History is written by those who win... it depends on when you were in school what you were tought. Even now you have to read extensively from several sources to get to the truth. This guy has 99% right though the things he have wrong is 3 pronunciations 😊he tries his best though so really appreciate this@evem620
@@fahdhussein6760same here. His Khalid Ibn Walid & various Islamic history is why I am here but now I want to learn it all! It’s fascinating & I didn’t know about pretty much any of this but I am from the US so maybe not surprising.
As a South African Indian, indentured labourer heritage, born in 1980, thank you for extending the voice of our country through yours. Nkosi sekele iAfrika 🙏🏽🇿🇦
Having lived under Apartheid and the 'new' South Africa from black townships to white areas. Here is the hard cold fact. South Africa today is a BIGGER mess than during Apartheid for people of all races. Black townships in rural areas are un-kept, worse and more unsafe. South Africa has close to 1 million people murdered since the end of Apartheid, more than some countries at war! It is aptly called the murder and rape capital of the world. It also has more racist laws than during Apartheid, supposedly to 'help' black people, except it's looking after a small group in government. Unemployment and poverty is sky rocketing. Taking all these points which can be easily checked it's quite clear why the 'anti-Apartheid' stories need to be dug out from 30 years ago, because the current mess is too much of an embarrassment.
Thank you Roy. I learned alot about my countries earlier years. I matriculated in South Africa in 1987. So I'm speaking from experience being a coloured high school student at the time. The insurection started inI Soweto but all non white schools were part of the insurrection. Not just the African schools. I lived through it from my primary school days to the year I matriculated. Actually my first yeart at a coloured university too. I love your lectures, especially the ones of the muslim world. I'm a Muslim from Malaysian slave and Indian traders descent. Thank you
Yeh Mandela was a brutal man with 165 criminal doc.!!! Classified as a Communists and Terrorist.. it is said that if Mandela was caught in The USA OR UK OR EUROPE MANDELA WOULD HAVE BEEN ELECTRICUTED. YET IN S.A HE HAD A ROYÀLE JOURNY IN JAIL!!!
absolutely. i love how he makes this content free when people pay tens of thousands for content of lower quality in colleges all over the country. Roy is the goat.
I don't think he can talk about Palestine. Too much of a risk - getting the UA-cam channel deleted, losing job, consequently losing his house which will lead the way to divorce (too much financial burden), not getting jobs anymore (fruitpicking perhaps).
@@wari-bateshwar7461he’s literally says palestine when he’s talking about history and rarely says israel. Also, he has literally talked about it and said he’s pro-Palestine.
After watching the first hour. There is so much you cannot cover just due to the complexity and dynamic of South African/Southern African history. But my word what an invaluable series. Thank you
Great lecture from the professor. As a South African, I think this was a nicely condensed depiction of what happened during the formation of South Africa. The truth is that there was so much more that took place from 1948 to 1990 that one cannot simply fit in into a 2-hour lecture. I thoroughly enjoyed it.
I'm 55 years old with college degrees and I learn more from your videos than I ever did in my primary OR secondary educations! Your students are lucky to have you in their young lives!
@@annakat3754 I'm correct. He is a fraud playing the part of a professor. The Austin School is as much a reliable source of information that Wikipedia is. If you don't know Wikipedia is infamous for misinformation. The facts are woven into a fabricated narrative.
Thank you Dr. Roy, I am a stateless Palestinian with a degree in City Planning and I am currently studying Apartheid and Spacial Justice; this was super informative and very informative to the case of Apartheid in Israel/Occupied colonized Palestine.
I hope this isn't thoughtless and rude of me to ask, but have you ever seen the maps of the settler terrorism of the indigenous American's and compared them to Israel's settler terrorism of your homeland? It's such similar patterns that it's crazy. Again, I apologize if this was crass. I promise it was unintended. Free Palestine 🇵🇸✊🏼
I pray the Palistinians will find the peace and freedom they so long for. South Africa had Apartheid which was inhumane and fortunately on on the scale that Gaza and West Bank has had which is diabolical and inhumane. My heart breaks for all of the Palistinians and others who have endured sub human treatment. (as an Irish descent, one understands). Was happy Ireland and others have stood with the Palistinians.
As a "Cape Malay coloured" South African, I thank you for your time, effort, insight and eloquence in discussing Apartheid. Healing is possible, it takes generations and an active accurate understanding of history to move forward with goodness! I pray we get there soon!🙏
I assume you also learned that when the Dutch came to Cape Town, they intermarried with the local people. Only the elite was allowed to bring their wives. And every single marriage was written down.
@@Deontjie no shit! of course he knows, he should also know as a 'cape malay coloured' most likely hes 10% malay and the other actual coloured and white etc.... cause the muslims have tried to completely take over the coloured culture..and ITS NOT PEACEFUL.
It's time to forgive and move forward that time we're 1994 ... if I can forgive the farm murders you can for give the apartheid erea And forgiveness is a Bible teaching so it's important
Thanks for your lecture as always it’s the best history lectures. I grew up in Cape Town and was at primary school at the height of the 80’s uprising. The Trojan Horse massacre happened quite close to where I lived. We heard how those boys had fled from the riot police and hid in surrounding homes. They were chased and killed by the riot police who dragged them out of the houses. They were kids. The Truth and Reconciliation was cathartic - we wanted peace we wanted to go forward with hearts at peace. Still a lot of inequality in South Africa but it’s my country and I love it.
Also segregation did not start with Apartheid in 1948. Segregated policies were implemented way before 1948 by various administrations that governed the various parts of Southern Africa. What did happened in 1948 was that many of the segregated policies were codified into law and implemented with vigour by the Apartheid government.
There are many things I'm grateful in life for and one of them is to have found and being able to watch Professor Roy Casagranda's lectures. Thank you for your work!
As a South African and having learnt SA history as part of my schooling, this lecture was par excellent in terms of linking the apartheid movement to the wider geo political context at the time. Stand outs for me from this talk: 1. The overhauling of the senate to push through apartheid laws in the 50s - carbon copy happening in Israel today 2. The nuclear war heads created by the apartheid regime with Israel to use if the need arose. Had things went that way, I wouldn't be here today ..... that is wild to even give thought to! Uncanningly similar to Israel's motivation to develop nuclear weapons of their own today Thank you Dr Roy - you are a legend!
I’m seriously thankful for you right now Roy. we’re so out of touch with reality that it just nauseates me. I’ve learned so much from your lectures and hope to see more topics, but you’re one of my favorites to listen to on repeat at the moment
This lecture should be played in all RSA high school, so much understanding, simplified. I've learnt so much from the lecture tgat I never did in school. Excellent lecture Dr
A distortion of history. No mention of the threat of communism or the facts regarding the AngloBoer war as revealed in Kommando by Denys Reitz who was actually there.
Roy, I showed your lecture in my high school Global Perspectives class and created a worksheet for the students to do. Thank you for your energy and passion for teaching. I aspire to be as eloquent and as smart as you.
I am so thankful for these lectures and for the Dr's time in giving them. These are very valuable to me and I hope for those who appreciate the stark reality of our humanity .
Dear Dr. Roy Casagranda, a lecture start with Woe! and your lecture made me 6 times burst to cry, though, truth to be revealed of which the best value for healing from erroneous. Dicisively and imperfectly perfect description over it, in which has much of meaning you have described and deliver the Apartheid of South Africa to simplified; " The hypocratic land' and indeed, the end of your lecture has sublime of deep philosophical message , and..." Truth and Reconcilliation" method to end your lecture, that is start from Woe and end with Weow!Thank you. Yoo Kang
Nope, no such thing as apartheid in Israel. All Israelis have always been equal among each other. In South Africa it was NOT perfect, but each ethnic group was looked after by its own people. Not forever viable and re-integrating was ultimately to be done, but it would have been so much better without communist input..., in South Africa and Namibia. Keeping communism itself away from our country was our vital achievement, our successful Vietnam.
Sadly he forgot to mention the freemasons and it's influence on history. Let me liniten you. Piet Retief voortrekker Mason Jan Smuts Mason Louis Botha, Mason . Then came the Afrikanerbond close links with Freemasonry. Malan, Verwoerd, 0:36 0:36 Pik Botha , FW DE Klerk on the one side Nelson Mandela Bish.Tu.Tu. nights of Malta an elete groop of the Freemasons on the other side , Freemasons control both sides. ( This is unfortunately not in any skool kurrikulum)
@@stlouisix3 So, it's the Saracens now, huh? Even so, they have been there for more than a millennium. As opposed to the settler colonists from Poland, Ukraine, etc.
Trust me, Nelson Mandela's ANC doesnt care about Palatine. Because under their rule South Africans are having it as bad, worse in some cases than Gaza. Nobody really knows this because most don't follow up on the nation's disposition, but we who live under the ANC regime know that this is all a PR stunt for brownie points for the elections. They have this thing where they constantly try fish for relevancy as a freedom fighter, the struggle, when that hasnt been the case for the better part of 29 years. And many Christian South Africans are also poorly informed and side with Israel because the Bible tells them Israel can do no wrong because of obvious biblical reasons. So idiots all around
This is an excellent lecture. No sugar coating and nursing feelings. Straight to the point, fact after facts. I wonder what would happen if this history was to be taught the exact same way in South african schools. A big majority will finally wake up.
@@evem620they don’t go nearly into enough depth, we literally learn about the Dutch landing and then a the Boer wars then if I’m not mistaken they do more in grade 10-12 if you choose history as one of your subjects, it’s compulsory up until grade 9 then we choose from a pool of subjects to do. We learnt more about slave trade as a whole than we do about our own history.
