I really appreciate how in all her videos she emphasizes how you’ll never understand the ancient or medieval world if you insist on looking at that world through a modern lens.
My Mother was born in London in 1929. She had 8 children, I was the 6th and born in the States. When I was in my 20's she said to me that, "Every generation thinks that they have invented sex." Now that I have turned 60, I totally understand why she said that.
@@bethewalt7385 why is that weird? At 60 they've seen more than enough in their own experience to attach truth to their mothers statement. In short you're seeing a few generations depiction of sex by that point.
@@mrsx7944 Give me a title. I haven't found any like that so I'd love recommendations. You read so it should be easy to find a educational book about daily lives in the past.
My great grandmother was born in TN in 1911 to Scottish parents. Her favorite color was red,but she'd been raised that only hussies wore red. She wouldn't even grow red roses. As meek as she was,she was strong. Her husband was born to Irish parents,they married at 12. She was 22,pregnant for the 4th time when her husband was diagnosed with a brain tumor. He was getting uncontrollably violent,she would lock herself up with the kids at night. During her 8th month,told her he was terrified of hurting her or the kids,went out to the woods and shot himself. She carried him home,put him on the kitchen table,cleaned him,and held a 3 day wake. She said she'd never remarry and she didn't. She passed in 1992. After she died,we found trunks full of red lingerie,purses and shoes. It was like her little rebellion against her deeply religious parents. Deep down she wanted to be a hussy. Lol.
So even as an adult with a family of her own, she was still under the thumb of her parents....the parents are in Scotland and she was in Tennessee.......I dont get it?
@@colleenwhalen-pg7un her parents and her in laws immigrated here. She was surrounded by people so religious and stuffy that she couldn't even wear her favorite color, it became so ingrained that she still wouldn't wear it after she was widowed and on her own. She bought pretty lingerie,purses and shoes in red,even though no one saw them,they still made her feel wild and sexy.
Damn that’s crazy! I’m glad I was born to less religious parents in a more modern era, I spoke before I could walk and my mum says as soon I knew the words I refused to wear clothes that weren’t red! Imagine a 1 year old demanding what colour her dress will be that day! I still like red but I wear other colours too now :)
@Ana Luiza Were not religious at all and neither were my grandparents, but she was always protecting us from boys and sex. She was very strict. Anyway my 60 something sister just told me 2 days ago, she didn't wear lipstick until she was 40 because my grandma scrubbed her face so hard when she caught her playing in our aunt's makeup. Nearly out entire conversation was about the things we do and don't do more, because of what our parents and grandparents said. Both of us are very independent women, who've bought our own homes support ourselves and raised our kids ourselves, but things from childhood no matter what will influence the rest of your life and how you live.
@@medinsane I remember when I was 12 or 13 I painted my nails red. My father, who was around 40-41 told me I looked like a prostitute. This was in the early 2000s. Prudish people are everywhere unfortunately. Luckily my mom never agreed with him. Ever since then my fav colour is red when it comes to my nails or lips. 😀
Closing the bed curtains wasn’t just for privacy. There was a common belief that keeping out the night air would prevent illness. Also, houses were not well heated, and the curtains helped hold warmth in during the cold months.
@@garethsmith7628 The mosquitoes that spread malaria are active only at night, so to the extent that the curtains kept out mosquitoes, they probably did help prevent malaria.
I love medieval manuscript doodles. I can just imagine these scribes getting bored and just doodling, no matter how good they were at drawing, not realizing their work would be a topic of art history and spread across the Internet. Can you imagine them rolling in their graves in embarrassment? I know i would if my doodles became a part of history
No way, not embarrassed!! I bet they're proud that someone found and liked their jokes! Also I believe that the people writing the text and the people drawing the images, illuminators, were not always the same person.
After my grandfather died my grandmother told me an off color story about him. I said, “My sweet old grandpa did that?” She said, “Well he wasn’t always old and he wasn’t always sweet.” The scenery changes, people don’t.
"off-color" is the adjective here, not color. It is usually used as a way to describe lewd (not necessarily explicit but often sexual) language, such as a story or joke. I believe (don't quote me on this) it might have to do with the fact that color print and the fact that classified ads would be printed in the back pages of papers and magazines, so the ads for sex workers or sex toys or the explicit jokes or cartoons would often be printed "off-color," but again just a guess.
@@jennifergleason9853off-colour in English means that a person is not feeling well. A doctor would note a persons pallor, it’s quite common for an English speaker to say that they are feeling “off colour”
the meaning appears to differ between "off-color" in American English and "off-colour" in presumably British English. In the US it means "lewd". @@optimist3580
@optimist3580 Idioms in English can have more than one meaning. Both your explanation and Jennifer's are correct. The meaning just depends on context.
The one main thing I learned after reading tons about history, is language, clothing and laws may have been different. But people weren't different at all. They lied, cheated, had fun, liked jokes. Anything happening today, happened back then minus technology. Good, bad and ugly. I think they were crazier..they really liked a good time 😂
This was historically inaccurate and a farce. This was purely a propaganda piece on normalizing immoral deviant sex. The anti-Church bias is grotesquely apparent. This is how the godless see and think. Between the fake giggles and laughter the straight up lies are insulting. She found only a single person who might be trans and without any other corroborating evidence states it was everywhere and common. Huh? This is suppose to be scholarly? Wake up people if you cant see through this then it's probably too late for you and your conscious is seared. You are on the same ship, it's on fire and is going down and you don't even know it. Very sad.
@@energybenhaha no. It’s true in that time with the options women had for how to make an income. Not only is it not new info, but they said in the video what women could do for work and income, and you still missed it ? It’s either jobs of the ilk of washing peoples smelly dirty B.O. fragranced sometimes poopy (more often than if you washed your own; I worked sorting charity donations and some ppl consider the donation bin a trash bin/don’t care cuz they’re not handling it) and other nasties, and after all that still make little enough money you do sex work too. How do you add all this up and still come to your comment ?
"We tend to think about sex work as being this really modern invention." I certainly haven't thought that, due to it being so frequently called "the world's oldest profession".
Yeah there's a couple misconceptions or intentional misinterpretations that seem to have been deliberately inserted here that don't make sense to be innocent mistakes. That is one, trying to make it sound like accepting prostitution is a solely progressive move because "hey look they had it back then we wouldn't care". The other one is the disingenuous claim that transexuals were as common back then as they are now simply because ONE person was listed as having been born John but working as a prostitute. Likely that was a hermaphrodite, they were usually raised male even if they wouldn't be able to function as one, and probably only resorted to living as a woman for the work aspect (men had the money, most men wanted sex with women, thus most profitable to "become" a woman and go hooking as one of those instead) whereas these days it is rampant as really just a political trojan horse and supported mainly by people looking for attention or legitimising a fetish, or most of all suffering from a genuine mental illness. Academia is shifting VERY left wing and becoming VERY revisionist, which is essentially the worst crime a historian can do.
@@SuperMegaCyrus they really haven't, Catamites are the closest thing in historical record but they didn't literally consider themselves to be women... The point is AS COMMON back then, learn to read. They simply didn't exist in the same numbers back then as they seem to now, which suggests something other than human biology is the cause, the trendiness, the fetish element, the knowledge of it spreads and corrupts other people into believing it. Nowadays it is just a sexual fetish that is masquerading as a "legitimate" belief. Personally I think in 100 years it will have faded away or been cured, because that's what it actually is, a mental illness. Now go join the 41%
@@Necrovoker I had to point out that the history they are stating was inaccurate. Historical revisionism is dangerous, just as dangerous when transsexuals are trying to insert themselves into it as when nations try to write themselves an identity that never existed.
I went to a Roman Catholic boarding school run by a teaching order of monks. We had to study Chaucer but we were not allowed to study the Miller's tale - which of course became the part of Chaucer's works which we all ended up knowing best!
After I was an adult, I was talking to my Grandma about Grandpa, who had died when I was six. She told me that he had been fired from his position in the city fire department because he had been caught having an affair. He left town shortly after that and found work in a neighboring state (as a carpenter, not a firefighter.) She followed him with their two daughters after a short time, and they lived there for nearly eight years. Everyone came back to our hometown and nothing more was said about it. She never considered divorcing him. This was in a medium sized city on the west coast, but the shame of his act was enough to ostracize them in the community. I was amazed that I'd never heard this story before, and circumspectly asked my mother and aunt about it. They said they'd never known the reason why the family had moved, but had suspected when they were older. Times certainly have changed.
As it should have been shamed. Marriage is a bond. To take it so lightly makes you undeserving of civilization. Imagine being a woman married to that guy and he disgraces you in such a fundamental way. The only reason that she DIDN'T divorce his undeserving ass was because she was trapped by society. No way to get an education, job, future, etc... outside of the economic transaction that women were forced to participate in: marriage. I absolutely believe that she would have divorced him had she options to do so. I can't fathom the idea of being forced to marry some unfaithful bastard for the rest of my life and depend on everything and be at his mercy. I'm a man, and I thank god that I was born so. Society is so hostile toward women it's outrageous. Nowadays men are like, "Women are so toxic and have such high standards!" No, they have the SAME STANDARDS as you, they only now have the freedom to do so and act on those desires lol. Even still, marriage is a trap for women because their careers usually end to be the baby maker and home maker slave. Fuck that lol. God bless your GrandMA for putting up with that shit.
