this topic. The sad fact is, we just do not know so much about how damaging it is. Research in Polaris missions will also hopefully help.
Thanks for the video! It cannot be overstated how important massive, cheap, and rapidly reusable rockets are for solving this and other issues: if Humanity can create a commercial orbital economy, and put a lot of mass into space, then that opens up the way towards solving these issues - because many solutions need larger spaceships, more massive protections, regular flights to provide materials for bases, etc. Cheap access to space is the first and most fundamental step; without it, any significant solution towards the problems of space travel will stay in the realm of theory.
Exactly, all our solutions at present are being speculated about whilst within the acute awareness of our current limitation of putting massive, mothership amounts of hardware into orbit cheaply and rapidly. Once that isn’t an issue the limitations will suddenly dissolve, can’t wait :)
@@cristibaluta In the graphic representation it showed the regolith shield only over the living quarters. There was an area where travelers could go outside this shield. Ever been in a warship or submarine? You can go without seeing the 'outside world' for quite long periods of time. You get used to it. I'm an ex-Navy man.
Excellent job! As silly as it sounds the radiation health bar is really effective at summarizing the effects/dangers of cosmic radiation. Even though it was just a representation. The lunar regolith as shielding surprised me, I thought it was going to be water! Good stuff!
Water is also good. Regolith was Dennis's thought as it is cheap and easy to hurl into space from the moon. To say his experience in this exceeds my own is beyond a gross understatement. LOL
Although the laws of physics can be quite complex, it is sometimes surprising how simple the solution can be. Like Edison with the light bulb, the idea is there, but the solution was just out of reach, until after 6,000 test's, he found one that worked. Then based on that, he knew what the best material was (which was tungsten), but the industry was not yet able to produce the fine tungsten wire that Thomas needed in that time period. Unfortunately 'this' CSR protection solution, is not dirt cheap 😉
@@MarcusHouse -- If they set up shop at the moon's South Pole, like in Shackleton Crater, they very well might have a huge supply of water that can be used this way. Set up the catch point in NRHO, by the Lunar Gateway.
@@MarcusHouse Marcus, I found a NASA article dated 2018 called, "Spacecraft Scale Magnetospheric Protection from Galactic Cosmic Radiation". This could be a more lightweight solution compared to regolith padding. It could be feasible even before any moon mining infrastructure is set up! However, another NASA article dated 2015 says, "Currently, these fields would take a prohibitive amount of power and structural material to create on a large scale, so more work is needed for them to be feasible." Still, it might be an effort worth keeping an eye on!
Best video I have seen yet explaining what cosmic radiation is, what effects it has on people and how we will need to design spacecraft to minimise it on future long-duration space missions. Great work!
@marcushouse another great video, I so enjoy your videos and explanations and by the way, great job answering the viewer question on @frasercain Channel.
13:30 the long stay gives you pretty much the same amount of radiation exposure since it spends less time in space and on the surface you get only half the exposure. Also interesting to note that even you stay outside on mars for decades you are still doing better than a smoker in term of cancer risk.
@@MarcusHouse Yep, cosmic rays, micro meteorites and everything in between. Better off sending robots, no need for food, water, sleep, no menstration, psycological hang ups etc and they can be replaced.
Hey Marcus, I just wanted to say thanks to you and your team. Been watching you for quite a while now and seldom miss a video. Space and our future travels there makes me quite happy to be alive, your awesome personality and hosting just makes all this exciting news just that much better. Thank you!
Truly awesome episode, a most important challenge and nicely done in explaining it. Thank you!!!! Several things come to mind in this challenge. Firstly, thinking outside of the box of previous design/concept will offer new solutions. Mass launching Moon Regolith and the Mars loop orbit are an example of potential ways forward. Others might include harvesting the high energy particles in some way, new active shielding techniques, better forecasting of events by a flying sensor grid in close proximity to a shielded vessel, new techniques for making motion in space. Also consider that we are already adapted to radiation, our cells iterate, are continuously re-building and have the ability to cope with errors in function, we are not bit machines. High radiation events must occur over the long term history of Earth, so life has evolved some useful strategies already. We can boost those in our bodies, and employ them in designing equipment. I still think you should start Marcus house Aerospace and start assembling a team to do space activity. A lot of opportunity is opening up, you should get in on it early...
That was an awesome deep dive Marcus. An obvious topic really but I knew hardly anything about it! I really appreciate the hard work mate. Great stuff 🍻
Great video, a fascinating challenge! I guess eventually we would build large ships with heavy protection for traveling to other planets but that regolith armor sounds like a doable temporary solution from a layman perspective. Like having knights in armor before getting the tech for tanks...
Great program. Many folks will have been clueless for it. Hopefully it cleared up a lot of questions. While in the Navy I was on guided missile cruiser. As I moved up the chain in weapons division I worked in the missile magazine and ready room. When dealing with the nuclear weapons we had very strict procedures to follow. The reason for this was to ensure no plutonium leaks. I can tell you from experience that you must be on top of all protections. You did not want to die from radiation poisoning.