As a 53 yr old South African of Indian descent, I can say that this lecture is an excellent account of what happened in South Africa. After watching this, then you may understand the situation in Palestine better and understand why we see commonality of the struggles they are experiencing. In fact what whey are experiencing is a on different scale. Genocide. Ruthless Jewish Nazi Israeli state and like the apartheid state of South Africa, it will too come to end. Thank you sincerely Roy.
@@zarooinekIt's not, yet that claim persists. The views of Israeli Arabs on youtube speaks volumes, as do comments from other pro-Israel Arabs. Only some Jews may be so far right they can't see straight.... Also, no one, Jewish or American Evangelical, may claim Biblical blessings for the state of modern Israel: only the right of physical heritage allows them to be there.
@@zarooinekzionism that is root cause of israel , has history of collaboration with nazis , read the book : secret relationship between nazis and zionism basically zionist wanted europeon jews to move to palestine and they did that by collaborating with nazis by making germany unliable for them
@@zarooinek Nazism is 'nationalist socialism' basically the supremacy of one race over another - socialism based on race - be it German, Jewish or White. They are all based on the idea of a 'chosen race' or german/white/jewish supremacy at the expense of another. Nazism is a type of race-based ideology based on their view hardship (lebensraum for Germany, holocaust for Jews, the concentration camps for Afrikaners) - the variables change (the zionist become the germans, the Palestinians become the jews) - the variables change but the formula remains the same. Place the oppressed group in a ghetto, deny them rights, dehumanise them, kill them if they object, develop a strong propaganda effort justifying your actions. The variables changed, the formula remained the same.
I am happy to see in South Africa all races that a good percentage of our citizens get a long with each other even with a different cultures. We do have a some bad elements. Our struggle with the ecomonic and breakdowns of infastructures has drawn us in some ways together and in discussions feel the same way on how difficult it is to live with it. May God continue to bless us even through our difficulties.
@@bushbabybotha9943which is fine. They’ve learnt to co exist despite their differences. Not all cultures are able to co exist together, another key example of that is muslims in Europe.
Very good lecture. His story is accurate enough. He leaves out a large part of the South African history dealing with the “conquerors” that moved in from the north. That is OK? That is not OK? I do take exception to being called a thief and a conquerer when the first of my family arrived in Africa in 1752 and married his slave who arrived in South Africa a bit earlier than that, as a slave from Batavia. Interesting enough I, on the other hand, learned most of this history at school in South Africa mixed in with own experience and reading before I entered university.
This is a biased lecture. To the uneducated he seems correct but do more studying you will see this is not as correct as he would like to make it seem. He’s likely never even stepped foot on the continent.
@@JohanThiartI agree with you, as my comment below says he is biased. This is just a hating lecture on white people. He clearly has “white guilt” and thinks trashing us is the way to make himself feel better. He clearly doesn’t understand our people. Speaks nothing of the Bantu genocides committed by the Zulu tribes as they moved south from the Congo just 40-60 years prior to the Europeans arriving.
@@Alex-ze2ii he does know his subject though. There is a subtle “anti colonialism” or a bit tongue in the cheek in his lecture. I think it may well be tongue in the cheek because he uses in other lecture too.
@@JohanThiart he knows what he wants to know. No mention of the first Boer war? But only talks about how the British “destroyed the boers” in the second war? Inconsistencies in the Great Trek. No mention of the Bantus moving down and slaughtering the Koi San.
The border war was most definitely a war we won, as told in his book by Gen Jannie Geldenhuys, who ultimately negotiated the peace deal, too. His book: "Those who win," or "Die Wat Wen." For, he had promised the soldiers on the ground, in that unreported war, to tell their story. His book is so worthy of being read! The official English translation changed the title, for a wider readership, to "At the Front".
Very informative, as a young South African born in the mid 80s, I appreciate this type of lectures to educate us about the history of our country. Truly appreciated, I have hope that the people of Palestine will be free, God is for us all, may he heal the dark hearts of the oppressors, may He open their eyes and let them see that no human being is less than the other, for we are all children of the most high. Peace be unto the world. Free Palestine 🇪🇭🇪🇭🇪🇭
As a South African, best interpretation I have seen, just one important error and one omission, which has been important and different to any post segregation country globally. 70% of South Africa's land is owned by government. It is important to discuss affirmative action in South Africa today, which means that any company with 51 or more people has to be 51% Black owned and the fastest growing demographic is the middle class Black today. A far cry from the American solution, I use the term solution very losely.
@@MotlokwaThwiiwhich part? Most of that is from various government gazettes over the last 20+ years. The black middleclass has been the fastest growing class since back in 2007 during Mbeki's presidency. As for the Affirmative Action... Literally current law.
@@MotlokwaThwiiWow I am actually surprised by tht. 70% of farmland is owned by whites and yet people still want to cry about land ownership. No wonder this country is going to kak
I have to tell you of my experience growing up in South Africa. After my parents divorced in 1969, I was sent to Bergville Junior School as a boarder. I was 8 years old. I was an English speaking South African but had to learn Afrikaans as a second language. I had to pass Afrikaans to pass the year. I later learned to speak isiZulu as I grew up in Zululand, KZN. There is so much more to Apartheid than what was forced upon black South Africans. The San/Koisan deserve to be recognised as the first people of South Africa. Just as much as the Native Americans of the USA and Canada.
Thanks for sharing your experience. However, as far as the Khoi and San are concerned, I hate it when white people identify them as non-Black, as if they (whites) have the divine right to decide who is Black or white. The Khoi and San are indigenous Africans, just as the Zulu, Xhosa, Shona, Venda, Kikuyu, Luo, Baganda, and many others are. We (Black people) are all Africans, with immense and amazing diversity among us. I don’t understand why the Khoi and San aren’t considered Black in the eyes of European colonizers-so much so that even some Khoi and San people believe they are not Black. While they may have lighter skin and distinct facial features, this does not disqualify them from being Black, as the rest of Africa’s Black population exhibits a wide range of facial features, skin tones, and other characteristics. This is clearly a divide-and-conquer strategy.
This Dr has his biases too, for all his attempts to be fair. Different cultures have their interactions with each other, but it's not always just as he sees it.
As a South African growing up in the apartheid era, I've learned more in this lecture than in all of my history lessons in school. I am not surprised why this was not taught in schools.
This was taught in schools during history lessons...that was in the 80' though...if you are younger I don't know what your guys history curriculum entailed
@@MeisiekindYes, I'm certain you're right. I am just young enough to have missed my turn for that full coverage at school, in high school. My younger cousins experienced a very, very watered down coverage of history.
I was born in Suidwes Afrika (Namibia) in 1983 and moved to SA when I was about 2. Although we came to SA since i was 2 weeks old on CASAVACS with the Hercules to see family. My dad was building a road there during the war. I would not say I am clueless about the history, not at all, but i learned more about it on this talk than I ever learned anywhere else. Thank you.
This lecture now is a master's strike by the master himself. Thank you professor Casagrande for divesting the narratives of colonialists from Latin America to South Africa and of course to those who shouldn't be named.
In Latin America we don't care about colonialist. In fact we celebrate and rejoice it because of Spain and Portugal we spoke one language and one culture. We have unity.. yet we are also very racially diverse.
@@lenardogorra613 Probably the colonialization process was so effective it resulted in this unity you are reffering to. But I would argue that many core problem Latin America is facing, like poverty, political and economical instability, drug cartels... Have bases in that colonialism. The theft of natural resources and forcing new cultural had to be accompanied by more violent measures toward the native population, and as I said its effects are still experienced now by Latin America countries.
It is really hard not to hear what has happened in south Africa and not immediately think about Palestinian people and what they are facing under apartheid regime in thier homeland 🍉🍉, They use the same arguments that the dutch, British used to day about natives in south africa and america, but truth will always prevail, #FreePalestine 🇵🇸 🇵🇸 ❤❤
And this is why our universities are such a shit show. Absolute rubbish. Area was very, very sparsely inhabited. When the Dutch settlers developed the area, many blacks moved in from the North because they Dutch and English were creating prosperity. South Africa today is a classic example of a failed state and it isn't because of your Dutch settlers. This grievance studies professor is a classic example of not having to live with his assumptions .
@ashleywebb2736 it is amazing how every place that colonial powers went was empty , the Americans, Caribbeans, Palestine, India, east indies, every place was empty, even if it was what give you the right to colonise a place remove its people and then enslave them steal thier resources then build a powerful economy because it is build on slaves aka sheap labor , then complain when these people get some of thier wealth back
@ashleywebb2736 there are still powerdul people working against the South African project. Bell Pottinger showed us this. But what I know is that my children have endless possibilities available to them. Opportunities that I didn't have, that my siblings didn't have, and that my parents didn't have. My parents had their land taken away from them, my siblings had traumas thrown at them at school and their friends were dragged off to jail. So I'm glad we don't live in the old South Africa.
mate i am from from South Africa there is no city in South Africa that is walled off. Some places are walled off but that is because crime is high. and in those waled off places all races of South Africa lives
No the walls are for safety. The police cannot combat all the crime in South Africa. We all need to chip in if you see something say something. But that does not happen.
@frikkiedekock7393 you clearly don't understand what I'm saying. The higher the inequality ...the higher the crime. SA has the highest income inequality in the World.