What Were Medieval Attitudes Towards Sex? | Medieval Pleasures 1525pm 15.6.24 i think we must have imagined great cunt street.... though you'd know that.
@@MarjorainMD Poor grandpa?!?! Poor grandma! Having a cheating husband and having to suck it up because she and the kids rely on his income! Not to mention that she got humiliated in her town due to no fault of her own!
Why didn’t they explain what “grap” meant? Are we supposed to know? They acted like it was a euphemism, but that is a non-word here in the USA, and the host is American.
I've listened to Kate Lister's podcast for a while now and there's a regular advertisement about trying to find company on the streets of York, armed with medieval chatup lines, and I'm glad to see this video is here for all of our pleasure.
It was the Victorians that really made the modern world so modest. Victorian era attitudes towards sex still prevail a lot today. Also lookup gropecunt alley, common in most English cities.
I agree 100%. I’ve never thought the medieval era or the dark ages were anything but wanton. When I read about the Victorian period I want to scream. The ‘information’ given to women was unimaginable. Kudos to any woman that found out the truth
This is how history should be explained. Well researched, academically sound and presented with wit, warmth and genuine affection for the subject. Thank you!
I think one thing that should be mentioned about the bedding ceremony is how marriage was more about politics than about love or romance especially with royals. The bedding ceremony was more like an oversight committee, a guarantee of the alliance's legitimacy and of course a legal witnessing. In fact, we still call the groomsmen and bridesmaids witnesses.
Reminds me of the Meme I've seen a few times now in different formats. It has a Knight i plate armor with a Halberd and he says " She said she wanted me to treat her like a Princes ~ So I married her off to a stranger to strengthen Our Alliance with Poland {Westphallia, Saxony, Bavaria, etc....}" . Always makes me laugh when that Meme comes around again . :-) TSS
Watching a drama on Netflix last year think was Spain. how the Lords of the manner wd bed a man's wife before him. Like rape. I just thought yet these same men whos women wd be had before them wd go and fight for Kings and for men who had there wife's.
Yea, and I remember from "Braveheart" the Roman Governor having some sort of Ritual with every Maiden that got married ? "Prima Nocturna? Or some such , but because Wallace hid his marriage the Garrison Commander slit his wife's throat and thus started the " Campaign to Eradicate All Romans in Scotland " , or something like that. LOL 🤣 TSS
These two Ladies make history not only come alive, but remind us that humanity really doesn't change that much, just the 'conventions of the day' vary - and the Catholic Church remains the same. This whole series has been enlightening. Thanks!
No judging? Did you listen to it? The whole time she was talking about the churches views on sexuality it was very clear that she views them in a negative light. Tbh I feel pretty judged.
@@47StormShadow i think thats just your fault. the church had a lot of power and a negative view on sexuality, that is just a fact. if you are someone open minded like her of course you're going to have a negative view on how the church was back then
@@jkkimora6350 if you mean some people in the church had a negative view of sex, like Augustine that's fine. He was a wounded man. Saying the church as a whole had a negative view simply isn't true. Aquinas, which she gets wrong by the way, held that sex always was pleasurable and that is a good thing. Moreover I'd ask you to supply an official doctrine ( as opposed to any random Catholics opinion) that states the sex is an odious necessity. There are certain puritan or Nostic groups that DO hold that view and even some Catholics then and today still seem to think that way but youve for to under there is a big difference between that and making the claim that the church as a whole held a negative view. The only way I could see you being correct is if you hold that saying fornication is a sin is defacto negative. If that's the case I have no shot of arguing you out of the point of view. Best case scenario I could make a case that it's not always cut and dry.
It's just so awesome to see this kind of high quality, captivating historical documentary on UA-cam! Sincere thanks and kudos for the History Hit crew! 👍❤
I learned that medieval people typically did not sleep the whole 8 hours through the night (a modern invention) and usually at like 1am they would wake up, get jiggy with it, then go back to bed.
They didn't just have sexy times in those few hours, they also kept the fires alive, maybe did some needlework, maybe told each other scary stories, had a little bite
@@TigerPrawn_ yea people usually napped in the afternoon then go back out to work or socialise then go home to have dinner and back to sleep and especially in areas that are always hot for example Middle East people slept and some still sleep and close shop from late afternoon till sundown and wake up when it’s cooler and continue with life
I'm reminded of the King who had someone watch the marriage bed of his son and the princess from another kingdom to make sure the marriage was consummated. The King asked the watcher if all went well. The watcher replied, "It was all very royal. The princess said, 'I offer you my honor.' The prince said, 'I honor your offer.' And that's how it went all night. Honor. Offer. Honor. Offer."
Hi sumcrazychic I hope my comment didn't sound as a form of privacy invasion your comment tells of a wonderful woman with a beautiful heart which led me to comment I don't normally write in the comment section but I think you deserve this complement. If you don’t mind can we be friends? Thanks God bless you….🌹🌹🌹🌹
This was historically inaccurate and a farce. This was purely a propaganda piece on normalizing immoral deviant sex. The anti-Church bias is grotesquely apparent. This is how the godless see and think. Between the fake giggles and laughter the straight up lies are insulting. She found only a single person who might be trans and without any other corroborating evidence states it was everywhere and common. Huh? This is suppose to be scholarly? Wake up people if you cant see through this then it's probably too late for you and your conscious is seared. You are on the same ship, it's on fire and is going down and you don't even know it. Very sad.
I admit I'm quite a bit biased on this, because when I see "Eleanor and Kate" I immediately hit thumbs up! Both are extremely knowledgeable, and fun to listen to on their own, but together they're a hoot!
I liked that one the best although I don't think it would work as a pickup line (too over-the-top and cheesy) but in a Valentine or love letter in an existing relationship ❤.
Every video with Professor Janega is so damn worth watching. Certainly not the only historian I personally appreciate, but one of the most effective and enthralling, on a screen.
2:48 The speaker was censored, so I didn't know what she was saying about Grape Lane: "In the city of York, for instance, Grapcvnt Lane - *grāp is the Old English word for grope* -was renamed as Grape Lane. Bristol's 'Gropecount Lane', recorded by that form in the late fifteenth century had been contracted to Grope Lane by the 1540s, sometimes then being euphemised to 'Grape Lane'." "Cvnt" was the censored word that I've misspelled.
I just made the linguistic connection between "stew" (to sit in hot water) and "Brothel" --- the liquid (broth) being made when you stew something. Amazing how language works.
That is not where the term brothel comes from. Brothel was a Middle English word for a worthless person or a prostitute, and is related to an earlier Old English words meaning worthless, degenerate or deteriorate, or good for nothing, wretch. So originally a brothel house was the house of degenerate person/prostitute. The house part was simply later dropped, and the word came to mean the place rather than the people found there.
This was a fun video. My first real dive into this topic occurred in undergraduate music history class, where the mix of texts and such quickly demonstrated that the affluent classes (who left us written music) had different ideas sex, sacred/secular, etc. I began to quickly realize that European cultures all the way through the Renaissance had extremely different perceptions of the cosmos, morality, and so forth; and, how we often approached the music and leftover texts with modern questions and attitudes that weren't of primary interest to the writers. We also make a mistake that these writers were try to develop music and culture into what it became in later time periods, when we make up histories to explain all the evidence left to us.
What was the class called? Just curious, I took a class fitting your description. We had a good laugh about Orlande de Lassus’s tad lewd song matara, mia cara (ua-cam.com/video/wl51iST98hA/v-deo.html).
@@B_Bodziak "a music history class" refers to the subject, not the specific course title. And you might want to drop the pretentious language. You don't know any more than me.
I'm watching this video during the week that my daughter's school, founded in medieval times, is allowing me to go through the library's older books. I will keep a lookout in the margins!
I honestly think that capitalism tries to spread a lot of myths about feudal times to make it seem so much more dirty, depressing and poor than it really was, for the benefit of keeping the masses content with what they currently have.
I could never see why that would be true. If you look at people in really deprived regions of the world today with no access to running water, they will still often bathe regularly in nearby water sources. I feel like the only time people wouldn't bathe as regularly is if they really couldn't because of limited access to water. We didn't evolve our sense of smell over millions of years just to ignore bad smells, it served an evolutionary purpose for our survival as a species.
What Were Medieval Attitudes Towards Sex? | Medieval Pleasures 1544pm 25.6.24 i know right.... personal tutorage...? women flying nobs? witches obviously....
I could listen to these ladies forever. Such a fascinating topic. I had no idea sex historian was an occupation, what a stellar one. Love to see niche occupations such as these ❤
@JZ's Best Friend Good one, Man, good one. It was all one string-on sentence in my notification window so I puzzled over it. But to see it on two separate lines, yes I get it . My compliments on your nuanced sense of universals. Cheers!
What Were Medieval Attitudes Towards Sex? | Medieval Pleasures 1533pm 25.6.24 after fatherhood y' mean? much maligned, for sure... happy to acknowledge the miserable failings of my fellow menfolk but the floodgates opening leaves a lot to be desired.... especially when it's billy-no-mates left to carry the can....