If I can make a suggestion Marcus, you should include the term "Deeper Dive" into the title of those specific videos, it's got quite a signature to it, and it would help them with both referencing and trending I believe (the google algorithm looks at keyword recurrences to identify video series)
Hi Marcus Great video as always Do we have the technology to create a magnetic field of sufficient strength to deviate a GCR particle around a ship instead of trying to block it?
@@Avaruusmurkku And I believe a field that strong may not be great for biology or electronics either. It would need to be a pretty darn strong field and I'm not aware of any such research that shows this as achievable.
Using superconductors allows you to have a high current, inducing a strong field, with little power. Superconductors work at cryogenic temperatures, but that's cool (pun intended.) Use the cryogenic fuels to cool the wires. How strong a field do you need? Not sure. The Earth's magnetic field is not strong, just big. A DC fields doesn't induce currents into electronics or metallic ship components. I don't know of any adverse affects on health. If a magnetic field larger than the hull works better, maybe run cabling between a few spacecraft flying in formation?
Correct me if I’m wrong, but in deep space cold is far from an issue. So the outside of a spaceship will be so cold, super conductors should work automatically same as on the dark side of the Moon.
@@Snoodlehootberry This is wrong. Heat is the problem in space. The interstellar medium might be cold, but the space itself is a near vacuum. Things in permanent shadow will eventually radiate all their heat away and reach the temperature of comic background radiation, but that disregards sunlight and heat generation entirely. You overheat in space.
Would something like a Faraday cage integrated into the hull work? I know they block out electromagnetic fields and cell phone signals and stuff, but not sure about other forms of radiation. I would think that there should be a way to feed a current with an oscillating frequency into a faraday cage with fine enough gaps, to generate the specific radiation shielding we would need.
@@gregbailey45 I've long thought the ultimate answer is going to be a magnetic shield. We already know how to make the hardware - it's used in many hospitals all over the world: MRI machines. The issue is providing the prodigious electrical power needed to keep them operating. The "easy" long term solution is a nuclear reactor. The hard part is that they're heavy, no matter what sort of design you use it's going to be a lot of mass. It would be possible, using a heavy lift system - something like Starship - to loft the components and assemble them in orbit. A lot of work will be needed to be done first to figure out the best way to accomplish this, but in the end I think a powered magnetic shield generator is going to be the best long-term option, along with nuclear engines to push this around the solar system.
So we need a new propulsion system that gives us much more power to weigh ratio for space . Then we need to develop a light weight and low density material that shields comic radiation. That way space suits also provide protection. So why are we spending all our money trying to go to mars ? If the technology is not there yet , we are just spinning our wheels. Think of the money and lost lives we spent going to the moon and where did that get us ? We need a more systematic approach to developing deep space transportation .
Fascinating video Marcus! Even though the problem with galactic cosmic radiation scared the socks off of me, the thought of venturing into outer space just makes my mind feel the absolute sensation of adventure! I hope your other viewers get as much enlightenment out of your videos as I do.
You've talked in the past about how dust is such a problem with spacesuits and equipment. How do u think they would deal with this issue when they intentionally bury their equipment and living quarters?
Ideally space suits never enter a habitat similar to NASA mock-ups that show users basically hopping into one attached to the back of a rover. Dust needs a lot of solutions.
NASA is developing a new technology that will utilize electron beams/ultraviolet light to remove dust. Basically you repel dust with an electrostatic field. It's one way to do it.
Water is very good and potentially you could do the same thing. Thick shielding of something that doesn't end up with a bunch of resulting atomic debris is key. Problem with water (ice) is that it evaporates, melts and all that sort of thing. So using it as external shielding is probably a lot more difficult.
I heard a story where female astronauts protested the radiation exposure spec, which was based on men - whose gametes refresh daily. Women only get one set of gametes. I heard these female astronauts collected their urine in containers and arranged the containers around their sleeping area - for added shielding.
I CAN'T WAIT FOR PART TWO!!!! I have some ideas of how you'd get those huge huge bags attached to the ship without it really affecting how much fuel you're gonna need, BUT I'll just have to wait and see if we are thinking the same stuff :D THANK YOU MARCUS AND CREW!!!!!
Marcus, what about creating our own Magnetic Fields around the Ship to Deflect the Radiation? Could this be a potential solution? I guess it could be the equivalent of a Deflector Shield from Star Trek, something that could be developed to become much stronger and effective against other things too
well carbon fiber nanotube made faraday cage would acatly work very well for this very efective raaration sehlding. this is due to the fact it would actly carbon nano tuber fibers would actly have a farday cage hole size smal entogh to even make gama rays have a hard time geting threw with the carbon fiber nanotubes build in properdys. aslo if you made this carbon fiber nanotube faraday cage like 120mm thick or more it would bascly sheld a starship entre hull very very good and could even fully bock all backgronud cosmic gama rays and would also masvly redcue the amonut of gama rays giong threw the hull in a cosmic or solar flar radation storm. not to mechon that same carbon fiber nanotube faraday cage would also makea bit of bulit in surpluss exrta power as a sideefect of its own ratadation shelding that would boost starships eltcal output with just the hull maeking power from the carbon fiber nanotube faraday cage that would turn most of the starship hull into one big photoelctrac panel druing high output radation stroms.