Typical white south african he acts like he doesn't know why there's crime. Like he doesn't know that millions are in poverty because they've been dispossesed of their wealth and resources through decades of oppression🤷♂️
@@rubenjooste4383 Yes, but that means nothing. It does not mean that it's unfair. The impoverished blacks are underskilled in South Africa, even though they make up 81% of the population. The government has introduced policies to favour black employment over other races (and this is true racial inequality btw), but these policies have backfired because service delivery has dropped and corruption has increased amongst their ranks. Poverty and lack of education causes crime. Crime causes high walls. But the spirit of the country is strong and resilient. I think the issue of racism is taking a backseat now. People just want the country to go forward. But the uneducated, unemployed majority hold the key to the elections. Only 6 to 10% of the country pays 100% of the tax to run the country. The height of the walls mean nothing in the grand scheme of things. It's just objective homeowners protecting their homes and families against ANYONE who wants to intrude. Not just a specific race.
Roy, please share more indigenous American history. I’ve watched most of these lectures multiple times. These intersectional history lessons are so important. Please, please keep sharing!
I don't know about your conclusions. Apartheid ended because of Gorbachev not Mandela. The Apartheid government had been fighting the war for America. In 1975 America wasn't prepared to send soldiers into Angola because of the disaster in Vietnam. Even before the Portuguese left Coutinho had allowed thousands of Cubans in, they stopped any chance of an election and their allies the MPLA declared a one part state. The USA supported the FNLA and the apartheid government supported the black socialists of UNITA. When the FNLA were defeated that left just UNITA and the apartheid government from stopping Cuba marching south through Namibia into South Africa. The Cubans and MPLA outnumbered them four to one but UNITA hung on and kept the Soviet block out of Namibia. Without the apartheid government they would have lost. If UNITA fell then the apartheid government had their Israeli nuclear war heads. Once the Soviet Union ended the USA didn't need apartheid or UNITA and stopped supporting both. UNITA were largely wiped out in the Chitunda massacre and the apartheid government gave in.
I hear the voice of professor from 50 years in the future in my head, saying, 'They massacred 30,000 people while the Western world just watched and even aided them. Isn't that cool?' The history is right in front of us.
There was a famous pencil test which is ridiculous to think about now. A govt rep would put a pencil in a person's hair. If it slipped down, they could classify as white ( if they had a light enough complexion of course), if it stayed in, they were coloured. Big brains behind that test, obviously...
Hello profesor i haven’t even seen the video but i already know im going to be blown away thank you in advance P.s im still waiting for the palistinian isreal conflict history talk i know ive asked a 100 times now going on 101 lol
I think the real reason behind the timing of this precious lecture is clear. 2 birds with one stone. I wish you strength and good fortune professor. Awaiting the next one. Ps. Glad the leg is okay.
Speak for yourself, soweto is in the shape of a bulls eye so if your people got out of line the whites would plan to drop a boom on yall. My great grandmothers family was forcedly removed from their farming homelands in Central Pretoria and dumped in a crowded informal dry desert settlement using truck loads, using sjamboks, dogs and guns.
“When you’re isolated like that, how do you get the worlds attention without violence? The world didn’t care when your children got massacred. The world didn’t care at all until you fought back”
I really like your lectures Professor Roy, I even replayed half of them. I really wish you would go on Joe Rogan’s podcast, you’ll make a great episode!
Dr, start by the 1853 event involving Karl Marx in person, which led the British occupiers to institute apartheid back then. Their illegal 1806 invasion took away civil liberties, suffrage, freedom of association and they were first to put segregation (apartheid) on a constitution. They then went on to kill 48,000 women, children and elderly in concentration camps, just as they wiped out 20 000 blacks in such camps. They invaded and colonised South Africa just like Putin invaded Ukraine. Britain invaded countless countries around the globe and oppressed millions "for their protection." They should have been protected against the Englishmen!! But the Afrikaners/Cape Dutch were cleverly blamed. In fact, apartheid was only a racial issue because the pro-communists were all black. Apartheid fought atheist communism, not skin colour. Racists in South Africa 🇿🇦 today aren't the whites.
Ok. You don’t actually know what you are talking about, and I’ll prove it. There are no DUTCH people who invaded native lands here. The Dutch who invaded native lands on 16 April 1652 (Jan Van Riebeeck), did so with three ships, the “Reiger”, the “Dromedaris” and the “Goede Hoop”. Even though he and the majority of the crew were Dutch and had sailed out of Malasia. Their Shipping Company, “Vereenigd Oos-Indiese Companje” (United East Indian Company), was a Tea-company, owned in majority by Britain. Their assignment (by the British) was to establish a trading post at Cape Town. The Dutch thus - under assignment by Britain - “invaded native land”, with 50 Malaysian slaves on board. The ONLY indigenous people to South Africa at that stage were the “Hottentot” (Dutch collective name) or actually San and Xoi Bushman, and a mysterious race calling themselves Griequa. NONE of these tribes were originally from the Cape area. The Bushmen were from the Kalahari Desert in the northern Cape, and the Griequa were mainly from an area around the northern Eastern Cape. THERE WERE NO INDIGENOUS BLACK NATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA THEN! In 1807, the Dutch withdrew from the Cape and were replaced by the British, who took over their slaves, in accordance with the 1796 treaty NOT knowing how to farm and being too lazy to learn, the Brits imported European farmers from France, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Scotland and Ireland, on the promise of land for free. These farmers did their own work - they did NOT have slaves - the ONLY slaves around belonged to the Brits. To be able to communicate efficiently, these farmers established a common “kitchen language”, made up of words borrowed from all of the different cultures there. When the Brits did their normal thing and taxed these farmers to death, a group of them decided to leave the Cape, and head Northward, inland. This group became known as the “Voortrekkers” (pioneers). And NO! They did NOT INVADE ANYBODY’s land. At that stage, NOBODY owned the land. They WERE however later attacked several times by the “Mfecane”, the Zulu war-scouts, coming from the north-east coastline. The leader of these pioneers, a man by the name of Piet Retief, even went to the then Zulu king, and “BOUGHT” all the land east of the Tugela River from him, for a certain number of cattle. This “sale” was NOT in respect of the land, but for the sake of being left in peace in this area. This same Zulu king, “Dingaan”, then - after having left his mark on the “deed of sale”, pushed Retief off the mountain, killing him. In the meantime, the kitchen-language had evolved and been given a name - Afrikaans. NOT DUTCH! During their trek across the country, the pioneers discovered alluvial gold and diamonds. The Brits heard of this, and went on a kill-mission. They burned ALL farms to the ground, towed women and children in chains and ropes to concentration camps, where they were raped, murdered or starved to death. All simply because they wanted to take control of the wealth. Where do you think Hitler got HIS clever ideas from? And if you don’t believe this is true, go and look at the history of Britain’s colonisation of the world. They have done exactly this same thing EVERYWHERE. So, now tell me… If you DON’T actually know what you are talking about, and you seem to think it is YOUR RIGHT to sit and criticise from OUTSIDE of the country, but all YOU see is RACE, WHO is REALLY the racist? But the reason narrow-minded, opinionated idiots choose to blame the Afrikaans people, is because of one stupid, propagandised word… “APARTHEID”… But you DON’t even know what it means or where it comes from… so let me help you. From the ORIGINAL setup in the Cape, the Brits tried to keep the different cultures of farmers SEPARATE. The word for “BEING SEPARATE” in Dutch, German and Flemish (Belgian) is “APARTHEID”. Look it up in a dictionary, NOT a political reference-book. The Afrikaners (NOT DUTCH) simply wanted to be left alone. But NOW, several HUNDREDS of years later, they STILL have to be chastised by stupid people who are too lazy to do research and find the real facts… they’d rather just regurgitate someone else’s misguided work or opinion… NOT very “clever”.
@@stephen-templar Is there a reason y'all Dutch South Africans are so dead set against accepting history as it is?!? Y'all are constantly trying to rewrite history. You are the only group of people who believe these lies so why not just stop already. Cause this is getting pathetic.
Very true. Unfortunately the history of South Africa is told from an Afro-marxist point of view. They don't like facts and one just has to look at the state of South Africa today to see who the real racists are.
As someone who grew up in the end of Apartheid, Im proud of the South Africa we've managed to build. Loads of issues, but there is no doubt in my mind that we are Stronger Together. People who are at polar ends of conflict, can live together peacefully. ❤ free Palestine
Definitely, I'm a Black South African of 38 years old. We were the 1st group of kids to attend multi racial schools from grade 1 in 1992. South Africa definitely has problems, but we are no longer second class citizens in our own country. The solution is democracy. The ANC got less than 50% and are forced to rule with the "White" DA. We can make progress, we are making progress.
@@wandilekhumalo5382the fact that you guys voted in the DA without the mess of apartheid being rectified is just wild. Blacks are still second class citizens in South Africa. God help the blacks in South Africa
@@evem620if you knew anything about the DA you’d know they have their roots in anti apartheid parties from the apartheid era. It’s a generalisation to assume any white politician is looking to reimplement apartheid, it’s never going to come back.
I never was interested in History until I came across of Dr. Casagranda few years ago. Thank you for uploading his lectures and making knowledge available for the rest of the world Austin School.
Wow. You really have to admire the foresightedness and progressive way in which the black native people of South Africa navigated post apartheid. Instead of doing the logical thing which is to run out your conquerer and oppressor & see what you can do from there. But they actually decided to try and perform what really is a historical miracle. They chose to fix the world as they found it. I commend the patience of the South African people who are genuinely participating in their democratic experiment. It's a beautiful expedition and the world is rooting for its success because it will prove that the world can work in a better way. Where people strive together for a shared greater good. I was there a few years back and the warmth & kindness of it's people touched me as a person who saw things as black and white. Which my experiences over there changed how I saw the world completely. Everybody was gracious, friendly, warm spirited. White, black...you name it. Very nice people. I hope that they can weed out the detractors & the racists and power forward with their beautiful experiment. We are watching with hope.
