20. How Nuclear Energy Works
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- Опубліковано 21 тра 2024
- MIT 22.01 Introduction to Nuclear Engineering and Ionizing Radiation, Fall 2016
Instructor: Michael Short
View the complete course: ocw.mit.edu/22-01F16
UA-cam Playlist: • MIT 22.01 Introduction...
Ka-Yen's lecture on how nuclear reactors work is expanded upon, to spend more time on advanced fission and fusion reactors. Lots of topics related to reactor operation are conceptually introduced - moderation, absorption, leakage, fast vs. thermal spectrum, breeding fuel, neutron poisons, and temperature/density feedback. This sets the stage for student control of the MIT reactor to come shortly.
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
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The message is clear - the people want more of Prof Michael Short! What a great teacher!
Jj
Dude’s shirt is about to go super critical.
😂
😂😂😂
😂😂😂😂😂
I hope he sees this somehow if he still lectures there
High flux without moderation.
It’s amazing that we have this kind of courseware available for free. Thank you MIT!
Really think so, great experience
All of nuclear physics has been at your fingertips for years, and this course doesn’t mention the huge power input that nuclear reactors take, this educator isn’t particularly good or engaging and he’s left out the most important part of the lecture, none of this matters since its just a glorified steam turbine, and he doesn’t even talk about hydrodynamics. This lecture is more about the processes you could use to enrich nuclear material, which isn’t necessary at all for electrical power generation. Nor does he mention that radioactive waste could be used for this thermal increase to heat the turbines for tens if not hundreds or even thousands of times longer than we use our nuclear fuel for.
@@AFMR0420 Introduction to Nuclear Engineering.
They better, after what they did to Aaron Swartz
@@RawkL0bster haha yea I think they’ll only do that if your knee deep into the subject, not right off the bat
Hi everyone. I’m a builder by trade and my son is studying physics at Melbourne Uni. Love watching his facial expressions at the dinner table when I reference some MIT research reactor notes - it’s gold👍🏻
Hold on. Do you even know what UA-cam is?
@@tolep Let me think...videos of cats playing pianos? In my situation it’s a tool to start a conversation with my kid and share in his interests. Do YOU (even) know what UA-cam is? And if so, please share. Nice glasses by the way
thats so great, thanks for sharing. good luck to you and your family
A nice report from one member of a nuclear family... :-)
@@tolep No comment? I didn't think there would be...
Every lecture I've watched from this professor is mint. Wish all my professors were half as good as this guy.
Yeah, he's really good. Explains things well, asks the right questions.
Context first and theory second should be THE standard.
@Tiddy Blaster Are you calling me gay?
@@GamerGuy760 think he is mate
Pretty sure they learn all the physics and math behind this before this class.
Totally agree
Pfff... Americans
You have no idea how much I wish my professor would have started with context first then theory! We definitely need MORE education like this... Thank you!
This professor just made an incredibly complex subject, that I have no prior exposure to, intensely interesting and consumable.
Amazing!
He got a teaching reward after that year.
I like this guy. He’s one of those teachers that can captivate your attention.
I hated physics class in highscool and here I am watching videos of this guy all day 😅
No stakes, learning gets interesting when you're not forced into it.
@@k.a.3247 Facts
@@k.a.3247true
these videos are so underrated ...
Fake_baby. You didnt even vote for Zimmerman
Mike Short is a fantastic teacher of science. A very talented man
things to do at 3 am:
1.) sleep
2.) learn nuclear physics
Love this lecture, happily lose sleep over it sometimes.
Can I just say I'd like to copy paste Michael Short into all mathematics based professors lol soooooo good at lecturing
Very helpful to future students! Great work! Thank you!
Absolutely well done and definitely keep it up!!! 👍👍👍👍👍
1:03 celebrate good times
Over my head, and still Loving it🥰
I really like the way this guy teaches... Hate that shirt, but he's a great instructor.
32:42 He is talking about AGR reactors and asociating them with the windscale fire.
The windscale fire was, as he said, due to the wigner effect but the windscale piles did not use the AGR design.
The windscale piles was of a much simpler design using air cooling.
Exactly. The Windscale piles were built in a hurry to make plutonium. The AGRs were a development of that technology for civil power production (and a little bit of plutonium production that we don't talk about...) that, critically for the point he's making, do not use air for cooling!