This was historically inaccurate and a farce. This was purely a propaganda piece on normalizing immoral deviant sex. The anti-Church bias is grotesquely apparent. This is how the godless see and think. Between the fake giggles and laughter the straight up lies are insulting. She found only a single person who might be trans and without any other corroborating evidence states it was everywhere and common. Huh? This is suppose to be scholarly? Wake up people if you cant see through this then it's probably too late for you and your conscious is seared. You are on the same ship, it's on fire and is going down and you don't even know it. Very sad.
@@stevenschnepp576 😏Wow. Really? It was a BA. But, my focus was on minorities in the southern u.s.. I wanted to put my mind and energy into cultures that have traditionally been overlooked. I certainly didn’t have much interest learning about an era that’s been exhaustively researched.
@@k8marloweBig deal. A basic level degree, where you racked up both debt and alcohol, to emerge with a useless qualification and nano chance of securing a decent job, never mind a career. Unless you're joining that well-trod road, of all the " I've got a rubbish degree " graduates, ...TEACHING 😂😂😂
I had a childhood friend who's grandmother was Sally Stanford. She was a madam in San Francisco, moved to Sausalito, and created a "restaurant" with a red light in the window. The name was Valhalla. I went there as a kid, had no idea. Later, Mom filled me in. Sally wrote a book Call Me Madam. It was a run read.
She has her own wiki page, and yes, Leland her dog appears to have have been named after the son of the creators of Stanford University (Leland Stanford Jr. died of typhoid fever aged 15).
50 years ago, I attended a meeting of women lawyers and doctors. The speaker was a famous madame from SF. She related that the prostitutes told her than over 1/2 the time, all the men wanted to do was talk, not to have sex. She related that she made her money be simply listening. She listened to men giving advice on investments and by listening went from having no education, no money and no support system to hob nobing with the rich and famous and city leaders.
No mention of horrible and sometimes disfiguring and fatal results of rampant STDs, or pedophilic sex with children, or incestuous sex that was quite common. Also no mention of the socially devastating stigma of unwed motherhood which would cast the mother into a life of ridicule and poverty as well as permanently malign the children as bastards. Seems this narration was done with rose-colored glasses to make the medieval period seem so progressive and sexually enlightened.
but then they wonder why the christians were so strict about these things, most people have been so degenerate it was almost impossible to talk any sense into their heads. raping children was quite normal for them until they were told it is a sin
and sin does not mean trespassing the law, as catholics or profs teach. it is a sickness, a disease of the soul that devours the mind and body as well.
I understand your point but that isn’t anything new to learn, what’s the point in telling people what they already know. They’re trying to break the assumptions.
she s the reason i’m interested in medieval period ! she’s so good at explaining and making history interesting! she and Ruth Goodman should do a series together !
I think assuming the prostitute was trans and not incorrectly sexed at birth by either the mother or midwife either deliberately or because of an intersex condition is NOT historical integrity.
This was historically inaccurate and a farce. This was purely a propaganda piece on normalizing immoral deviant sex. The anti-Church bias is grotesquely apparent. This is how the godless see and think. Between the fake giggles and laughter the straight up lies are insulting. She found only a single person who might be trans and without any other corroborating evidence states it was everywhere and common. Huh? This is suppose to be scholarly? Wake up people if you cant see through this then it's probably too late for you and your conscious is seared. You are on the same ship, it's on fire and is going down and you don't even know it. Very sad.
One of the primary reasons for the four poster bed with curtains is warmth. Draw the curtains and your body heat would warm up the enclosed area. Beds like this were very common with people who could afford them. Privacy was a side benefit.
This was historically inaccurate and a farce. This was purely a propaganda piece on normalizing immoral deviant sex. The anti-Church bias is grotesquely apparent. This is how the godless see and think. Between the fake giggles and laughter the straight up lies are insulting. She found only a single person who might be trans and without any other corroborating evidence states it was everywhere and common. Huh? This is suppose to be scholarly? Wake up people if you cant see through this then it's probably too late for you and your conscious is seared. You are on the same ship, it's on fire and is going down and you don't even know it. Very sad.
What Were Medieval Attitudes Towards Sex? | Medieval Pleasures 1537pm 25.6.24 adding yeast to self raising flour and hoping for the best, madam. how about you?
27:30 so Courtley Love literature has a "this could really destroy our dynastic succession" trope and it is the Medieval equivalent of "oh no step bro I'm stuck in the washing machine" 🤣
Fantastic video, I loved the fact that brought The Millers Wife into the mix. That story brings back memories of high school, the teacher reading it and blushing 😂😂
14:43 that painting in what looks like a tavern with 2 women fighting. Love that the artist inserted the couple by the door. The man is concerned & wants to intervene but the woman he is with stops him & is watching like "no, let's see where this goes..."😆 Lots of great details like this throughout this painting
I really enjoyed this video, the humor in helped bring the middle ages to life. It was like having two smart friends over telling you junk while you had a laugh.
Really enjoyed this, thanks! Have always loved medieval history, especially info about normal folk and everyday things and like to think I was there in a previous life. Went to London a few years ago and felt like I was home. Thanks everyone for posting anecdotes about their long-passed family.
What Were Medieval Attitudes Towards Sex? | Medieval Pleasures 1529pm 25.6.24 "she had a great show collection then found chrst"? i think i knew here. she wasn't of easy virtue when i knew her, though... damn her!!!
@larsliamvilhelmhuh, interesting. I'd always thought of that as a religious practice, so it never occurred to me that there could be another reason. It makes sense tbh.
Sex work is code for prostitution. Sex worker is code for prostitute. New Speak. Kind of like People of Color is new Speak for Colored People. See how this works?
The fear of pleasure is a crippling psychological illness. To run and hide from something so fundamental to human life is bound to leave you hopelessly confounded, miserable and a stranger to yourself.
But what good do indiscriminate sex and drugs of all sorts do to modern society? There is no restriction on any of this “pleasure”, and here we are in decline. I, personally, am celibate and my only drug is sugar in coffee and occasional cookie. And if you see me on the street, you would think that I could have just about any guy. And it’s not a matter of libido or fear of pleasure, it’s a matter of choice for me. These “pleasures” are greatly overrated. 🤷🏻♀️ There is nothing pleasurable in drinking a pack of beer or having sex multiple times per day. Just waste of health, money and time, lol.
@@themanifester1807 Nothing in my comment was recommending "indiscriminate sex and drugs of all sorts". That's not something I'm remotely interested in. Incidentally, I'm also celibate at present and have been for years. The reason is simple: sex for me, is something that is incredibly personal, and I would only ever want to do it with someone I am extremely close to. Since I don't have a relationship like that, I don't have sex. But I think, in the context of a relationship, sex can be a very healthy, fulfilling aspect of life. Many cultures (medieval Europe being one of them) regard sexuality with a level of fear, shame and repression that is entirely unnecessary, in my opinion. It's a form of mental illness.
@@themanifester1807 I don't mean to be rude, but do you mind if i ask why you're voluntarily celibate? Is it a religious vow? Are you asexual? . It just seems like an unusual choice otherwise.
@@ahobimo732 oh, no, I am a very passionate person. And no such religious vows. It’s just that I got into tarot about 3-4 years ago, because of which I started understanding human nature and men better. Well, now I understand men better, and have become kinder and more empathetic to their needs, weaknesses, etc., but, unfortunately, I also lost my interest in them. 🤷🏻♀️ As I walk the streets, or look at men at work, etc., they just don’t spark my interest as men anymore. Perhaps, the problem is that I consider myself to be quite different from other people, and my man would have to be someone “special” as well. Someone who conquered his demons, for example, or survived despite all odds, would do. Lol! I don’t expect the situation to improve, however. As I expect to do better and better financially - and that attracts a slew of men with ulterior motifs.
Dr. Eleanor Janega is wonderful. I saw her do a historian reacts to medieval movies and just listening to her talk about history was awesome love her enthusiastic delivery as she talks about this stuff
This was historically inaccurate and a farce. This was purely a propaganda piece on normalizing immoral deviant sex. The anti-Church bias is grotesquely apparent. This is how the godless see and think. Between the fake giggles and laughter the straight up lies are insulting. She found only a single person who might be trans and without any other corroborating evidence states it was everywhere and common. Huh? This is suppose to be scholarly? Wake up people if you cant see through this then it's probably too late for you and your conscious is seared. You are on the same ship, it's on fire and is going down and you don't even know it. Very sad.
Augustine was a Manichean gnostic who believed the material world was evil, including sex, before converting to Christianity. He still maintained and taught some of his former attitudes which influenced Aquinas and John Calvin (the latter is another subject). The thing is he did have what we would consider today a common-law wife.
What Were Medieval Attitudes Towards Sex? | Medieval Pleasures 1535pm 25.6.24 indeed. olde wordle Christianity didn't really differ much from the tiresome religiosity of the local Buddhist idiot. i can't condone such negativity which orthodox religious schemes seem to be... we aren't' eunuchs afterall. and getting laid is no bad thing. personally speaking.... i think.
"We tend to think of sex work as this really modern invention"?! Who has ever thought that? Prostitution is regularly referred to (rightly or wrongly) as the world's oldest profession. Historical records and literature from across the world are full of references to sex workers or laws about them. I've never heard of anyone thinking it's a modern invention.
Was always confused when people used the term “sodomy” because I only ever heard it in the context of an*l and sexual assault so I would get confused if I heard it used in different situations. I’m glad you fully defined it as I now understand!