I think someone as intelligent as yourself will come around after years doing an episode on the aparthied state of Israel, and the suffering of the paslistinan people. I think we want to see an episode on palistine done by you, but I am afraid we have to wait to see the outcomes of history that will unflod in that region. Great episode!
A gentle note (as a South African, and an anthropologist), the word Khoi is pronounced with a hard exasperated KH- not a gutteral "g" like the Afrikaans G. This lecturer is using the latter, which is not correct.
I am SAfrican. When you spoke of Israel, you did not mention that Israel was supporting the apartheid government and providing arms and ammunition to them to suppress our people. I am curious as tonwhy you omitted it. Did you k ow about it?
The Prof did mention the nuclear deal with Israel but did not mention the cooperation with the large cannon or the Galiel 5.56 rifle that later replaced the Fal or R1 . It is strange that the apartheid Israel supported SA apartheid while many of the ANC leaders were radical communists teaching bomb making and training the ANC in subversive tactics. One can never judge the Jews as one nation. Most of the information we get about Palestine is from Jews with a sense of responsibility and stand out with nothing to gain for telling the truth.
I am a 52 years old black South African who obviously experienced apartheid first hand, the then government only taught us what they deem was enough to keep us in the dark of course. I mean this was more than 35 years ago and I only learned the truth today. Thank you very much Dr Roy. Thanks to God for revealing this to me, I'm very grateful to you Dr. Roy. I am struggling to define how I feel after discovering that the P.W Botha's government was planning to take my life along with other black people through the use of nuclear radiation, for having a different skin pigment. THESE PEOPLE CALLED THEMSELVES CHRISTIANS AND PITY MOST OF THEIR DESCENDANTS ARE STILL CARRYING THE HATE. TO THOSE WHO QUESTIONED DEATH, THERE'S YOUR ANSWER. Man is evil in nature, unfortunately the good ones have to go as well. EVIL SHALL NOT PREVAIL. Amen
I stumbled upon your lectures from the free Palestine hashtag, and I haven't stopped watching. I'm a South African who grew up in Soweto. It's so refreshing to listen to this lecture because there were a few things I didn't know or taught in school. My mother was 16 in '76 and told me a lesser known march to John Foster Square a few months after the 16th June. Anyway, I'm definitely sharing this lecture. I'm still watching, but if you could share more on the relationship between the South African Apartheid government and Israel in terms of training and allyship as well as the ANCs vocal support of Palestine then and now.
Excellent lecture, comes at a very good time, I wish you can do this same topic about another country. But if you did that maybe you'd get cancelled. Love your work and what you said about hell at the start. God bless sir.
He missed an important historical event - 1820 British Settlers in the Eastern Cape with many conflicts with the pastoral black population in that region. This highlights sources of differing 'white' populations which generally were at odds with one another in the Apartheid era of 1948 to 1994
First commander in Cape Town, Jan van Riebeeck, outlawed the enslavement of indigenous KhoiSan people. And the VOC resolved not to colonise. The British colonised the Cape in 1806.
He is informed but he has his own biases. He correctly differentiates "coloured" between his and our sides of the pond; yet, being racial is vital to one's own identity, so curbing racism is its own issue: the lines must be held distinct!
So great to hear facts and not assumptions! I learnt so much today! Thank you for taking the immense effort of research and the extra time to verbalise!
What a great Lecture, I grew up in Soweto. The legacy of Apartheid is still alive . Alot needs to be done to kill its roots sadly the ANC has changed black population still suffering , Economic Apartheid is the order of the day. So we still struggling but in a different generation.
I am a Colored South African, born and bred in Cape Town, my great-grandmother was a slave, my grandmother would tell me some hair-raising stories, similar to Dr. Roy😢
same here, group areas act my family. My father was thrown out their home and only received reparation recently. They suffered most of their lives because of this...living in poverty and obviously being treated as second grade citizens.
I'm a South African 🇿🇦 but this man has taught me in a 2hour video than 12years of school in South Africa
Why? Why isn’t South Africa teaching its people this history?
It's part of the school curriculum. But it's taught more at a junior level. So generally you learn a cliff notes version.
History is written by those who win... it depends on when you were in school what you were tought. Even now you have to read extensively from several sources to get to the truth. This guy has 99% right though the things he have wrong is 3 pronunciations 😊he tries his best though so really appreciate this@evem620
@@talharanderee6022 that needs to change ASAP
@@evem620our history class tends to focus more on America and ww2🫠
This man has taught more in 1 month than any schooling did in 15 years
yeah i found him by accident, but pretty much watching a lecture or two from him daily since then.
@@fahdhussein6760same here. His Khalid Ibn Walid & various Islamic history is why I am here but now I want to learn it all! It’s fascinating & I didn’t know about pretty much any of this but I am from the US so maybe not surprising.
Worst student ever ig
@@PlAYsImPol😅
He's propagandized and indoctrinated you that is why you learned more in one month than 15 years.
As a South African Indian, indentured labourer heritage, born in 1980, thank you for extending the voice of our country through yours. Nkosi sekele iAfrika 🙏🏽🇿🇦
Ask him how many Indinaan did Englang starf to death ?
Would you rather have been in born In India?
Having lived under Apartheid and the 'new' South Africa from black townships to white areas. Here is the hard cold fact. South Africa today is a BIGGER mess than during Apartheid for people of all races. Black townships in rural areas are un-kept, worse and more unsafe. South Africa has close to 1 million people murdered since the end of Apartheid, more than some countries at war! It is aptly called the murder and rape capital of the world. It also has more racist laws than during Apartheid, supposedly to 'help' black people, except it's looking after a small group in government. Unemployment and poverty is sky rocketing. Taking all these points which can be easily checked it's quite clear why the 'anti-Apartheid' stories need to be dug out from 30 years ago, because the current mess is too much of an embarrassment.
Wow, you probably have a high income compared to most people in SA but you still claim your victimhood 😂
@@DuneSurfer I knew it would not take long to find a white South African justifying Apartheid in the comments
Thank you Roy. I learned alot about my countries earlier years. I matriculated in South Africa in 1987. So I'm speaking from experience being a coloured high school student at the time. The insurection started inI Soweto but all non white schools were part of the insurrection. Not just the African schools. I lived through it from my primary school days to the year I matriculated. Actually my first yeart at a coloured university too. I love your lectures, especially the ones of the muslim world. I'm a Muslim from Malaysian slave and Indian traders descent. Thank you
Yeh Mandela was a brutal man with 165 criminal doc.!!! Classified as a Communists and Terrorist.. it is said that if Mandela was caught in The USA OR UK OR EUROPE MANDELA WOULD HAVE BEEN ELECTRICUTED. YET IN S.A HE HAD A ROYÀLE JOURNY IN JAIL!!!
I get thru my 12 hour shifts by listening to Dr Roy Casagranda! 😅❤
No wonder we're failing you're saying you watch 12 hours of his bulshit during your work.
I listen to lectures instead of music as well.
This man really goes through everything
Keep up the good work
Love from south Africa🇵🇸🇿🇦
WTF.?.
@@desfrancis2543 Wth with your ass?
? Is there a problem?
@@stefankleynhans7689from the comment it doesn't seem to be a problem. Do you have a problem?
I see a lecture from Dr Casagranda, I watch.
Same here, can’t resist!
absolutely. i love how he makes this content free when people pay tens of thousands for content of lower quality in colleges all over the country. Roy is the goat.
You know you have to!!
Same here I've become a bit of fan!!!
I see an ice cream truck, I run after it. 😮😑
I think this is the Dr’s way of talking about Palestine, while circumventing peoples allegiances and known/unknown biases.
I don't think he can talk about Palestine. Too much of a risk - getting the UA-cam channel deleted, losing job, consequently losing his house which will lead the way to divorce (too much financial burden), not getting jobs anymore (fruitpicking perhaps).
its a genius way to speak about palestine while still protecting his job and livelihood from the american zion lobby.
@@wari-bateshwar7461he’s literally says palestine when he’s talking about history and rarely says israel. Also, he has literally talked about it and said he’s pro-Palestine.
@@amoolakhanshali2972exactly lol
@@wari-bateshwar7461 that's not true He's been supporting Palestine u can go and check there's videos where he talk about Palestine
After watching the first hour. There is so much you cannot cover just due to the complexity and dynamic of South African/Southern African history. But my word what an invaluable series. Thank you
Great lecture from the professor. As a South African, I think this was a nicely condensed depiction of what happened during the formation of South Africa. The truth is that there was so much more that took place from 1948 to 1990 that one cannot simply fit in into a 2-hour lecture. I thoroughly enjoyed it.
You are ignorant about your country. Read Denys Reitz's trilogy to learn the truth.
@tonyp8995 That's a weird way to respond to a comment. Is there anything you don't agree with from the comment. That might be a good place to start.
I'm 55 years old with college degrees and I learn more from your videos than I ever did in my primary OR secondary educations! Your students are lucky to have you in their young lives!
I seriously doubt he is a professor. He is a professional liar.