This has been studied. It require a large loop of conductor, the longer the better. Reasonable power supply constraints require a 1km or greater field loop. There is also concern about how a charged structure would interact with solar and planetary magnetic fields.
@@ashtiboy Then your communication to others will fail. ie they will not be bothered to work out what you are trying to say. So why post a comment in that case. There is no communication if the intended recipient cannot understand your message. Proof read your comments if you want to successfully communicate.
20:40 The mass driver concept was used in the 1965 SF novel “The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress” by Robert Heinlein. It was used to export wheat grown on the moon back to earth and then as a weapon to attack the earth. Gerard O’Neill is credited with the first prototype in 1975, although I recall meeting Professor Eric Leithwaite at Imperial College, London as a school student around 1970 to see his mag lev system which was the same technology. That may have been the first working example of the idea.
You hear a lot that the radiation can be shielded easily, and this is simply oversimplified. NASA missions claim to be many hundreds of days in transit. If you could minimise transit time both ways, it becomes much better, but we will need good protection on the surface.
Wow what a concept. I never knew that Moon Regolith could be used for cosmic ray shielding. I thought that since it has been exposed to direct sunlight that it would be radioactive, and I see no obstacles to getting adequate supplies of it to a spaceship as your video shows. So, I guess future generations will have to tackle either the building of interplanetary spaceships with regolith or shielding of...the future looks much brighter now :)
I'm wondering if some sort of magnetic "shield" needs to be developed that will block most/all of the radiation the same way earth's magnetosphere does. Sounds like Star Trek science. How else can it be blocked with out making spacecraft too heavy.
use the shield as a sail. the theoretical math puts it about on par with a light sail in terms of thrust per mass for a superconducting ring under tension that is tethered to the spacecraft. the high temp superconductors coming out of fusion research are superconducting at ambient temperature in the inner solar system, so it's more practical than it sounds.
Yeh that's really the worrying element to solve, I watched a video on a moon shelter with a lay down starship covered in regolith. I have no idea how they would manage to lay the thing down seems impossible to me but never say never they say.
They'd build a cradle, and slowly tip and lower it that way. Given both reduced lunar gravity, and the vehicle likely being empty at that point, the mechanism would be much more flimsy that the Starbase launch tower.
That is excellent, the first time I've properly understood the real danger of travel beyond the earth's magnetic field, how little we know about it, and the rock at the end of the tunnel.
Mate - This is a phenomenal deep-dive into this immensely knarly problem facing deep-space, long-duration flight! Sweeping, comprehensive, yet totally relatable to almost every novice - and all with Marcus' trademark optimism! Just superb - Thanks mate :D
Lots of shielding in various configurations will be needed. My mom worked at Mayo Clinic making Radon seeds for cancer treatment experiments in the late 1940's. She took 27 roentgens in 18 months. She was working around a pile of lead blocks, Pre Waldo era, with a set of plyers to fill, measure and clamp individual gold tubes for the correct radiation dose when put onto a patient.
what about enhancing cellular repair? super antioxidants ect... why is lunar dirt so effective? mass geometry, isotopes? say like layering different heavy elements kind of like how they focus x rays with long narrowing tubes.
Another ( not just another mind you! ) great vlog Marcus, presented in your usual ( never usual mind you! ) enthusiastic and informative style! Thank You.
Great vid, Marcus, the production value is excellent. Great job team! 6:21 Which of your talented 3D artist magicians created this segment? Great work! I'd like to visit their site.
You missed a huge chance for a Sherlock Holmes reference here. You should have named the video "The Final Problem" :-) Otherwise great work, as always :-) Thanks for the weekly does of space nerdery you deliver.
Gday to the new subscribers that watched this video. Welcome to Marcus House. A legend among us sharing weekly updates on space news. Without it any ego. A humble man.
Another thought provoking video Marcus, I enjoyed it immensely. But regolith density measured in pounds per cubic metre? - that keeps all of us happy ;)
I've always been so interested by space. But at the same time it's extremely interesting it's extremely terrifying. Like we can guess and speculate on what's out there but maybe one day we will really find out. Great job on the video though!
@@MarcusHouse Yes that is very true The unknown most times is terrifying. But yeah maybe one day we'll invent some warp drive it'll be interesting to see where everything is in 5 to 10 years! Again thank you for the great videos we greatly appreciate them. 🙏
Great video, always love your deep dives. Is 22:10 a hint for an Aldrin Cycler as the efficient way of having transportation between Earth and Mars? I guess I have to wait for your next episode then. Looking forward to it :)
![Lp. Сердце Вселенной #60 РОЖДЕНИЕ ЛОЛОЛОШКИ [Финал] • Майнкрафт](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/YoR0pAV9FVQ/mqdefault.jpg)
"Ships that travel use fuel. Fuel has limits. Even fuels that are derived from solar energy have limits. Even fuel that is derived from nuclear power has limits. If you go too far, you cannot return. If your exploration takes you too far afield, you cannot return. If you enter an uncharted region, you will face physiological hazards and the possibility of entering another’s territory who could prove to be hostile to your presence." - An excerpt from "Life In The Universe" by Marshall Vian Summers.