I believe the legal definitions vary. I've also heard Sodomy specifically regarding male on male anal.... action that could be defined as forced for consensual, depending on the phobias of the judge. Also changes if Buggery is a defined legal term as well.
It varies, but generally universally is a**l, doing animals, pedophillia, casuals and raping people's wives and daughters (rape has always been seen to be wrong, but for different reasons as back then you were abusing someone's property - a woman.) Other than the first one the rest - quite rightly should be so - are still considered pretty bad. Some American Conservatives or Africans will tell you gay stuff is also sodomy.
"So Sarah laughed to herself, saying, “After I am worn out, and my lord is old, shall I have pleasure?” " This is a quote from Genesis chapter 18 where the elderly Abraham and his wife Sarah were told by God that hey would conceive and have a son. Clearly Sarah associated sex with pleasure. The Song of Soloman spells out much of the same theme.
The Song of Solomon does spell out that theme, but the pleasure Sarah was referring to was the joy of having a child. Being able to carry on a family line was extremely important in that culture.
@@sistersusie8569 Certainly, she would have found the act pleasurable, but she would have had no reason to doubt that. A child resulting from the act was the part she found implausible, thus eliciting her laughter.
@@AstralDragoon I agree, it was certainly about having a child as opposed to the temporary pleasure of sex. Especially considering Sarahs age amongst other things, she would be more likely to appreciate the almost essential gift to have a child as a wife versus the very temporary pleasure of the act of sex
This was historically inaccurate and a farce. This was purely a propaganda piece on normalizing immoral deviant sex. The anti-Church bias is grotesquely apparent. This is how the godless see and think. Between the fake giggles and laughter the straight up lies are insulting. She found only a single person who might be trans and without any other corroborating evidence states it was everywhere and common. Huh? This is suppose to be scholarly? Wake up people if you cant see through this then it's probably too late for you and your conscious is seared. You are on the same ship, it's on fire and is going down and you don't even know it. Very sad.
Reading Chaucer in English Literature class gave me a glimpse of how things were. Specifically, The Wyfe of Bath's story in Canterbury Tales was no doubt more ribald and saucy in Middle English than the Modern English translation. Still the translation does offer a good glimpse into medieval people's sexual appetites.
Love the time! Still remember having to learn by heart the prologue in the accent. Over 30+ years later, I can still recite it... Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote / The droghte of March hath perced to the roote / And bathed every veyne in swich licour / Of which vertu engendred is the flour....
I suspect the slang “lavender” for “prostitute” had more to do with the Latin word “lavare” - from which we get lave (English) and lavar (Spanish) and other similar words - which means “to wash”. (Also where we get “lavatory” in English). Sure, they might have used lavender in the soaps, but they were basically saying “the lady who comes in to scrub your back at the public bathhouse is also a prostitute.”
The high shoe was called a chopine shoes, they were also used to protect the ladies dresses from mud and dirt, it was also of status so the higher they were the higher the status of the woman. Basically they were platform shoes.
In Bogota, Colombia there is one neighborhood called "Chapinero" because in the 19th Century the Chopines, or "Chapines" in Spanish, became a fashion statement through the shoemaker Anton Hero Cepeda de Cadiz.
By early 1800s, there were separate "shoes" with metal frame supports that held up real shoes, called patins(also French for ice skates), seen in Jane Austen novel films.
I really appreciate how in all her videos she emphasizes how you’ll never understand the ancient or medieval world if you insist on looking at that world through a modern lens.
Exactly.
Same will happen with us in thousands of years.
I feel that way about the Bible...
So that is what she tried to do, was look at ancient sexual activities through her own anti-church biased modern lens.
@@charliejohnston1978 just using the church as source is not history. It is a cult.
My Mother was born in London in 1929. She had 8 children, I was the 6th and born in the States. When I was in my 20's she said to me that, "Every generation thinks that they have invented sex."
Now that I have turned 60, I totally understand why she said that.
It took you until 60 to get that? That's funny and a little scary
@@bethewalt7385 he is lucky to have discovered at 60-I am older and still had not found much
@@bethewalt7385 No it isn't. 60 is a good age to discover truths from our parents.
@@bethewalt7385 why is that weird? At 60 they've seen more than enough in their own experience to attach truth to their mothers statement. In short you're seeing a few generations depiction of sex by that point.
@@dawntreader815 sigh…and whatever age you are is far too late to have taken OP’s statement in such an insufferable, literal sense.
could not have clicked faster
😂
😆
That still won't get you any more sex.
Click clickety click click click!
SAME
This is the history I wanted to learn but was never taught in schools. Not just sex, but culture and everyday lives.
There are these things called BOOKS. All of this information is out there for you to read about. You don't have to wait to be taught anything. .
@@mrsx7944 I read the entire history textbook. None of this was mentioned, hence my complaint. It should be in book.
@@blackkittycat15 I'm not talking about your school TEXTBOOKS!! 🤦🤦🤦!
@@blackkittycat15 you do realize there a lot of other types of books right??
@@mrsx7944 Give me a title. I haven't found any like that so I'd love recommendations. You read so it should be easy to find a educational book about daily lives in the past.
My great grandmother was born in TN in 1911 to Scottish parents. Her favorite color was red,but she'd been raised that only hussies wore red. She wouldn't even grow red roses. As meek as she was,she was strong. Her husband was born to Irish parents,they married at 12. She was 22,pregnant for the 4th time when her husband was diagnosed with a brain tumor. He was getting uncontrollably violent,she would lock herself up with the kids at night. During her 8th month,told her he was terrified of hurting her or the kids,went out to the woods and shot himself. She carried him home,put him on the kitchen table,cleaned him,and held a 3 day wake. She said she'd never remarry and she didn't. She passed in 1992. After she died,we found trunks full of red lingerie,purses and shoes. It was like her little rebellion against her deeply religious parents. Deep down she wanted to be a hussy. Lol.
So even as an adult with a family of her own, she was still under the thumb of her parents....the parents are in Scotland and she was in Tennessee.......I dont get it?
@@colleenwhalen-pg7un her parents and her in laws immigrated here. She was surrounded by people so religious and stuffy that she couldn't even wear her favorite color, it became so ingrained that she still wouldn't wear it after she was widowed and on her own. She bought pretty lingerie,purses and shoes in red,even though no one saw them,they still made her feel wild and sexy.
Damn that’s crazy! I’m glad I was born to less religious parents in a more modern era, I spoke before I could walk and my mum says as soon I knew the words I refused to wear clothes that weren’t red! Imagine a 1 year old demanding what colour her dress will be that day! I still like red but I wear other colours too now :)
@Ana Luiza Were not religious at all and neither were my grandparents, but she was always protecting us from boys and sex. She was very strict.
Anyway my 60 something sister just told me 2 days ago, she didn't wear lipstick until she was 40 because my grandma scrubbed her face so hard when she caught her playing in our aunt's makeup.
Nearly out entire conversation was about the things we do and don't do more, because of what our parents and grandparents said.
Both of us are very independent women, who've bought our own homes support ourselves and raised our kids ourselves, but things from childhood no matter what will influence the rest of your life and how you live.
@@medinsane I remember when I was 12 or 13 I painted my nails red. My father, who was around 40-41 told me I looked like a prostitute. This was in the early 2000s. Prudish people are everywhere unfortunately. Luckily my mom never agreed with him. Ever since then my fav colour is red when it comes to my nails or lips. 😀
Closing the bed curtains wasn’t just for privacy. There was a common belief that keeping out the night air would prevent illness. Also, houses were not well heated, and the curtains helped hold warmth in during the cold months.
They did not realise mosquitos spread malaria and thought it was the "night vapours"
@@garethsmith7628 The mosquitoes that spread malaria are active only at night, so to the extent that the curtains kept out mosquitoes, they probably did help prevent malaria.
J9D⁹8th .
Oh, it is like nowadays coming soon in winter
Also, courtly love is being used improperly here. Courtly love is the pure, unconsummated love between a knight/subject and his lady
I love medieval manuscript doodles. I can just imagine these scribes getting bored and just doodling, no matter how good they were at drawing, not realizing their work would be a topic of art history and spread across the Internet. Can you imagine them rolling in their graves in embarrassment? I know i would if my doodles became a part of history
I know, right? And those doodles also allow me to use one of favorite words: "marginalia."
Imagine the utter tedium of rewriting manuscipts all day. Essentially being a living photocopier. Then the temptation of being creative comes along.
I know that you'll be embarrassed for 5 minutes and proud for your work continuously 😂
No way, not embarrassed!! I bet they're proud that someone found and liked their jokes!
Also I believe that the people writing the text and the people drawing the images, illuminators, were not always the same person.
Medieval Prague was so iconic. Streaking priests, tossing people out of tower windows, horoscopes on giant clocks... what a time to be alive
yeah when you dont think about the faith discussion it is rather lovely. When you add it to the mix it starts to get a little worse though lol
After my grandfather died my grandmother told me an off color story about him. I said, “My sweet old grandpa did that?” She said, “Well he wasn’t always old and he wasn’t always sweet.” The scenery changes, people don’t.
What does a color story mean?
"off-color" is the adjective here, not color. It is usually used as a way to describe lewd (not necessarily explicit but often sexual) language, such as a story or joke. I believe (don't quote me on this) it might have to do with the fact that color print and the fact that classified ads would be printed in the back pages of papers and magazines, so the ads for sex workers or sex toys or the explicit jokes or cartoons would often be printed "off-color," but again just a guess.