Yep. The air cooling was the big difference.
33:00 interesting radiation damage effect to graphite.
finally understood windscale.
This prof is a legend!!
45:20
There is a error here.
There exist no BN-300 reactor, there is a BN-350 reactor, but it was shut down many years ago. The active once is the BN-600 and BN-800. The 350 also refers to thermal power, while the other two is electrical power. So the first one is fairly old.
When this was recorded the BN-800 would have been in hot testing
This is so cool and interesting. Makes me want to go back to school.
warms my heart to hear about the Russian BN and LFR reactors. thank you for the fantastic lecture!
What a teacher!!!! Congrats!
I did teaching in telecommunications for 18 years and have a teaching degree. One of the most important things about teaching is being reflective on how you teach? Is how we tackle a subject the best method? How do I improve my teaching? Teaching, in part, is about the transfer of knowledge and comprehension. If a person is talking and the other party is not comprehending then we are not communicating. Teacher is hugely about self assessment and evaluation.
Assessment can be as simple as posing questions during the lesson, asking the audience if they have questions, you are measuring comprehension. Evaluation is unpacking and considering the results of your assessment, for example, why could most of the audience not answer a question? Why in question time do I get the same question over and over again? Could it be because your method of explaining the subject is not working? What could you improve? This is short but discussing one point.
So MIT it seems has done some assessment and evaluation and decided they needed to look at teaching this subject differently 👍
We recommend you look at the Instructor Insights pages for the course: ocw.mit.edu/courses/22-01-introduction-to-nuclear-engineering-and-ionizing-radiation-fall-2016/pages/instructor-insights/. We also have a Chalk Radio podcast discussing the course: chalk-radio.simplecast.com/episodes/nuclear-gets-personal-with-prof-michael-short
Thanks, MIT!
BRUH this man's shirt had me dead
Those buttons were fighting for their lives
He's ready to flex on em
One flex and he causes more damage than Chernobyl
🤷🏻 Anytime he wants to do a demonstration of a BWR explosion, all he has to do is Hulk the shirt. He's just prepared, that's all.
He must be single....
Most of us single guys never shop for clothes. We will continue to wear the same clothes until they rot off our backs, or explode like a grass skirt because they no longer fit correctly. It's usually the women that dress us nicely, because they want to show us off to their friends, or they're simply embarrassed to go out in public with our current wardrobes. You guys all know this is true.. 😜
4:43 Stochastic process of p(FP2) = -1/2 or p(FP1) = 1/2
Skipped over the benefits that led to the AGR being chosen as the UK design, namely on-load refuelling (but engineering gets in the way...), massive safety thanks to natural circulation and a really low power density, among other things, and incredible thermodynamic efficiency, which I believe has still not been beaten by any other design. It's just a shame it's so expensive...
Here is the elegant equation that combines the four fundamental forces of nature using group theory:
G = g^2\frac{4\pi\epsilon_0}{c^4}
where:
* $G$ is the gravitational constant
* $g$ is the strong coupling constant
* $\epsilon_0$ is the permittivity of free space
* $c$ is the speed of light
This equation can be derived by using group theory to classify the symmetries of the four fundamental forces of nature.
Group theory is a mathematical technique that can be used to classify different types of symmetry. In this case, we can use group theory to classify the symmetries of the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong force, and the weak force.
Once we have classified the symmetries of these forces, we can use it to combine the equations that describe these forces. This gives us the elegant equation that combines the four fundamental forces of nature.
This equation is a powerful tool for understanding the behavior of matter at the subatomic level. It can be used to study a wide range of phenomena in particle physics, such as the structure of hadrons, the behavior of quarks and gluons at high energies, and the electromagnetic and strong force interactions between quarks and gluons.
This equation is also important for understanding the unification of forces in particle physics.
The goal of unification is to find a single force that describes all of the forces of nature. This is a difficult problem, but it is one that is being actively pursued by physicists.
The elegant equation that combines the four fundamental forces of nature using group theory is a step towards unification. It shows that the four forces are related, and it provides a framework for understanding how they might be unified into a single force.
We can use dimensional analysis and group theory to advance fusion power in a number of ways.