Thank you for sharing.
I wrote a technical white paper on this very subject for a human Mars mission - used a good bit of computer modeling with known radiation issues. This included a surface habit. For a crew of four I could get total exposure below 0.2 Sv for the entire mission and this is for a total mission mass of 350 tons LEO - this included all fuels, shielding, spacecraft/lander/habitat and return with all consumables.
Do we know what 0.2 sv exposure over the entire mission will do to the human body over time?
This sounds interesting. Could you tell me where one could read this white paper?
How thick would water around the passanger cabins need to be?
@@sup5356 hehe
Would love to know more. Can you email me info?
Wow, I really loved this episode! Thank you for the enlightenment Marcus! 🙏🏼
Love seeing you still frequent the space scene, Jesus! :D Originally discovered your channel when I saw you comment on that first Falcon Heavy launch way back I believe, which was really funny. Hope you are doing well!
Jesus loves space
Cap'n JC hilarious
@@sup5356 well I guess you need to start doing videos then buddy, otherwise just posturing.
It's Him!
Thanks so much for quantifying the radiation problem. I think one takeaway from this is that it is not ideal to use one vehicle for both transit and landing. Landing all that heavy sheilding and lifting it back into orbit is crazy.
Collect lunar regolith robotically but even better might be gathering than at Phobos or Deimos.
Over the long-term, you'd want an additional vehicle for transfer between the launch vehicle and interplanetary vehicle as well.
Yes. Especially if you use solar electric to first boost the interplanetary vehicle, after it takes on cargo in LEO, into a very high elliptical orbit. Astronauts would then be launched to rendezvous avoiding the year it might take to boost the interplanetary vehicle
@@stevemickler452 Cycler orbit, can have an interplanetary vehicle that orbits between planets. Launch once and then for the next few decades just hitch a ride when it comes past. The shielding can stay in the orbit and just be transferred to a replacement vehicle when needed.
It is not feasible to have cosmic ray shielding for transit ships.
So well put together and presented Marcus - outstanding! It really hits the big items in a very understandable way - thank you!
As a Therapeutic Medical Physicist, I am impressed with your breakdown of all this! Well done, Marcus! UV is ionizing, but other than that everything is pretty spot-on!
different atoms ionize at different energies, not all atoms or molecules in the UV spectrum ionize
UV is non-ionizing radiation... at least by all us industrial standards OSHA and Cal OSHA Etc
@@h0rk3d either you're joking or you have a language barrier because what you're saying in technical terms makes no sense whatsoever
@@h0rk3d "Molecules in the UV spectrum" 😂😂😂
@@Enderwiggan1 I'm guessing there's a language barrier here. What @springby means is that different atoms and molecules vary in their reaction to UV at a given wavelength, because ionization energy varies based on electron configuration. See my reply to @keithb7981. "UV" itself is a somewhat arbitrary set of boundaries, hence why it's often referred to by subtype -- UVA, UVB, and UVC being most used-- when talking about its effects.
Long time watcher. This was your best to date. Informative, engaging, and partnered with experts in the field. Well done, sir!
Hey thanks Edmond. I appreciate that.
This feels like Christmas comin' a month earlier!
Always on the lookout for anything Space related, and everything produced on this channel is top notch quality.
Thank you for all your work!
Sound like we need more Flux Capacity. Where can we get a Flux capacitor?
I feel like someone needs to mention magnetic sails. some of the newer high-temperature superconductors coming out of fusion research are superconducting at the ambient temperature of interplanetary space in the inner solar system. a magnetic sail system has the advantage that it is about as good as a light sail in terms of thrust per mass in the inner solar system and generates a large enough magnetic field to provide most of the radiation shielding you need.
if a full-size magnetic sail isn't an attractive option, there is also some research suggesting that you can use a smaller magnetic ring as a decelerator in the very upper reaches of an atmosphere at orbital velocities, which you could keep powered up for shielding on the trip there. It's usually referred to as magnetoshell aerocapture if you want to look it up.
Taking a moment to tell you how appreciated you are. Your videos are always well thought out and very professional. I've enjoyed every video, I've seen, that you created. You're amazing and thank you!
I love these videos that you do. Not all of us know what may seem like basic knowledge to an expert in these fields.
There was a lot for me to learn in this one.
Good morning! Thanks for the video. I always look forward to your videos!
Well done mate. Cracking video. Much credit to you and your team!!
Markus, you are such a professional presenter and educationalist! This was a truly excellent presentation. Thank you so much for all the work and time you put into it. Got to become a patron!
Thanks for breaking down this extremely important problem! I learned a lot from this video!