@@jennifergleason9853off-colour in English means that a person is not feeling well. A doctor would note a persons pallor, it’s quite common for an English speaker to say that they are feeling “off colour”
the meaning appears to differ between "off-color" in American English and "off-colour" in presumably British English. In the US it means "lewd". @@optimist3580
@optimist3580 Idioms in English can have more than one meaning. Both your explanation and Jennifer's are correct. The meaning just depends on context.
The one main thing I learned after reading tons about history, is language, clothing and laws may have been different. But people weren't different at all. They lied, cheated, had fun, liked jokes. Anything happening today, happened back then minus technology. Good, bad and ugly. I think they were crazier..they really liked a good time 😂
Well said! Lol
I think people are definitely crazier today.
@@Yellow-Rose I doubt it, people had picnics at executions.
@@Man-cv5ws but executions were normal. Anyway not everybody had a "picnic" as you call it. People do a lot of s*** today that's not normal.
People are, and always have been, just people. We really aren't that different to everyone before us.
These 2 ladies communicate so easily with each other. It's like watching two old friends have a natter. They are so relaxed it's refreshing to watch.
The ladies are good. I expect they have a good amount of familiarity with the subject in modern times!
@@glennduke5853 😂
This was historically inaccurate and a farce. This was purely a propaganda piece on normalizing immoral deviant sex. The anti-Church bias is grotesquely apparent. This is how the godless see and think. Between the fake giggles and laughter the straight up lies are insulting. She found only a single person who might be trans and without any other corroborating evidence states it was everywhere and common. Huh? This is suppose to be scholarly? Wake up people if you cant see through this then it's probably too late for you and your conscious is seared. You are on the same ship, it's on fire and is going down and you don't even know it. Very sad.
@@glennduke5853 oh, ha ha ha, women having sex.
@Sally Balkin I had never heard the word "natter" used before. Thanks for introducing me to a new word. 😊
4:46 Gives new meaning to the saying, "I'll be there with bells on."
Technically, it brings light to the original meaning but yes, I get what you are saying. I picked up on that as well.
"Marriage is sex work one man at a time" had me on the floor. Amazing quote!
Marriage is what it should be. As you have highlighted that quote.
It's a bitter and warped comment by someone trying to belittle marriage because she resents men, probably due to her own insecurities/issues
@@energybenOh get over yourself, looks like you are the one with a problem !.
@@energybenhaha no. It’s true in that time with the options women had for how to make an income. Not only is it not new info, but they said in the video what women could do for work and income, and you still missed it ?
It’s either jobs of the ilk of washing peoples smelly dirty B.O. fragranced sometimes poopy (more often than if you washed your own; I worked sorting charity donations and some ppl consider the donation bin a trash bin/don’t care cuz they’re not handling it) and other nasties, and after all that still make little enough money you do sex work too.
How do you add all this up and still come to your comment ?
@@energybenI agree
"We tend to think about sex work as being this really modern invention." I certainly haven't thought that, due to it being so frequently called "the world's oldest profession".
Yeah there's a couple misconceptions or intentional misinterpretations that seem to have been deliberately inserted here that don't make sense to be innocent mistakes. That is one, trying to make it sound like accepting prostitution is a solely progressive move because "hey look they had it back then we wouldn't care".
The other one is the disingenuous claim that transexuals were as common back then as they are now simply because ONE person was listed as having been born John but working as a prostitute. Likely that was a hermaphrodite, they were usually raised male even if they wouldn't be able to function as one, and probably only resorted to living as a woman for the work aspect (men had the money, most men wanted sex with women, thus most profitable to "become" a woman and go hooking as one of those instead) whereas these days it is rampant as really just a political trojan horse and supported mainly by people looking for attention or legitimising a fetish, or most of all suffering from a genuine mental illness.
Academia is shifting VERY left wing and becoming VERY revisionist, which is essentially the worst crime a historian can do.
@@esmeecampbell7396 Trans people have been around forever and will continue to be. Cry about it.
@@SuperMegaCyrus they really haven't, Catamites are the closest thing in historical record but they didn't literally consider themselves to be women...
The point is AS COMMON back then, learn to read. They simply didn't exist in the same numbers back then as they seem to now, which suggests something other than human biology is the cause, the trendiness, the fetish element, the knowledge of it spreads and corrupts other people into believing it. Nowadays it is just a sexual fetish that is masquerading as a "legitimate" belief.
Personally I think in 100 years it will have faded away or been cured, because that's what it actually is, a mental illness.
Now go join the 41%
@Esmee Campbell you just had to go on a transphobic tirade
@@Necrovoker I had to point out that the history they are stating was inaccurate.
Historical revisionism is dangerous, just as dangerous when transsexuals are trying to insert themselves into it as when nations try to write themselves an identity that never existed.
I went to a Roman Catholic boarding school run by a teaching order of monks. We had to study Chaucer but we were not allowed to study the Miller's tale - which of course became the part of Chaucer's works which we all ended up knowing best!
A thing being expressly forbidden makes it automatically the most popular thing to do. Classic.
After I was an adult, I was talking to my Grandma about Grandpa, who had died when I was six. She told me that he had been fired from his position in the city fire department because he had been caught having an affair. He left town shortly after that and found work in a neighboring state (as a carpenter, not a firefighter.) She followed him with their two daughters after a short time, and they lived there for nearly eight years. Everyone came back to our hometown and nothing more was said about it. She never considered divorcing him. This was in a medium sized city on the west coast, but the shame of his act was enough to ostracize them in the community. I was amazed that I'd never heard this story before, and circumspectly asked my mother and aunt about it. They said they'd never known the reason why the family had moved, but had suspected when they were older. Times certainly have changed.
As it should have been shamed. Marriage is a bond. To take it so lightly makes you undeserving of civilization. Imagine being a woman married to that guy and he disgraces you in such a fundamental way. The only reason that she DIDN'T divorce his undeserving ass was because she was trapped by society. No way to get an education, job, future, etc... outside of the economic transaction that women were forced to participate in: marriage. I absolutely believe that she would have divorced him had she options to do so. I can't fathom the idea of being forced to marry some unfaithful bastard for the rest of my life and depend on everything and be at his mercy. I'm a man, and I thank god that I was born so. Society is so hostile toward women it's outrageous. Nowadays men are like, "Women are so toxic and have such high standards!" No, they have the SAME STANDARDS as you, they only now have the freedom to do so and act on those desires lol. Even still, marriage is a trap for women because their careers usually end to be the baby maker and home maker slave.
Fuck that lol. God bless your GrandMA for putting up with that shit.
What Were Medieval Attitudes Towards Sex? | Medieval Pleasures 1525pm 15.6.24 i think we must have imagined great cunt street.... though you'd know that.
Poor grandpa 😪
@@MarjorainMD
Poor grandpa?!?! Poor grandma! Having a cheating husband and having to suck it up because she and the kids rely on his income! Not to mention that she got humiliated in her town due to no fault of her own!
What the hell kind of punishment was that? "You cheated on your wife so now she and the children have to starve". Human stupidity is truly limitless.
Nice to learn about Medieval Pleasures instead of wars, pestilence, and tortures of the era. 👍
Make love not war
😂
Why didn’t they explain what “grap” meant? Are we supposed to know? They acted like it was a euphemism, but that is a non-word here in the USA, and the host is American.
@@anti-ethniccleansing465 Grap, from Old English "grapian", means grope.
@@anti-ethniccleansing465
I read that it was originally called "Grope c**t street.
I've listened to Kate Lister's podcast for a while now and there's a regular advertisement about trying to find company on the streets of York, armed with medieval chatup lines, and I'm glad to see this video is here for all of our pleasure.
Are you telling me I’m going to have to listen to both their podcasts now?!😊
@@TigerPrawn_ Kate Lister has a podcast called Betwixt the sheets which is about historical sex.
@@Perkelenaattori Right! I think I've heard of it!
Also your username :D
It was the Victorians that really made the modern world so modest. Victorian era attitudes towards sex still prevail a lot today. Also lookup gropecunt alley, common in most English cities.
I agree 100%. I’ve never thought the medieval era or the dark ages were anything but wanton. When I read about the Victorian period I want to scream. The ‘information’ given to women was unimaginable. Kudos to any woman that found out the truth
This is how history should be explained. Well researched, academically sound and presented with wit, warmth and genuine affection for the subject. Thank you!
I think one thing that should be mentioned about the bedding ceremony is how marriage was more about politics than about love or romance especially with royals. The bedding ceremony was more like an oversight committee, a guarantee of the alliance's legitimacy and of course a legal witnessing. In fact, we still call the groomsmen and bridesmaids witnesses.
Reminds me of the Meme I've seen a few times now in different formats. It has a Knight i plate armor with a Halberd and he says " She said she wanted me to treat her like a Princes ~ So I married her off to a stranger to strengthen Our Alliance with Poland {Westphallia, Saxony, Bavaria, etc....}" . Always makes me laugh when that Meme comes around again . :-) TSS
it still is !
Watching a drama on Netflix last year think was Spain. how the Lords of the manner wd bed a man's wife before him. Like rape. I just thought yet these same men whos women wd be had before them wd go and fight for Kings and for men who had there wife's.