Dimensional analysis can be used to determine the relationship between different physical quantities. This information can be used to design and optimize fusion reactors. For example, dimensional analysis can be used to determine the optimal temperature and pressure for fusion reactions.
Group theory can be used to classify the symmetries of the four fundamental forces of nature. This information can be used to develop new theories of fusion power that are based on the unification of forces. For example, group theory can be used to develop new theories of fusion power that are based on the strong force.
In addition to these two tools, we can also use other mathematical and physical tools to advance fusion power. For example, we can use computer simulations to study the behavior of fusion plasmas. We can also use quantum mechanics to study the interactions between particles in fusion plasmas.
The development of fusion power is a challenging task, but it is a task that is worth pursuing. Fusion power has the potential to provide a clean and abundant source of energy for the future. By using dimensional analysis, group theory, and other mathematical and physical tools, we can make progress towards the development of fusion power.
God, why cant my math prof be like this guy?
"You can't have a meltdown, if the core is already a liquid" 😀
I understand about 10%. I can't stop watching.
Dude sure knows his stuff. Shame he can't appreciate the cross-section of a damp sponge and a blackboard.
Nor a loose shirt.
@@grumfeldvanderspooijwanker1627 lol I couldn't help but notice his tight shirt either
Nothing like an old black board though.
He wears a blue one in #29.
@@grumfeldvanderspooijwanker1627 perhaps he wears a shirt that way to keep your attention on him.
I like this guy.
This guys brain is massive
How Nuclear Energy works - in 51 minutes - brill.
37:00 while the mechanisms of what could be called "Deuterium poisoning" are described accurately, it is nigh-impossible to actually ingest a sufficient amount of heavy water to cause any notable effect, as most of the body is water and we replace no more than 5kg of it at any given time...
Super interesting
The fact that so many people in the comments understand this is making me feel really dumb.
2:44 Random Walks + neutron emissions
"If you remember back to nucellar stability.." Ahhh yes of course that....
The professor needs a Tailor
**tailor, and yes he does.
This man looks like Buster Bluth.
If you're after the chain reaction, do even or odd neutron numbers matter?
The brief explanation for the reason of the graphite tips on the control rods of the RBNK reactor is not entirely correct. The main reason for using the graphite tips was to control the neutron flux, to make it more even. This was necessary because of the large size of the core.
Due to this series being from 2015, its slightly out of date, there is currently a high temperature reactor under hot testing in China.
Science is a wonderful thing. Can you write at what time he says a out of date info?
Breeding more weapons grade material as we speak for the coming nuclear war of 2023.
@@AFMR0420 figuring out how to make electricity without fossil fuels
18:49
Why is it still considered a type of reaction if the neutron misses, leaving it's energy entirely unaffected?; Does the term reaction apply to scenarios where no interaction occurs at all?
I apologize if this is a dumb question and something I ought to have been familiar with prior to watching this lecture. I'm not entirely sure how I found my way here, to be honest 😅
I’m missing the bit on fusion reactors and their advantages and downsides. I heard that corrosion of the reactor walls can be an issue and that they are trying to solve it using liquid ceramics? How far off are we with fusion reactor design (not so much the fusion process itself)?
There are some videos on UA-cam that try to answer this, but if I remember correctly the estimate was 30-40 years
Once I saw Cartesian coordinates mixed with angular stuff I was done lol I wish I would’ve taken more physics
Kid in the front really didn’t like the concept of charge
I'm going to memorize this entire lecture even though I don't know what it means. Some unsuspecting friend of mine is going to be super impressed.
That’s dumb, and this information expressed in this lecture isn’t even pertinent to the title, because nuclear power is produced through a steam turbine and he doesn’t even discuss hydrodynamics. Thinking that memorizing this would impress anyone that knows anything about this subject proves that only idiots and the ignorant would be thus effected, so which group are you trying to bamboozle?
@@AFMR0420 Jesus Christ dude calm down, I wasn't serious.
wish i could actually do this course online for real
I seriously doubt anyone will ever be able to become a full fledged Physicist by taking online courses. At least I HOPE not.. 😬
Great content…. But you want to talk about binding energy? Look at the buttons on that shirt….
just not sure how you look at yourself in the mirror in the morning and say,”Yep, looks good….this is definitely the look I want for recording this class for MIT online courseware that will live forever online”
I`m so far away from physics and nuclear energy as you can imagin. But this is interesting.