There is so much to research and learn on this one topic. Orion is currently doing experiments that I hope will provide a lot of good data and info on this topic. The sad fact is, we just do not know so much about how damaging it is. Research in Polaris missions will also hopefully help.
G'donya Marcus, This is a very thorough investigation into the issues of radiation. Thanks matie.
Thanks for the video! It cannot be overstated how important massive, cheap, and rapidly reusable rockets are for solving this and other issues: if Humanity can create a commercial orbital economy, and put a lot of mass into space, then that opens up the way towards solving these issues - because many solutions need larger spaceships, more massive protections, regular flights to provide materials for bases, etc.
Cheap access to space is the first and most fundamental step; without it, any significant solution towards the problems of space travel will stay in the realm of theory.
Exactly, all our solutions at present are being speculated about whilst within the acute awareness of our current limitation of putting massive, mothership amounts of hardware into orbit cheaply and rapidly. Once that isn’t an issue the limitations will suddenly dissolve, can’t wait :)
Big, shielded cyclers!! Bring it Marcus! I’ve long been a believer in this as the only mid-term solution.
@@cristibaluta In the graphic representation it showed the regolith shield only over the living quarters. There was an area where travelers could go outside this shield. Ever been in a warship or submarine? You can go without seeing the 'outside world' for quite long periods of time. You get used to it. I'm an ex-Navy man.
Thank you Buzz Aldrin! Seems to be the way to go!
Thank you for providing such great information. Love when you do these deep dives. Keep up the GREAT work!
Great video! I knew this was a nagging problem but I really appreciate you laying out the challenges and potential solutions.
Excellent presentation of the factors space travelers must overcome! :)
Excellent job! As silly as it sounds the radiation health bar is really effective at summarizing the effects/dangers of cosmic radiation. Even though it was just a representation. The lunar regolith as shielding surprised me, I thought it was going to be water! Good stuff!
Water is also good. Regolith was Dennis's thought as it is cheap and easy to hurl into space from the moon. To say his experience in this exceeds my own is beyond a gross understatement. LOL
Although the laws of physics can be quite complex, it is sometimes surprising how simple the solution can be.
Like Edison with the light bulb, the idea is there, but the solution was just out of reach, until after 6,000 test's, he found one that worked. Then based on that, he knew what the best material was (which was tungsten), but the industry was not yet able to produce the fine tungsten wire that Thomas needed in that time period.
Unfortunately 'this' CSR protection solution, is not dirt cheap 😉
@@MarcusHouse -- If they set up shop at the moon's South Pole, like in Shackleton Crater, they very well might have a huge supply of water that can be used this way. Set up the catch point in NRHO, by the Lunar Gateway.
Regolith would be great for a Mars-Earth shuttling craft.
@@MarcusHouse Marcus, I found a NASA article dated 2018 called, "Spacecraft Scale Magnetospheric Protection from Galactic Cosmic Radiation". This could be a more lightweight solution compared to regolith padding. It could be feasible even before any moon mining infrastructure is set up! However, another NASA article dated 2015 says, "Currently, these fields would take a prohibitive amount of power and structural material to create on a large scale, so more work is needed for them to be feasible." Still, it might be an effort worth keeping an eye on!
Happy for another deep dive! Thanks so much Marcus and team!
Hey Hey! What a welcome surprise! Always a pleasure watching your vids first thing in the morning!
Thanks Ryan!
Best video I have seen yet explaining what cosmic radiation is, what effects it has on people and how we will need to design spacecraft to minimise it on future long-duration space missions. Great work!
Loves the video, topmark's great stuff ,keep making them😉😁🤭🧐😇👍
Wow what an episode!! Excellent material and I can’t believe it’s free!
Really interesting video. .
Excellent presentation and commentary. .
Thank you MH + Team for this extra bonus nugget of space goodness
Great video again of course I look forward to hearing Buzz Aldrin favourite concept cheers
Looking forward to the video on Mars cycler concept!
Thanks for the videos!
Thanks a bunch for that! Really appreciate it!
@marcushouse another great video, I so enjoy your videos and explanations and by the way, great job answering the viewer question on @frasercain Channel.
Thanks! :)
Love your show, been watching for over a year now. Cheers
13:30 the long stay gives you pretty much the same amount of radiation exposure since it spends less time in space and on the surface you get only half the exposure. Also interesting to note that even you stay outside on mars for decades you are still doing better than a smoker in term of cancer risk.
Radiation type is different and to a pretty large degree unknown. Unknown in the type and severity of the damage it does to biology.
@@MarcusHouse Yep, cosmic rays, micro meteorites and everything in between. Better off sending robots, no need for food, water, sleep, no menstration, psycological hang ups etc and they can be replaced.
Great video, I always love your content, but this one was something else ! Great work!
Hey Marcus, I just wanted to say thanks to you and your team. Been watching you for quite a while now and seldom miss a video. Space and our future travels there makes me quite happy to be alive, your awesome personality and hosting just makes all this exciting news just that much better. Thank you!