@@FredM-h3m You are so incredibly wrong. Have you ever looked him up? He is quite accomplished
@@annakat3754 I'm correct. He is a fraud playing the part of a professor. The Austin School is as much a reliable source of information that Wikipedia is. If you don't know Wikipedia is infamous for misinformation. The facts are woven into a fabricated narrative.
Thank you Dr. Roy, I am a stateless Palestinian with a degree in City Planning and I am currently studying Apartheid and Spacial Justice; this was super informative and very informative to the case of Apartheid in Israel/Occupied colonized Palestine.
I hope this isn't thoughtless and rude of me to ask, but have you ever seen the maps of the settler terrorism of the indigenous American's and compared them to Israel's settler terrorism of your homeland? It's such similar patterns that it's crazy. Again, I apologize if this was crass. I promise it was unintended.
Free Palestine 🇵🇸✊🏼
I pray the Palistinians will find the peace and freedom they so long for. South Africa had Apartheid which was inhumane and fortunately on on the scale that Gaza and West Bank has had which is diabolical and inhumane. My heart breaks for all of the Palistinians and others who have endured sub human treatment. (as an Irish descent, one understands). Was happy Ireland and others have stood with the Palistinians.
Amazing lecture, with palpable resonance to the issues we face today
Hopefully in your studies tht palestine is not under an apartheid system. Likely not though as you are learning bias material
The ethnic cleansing was already done when the Boers went into the interior. It was called the Difakane.
As a "Cape Malay coloured" South African, I thank you for your time, effort, insight and eloquence in discussing Apartheid. Healing is possible, it takes generations and an active accurate understanding of history to move forward with goodness! I pray we get there soon!🙏
I assume you also learned that when the Dutch came to Cape Town, they intermarried with the local people. Only the elite was allowed to bring their wives. And every single marriage was written down.
Please take this as the compliment it is meant to be... you are GORGEOUS... Wow...
@@Deontjie no shit! of course he knows, he should also know as a 'cape malay coloured' most likely hes 10% malay and the other actual coloured and white etc.... cause the muslims have tried to completely take over the coloured culture..and ITS NOT PEACEFUL.
It's time to forgive and move forward that time we're 1994 ... if I can forgive the farm murders you can for give the apartheid erea
And forgiveness is a Bible teaching so it's important
Thanks for your lecture as always it’s the best history lectures.
I grew up in Cape Town and was at primary school at the height of the 80’s uprising.
The Trojan Horse massacre happened quite close to where I lived. We heard how those boys had fled from the riot police and hid in surrounding homes. They were chased and killed by the riot police who dragged them out of the houses. They were kids.
The Truth and Reconciliation was cathartic - we wanted peace we wanted to go forward with hearts at peace.
Still a lot of inequality in South Africa but it’s my country and I love it.
Also segregation did not start with Apartheid in 1948. Segregated policies were implemented way before 1948 by various administrations that governed the various parts of Southern Africa. What did happened in 1948 was that many of the segregated policies were codified into law and implemented with vigour by the Apartheid government.
There are many things I'm grateful in life for and one of them is to have found and being able to watch Professor Roy Casagranda's lectures. Thank you for your work!
As a South African and having learnt SA history as part of my schooling, this lecture was par excellent in terms of linking the apartheid movement to the wider geo political context at the time.
Stand outs for me from this talk:
1. The overhauling of the senate to push through apartheid laws in the 50s - carbon copy happening in Israel today
2. The nuclear war heads created by the apartheid regime with Israel to use if the need arose. Had things went that way, I wouldn't be here today ..... that is wild to even give thought to! Uncanningly similar to Israel's motivation to develop nuclear weapons of their own today
Thank you Dr Roy - you are a legend!
You want to believe American lefty professors... Verwoed was planning to end apartheid that's why he was taken out... research the Smiths.
Lies, nuclear warheads were made to be used as a threat to countries trying to step into our affairs.
Blatant ignorance to think. Israel is experiencing an apartheid system and you should know better. Shame on you
Lil bro does history and probably gets less than 50% in school and feels the need to talk
Julle weet nie wat ons weet nie
I’m seriously thankful for you right now Roy. we’re so out of touch with reality that it just nauseates me. I’ve learned so much from your lectures and hope to see more topics, but you’re one of my favorites to listen to on repeat at the moment
This lecture should be played in all RSA high school, so much understanding, simplified. I've learnt so much from the lecture tgat I never did in school. Excellent lecture Dr
A distortion of history. No mention of the threat of communism or the facts regarding the AngloBoer war as revealed in Kommando by Denys Reitz who was actually there.
Roy, I showed your lecture in my high school Global Perspectives class and created a worksheet for the students to do. Thank you for your energy and passion for teaching. I aspire to be as eloquent and as smart as you.
thank you sir , may God bless you and your family . Always a pleasure listening to you
It's always a good day when Dr. C drops another lecture!
Thank you dr Roy for speaking about nations that are experiencing apartheid 🫡❤
I am so thankful for these lectures and for the Dr's time in giving them. These are very valuable to me and I hope for those who appreciate the stark reality of our humanity .
Dear Dr. Roy Casagranda, a lecture start with Woe! and your lecture made me 6 times burst to cry, though, truth to be revealed of which the best value for healing from erroneous. Dicisively and imperfectly perfect description over it, in which has much of meaning you have described and deliver the Apartheid of South Africa to simplified; " The hypocratic land' and indeed, the end of your lecture has sublime of deep philosophical message , and..." Truth and Reconcilliation" method to end your lecture, that is start from Woe and end with Weow!Thank you. Yoo Kang
I don't care what's the topic when I see Dr Casagranda uploaded a new video, I watch. This man has a wealth of knowledge.
A lecture on the racist and apartheid structure in israel next?
There Are Two Types Of People in this world:
1) Those who can extrapolate incomplete data.
you're watching it
How about a lecture on African tribal war?
Nope, no such thing as apartheid in Israel. All Israelis have always been equal among each other.
In South Africa it was NOT perfect, but each ethnic group was looked after by its own people. Not forever viable and re-integrating was ultimately to be done, but it would have been so much better without communist input..., in South Africa and Namibia.
Keeping communism itself away from our country was our vital achievement, our successful Vietnam.
@Colin-to1nv are you serious? Have you looked at the bantustans in the west Bank. Text book apartheid
As’salaamu’alaikum. Always look forward to seeing a new lecture from Dr Casagranda. Thank you sir.
I'm Zambian/South Africa and this man knows more than what we are taught in OUR SCHOOLS!!!
Sadly he forgot to mention the freemasons and it's influence on history. Let me liniten you. Piet Retief voortrekker Mason Jan Smuts Mason Louis Botha, Mason . Then came the Afrikanerbond close links with Freemasonry. Malan, Verwoerd, 0:36 0:36 Pik Botha , FW DE Klerk on the one side Nelson Mandela Bish.Tu.Tu. nights of Malta an elete groop of the Freemasons on the other side , Freemasons control both sides. ( This is unfortunately not in any skool kurrikulum)
FACTS!
Well this is an University lecture and he's a professor
We always have to keep learning.
That is absurd!! Why is the South African government not teaching this history?
Thank you. As a South African who knows a lot of the pieces you tied it all together perfectly. I learned a lot.
Shout out to camera man for not losing his touch in following Dr Roy around!
Another video so quick? Lucky us! Thank you much Dr. Casagranda love all ur videos
And that is why Mandela said, "“We know too well that our freedom is incomplete without the freedom of the Palestinians.” #FreePalestine
The Saracens are the opposite of being indigenous, whereas the Indigenous South Äfricäns were persecuted.
Non-Catholic Jewish people like yourself, need to convert to Christianity just as the Saracens and Atheist Pagans do.
@@stlouisix3 So, it's the Saracens now, huh? Even so, they have been there for more than a millennium. As opposed to the settler colonists from Poland, Ukraine, etc.
Thanks levi! ♡
Trust me, Nelson Mandela's ANC doesnt care about Palatine. Because under their rule South Africans are having it as bad, worse in some cases than Gaza. Nobody really knows this because most don't follow up on the nation's disposition, but we who live under the ANC regime know that this is all a PR stunt for brownie points for the elections. They have this thing where they constantly try fish for relevancy as a freedom fighter, the struggle, when that hasnt been the case for the better part of 29 years. And many Christian South Africans are also poorly informed and side with Israel because the Bible tells them Israel can do no wrong because of obvious biblical reasons. So idiots all around
This is an excellent lecture. No sugar coating and nursing feelings. Straight to the point, fact after facts. I wonder what would happen if this history was to be taught the exact same way in South african schools. A big majority will finally wake up.
Why are they not teaching this?
@@evem620they don’t go nearly into enough depth, we literally learn about the Dutch landing and then a the Boer wars then if I’m not mistaken they do more in grade 10-12 if you choose history as one of your subjects, it’s compulsory up until grade 9 then we choose from a pool of subjects to do. We learnt more about slave trade as a whole than we do about our own history.
I wish there was a Roy Casagranda for every subject. Sensational education. So much passion and knowledge
As a 53 yr old South African of Indian descent, I can say that this lecture is an excellent account of what happened in South Africa. After watching this, then you may understand the situation in Palestine better and understand why we see commonality of the struggles they are experiencing. In fact what whey are experiencing is a on different scale. Genocide. Ruthless Jewish Nazi Israeli state and like the apartheid state of South Africa, it will too come to end. Thank you sincerely Roy.
How can the Jewish state be Nazis? Trying to understand the concept
@@zarooinekIt's not, yet that claim persists.
The views of Israeli Arabs on youtube speaks volumes, as do comments from other pro-Israel Arabs.