Buster from Arrested Development is smart af…
So how can Fusion energy be harnessed. Most of the Fusion reaction energy is in emitted high energy neutrons. Nuclei have very small cross sections to 5+ MeV neutrons.
Lithium blanket
Fusion reaction energy would be absolutely insane heat, like the heat of a micro sun.
This is why it hasn't been accomplished yet...
"If you drink it, it will mess you up."
I'm not so sure about that statement.
A few years ago, Cody from Cody's Lab UA-cam channel got ahold of some heavy water, and he drank it. He's still around today... 🤔
Well it depends on how much of that stuff u drink. A sip won't do.
I heard about a mice study where the mice drank d2o instead of water through their life and it had a reduction of life expectancy of 20-25%.
Its definitely something but it's also not insta death.
48:30 the button calls for "flank speed".
Now I am become death, the destroyers of worlds
now I'm at watch list
How can u measure a time interval of 10^-17 seconds. ??!
We boil water with hot rock and is spins wheel around really fast... The subtlety of controlled sub atomic ion cascade reactions aside... Im not wrong. Its atomic power using stone age methods... it might as well be a steam locomotive, for all the actual nuances that exist between boiling water with coal, or high energy particles.
That rock stays hot for 24 months straight
Don’t understand shit, but he looks like a smart cookie.
how come the melting point of two metals is lower than their respective alone points?
I have a feeling it has something to do with the fact that the two metals together are acting like and impurity which typically lowers the melting point of a specific substance.
Like water (0C) + NaCl (800C) freezes in -20C?
It is the release of energy from the nucleus of molecules to spin a turbine...
Im less stupid after watching this
Why not nuclear batteries on a safe building? How many and what energy output with whopping price of reactor around 10 Billion $?
and this.......leads to a bad day lol
👍
this was taught to us in 11th class
I'm kind of a bro and not sure why I thought I would understand this. 10 mins in and still no idea tf my man is talking about loooooooool
is this course for physics or engineering
This course, which is the first subject in the Nuclear Science and Engineering undergraduate degree sequence, has no prerequisites. It is generally taken in the first semester of sophomore year, after two semesters of freshman calculus and physics. See the course on MIT OpenCourseWare for more info and materials at: ocw.mit.edu/22-01F16. Best wishes on your studies!
The students are pretty quiet ..... either they totally understand it or they are completely lost ;-)
The chick in the front row put her hair in to a bun with a pen and pen-cap... blew my mine.. 23:23...
Brightest minds in the world
13:52 "Clean" and BWR's shouldn't be anywhere in the same sentence...I've spent many years at a BWR station, and I'll tell you this, you just about needed to wear PC's and a dosimeter in the parking lot. ;)
I would replace that turbine with supercritical co2 turbine. 14:21
🙄
@@davelowets have you seen the size of co2 supercritical turbine?
3:00 That looks more like a gamma than a nu.
ONE hour of all greeks to me
Somehow I'm wondering.
Everyone knows the theories, nobody teaches how and what type of actual hardware is involved in the nuclear reactions
based
Professor how come you didnt talk about thorium reactors which in my opinion we should be using here in the united states?
because thorium is a lobbiest lie. Thorium offers too few benefits to pursue. Multiple nations and our own state agencies have basically confirmed as much over the years. Now it’s a resurgence thanks to forbes and other back door capitilist deals. Not because of new technology or new information surrounding thorium.
It was mentioned at the end. Thorium reactors are a type of molten salt reactor... I think 🤔
I thought I was smart until I watched the first 10 minutes of this. I'm dumb :(.
I would’ve been too frustrated with the girl in the front row who “raised the roof” and unable to concentrate.
hmm yes, interesting, that is indeed a blackboard
ONLY (?) 37 tons a year for 1000MW. Only: x . Avogrado number of atoms......................................
Demons, pfffft, next!
What does that mean?
Can Professor Short find a tighter shirt?
the buttons would be shooting off like beta particles
This man loves a tight shirt.
This is an undergraduate course? 😳
Yes, this is an undergraduate course. See the course on MIT OpenCourseWare for more info and materials at: ocw.mit.edu/22-01F16. Best wishes on your studies!
Nice but still missing the Feynman touch of deep understanding & the ability to share such.