Thanks!
Thanks a bunch Mike! Really appreciate it!
Truly awesome episode, a most important challenge and nicely done in explaining it. Thank you!!!! Several things come to mind in this challenge. Firstly, thinking outside of the box of previous design/concept will offer new solutions. Mass launching Moon Regolith and the Mars loop orbit are an example of potential ways forward. Others might include harvesting the high energy particles in some way, new active shielding techniques, better forecasting of events by a flying sensor grid in close proximity to a shielded vessel, new techniques for making motion in space. Also consider that we are already adapted to radiation, our cells iterate, are continuously re-building and have the ability to cope with errors in function, we are not bit machines. High radiation events must occur over the long term history of Earth, so life has evolved some useful strategies already. We can boost those in our bodies, and employ them in designing equipment. I still think you should start Marcus house Aerospace and start assembling a team to do space activity. A lot of opportunity is opening up, you should get in on it early...
That was an awesome deep dive Marcus. An obvious topic really but I knew hardly anything about it! I really appreciate the hard work mate. Great stuff 🍻
Good Afternoon european friends
Thanks
Good afternoon to you too
Thx!
oi
Good afternoon and thank you!
Great video, a fascinating challenge! I guess eventually we would build large ships with heavy protection for traveling to other planets but that regolith armor sounds like a doable temporary solution from a layman perspective. Like having knights in armor before getting the tech for tanks...
Such a great channel 👍
Thank you! :)
@@MarcusHouse UA-cam has so much rubbish in it, but there are some real gems out there - if one makes the effort (and this channel gets a gem 💎)
Great program. Many folks will have been clueless for it. Hopefully it cleared up a lot of questions.
While in the Navy I was on guided missile cruiser. As I moved up the chain in weapons division I worked in the missile magazine and ready room. When dealing with the nuclear weapons we had very strict procedures to follow. The reason for this was to ensure no plutonium leaks. I can tell you from experience that you must be on top of all protections. You did not want to die from radiation poisoning.
If I can make a suggestion Marcus, you should include the term "Deeper Dive" into the title of those specific videos, it's got quite a signature to it, and it would help them with both referencing and trending I believe (the google algorithm looks at keyword recurrences to identify video series)
The definition of Deep Space keeps changing. Sort of like radio frequency bands in the early days. They had to add adjectives.
Hi Marcus
Great video as always
Do we have the technology to create a magnetic field of sufficient strength to deviate a GCR particle around a ship instead of trying to block it?
Even if we had, powering it would be the real challenge.
@@Avaruusmurkku And I believe a field that strong may not be great for biology or electronics either. It would need to be a pretty darn strong field and I'm not aware of any such research that shows this as achievable.
Using superconductors allows you to have a high current, inducing a strong field, with little power. Superconductors work at cryogenic temperatures, but that's cool (pun intended.) Use the cryogenic fuels to cool the wires. How strong a field do you need? Not sure. The Earth's magnetic field is not strong, just big. A DC fields doesn't induce currents into electronics or metallic ship components. I don't know of any adverse affects on health. If a magnetic field larger than the hull works better, maybe run cabling between a few spacecraft flying in formation?
Correct me if I’m wrong, but in deep space cold is far from an issue. So the outside of a spaceship will be so cold, super conductors should work automatically same as on the dark side of the Moon.
@@Snoodlehootberry This is wrong. Heat is the problem in space.
The interstellar medium might be cold, but the space itself is a near vacuum. Things in permanent shadow will eventually radiate all their heat away and reach the temperature of comic background radiation, but that disregards sunlight and heat generation entirely. You overheat in space.
Great video Marcus. Educational and accessible. You are the best. Keep those "deep dives" coming. I eat them up.
Would something like a Faraday cage integrated into the hull work? I know they block out electromagnetic fields and cell phone signals and stuff, but not sure about other forms of radiation. I would think that there should be a way to feed a current with an oscillating frequency into a faraday cage with fine enough gaps, to generate the specific radiation shielding we would need.
You'd need a pretty decent magnetic field to provide any sort of useful shielding.
@@gregbailey45 I've long thought the ultimate answer is going to be a magnetic shield. We already know how to make the hardware - it's used in many hospitals all over the world: MRI machines. The issue is providing the prodigious electrical power needed to keep them operating. The "easy" long term solution is a nuclear reactor. The hard part is that they're heavy, no matter what sort of design you use it's going to be a lot of mass. It would be possible, using a heavy lift system - something like Starship - to loft the components and assemble them in orbit. A lot of work will be needed to be done first to figure out the best way to accomplish this, but in the end I think a powered magnetic shield generator is going to be the best long-term option, along with nuclear engines to push this around the solar system.
So we need a new propulsion system that gives us much more power to weigh ratio for space . Then we need to develop a light weight and low density material that shields comic radiation. That way space suits also provide protection. So why are we spending all our money trying to go to mars ? If the technology is not there yet , we are just spinning our wheels. Think of the money and lost lives we spent going to the moon and where did that get us ? We need a more systematic approach to developing deep space transportation .