Yea, and I remember from "Braveheart" the Roman Governor having some sort of Ritual with every Maiden that got married ? "Prima Nocturna? Or some such , but because Wallace hid his marriage the Garrison Commander slit his wife's throat and thus started the " Campaign to Eradicate All Romans in Scotland " , or something like that. LOL 🤣 TSS
@@TheSirStrazzen ACA
These two Ladies make history not only come alive, but remind us that humanity really doesn't change that much, just the 'conventions of the day' vary - and the Catholic Church remains the same. This whole series has been enlightening. Thanks!
The entire point of being Catholic is to have an unchanging religion established by Christ.
What an excellent and balanced episode. No judging, just facts delivered in a laid back format. Loved it.
"Laid" back..... 😉
saw what you did there hehehe
No judging? Did you listen to it? The whole time she was talking about the churches views on sexuality it was very clear that she views them in a negative light. Tbh I feel pretty judged.
@@47StormShadow i think thats just your fault. the church had a lot of power and a negative view on sexuality, that is just a fact. if you are someone open minded like her of course you're going to have a negative view on how the church was back then
@@jkkimora6350 if you mean some people in the church had a negative view of sex, like Augustine that's fine. He was a wounded man. Saying the church as a whole had a negative view simply isn't true. Aquinas, which she gets wrong by the way, held that sex always was pleasurable and that is a good thing. Moreover I'd ask you to supply an official doctrine ( as opposed to any random Catholics opinion) that states the sex is an odious necessity.
There are certain puritan or Nostic groups that DO hold that view and even some Catholics then and today still seem to think that way but youve for to under there is a big difference between that and making the claim that the church as a whole held a negative view.
The only way I could see you being correct is if you hold that saying fornication is a sin is defacto negative. If that's the case I have no shot of arguing you out of the point of view. Best case scenario I could make a case that it's not always cut and dry.
Dr Eleanor Janega AND Dr. Kate Lister in the same episode?! Sign me up!
Great episode!
Better late.... So glad I found your video! What a treat to watch a smart, pithy and vibrant historian in her element. Thanks!
It's just so awesome to see this kind of high quality, captivating historical documentary on UA-cam! Sincere thanks and kudos for the History Hit crew! 👍❤
I learned that medieval people typically did not sleep the whole 8 hours through the night (a modern invention) and usually at like 1am they would wake up, get jiggy with it, then go back to bed.
They didn't just have sexy times in those few hours, they also kept the fires alive, maybe did some needlework, maybe told each other scary stories, had a little bite
Don’t forget the afternoon 1-2 hour naps
@@Chingychino Oh wow, is the siesta a layover from that, do you know?
@@TigerPrawn_ yea people usually napped in the afternoon then go back out to work or socialise then go home to have dinner and back to sleep and especially in areas that are always hot for example Middle East people slept and some still sleep and close shop from late afternoon till sundown and wake up when it’s cooler and continue with life
@@TigerPrawn_ ua-cam.com/video/DKBXFfEPJyg/v-deo.htmlsi=Lkk78MJZ_vXRKhjm
I'm reminded of the King who had someone watch the marriage bed of his son and the princess from another kingdom to make sure the marriage was consummated. The King asked the watcher if all went well. The watcher replied, "It was all very royal. The princess said, 'I offer you my honor.' The prince said, 'I honor your offer.' And that's how it went all night. Honor. Offer. Honor. Offer."
😂
Yikes.. 😂
You, my good sir, are the winner of this comment section today.
A nice variation of the classic judge (your honor) joke. Well played!
😂😂😂 Just bone her!
I love the way you ladies bring it to the light without casting shame or stones. 6 minutes in and I adore you both.
Hi sumcrazychic I hope my comment didn't sound as a form of privacy invasion your comment tells of a wonderful woman with a beautiful heart which led me to comment I don't normally write in the comment section but I think you deserve this complement. If you don’t mind can we be friends? Thanks God bless you….🌹🌹🌹🌹
@@Raymondgogolf bruh
@@Raymondgogolf Raymond you've copy and pasted this comment to numerous people 😂😂
What are you playing at
Pompeii is amazing, and eye opening.
It's life, it's history
Educational AND entertaining, loved this! I really appreciate their way of speaking about history, making it approachable and fun to learn about.
Maybe John was gay 🤔
This was historically inaccurate and a farce. This was purely a propaganda piece on normalizing immoral deviant sex. The anti-Church bias is grotesquely apparent. This is how the godless see and think. Between the fake giggles and laughter the straight up lies are insulting. She found only a single person who might be trans and without any other corroborating evidence states it was everywhere and common. Huh? This is suppose to be scholarly? Wake up people if you cant see through this then it's probably too late for you and your conscious is seared. You are on the same ship, it's on fire and is going down and you don't even know it. Very sad.
If school had of been this interesting, I'd have a PhD!
Educational AND entertaining?! Why, that also perfectly describes all of the best sex in my life! Hmm... so what does that say about me? 🫂😅
@@SlimRhyno nothing your profile name hasn't already 😅
I admit I'm quite a bit biased on this, because when I see "Eleanor and Kate" I immediately hit thumbs up! Both are extremely knowledgeable, and fun to listen to on their own, but together they're a hoot!
I hate how the medieval pickup line I remember most, was the one that everyone hated. "I am an ambassador sent to you from the court of love"
I liked that one the best although I don't think it would work as a pickup line (too over-the-top and cheesy) but in a Valentine or love letter in an existing relationship ❤.
😂
“And here we are, 800 years later, still making fun of John” 😭
Poor John lol!
Every video with Professor Janega is so damn worth watching. Certainly not the only historian I personally appreciate, but one of the most effective and enthralling, on a screen.
2:48 The speaker was censored, so I didn't know what she was saying about Grape Lane:
"In the city of York, for instance, Grapcvnt Lane - *grāp is the Old English word for grope* -was renamed as Grape Lane. Bristol's 'Gropecount Lane', recorded by that form in the late fifteenth century had been contracted to Grope Lane by the 1540s, sometimes then being euphemised to 'Grape Lane'."
"Cvnt" was the censored word that I've misspelled.
The AI is American, so butt sensitive about words like grope - which isn't even an expletive
Now the C-word was used with flourish back then. It was a sexual description then as now
@misst.e.a.187 Very true. The AI is very dumb to not recognize that common words should not be treated as profanity.
That was my first thought when she said that. Gropecunt Lane was what I remembered hearing years ago
I thought it was cock….meaning part of the name of the street or location…like grape lane. All names for “that “ area!
I just made the linguistic connection between "stew" (to sit in hot water) and "Brothel" --- the liquid (broth) being made when you stew something. Amazing how language works.
I think the term comes from the term broth. You'd go to a tavern for a bowl of broth and you had a little something on the side....
Same!!
Bone broth 😂
If you are talking about the "drinking bath water" fetish: ewwwww
That is not where the term brothel comes from. Brothel was a Middle English word for a worthless person or a prostitute, and is related to an earlier Old English words meaning worthless, degenerate or deteriorate, or good for nothing, wretch. So originally a brothel house was the house of degenerate person/prostitute. The house part was simply later dropped, and the word came to mean the place rather than the people found there.
This was a fun video. My first real dive into this topic occurred in undergraduate music history class, where the mix of texts and such quickly demonstrated that the affluent classes (who left us written music) had different ideas sex, sacred/secular, etc. I began to quickly realize that European cultures all the way through the Renaissance had extremely different perceptions of the cosmos, morality, and so forth; and, how we often approached the music and leftover texts with modern questions and attitudes that weren't of primary interest to the writers. We also make a mistake that these writers were try to develop music and culture into what it became in later time periods, when we make up histories to explain all the evidence left to us.
What was the class called? Just curious, I took a class fitting your description. We had a good laugh about Orlande de Lassus’s tad lewd song matara, mia cara (ua-cam.com/video/wl51iST98hA/v-deo.html).
@@revanofkorriban1505 The OP literally says "music history" as an undergrad. The class was likely listed as "Music History", perhaps, even a 101/102
@@B_Bodziak "a music history class" refers to the subject, not the specific course title. And you might want to drop the pretentious language. You don't know any more than me.
I'm watching this video during the week that my daughter's school, founded in medieval times, is allowing me to go through the library's older books. I will keep a lookout in the margins!
17:16 I love to think there was at least one woman who looked at the bishop and said sobering to the effect of, “waaaait, you can do that? Cool.”
"I expect a full report on your next confession."
This might be the best single piece of content I've ever seen on UA-cam. Truly amazing.
Finally, someone busted the myth of Medieval people bathing "twice in their lifetime"! Interesting episode. Thank you!
Well they didn't really "bust" it, they just said it wasn't true but not what their sources were or if it was true for everyone.
I thought that was just a story about Queen Isabella of Spain specifically.
I honestly think that capitalism tries to spread a lot of myths about feudal times to make it seem so much more dirty, depressing and poor than it really was, for the benefit of keeping the masses content with what they currently have.
I could never see why that would be true. If you look at people in really deprived regions of the world today with no access to running water, they will still often bathe regularly in nearby water sources. I feel like the only time people wouldn't bathe as regularly is if they really couldn't because of limited access to water. We didn't evolve our sense of smell over millions of years just to ignore bad smells, it served an evolutionary purpose for our survival as a species.