Someone need to make a better one and who going to crack fusion power need mechanically intelligence
Us Navy guys would just say: "Rock gets hot, boils water into steam, makes turbine go roundy roundy"...
^.^
I resemble that remark! We never had a nuclear accident with our PWR reactors. We were also intensely trained. Admiral Rickover (he was an asshole but he was right) was willing to forego the high performance and efficiency of molten salt / liquid metal reactors for the good ol' PWR that was damn near idiot proof.
That said, Navy Nuclear Power School was fucked up for ramming so much material down our throats. It went WAY too fast. The training material and content was excellent but, you didn't have time to let it settle in your brain before the next wave of material was crammed into you.
Therefore, it's best to know everything about nuclear power, including the math, chemistry, and physics, BEFORE you volunteer for something like that. I'd recommend watching this MIT series on nuclear power and really get good with the equations before enlisting in the Navy Nuclear Program.
@@BlackPill-pu4vi I dont envy you nuke guys. I was a MM(Non-Nuke), oil burner, USS Camden. But we got nuke-drops all the time and the horror stories they told made me go eeek. Wife decided to go nuke thou, spent 2 years in south carolina that I dont wish on anyone either lol
@@memadmax69 Uh oh. Are women in the Nuke program now? Jesus H. NOW I'd say we're F'd.
There is absolutely ZERO reason for women to be on submarines or warships. ZERO. This is all for the cause of Leftist social engineering and psychological disarmament. So glad I'm not in now.
@@BlackPill-pu4vi Agreed wholeheartedly. Unfortunately the USN has been goin down the shitter since around I got out back in 2004. It started with them wanting robots by outlawing smoking and off-duty partying to the social justice progroms when obama was in. He also did like a 100 some odd officer purge of undesirables. The convid catastrophe has pretty much sealed the deal, recruitment and retention is so low right now that ships will need to be fully automated soon otherwise no ships.
@@memadmax69 ~SMH~ I hear ya brother. Thank God I got out just before Slick Willie and his faux wife, Cankles, got into office. I served during the entire Reagan / Bush era and THAT was the best time to be in! When we found out what the Clintonistas would be like, a lot of quality men decided to pack it in and get out.
I was with a group of guys getting out and we were getting a group exit interview. The Captain giving the talk was talking about how things were coming unraveled already and he would be retiring soon. He talked about all rates eventually being forced open to admit women. He talked about the PCO (Prospective Commanding Officer) verbal examination and how they no longer emphasized knowledge of maritime laws, port entry and exit procedures, crew management, crisis management, rules of engagement, etc.
The most important thing was IF HE WAS ON BOARD WITH THE NEW EEOC DICTATES! They wanted to hear how he would implement them and how he would handle unexpected changes caused by the inclusion of women!
Seems to me that dilemma of whether to teach theory or context first only exists if you see teaching as a once-through process, which is clearly is not. Give an overview to provide understanding of the motivation, then go into theoretical principles. Following that, you can loop back to applications and get into the gruesome details. And just keep going back and forth.
A lot of professors don't give af about teaching and think the entire burden of learning is on the students, since, in the words of a professor of mine "I have a job, you got to get yours". So, in that view, the difference between a good class and a bad class is only that in one he 'wastes time away from his research' and, since the responsibility for learning is entirely on the students, giving shitty classes that consider only the convenience of the professor are the norm in a lot of places.
From my understanding The Windscale accident was ranked a 5 on the International Nuclear Event Scale not a 7.
It was nowhere near as bad as Chernobyl.... same as Chernobyl was nowhere near as bad as the Maiak plant in the USSR or the Handford plant in the USA, both of which made weapons grade materials for decades and polluted their surrounding environments for decades.
Each of these plants released contaminated water back into the environment daily.
Handford used as much 75,000 gallons per minute from the Columbia River, stored it for 6 hours to eliminate short decay products then released it back into the river with all the other radioactive products......they did this for 27 YEARS. As of right now there is 53,000,000 gallons or stored highly contaminated water there still that has been leaking into the ground for decades. It is my understanding that Maiak is even worse than this.
Both of these places are far, far worse then Chernobyl.
Odd these 2 places have not been mentioned yet, maybe in the up coming videos they will be.
Great videos MIT and thank you so much Dr.Short.
O