Fascinating video Marcus! Even though the problem with galactic cosmic radiation scared the socks off of me, the thought of venturing into outer space just makes my mind feel the absolute sensation of adventure! I hope your other viewers get as much enlightenment out of your videos as I do.
We can solve these things with the correct engineering. That is all part of the fun.
You've talked in the past about how dust is such a problem with spacesuits and equipment. How do u think they would deal with this issue when they intentionally bury their equipment and living quarters?
Ideally space suits never enter a habitat similar to NASA mock-ups that show users basically hopping into one attached to the back of a rover. Dust needs a lot of solutions.
NASA is developing a new technology that will utilize electron beams/ultraviolet light to remove dust. Basically you repel dust with an electrostatic field. It's one way to do it.
WOW! Marcus and his team are a smart crew. I feel pretty dumb now but absolutely entertained. Great show.
I’m surprised you didn’t mention the effectiveness of water as shielding, especially on the outbound journey.
He does mention water, see 19:15 .
Water is very good and potentially you could do the same thing. Thick shielding of something that doesn't end up with a bunch of resulting atomic debris is key. Problem with water (ice) is that it evaporates, melts and all that sort of thing. So using it as external shielding is probably a lot more difficult.
its just plain too heavy, some form of hydrocarbon was best if i remember correctly
@@MarcusHouse maybe use the skin of the craft as a water storage tank?
I heard a story where female astronauts protested the radiation exposure spec, which was based on men - whose gametes refresh daily. Women only get one set of gametes. I heard these female astronauts collected their urine in containers and arranged the containers around their sleeping area - for added shielding.
I CAN'T WAIT FOR PART TWO!!!! I have some ideas of how you'd get those huge huge bags attached to the ship without it really affecting how much fuel you're gonna need, BUT I'll just have to wait and see if we are thinking the same stuff :D
THANK YOU MARCUS AND CREW!!!!!
Marcus, what about creating our own Magnetic Fields around the Ship to Deflect the Radiation? Could this be a potential solution? I guess it could be the equivalent of a Deflector Shield from Star Trek, something that could be developed to become much stronger and effective against other things too
well carbon fiber nanotube made faraday cage would acatly work very well for this very efective raaration sehlding. this is due to the fact it would actly carbon nano tuber fibers would actly have a farday cage hole size smal entogh to even make gama rays have a hard time geting threw with the carbon fiber nanotubes build in properdys. aslo if you made this carbon fiber nanotube faraday cage like 120mm thick or more it would bascly sheld a starship entre hull very very good and could even fully bock all backgronud cosmic gama rays and would also masvly redcue the amonut of gama rays giong threw the hull in a cosmic or solar flar radation storm. not to mechon that same carbon fiber nanotube faraday cage would also makea bit of bulit in surpluss exrta power as a sideefect of its own ratadation shelding that would boost starships eltcal output with just the hull maeking power from the carbon fiber nanotube faraday cage that would turn most of the starship hull into one big photoelctrac panel druing high output radation stroms.
@@ashtiboy Is there something wrong with your keyboard or did you just not proofread your comment?
@@mayflowerlash11 spell check doest allways work and rpoof reading takes far to long for me
This has been studied. It require a large loop of conductor, the longer the better. Reasonable power supply constraints require a 1km or greater field loop. There is also concern about how a charged structure would interact with solar and planetary magnetic fields.
@@ashtiboy Then your communication to others will fail. ie they will not be bothered to work out what you are trying to say. So why post a comment in that case. There is no communication if the intended recipient cannot understand your message. Proof read your comments if you want to successfully communicate.
20:40 The mass driver concept was used in the 1965 SF novel “The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress” by Robert Heinlein. It was used to export wheat grown on the moon back to earth and then as a weapon to attack the earth. Gerard O’Neill is credited with the first prototype in 1975, although I recall meeting Professor Eric Leithwaite at Imperial College, London as a school student around 1970 to see his mag lev system which was the same technology. That may have been the first working example of the idea.
Thanks for the information Marcus and team. This is a subject full of misconceptions.
🦄✨️
You hear a lot that the radiation can be shielded easily, and this is simply oversimplified. NASA missions claim to be many hundreds of days in transit. If you could minimise transit time both ways, it becomes much better, but we will need good protection on the surface.
Wow what a concept. I never knew that Moon Regolith could be used for cosmic ray shielding. I thought that since it has been exposed to direct sunlight that it would be radioactive, and I see no obstacles to getting adequate supplies of it to a spaceship as your video shows. So, I guess future generations will have to tackle either the building of interplanetary spaceships with regolith or shielding of...the future looks much brighter now :)
I'm wondering if some sort of magnetic "shield" needs to be developed that will block most/all of the radiation the same way earth's magnetosphere does. Sounds like Star Trek science. How else can it be blocked with out making spacecraft too heavy.
use the shield as a sail. the theoretical math puts it about on par with a light sail in terms of thrust per mass for a superconducting ring under tension that is tethered to the spacecraft. the high temp superconductors coming out of fusion research are superconducting at ambient temperature in the inner solar system, so it's more practical than it sounds.