Only some Jews may be so far right they can't see straight....
Also, no one, Jewish or American Evangelical, may claim Biblical blessings for the state of modern Israel: only the right of physical heritage allows them to be there.
@@zarooinekzionism that is root cause of israel , has history of collaboration with nazis , read the book : secret relationship between nazis and zionism
basically zionist wanted europeon jews to move to palestine and they did that by collaborating with nazis by making germany unliable for them
@@zarooinek Nazism is 'nationalist socialism' basically the supremacy of one race over another - socialism based on race - be it German, Jewish or White. They are all based on the idea of a 'chosen race' or german/white/jewish supremacy at the expense of another. Nazism is a type of race-based ideology based on their view hardship (lebensraum for Germany, holocaust for Jews, the concentration camps for Afrikaners) - the variables change (the zionist become the germans, the Palestinians become the jews) - the variables change but the formula remains the same.
Place the oppressed group in a ghetto, deny them rights, dehumanise them, kill them if they object, develop a strong propaganda effort justifying your actions.
The variables changed, the formula remained the same.
@@zarooinek same ideology , supremacy of one race over another.
I am happy to see in South Africa all races that a good percentage of our citizens get a long with each other even with a different cultures. We do have a some bad elements. Our struggle with the ecomonic and breakdowns of infastructures has drawn us in some ways together and in discussions feel the same way on how difficult it is to live with it. May God continue to bless us even through our difficulties.
Not get along, they tolerate each other until they can get home and avoid them!
The western Cape will once again become independent. Fir many great reasons.
@SimonHough-hz8wp no. These European rejects will get nothing. There's no African land that will belong to white people. Asoze sana.
@@bushbabybotha9943which is fine. They’ve learnt to co exist despite their differences. Not all cultures are able to co exist together, another key example of that is muslims in Europe.
As a South African, thank you for this Dr. Casagranda. So many missing details they skipped in school. I learnt alot.
Very good lecture.
His story is accurate enough. He leaves out a large part of the South African history dealing with the “conquerors” that moved in from the north. That is OK? That is not OK?
I do take exception to being called a thief and a conquerer when the first of my family arrived in Africa in 1752 and married his slave who arrived in South Africa a bit earlier than that, as a slave from Batavia.
Interesting enough I, on the other hand, learned most of this history at school in South Africa mixed in with own experience and reading before I entered university.
This is a biased lecture. To the uneducated he seems correct but do more studying you will see this is not as correct as he would like to make it seem. He’s likely never even stepped foot on the continent.
@@JohanThiartI agree with you, as my comment below says he is biased. This is just a hating lecture on white people. He clearly has “white guilt” and thinks trashing us is the way to make himself feel better. He clearly doesn’t understand our people. Speaks nothing of the Bantu genocides committed by the Zulu tribes as they moved south from the Congo just 40-60 years prior to the Europeans arriving.
@@Alex-ze2ii he does know his subject though.
There is a subtle “anti colonialism” or a bit tongue in the cheek in his lecture.
I think it may well be tongue in the cheek because he uses in other lecture too.
@@JohanThiart he knows what he wants to know. No mention of the first Boer war? But only talks about how the British “destroyed the boers” in the second war? Inconsistencies in the Great Trek. No mention of the Bantus moving down and slaughtering the Koi San.
The border war was most definitely a war we won, as told in his book by Gen Jannie Geldenhuys, who ultimately negotiated the peace deal, too. His book: "Those who win," or "Die Wat Wen." For, he had promised the soldiers on the ground, in that unreported war, to tell their story. His book is so worthy of being read!
The official English translation changed the title, for a wider readership, to "At the Front".
You lost and were forced to give up Namibia and end apartheid in South Africa silly Dutch settler
White South Africans kept the commies at bay for 27 years until the Berlin wall and the USSR collapsed.
Very informative, as a young South African born in the mid 80s, I appreciate this type of lectures to educate us about the history of our country. Truly appreciated, I have hope that the people of Palestine will be free, God is for us all, may he heal the dark hearts of the oppressors, may He open their eyes and let them see that no human being is less than the other, for we are all children of the most high. Peace be unto the world. Free Palestine 🇪🇭🇪🇭🇪🇭
As a South African, best interpretation I have seen, just one important error and one omission, which has been important and different to any post segregation country globally. 70% of South Africa's land is owned by government. It is important to discuss affirmative action in South Africa today, which means that any company with 51 or more people has to be 51% Black owned and the fastest growing demographic is the middle class Black today. A far cry from the American solution, I use the term solution very losely.
Where did you get your stats? Fron Enerst Root of Afriforum neh??😅
@@MotlokwaThwiiwhich part? Most of that is from various government gazettes over the last 20+ years. The black middleclass has been the fastest growing class since back in 2007 during Mbeki's presidency. As for the Affirmative Action... Literally current law.
@@e.vil88 So you too think 70% of SA's land is owned by government?
And this information is gazetted? Do you know what the gazette is for?
@@MotlokwaThwiiWow I am actually surprised by tht. 70% of farmland is owned by whites and yet people still want to cry about land ownership. No wonder this country is going to kak
Go read.....on the apartheid government administration
Thank you for shedding light on Apartheid. The world needs more knowledge on that, especially these days. #FreePalestine
You aretalking a lot of nonsense where did you grow up on mars
@@NicoBotha-t2z I know a zionist bot when I see one 😂
Invite some Palestinians to stay with you... just have a good chat with Lebanon before so you can know what to expect
How is Dr . Casagranda blessing us with so many lectures this year?
It's a blessing to loose braincells
@@Lebo901 What do you disagree with?
From what I have witnessed during 90’s and being taught with our history you have make it more interesting with this critical information. Bravo Prof.
I have to tell you of my experience growing up in South Africa. After my parents divorced in 1969, I was sent to Bergville Junior School as a boarder. I was 8 years old. I was an English speaking South African but had to learn Afrikaans as a second language. I had to pass Afrikaans to pass the year. I later learned to speak isiZulu as I grew up in Zululand, KZN. There is so much more to Apartheid than what was forced upon black South Africans. The San/Koisan deserve to be recognised as the first people of South Africa. Just as much as the Native Americans of the USA and Canada.
You going against this great academic?
Are you that stupid 😒
Thanks for sharing your experience. However, as far as the Khoi and San are concerned, I hate it when white people identify them as non-Black, as if they (whites) have the divine right to decide who is Black or white. The Khoi and San are indigenous Africans, just as the Zulu, Xhosa, Shona, Venda, Kikuyu, Luo, Baganda, and many others are.
We (Black people) are all Africans, with immense and amazing diversity among us. I don’t understand why the Khoi and San aren’t considered Black in the eyes of European colonizers-so much so that even some Khoi and San people believe they are not Black. While they may have lighter skin and distinct facial features, this does not disqualify them from being Black, as the rest of Africa’s Black population exhibits a wide range of facial features, skin tones, and other characteristics.
This is clearly a divide-and-conquer strategy.
@imhotep1613 clear you know nothing about racism, and history
Thankyou Dr Casagrande.. it really relates to what is happening right now in Apartheid Israel towards the Palestinian people..
This is so disrespectful to South Africans... it's not the same
This Dr has his biases too, for all his attempts to be fair.
Different cultures have their interactions with each other, but it's not always just as he sees it.
This channel deserves millions views.
Great analysing by Dr Roy Casagranda.
As a South African growing up in the apartheid era, I've learned more in this lecture than in all of my history lessons in school. I am not surprised why this was not taught in schools.
This was taught in schools during history lessons...that was in the 80' though...if you are younger I don't know what your guys history curriculum entailed
It's a shame😢
Sure u did 😂
@@MeisiekindYes, I'm certain you're right. I am just young enough to have missed my turn for that full coverage at school, in high school.
My younger cousins experienced a very, very watered down coverage of history.
You learnt what he told you, not necessarily the truth, he doesn’t know what the hell he’s talking about..
I was born in Suidwes Afrika (Namibia) in 1983 and moved to SA when I was about 2. Although we came to SA since i was 2 weeks old on CASAVACS with the Hercules to see family. My dad was building a road there during the war.
I would not say I am clueless about the history, not at all, but i learned more about it on this talk than I ever learned anywhere else. Thank you.
I'm south African and we aren't even taught most of this, not nearly this in depth 😮. Thank you ❤
Cuz they do not want you to have the knowledge
This lecture now is a master's strike by the master himself. Thank you professor Casagrande for divesting the narratives of colonialists from Latin America to South Africa and of course to those who shouldn't be named.
In Latin America we don't care about colonialist. In fact we celebrate and rejoice it because of Spain and Portugal we spoke one language and one culture. We have unity.. yet we are also very racially diverse.
@@lenardogorra613 Probably the colonialization process was so effective it resulted in this unity you are reffering to. But I would argue that many core problem Latin America is facing, like poverty, political and economical instability, drug cartels... Have bases in that colonialism. The theft of natural resources and forcing new cultural had to be accompanied by more violent measures toward the native population, and as I said its effects are still experienced now by Latin America countries.
It is really hard not to hear what has happened in south Africa and not immediately think about Palestinian people and what they are facing under apartheid regime in thier homeland 🍉🍉,
They use the same arguments that the dutch, British used to day about natives in south africa and america, but truth will always prevail, #FreePalestine 🇵🇸 🇵🇸 ❤❤
I hear you talking about apples and I realise your talking about oranges
@ashleywebb2736 what exactly is tribbing you off, maybe my phrasing was a little weird, so please tell me I will try to explain, if you like ofcourse
And this is why our universities are such a shit show. Absolute rubbish. Area was very, very sparsely inhabited. When the Dutch settlers developed the area, many blacks moved in from the North because they Dutch and English were creating prosperity. South Africa today is a classic example of a failed state and it isn't because of your Dutch settlers. This grievance studies professor is a classic example of not having to live with his assumptions .