You don't need to bathe everything. Just get in the primary dirty spots and you need a couple gallons of clear water.
I don’t understand how this woman does not have her own show.
Either of them, they are easy and informative to listen to
It the presenter doesn’t back up her statements with any proof
What Were Medieval Attitudes Towards Sex? | Medieval Pleasures 1544pm 25.6.24 i know right.... personal tutorage...? women flying nobs? witches obviously....
I could listen to these ladies forever. Such a fascinating topic. I had no idea sex historian was an occupation, what a stellar one. Love to see niche occupations such as these ❤
Years ago, the comedienne Erma Bombeck wrote a book "Motherhood, the Second Oldest Profession".
@JZ's Best Friend Good one, Man, good one. It was all one string-on sentence in my notification window so I puzzled over it. But to see it on two separate lines, yes I get it . My compliments on your nuanced sense of universals. Cheers!
I’ve read it. 😄
What Were Medieval Attitudes Towards Sex? | Medieval Pleasures 1533pm 25.6.24 after fatherhood y' mean? much maligned, for sure... happy to acknowledge the miserable failings of my fellow menfolk but the floodgates opening leaves a lot to be desired.... especially when it's billy-no-mates left to carry the can....
Wonderful translation of real scholarly history into something interesting for the general public-love it!
This was historically inaccurate and a farce. This was purely a propaganda piece on normalizing immoral deviant sex. The anti-Church bias is grotesquely apparent. This is how the godless see and think. Between the fake giggles and laughter the straight up lies are insulting. She found only a single person who might be trans and without any other corroborating evidence states it was everywhere and common. Huh? This is suppose to be scholarly? Wake up people if you cant see through this then it's probably too late for you and your conscious is seared. You are on the same ship, it's on fire and is going down and you don't even know it. Very sad.
What a cozy, informative doc. Was visually stimulating without going overboard. Wonderful job.
7:00 “never had a bath with my mates” remember what we’ve lost 😭
Fascinating! I got my degree in history, but I’ve learned so much just from this one episode. Medieval people are suddenly so relatable! 😁
History is nothing but Lies. You wasted your time & energy.
@@user-oy3yo7qe6o Thats not what she said.
I really hope that degree was just an associate's or focused on a different period, because this is a really surface-level documentary.
@@stevenschnepp576 😏Wow. Really? It was a BA. But, my focus was on minorities in the southern u.s.. I wanted to put my mind and energy into cultures that have traditionally been overlooked. I certainly didn’t have much interest learning about an era that’s been exhaustively researched.
@@k8marloweBig deal. A basic level degree, where you racked up both debt and alcohol, to emerge with a useless qualification and nano chance of securing a decent job, never mind a career. Unless you're joining that well-trod road, of all the " I've got a rubbish degree " graduates, ...TEACHING 😂😂😂
The Professor takes you into the time, sense and sensibility, along with arming you with the facts needed. Right in. Brilliant ability, work.
I had a childhood friend who's grandmother was Sally Stanford. She was a madam in San Francisco, moved to Sausalito, and created a "restaurant" with a red light in the window. The name was Valhalla. I went there as a kid, had no idea. Later, Mom filled me in. Sally wrote a book Call Me Madam. It was a run read.
Didn't she have a dog she named Leland, after the son of the creators of Stanford University?
She has her own wiki page, and yes, Leland her dog appears to have have been named after the son of the creators of Stanford University (Leland Stanford Jr. died of typhoid fever aged 15).
50 years ago, I attended a meeting of women lawyers and doctors. The speaker was a famous madame from SF. She related that the prostitutes told her than over 1/2 the time, all the men wanted to do was talk, not to have sex. She related that she made her money be simply listening. She listened to men giving advice on investments and by listening went from having no education, no money and no support system to hob nobing with the rich and famous and city leaders.
What a fascinating, informative and amusing video. I love history and social history really floats my boat. This is too good, Thanks.
No mention of horrible and sometimes disfiguring and fatal results of rampant STDs, or pedophilic sex with children, or incestuous sex that was quite common. Also no mention of the socially devastating stigma of unwed motherhood which would cast the mother into a life of ridicule and poverty as well as permanently malign the children as bastards.
Seems this narration was done with rose-colored glasses to make the medieval period seem so progressive and sexually enlightened.
100% spot on!
but then they wonder why the christians were so strict about these things, most people have been so degenerate it was almost impossible to talk any sense into their heads. raping children was quite normal for them until they were told it is a sin
and sin does not mean trespassing the law, as catholics or profs teach. it is a sickness, a disease of the soul that devours the mind and body as well.
I understand your point but that isn’t anything new to learn, what’s the point in telling people what they already know. They’re trying to break the assumptions.
@@HealingLuckyOfficial I was stating the info as if it was news to people. I was merely pointing out the biased narrative.
I LOVED this video. Presenters were amazing. They made the medieval scene not so distant after all.
she s the reason i’m interested in medieval period ! she’s so good at explaining and making history interesting! she and Ruth Goodman should do a series together !
this is what every student of history wants to ask but doesn't! thank-you for the great production values and historical integrity.
I think assuming the prostitute was trans and not incorrectly sexed at birth by either the mother or midwife either deliberately or because of an intersex condition is NOT historical integrity.
Now that is a wonderfully naïve and ignorant comment... what do you think education is for? To LEARN...
This was historically inaccurate and a farce. This was purely a propaganda piece on normalizing immoral deviant sex. The anti-Church bias is grotesquely apparent. This is how the godless see and think. Between the fake giggles and laughter the straight up lies are insulting. She found only a single person who might be trans and without any other corroborating evidence states it was everywhere and common. Huh? This is suppose to be scholarly? Wake up people if you cant see through this then it's probably too late for you and your conscious is seared. You are on the same ship, it's on fire and is going down and you don't even know it. Very sad.
One of the primary reasons for the four poster bed with curtains is warmth. Draw the curtains and your body heat would warm up the enclosed area. Beds like this were very common with people who could afford them. Privacy was a side benefit.
This was so educational and freaking hilarious! Thank you guys so much please keep up the great work!!
Yes sex work is great work
I was checking the comments and I unearthed your profile, and though you seemed worth talking to, so i added you. Hope you don't mind?
@@gregoryalan9757 welcome to my world, I’m an open book!
@@madonnaborromeo3961 Wow that's nice, where are you from?
This was historically inaccurate and a farce. This was purely a propaganda piece on normalizing immoral deviant sex. The anti-Church bias is grotesquely apparent. This is how the godless see and think. Between the fake giggles and laughter the straight up lies are insulting. She found only a single person who might be trans and without any other corroborating evidence states it was everywhere and common. Huh? This is suppose to be scholarly? Wake up people if you cant see through this then it's probably too late for you and your conscious is seared. You are on the same ship, it's on fire and is going down and you don't even know it. Very sad.
If we had professors like Dr. Lister, I would still be studying at the university.
What Were Medieval Attitudes Towards Sex? | Medieval Pleasures 1537pm 25.6.24 adding yeast to self raising flour and hoping for the best, madam. how about you?
I’ve always been curious about how things revolving around sex was like back in those days. Thank you so much for a great video! Learnt so much 😊
@@Michael-bf1dt man down, man down
27:30 so Courtley Love literature has a "this could really destroy our dynastic succession" trope and it is the Medieval equivalent of "oh no step bro I'm stuck in the washing machine" 🤣
Saw this video on my feed and I couldn’t stop clicking.
Fantastic video, I loved the fact that brought The Millers Wife into the mix. That story brings back memories of high school, the teacher reading it and blushing 😂😂
I really enjoy the way they did this . Very educational but very hilarious at the same time .
I've always had a fascination for the European medieval times so this way a really fun and educational watch!
I knew before I clicked it would be Eleanor presenting this 😂 excellent content as always!
14:43 that painting in what looks like a tavern with 2 women fighting. Love that the artist inserted the couple by the door. The man is concerned & wants to intervene but the woman he is with stops him & is watching like "no, let's see where this goes..."😆
Lots of great details like this throughout this painting
Oh wow! Masterful catch. She droppin' them Flamin' Democrats on that other woman's face.
I really enjoyed this video, the humor in helped bring the middle ages to life. It was like having two smart friends over telling you junk while you had a laugh.
Wow! Great video thank you so much!
Kate’s look is so adorable! Her hair, her makeup, her outfit, LOVE LOVE LOVE!
Really enjoyed this, thanks! Have always loved medieval history, especially info about normal folk and everyday things and like to think I was there in a previous life. Went to London a few years ago and felt like I was home. Thanks everyone for posting anecdotes about their long-passed family.
What Were Medieval Attitudes Towards Sex? | Medieval Pleasures 1529pm 25.6.24 "she had a great show collection then found chrst"? i think i knew here. she wasn't of easy virtue when i knew her, though... damn her!!!
Without antibiotics and condoms it must have been like russian roulette.
@larsliamvilhelmhuh, interesting. I'd always thought of that as a religious practice, so it never occurred to me that there could be another reason. It makes sense tbh.
@@dylancrosby2451a lot of religious rules have very practical and naturally evolved reasons behind them.
Condoms existed. Not exactly a sophisticated piece of technology! They were made of sheep’s bladder.