This is a great format video, with the kind of information that keeps me interested and listening!
Yeh that's really the worrying element to solve, I watched a video on a moon shelter with a lay down starship covered in regolith. I have no idea how they would manage to lay the thing down seems impossible to me but never say never they say.
Probably easier than landing it vertically. I can imagine all sorts of mechanical systems to help it top over carefully
They'd build a cradle, and slowly tip and lower it that way. Given both reduced lunar gravity, and the vehicle likely being empty at that point, the mechanism would be much more flimsy that the Starbase launch tower.
Go team! Awesome show, important points to ponder! Good to see Buzz in that photo! "There and back again..."
I could listen to your videos such as this for hours, it's great information Marcus! You Rock!
Wow, thanks!
Thanks Marcus great video
This was a fantastic and compelling video. Such an important topic to tackle.
That is excellent, the first time I've properly understood the real danger of travel beyond the earth's magnetic field, how little we know about it, and the rock at the end of the tunnel.
Good Morning Marcus !!
Mate - This is a phenomenal deep-dive into this immensely knarly problem facing deep-space, long-duration flight! Sweeping, comprehensive, yet totally relatable to almost every novice - and all with Marcus' trademark optimism!
Just superb - Thanks mate :D
Lots of shielding in various configurations will be needed. My mom worked at Mayo Clinic making Radon seeds for cancer treatment experiments in the late 1940's. She took 27 roentgens in 18 months. She was working around a pile of lead blocks, Pre Waldo era, with a set of plyers to fill, measure and clamp individual gold tubes for the correct radiation dose when put onto a patient.
Awesome shielding concepts, thank you for the great similes too, Marcus.
what about enhancing cellular repair? super antioxidants ect... why is lunar dirt so effective? mass geometry, isotopes? say like layering different heavy elements kind of like how they focus x rays with long narrowing tubes.
Another top notch, ill be waiting for the next one mate 👍
Fantastic deep dive Marcus!! Love these deep dives.
very smart good job!!!!!!! now all I need to do to go to space is to borro the moon for 5 months to put my ship inside
Hahaha! Funny to see that you picked a glimpse of my place, Montreal (@1:36), with our brand new Bridge... Thank you... Keep up the reat work!!!
Great video Marcus and team keep up the good work
Another ( not just another mind you! ) great vlog Marcus, presented in your usual ( never usual mind you! ) enthusiastic and informative style! Thank You.
Great vid, Marcus, the production value is excellent. Great job team!
6:21 Which of your talented 3D artist magicians created this segment? Great work! I'd like to visit their site.
I learned a lot from this video Marcus, brilliant work again! Thank you 🙏
Very detailed Production. Enjoyed
You missed a huge chance for a Sherlock Holmes reference here. You should have named the video "The Final Problem" :-) Otherwise great work, as always :-) Thanks for the weekly does of space nerdery you deliver.
Always love the extra content, very informative!
Thanks
Very nice of you Michael. Thanks!
Gday to the new subscribers that watched this video. Welcome to Marcus House. A legend among us sharing weekly updates on space news. Without it any ego. A humble man.
The Aldrin Cycler is very cool. Looking forward to that next one.
Thanks Marcus and to the entire team for the deep dive 👍
Love your work mate.
Great video Marcus. Greetings from the UK!
Another thought provoking video Marcus, I enjoyed it immensely.
But regolith density measured in pounds per cubic metre? - that keeps all of us happy ;)
Hey hey Marcus! Thanks for the video. We know how much work went into it. We'll done!
Great job. So, you don't need the shielding every single day. You could drop it before starting your decel burn on arrival. Smart!
I love the hint at the up coming Orbital transfer system thought up by a certain astronaut that you flashed onscreen for those in the know :).
Have always loved the Mars Cycler idea but never really talked about it.
Awesome! Thanks for this, Marcus.
Very well presented and clear, excellent episode. Thank u
I learned some things. Thanks. Great video.
I've always been so interested by space. But at the same time it's extremely interesting it's extremely terrifying. Like we can guess and speculate on what's out there but maybe one day we will really find out. Great job on the video though!
Space travel will probably never be for the faint hearted. There is a lot of risk no matter what we do. At least until we invent warp drives. :)
@@MarcusHouse Yes that is very true The unknown most times is terrifying. But yeah maybe one day we'll invent some warp drive it'll be interesting to see where everything is in 5 to 10 years! Again thank you for the great videos we greatly appreciate them. 🙏
Marcus, simply wonderful. Thanks ✔
Your videos are top quality, always a treat!
Loved this! Thank you
Great video, always love your deep dives. Is 22:10 a hint for an Aldrin Cycler as the efficient way of having transportation between Earth and Mars? I guess I have to wait for your next episode then. Looking forward to it :)
Indeed it is mate.
Very impressive Program thank you Marcus. Those Cosmic Rays are so interesting. I wonder what is the Spectrum from H to U particles for example