@ashleywebb2736 it is amazing how every place that colonial powers went was empty , the Americans, Caribbeans, Palestine, India, east indies, every place was empty, even if it was what give you the right to colonise a place remove its people and then enslave them steal thier resources then build a powerful economy because it is build on slaves aka sheap labor , then complain when these people get some of thier wealth back
@ashleywebb2736 there are still powerdul people working against the South African project. Bell Pottinger showed us this.
But what I know is that my children have endless possibilities available to them. Opportunities that I didn't have, that my siblings didn't have, and that my parents didn't have. My parents had their land taken away from them, my siblings had traumas thrown at them at school and their friends were dragged off to jail. So I'm glad we don't live in the old South Africa.
This man gives me hope for humanity.
mate i am from from South Africa there is no city in South Africa that is walled off. Some places are walled off but that is because crime is high. and in those waled off places all races of South Africa lives
But the reality is that the higher the inequality, the higher the walls.
No the walls are for safety. The police cannot combat all the crime in South Africa. We all need to chip in if you see something say something. But that does not happen.
@frikkiedekock7393 you clearly don't understand what I'm saying. The higher the inequality ...the higher the crime.
SA has the highest income inequality in the World.
Typical white south african he acts like he doesn't know why there's crime. Like he doesn't know that millions are in poverty because they've been dispossesed of their wealth and resources through decades of oppression🤷♂️
@@rubenjooste4383 Yes, but that means nothing. It does not mean that it's unfair. The impoverished blacks are underskilled in South Africa, even though they make up 81% of the population. The government has introduced policies to favour black employment over other races (and this is true racial inequality btw), but these policies have backfired because service delivery has dropped and corruption has increased amongst their ranks. Poverty and lack of education causes crime. Crime causes high walls. But the spirit of the country is strong and resilient. I think the issue of racism is taking a backseat now. People just want the country to go forward. But the uneducated, unemployed majority hold the key to the elections. Only 6 to 10% of the country pays 100% of the tax to run the country. The height of the walls mean nothing in the grand scheme of things. It's just objective homeowners protecting their homes and families against ANYONE who wants to intrude. Not just a specific race.
Roy, please share more indigenous American history. I’ve watched most of these lectures multiple times. These intersectional history lessons are so important. Please, please keep sharing!
I don't know about your conclusions. Apartheid ended because of Gorbachev not Mandela. The Apartheid government had been fighting the war for America. In 1975 America wasn't prepared to send soldiers into Angola because of the disaster in Vietnam. Even before the Portuguese left Coutinho had allowed thousands of Cubans in, they stopped any chance of an election and their allies the MPLA declared a one part state. The USA supported the FNLA and the apartheid government supported the black socialists of UNITA. When the FNLA were defeated that left just UNITA and the apartheid government from stopping Cuba marching south through Namibia into South Africa. The Cubans and MPLA outnumbered them four to one but UNITA hung on and kept the Soviet block out of Namibia. Without the apartheid government they would have lost. If UNITA fell then the apartheid government had their Israeli nuclear war heads. Once the Soviet Union ended the USA didn't need apartheid or UNITA and stopped supporting both. UNITA were largely wiped out in the Chitunda massacre and the apartheid government gave in.
Yeah this has given the current lot a false sense their military prowess...it really is a joke..America put the SA govt under the bus..
I hear the voice of professor from 50 years in the future in my head, saying, 'They massacred 30,000 people while the Western world just watched and even aided them. Isn't that cool?'
The history is right in front of us.
51 Muslim countries are quiet too 😢
Many leaders in Muslim countries are just puppets of Western powers
@@K_Super999 Many leaders in Muslim countries are just puppets of Western powers
@@K_Super999 Many leaders in Muslim countries are just puppets of Western powers
There was a famous pencil test which is ridiculous to think about now. A govt rep would put a pencil in a person's hair. If it slipped down, they could classify as white ( if they had a light enough complexion of course), if it stayed in, they were coloured. Big brains behind that test, obviously...
Incredible. Smh.
I know people where two sisters were put into different races. So they were not actually allowed to stay in the same area.
WOW... IM SOUTH AFRICAN AND IM SO HAPPY THT DR ROY CASAGRANDA EXPLAINED THE APARTHEID ACCURATELY IN JUST 2HOURS
How am I just now learning about this man? I've been binging these lectures for the past few days.
That’s what I was thinking. I can’t believe I’ve missed seeing this brilliant Professor all these years.
2 lectures in under a month? You spoil us Doctor!
Hello profesor i haven’t even seen the video but i already know im going to be blown away thank you in advance
P.s im still waiting for the palistinian isreal conflict history talk i know ive asked a 100 times now going on 101 lol
I think the real reason behind the timing of this precious lecture is clear. 2 birds with one stone. I wish you strength and good fortune professor. Awaiting the next one.
Ps. Glad the leg is okay.
I'm a 22 year old South African. Only learnt today that Soweto is short for South West Town. Great lecture overall. Thank you Dr.
Speak for yourself, soweto is in the shape of a bulls eye so if your people got out of line the whites would plan to drop a boom on yall. My great grandmothers family was forcedly removed from their farming homelands in Central Pretoria and dumped in a crowded informal dry desert settlement using truck loads, using sjamboks, dogs and guns.
Should be ashamed of yourself. Real talk
South Western Township. Now figure out what Soshanguve is short for.
@@ssc3528👏❤️🇿🇦
SothoShanganNguniVenda
This was an amazing and informative video. Living in South Africa you taught me more than anything we were taught in school apartheid
“When you’re isolated like that, how do you get the worlds attention without violence?
The world didn’t care when your children got massacred. The world didn’t care at all until you fought back”
hitler noticed look for the movie oom paul (the movie europe never saw)
I really like your lectures Professor Roy, I even replayed half of them. I really wish you would go on Joe Rogan’s podcast, you’ll make a great episode!
Proudly colored from South Africa 🇿🇦
Thanks!
I learn new stuff about history everytime i listen to this professor. Thank you professor.
Dr, start by the 1853 event involving Karl Marx in person, which led the British occupiers to institute apartheid back then. Their illegal 1806 invasion took away civil liberties, suffrage, freedom of association and they were first to put segregation (apartheid) on a constitution. They then went on to kill 48,000 women, children and elderly in concentration camps, just as they wiped out 20 000 blacks in such camps. They invaded and colonised South Africa just like Putin invaded Ukraine. Britain invaded countless countries around the globe and oppressed millions "for their protection."
They should have been protected against the Englishmen!!
But the Afrikaners/Cape Dutch were cleverly blamed.
In fact, apartheid was only a racial issue because the pro-communists were all black.
Apartheid fought atheist communism, not skin colour.
Racists in South Africa 🇿🇦 today aren't the whites.
YOU are my HERO! At least ONE other voice of sanity in a world gone mad! Please see my comment as well. Well done for the courage!
My goodness! Dutch SAns are never gonna admit their invasion of native lands nor their apartheid. 😮
Ok. You don’t actually know what you are talking about, and I’ll prove it.
There are no DUTCH people who invaded native lands here.
The Dutch who invaded native lands on 16 April 1652 (Jan Van Riebeeck), did so with three ships, the “Reiger”, the “Dromedaris” and the “Goede Hoop”. Even though he and the majority of the crew were Dutch and had sailed out of Malasia. Their Shipping Company, “Vereenigd Oos-Indiese Companje” (United East Indian Company), was a Tea-company, owned in majority by Britain. Their assignment (by the British) was to establish a trading post at Cape Town.
The Dutch thus - under assignment by Britain - “invaded native land”, with 50 Malaysian slaves on board.
The ONLY indigenous people to South Africa at that stage were the “Hottentot” (Dutch collective name) or actually San and Xoi Bushman, and a mysterious race calling themselves Griequa. NONE of these tribes were originally from the Cape area. The Bushmen were from the Kalahari Desert in the northern Cape, and the Griequa were mainly from an area around the northern Eastern Cape.
THERE WERE NO INDIGENOUS BLACK NATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA THEN!
In 1807, the Dutch withdrew from the Cape and were replaced by the British, who took over their slaves, in accordance with the 1796 treaty
NOT knowing how to farm and being too lazy to learn, the Brits imported European farmers from France, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Scotland and Ireland, on the promise of land for free.
These farmers did their own work - they did NOT have slaves - the ONLY slaves around belonged to the Brits.
To be able to communicate efficiently, these farmers established a common “kitchen language”, made up of words borrowed from all of the different cultures there.
When the Brits did their normal thing and taxed these farmers to death, a group of them decided to leave the Cape, and head Northward, inland.
This group became known as the “Voortrekkers” (pioneers). And NO! They did NOT INVADE ANYBODY’s land. At that stage, NOBODY owned the land. They WERE however later attacked several times by the “Mfecane”, the Zulu war-scouts, coming from the north-east coastline.
The leader of these pioneers, a man by the name of Piet Retief, even went to the then Zulu king, and “BOUGHT” all the land east of the Tugela River from him, for a certain number of cattle. This “sale” was NOT in respect of the land, but for the sake of being left in peace in this area. This same Zulu king, “Dingaan”, then - after having left his mark on the “deed of sale”, pushed Retief off the mountain, killing him.
In the meantime, the kitchen-language had evolved and been given a name - Afrikaans. NOT DUTCH!
During their trek across the country, the pioneers discovered alluvial gold and diamonds. The Brits heard of this, and went on a kill-mission.
They burned ALL farms to the ground, towed women and children in chains and ropes to concentration camps, where they were raped, murdered or starved to death. All simply because they wanted to take control of the wealth.
Where do you think Hitler got HIS clever ideas from?
And if you don’t believe this is true, go and look at the history of Britain’s colonisation of the world. They have done exactly this same thing EVERYWHERE.
So, now tell me… If you DON’T actually know what you are talking about, and you seem to think it is YOUR RIGHT to sit and criticise from OUTSIDE of the country, but all YOU see is RACE, WHO is REALLY the racist?
But the reason narrow-minded, opinionated idiots choose to blame the Afrikaans people, is because of one stupid, propagandised word… “APARTHEID”…
But you DON’t even know what it means or where it comes from… so let me help you. From the ORIGINAL setup in the Cape, the Brits tried to keep the different cultures of farmers SEPARATE.
The word for “BEING SEPARATE” in Dutch, German and Flemish (Belgian) is “APARTHEID”. Look it up in a dictionary, NOT a political reference-book.
The Afrikaners (NOT DUTCH) simply wanted to be left alone. But NOW, several HUNDREDS of years later, they STILL have to be chastised by stupid people who are too lazy to do research and find the real facts… they’d rather just regurgitate someone else’s misguided work or opinion…
NOT very “clever”.
@@stephen-templar Is there a reason y'all Dutch South Africans are so dead set against accepting history as it is?!? Y'all are constantly trying to rewrite history. You are the only group of people who believe these lies so why not just stop already. Cause this is getting pathetic.
Very true. Unfortunately the history of South Africa is told from an Afro-marxist point of view. They don't like facts and one just has to look at the state of South Africa today to see who the real racists are.
How to talk about Palestine indirectly. Bravo Roy ❤ Free Palestine 🇵🇸
As someone who grew up in the end of Apartheid, Im proud of the South Africa we've managed to build. Loads of issues, but there is no doubt in my mind that we are Stronger Together.
People who are at polar ends of conflict, can live together peacefully. ❤ free Palestine
South Africa is a corrupt broken country. Corrupt to the core.
Definitely, I'm a Black South African of 38 years old. We were the 1st group of kids to attend multi racial schools from grade 1 in 1992.
South Africa definitely has problems, but we are no longer second class citizens in our own country.
The solution is democracy. The ANC got less than 50% and are forced to rule with the "White" DA.
We can make progress, we are making progress.
@@wandilekhumalo5382the fact that you guys voted in the DA without the mess of apartheid being rectified is just wild. Blacks are still second class citizens in South Africa. God help the blacks in South Africa
I will never understand how Africans keep believing this "Rainbow Nation" nonsense. Its nonsense. NONSENSICAL.
@@evem620if you knew anything about the DA you’d know they have their roots in anti apartheid parties from the apartheid era. It’s a generalisation to assume any white politician is looking to reimplement apartheid, it’s never going to come back.
I never was interested in History until I came across of Dr. Casagranda few years ago. Thank you for uploading his lectures and making knowledge available for the rest of the world Austin School.
The best lecture, I salute you Dr. Baie dankie😮
I wish I could experience a live in person Lecture of Dr. Roy Casagrand. Fascinating, interesting, educational as always.
@xanpankarmelwho cares? Don't ruin the comment section.
Wow. You really have to admire the foresightedness and progressive way in which the black native people of South Africa navigated post apartheid. Instead of doing the logical thing which is to run out your conquerer and oppressor & see what you can do from there. But they actually decided to try and perform what really is a historical miracle. They chose to fix the world as they found it. I commend the patience of the South African people who are genuinely participating in their democratic experiment. It's a beautiful expedition and the world is rooting for its success because it will prove that the world can work in a better way. Where people strive together for a shared greater good. I was there a few years back and the warmth & kindness of it's people touched me as a person who saw things as black and white. Which my experiences over there changed how I saw the world completely. Everybody was gracious, friendly, warm spirited. White, black...you name it. Very nice people. I hope that they can weed out the detractors & the racists and power forward with their beautiful experiment. We are watching with hope.
I think someone as intelligent as yourself will come around after years doing an episode on the aparthied state of Israel, and the suffering of the paslistinan people. I think we want to see an episode on palistine done by you, but I am afraid we have to wait to see the outcomes of history that will unflod in that region. Great episode!
"But we know too well that our freedom is incomplete without the freedom of the Palestinians" Nelson Mandela
Amazing lecture, condensing such a long period of history in less than two hours yet providing so many details
A gentle note (as a South African, and an anthropologist), the word Khoi is pronounced with a hard exasperated KH- not a gutteral "g" like the Afrikaans G. This lecturer is using the latter, which is not correct.
I am SAfrican. When you spoke of Israel, you did not mention that Israel was supporting the apartheid government and providing arms and ammunition to them to suppress our people. I am curious as tonwhy you omitted it. Did you k ow about it?
The Prof did mention the nuclear deal with Israel but did not mention the cooperation with the large cannon or the Galiel 5.56 rifle that later replaced the Fal or R1 . It is strange that the apartheid Israel supported SA apartheid while many of the ANC leaders were radical communists teaching bomb making and training the ANC in subversive tactics. One can never judge the Jews as one nation. Most of the information we get about Palestine is from Jews with a sense of responsibility and stand out with nothing to gain for telling the truth.
Hopefully Palestine also will get its freedom lead by its resistance! Big Thanks for the lecture
I am a 52 years old black South African who obviously experienced apartheid first hand, the then government only taught us what they deem was enough to keep us in the dark of course. I mean this was more than 35 years ago and I only learned the truth today. Thank you very much Dr Roy. Thanks to God for revealing this to me, I'm very grateful to you Dr. Roy. I am struggling to define how I feel after discovering that the P.W Botha's government was planning to take my life along with other black people through the use of nuclear radiation, for having a different skin pigment. THESE PEOPLE CALLED THEMSELVES CHRISTIANS AND PITY MOST OF THEIR DESCENDANTS ARE STILL CARRYING THE HATE. TO THOSE WHO QUESTIONED DEATH, THERE'S YOUR ANSWER. Man is evil in nature, unfortunately the good ones have to go as well. EVIL SHALL NOT PREVAIL. Amen
I stumbled upon your lectures from the free Palestine hashtag, and I haven't stopped watching. I'm a South African who grew up in Soweto. It's so refreshing to listen to this lecture because there were a few things I didn't know or taught in school. My mother was 16 in '76 and told me a lesser known march to John Foster Square a few months after the 16th June. Anyway, I'm definitely sharing this lecture. I'm still watching, but if you could share more on the relationship between the South African Apartheid government and Israel in terms of training and allyship as well as the ANCs vocal support of Palestine then and now.
Excellent lecture, comes at a very good time, I wish you can do this same topic about another country. But if you did that maybe you'd get cancelled. Love your work and what you said about hell at the start. God bless sir.
As a South African, in school we never got a detailed history on Apartheid. i just wanted to thank you xxx
He missed an important historical event - 1820 British Settlers in the Eastern Cape with many conflicts with the pastoral black population in that region. This highlights sources of differing 'white' populations which generally were at odds with one another in the Apartheid era of 1948 to 1994
Im absolutely hooked on these, thank you Dr Casagranda
A FEW COLOURED SOUTH AFRICA WATCHING THIS!👍🇿🇦🇬🇧 GREETINGS FROM THE UK
First commander in Cape Town, Jan van Riebeeck, outlawed the enslavement of indigenous KhoiSan people. And the VOC resolved not to colonise.
The British colonised the Cape in 1806.
The 350 years history of my country in under two hours. As an informed teacher myself, he’s really informed
Becareful of this Americans
He is informed but he has his own biases.
He correctly differentiates "coloured" between his and our sides of the pond; yet, being racial is vital to one's own identity, so curbing racism is its own issue: the lines must be held distinct!
@@Lebo901yep, you might learn something 😂
I wish he'll do the history of the Israeli-Palestine conflict. This is very relevant in today's events and is gripping the whole world.
Thank you for sharing this educational video with Professor Casagranda. He is brilliant. I’m glad he came up on my algorithm.
So great to hear facts and not assumptions! I learnt so much today! Thank you for taking the immense effort of research and the extra time to verbalise!
What a great Lecture, I grew up in Soweto. The legacy of Apartheid is still alive . Alot needs to be done to kill its roots sadly the ANC has changed black population still suffering , Economic Apartheid is the order of the day. So we still struggling but in a different generation.
At that time some uncensored journalist would asked "But do you condemn ANC?"
I am a Colored South African, born and bred in Cape Town, my great-grandmother was a slave, my grandmother would tell me some hair-raising stories, similar to Dr. Roy😢
Any advice on ending Israel colonization in Palestine?
Wow she must have lived to the age if 300
My Gran lived till age 90,,her stories were told to her since she was a child from her mom,and her family!!!@TheDavidliebenberg
same here, group areas act my family. My father was thrown out their home and only received reparation recently. They suffered most of their lives because of this...living in poverty and obviously being treated as second grade citizens.
@@TheDavidliebenbergwhy you sound hurt 😂...truth hurts?ne
As a South African, I've never had someone explain the history of my country so simply. Wow👏👏👏
Such great storytelling, thank you for this, love from South Africa 🇿🇦 💪🏽