They had condoms made from pigs intestines
👍🏻👍🏻👍🏻
8:40 I can't help but feel that there's an obvious double entendre in that 'concealed wound'
I feel like Eleanor and Caitlin Doughty would have a real great conversation and I’d be down to watch!
great idea!!
Omg yes!
"We tend to think about sex work as a modern invention." Really? I thought we call it "the oldest profession in the world" 🤔
No, It's not the oldest profession. The oldest profession was hunter/gatherer. Prostitution is the oldest exploitation.
Sex work is code for prostitution. Sex worker is code for prostitute. New Speak. Kind of like People of Color is new Speak for Colored People. See how this works?
We do
Yeah I'm with you I never thought it was modern at all
@Ryan L - I thought sex was invented by Madonna. She seems to think so.
The fear of pleasure is a crippling psychological illness.
To run and hide from something so fundamental to human life is bound to leave you hopelessly confounded, miserable and a stranger to yourself.
But what good do indiscriminate sex and drugs of all sorts do to modern society? There is no restriction on any of this “pleasure”, and here we are in decline.
I, personally, am celibate and my only drug is sugar in coffee and occasional cookie. And if you see me on the street, you would think that I could have just about any guy. And it’s not a matter of libido or fear of pleasure, it’s a matter of choice for me. These “pleasures” are greatly overrated. 🤷🏻♀️ There is nothing pleasurable in drinking a pack of beer or having sex multiple times per day. Just waste of health, money and time, lol.
@@themanifester1807 Nothing in my comment was recommending "indiscriminate sex and drugs of all sorts". That's not something I'm remotely interested in. Incidentally, I'm also celibate at present and have been for years. The reason is simple: sex for me, is something that is incredibly personal, and I would only ever want to do it with someone I am extremely close to. Since I don't have a relationship like that, I don't have sex.
But I think, in the context of a relationship, sex can be a very healthy, fulfilling aspect of life. Many cultures (medieval Europe being one of them) regard sexuality with a level of fear, shame and repression that is entirely unnecessary, in my opinion. It's a form of mental illness.
@@ahobimo732 got you!
@@themanifester1807 I don't mean to be rude, but do you mind if i ask why you're voluntarily celibate? Is it a religious vow? Are you asexual? . It just seems like an unusual choice otherwise.
@@ahobimo732 oh, no, I am a very passionate person. And no such religious vows. It’s just that I got into tarot about 3-4 years ago, because of which I started understanding human nature and men better. Well, now I understand men better, and have become kinder and more empathetic to their needs, weaknesses, etc., but, unfortunately, I also lost my interest in them. 🤷🏻♀️ As I walk the streets, or look at men at work, etc., they just don’t spark my interest as men anymore. Perhaps, the problem is that I consider myself to be quite different from other people, and my man would have to be someone “special” as well. Someone who conquered his demons, for example, or survived despite all odds, would do. Lol! I don’t expect the situation to improve, however. As I expect to do better and better financially - and that attracts a slew of men with ulterior motifs.
Oooh I so love these beautiful sassy history women ❤️ they bring such fun and humor to discovering history, so lovely!
Dr. Eleanor Janega is wonderful. I saw her do a historian reacts to medieval movies and just listening to her talk about history was awesome love her enthusiastic delivery as she talks about this stuff
Shame she can't speak English properly.
Yesssss! Love Eleanor Janega, what a great historian. Someone give this woman her own TV show!
Please let's rather not.
TV is dead. Give her her own UA-cam :)
This was historically inaccurate and a farce. This was purely a propaganda piece on normalizing immoral deviant sex. The anti-Church bias is grotesquely apparent. This is how the godless see and think. Between the fake giggles and laughter the straight up lies are insulting. She found only a single person who might be trans and without any other corroborating evidence states it was everywhere and common. Huh? This is suppose to be scholarly? Wake up people if you cant see through this then it's probably too late for you and your conscious is seared. You are on the same ship, it's on fire and is going down and you don't even know it. Very sad.
OK. That was a good vid. Most enjoyable and informative. Poor John. Performance anxiety. Bummer!
I love your channel's focus on ancient stories. You always pick such interesting ones! Thanks for your work
Only thing better than listening to Eleanor on a podcast is watching this! So fun!
What podcast is she on?
Augustine was a Manichean gnostic who believed the material world was evil, including sex, before converting to Christianity. He still maintained and taught some of his former attitudes which influenced Aquinas and John Calvin (the latter is another subject). The thing is he did have what we would consider today a common-law wife.
What Were Medieval Attitudes Towards Sex? | Medieval Pleasures 1535pm 25.6.24 indeed. olde wordle Christianity didn't really differ much from the tiresome religiosity of the local Buddhist idiot. i can't condone such negativity which orthodox religious schemes seem to be... we aren't' eunuchs afterall. and getting laid is no bad thing. personally speaking.... i think.
Dr Eleanor Janega always brings the best historical insights.
she is pretty awesome, feelings aside. Her thoughts and narrative is awesome :)
Absolutely amazing. I wish I could take one of her classes
a diversity hire utterly lacking in credibility
Kind of a clown
OMG KATE LISTER AND ELEANOR JANEGA IN ONE VIDEO??? QUEENS!
"Which is sex work, one man at a time."
Gold.
“We tend to think of sex work as quite a modern thing” pretty sure lots of people know it’s literally the oldest profession in the world..???
God i love Eleanor Janega. No matter what subject she knows how to make history fun and exciting
"We tend to think of sex work as this really modern invention"?! Who has ever thought that? Prostitution is regularly referred to (rightly or wrongly) as the world's oldest profession. Historical records and literature from across the world are full of references to sex workers or laws about them. I've never heard of anyone thinking it's a modern invention.
Was always confused when people used the term “sodomy” because I only ever heard it in the context of an*l and sexual assault so I would get confused if I heard it used in different situations. I’m glad you fully defined it as I now understand!
I believe the legal definitions vary. I've also heard Sodomy specifically regarding male on male anal.... action that could be defined as forced for consensual, depending on the phobias of the judge. Also changes if Buggery is a defined legal term as well.
If you know Judaism, the source of Islam and Christianity---it is the penis entering any orifice besides the vagina.
U cannot procreate with sodomy but somehow it led to ppl hating gays bc of Bibles translation wasnt clear on procreation. So sad!🙏✌️
It varies, but generally universally is a**l, doing animals, pedophillia, casuals and raping people's wives and daughters (rape has always been seen to be wrong, but for different reasons as back then you were abusing someone's property - a woman.)
Other than the first one the rest - quite rightly should be so - are still considered pretty bad. Some American Conservatives or Africans will tell you gay stuff is also sodomy.
Named after one of the mythical biblical cities. I've often wondered though,what's 'gamorah'?
History is why I appreciate antibiotics, anesthesia, and the rest of modern medicine.
My love for history makes me appreciate the present and all it has to offer.
Especially anesthesiology.
Same 👏👏👏. Nice to not have died in childbirth as many women did then.
Absolutely…
I like soap and toilet paper
"So Sarah laughed to herself, saying, “After I am worn out, and my lord is old, shall I have pleasure?” " This is a quote from Genesis chapter 18 where the elderly Abraham and his wife Sarah were told by God that hey would conceive and have a son. Clearly Sarah associated sex with pleasure. The Song of Soloman spells out much of the same theme.
The Song of Solomon does spell out that theme, but the pleasure Sarah was referring to was the joy of having a child. Being able to carry on a family line was extremely important in that culture.
@@AstralDragoon Why only the result and not the process (with Abraham at 100) would she have thought pleasurable?
@@sistersusie8569 Certainly, she would have found the act pleasurable, but she would have had no reason to doubt that. A child resulting from the act was the part she found implausible, thus eliciting her laughter.
@@AstralDragoon I agree, it was certainly about having a child as opposed to the temporary pleasure of sex. Especially considering Sarahs age amongst other things, she would be more likely to appreciate the almost essential gift to have a child as a wife versus the very temporary pleasure of the act of sex
This was historically inaccurate and a farce. This was purely a propaganda piece on normalizing immoral deviant sex. The anti-Church bias is grotesquely apparent. This is how the godless see and think. Between the fake giggles and laughter the straight up lies are insulting. She found only a single person who might be trans and without any other corroborating evidence states it was everywhere and common. Huh? This is suppose to be scholarly? Wake up people if you cant see through this then it's probably too late for you and your conscious is seared. You are on the same ship, it's on fire and is going down and you don't even know it. Very sad.
Thanks!
Reading Chaucer in English Literature class gave me a glimpse of how things were. Specifically, The Wyfe of Bath's story in Canterbury Tales was no doubt more ribald and saucy in Middle English than the Modern English translation. Still the translation does offer a good glimpse into medieval people's sexual appetites.
Wyfe of Bath and I would have been besties
Love the time! Still remember having to learn by heart the prologue in the accent. Over 30+ years later, I can still recite it...
Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote / The droghte of March hath perced to the roote / And bathed every veyne in swich licour / Of which vertu engendred is the flour....
Prologue @@NiechoBGCSL The Merchant's Tale made me laugh, everyone thinks The Miller's Tale is the bawdiest, try reading The reeve's Tale.
The no privacy thing might have been the real reason why there was advice against getting fully naked. It was common courtesy lol.
only from your(!) standpoint that a naked human body is something offensive. maybe the medievals were less prudish.
@@peterkoller3761 I think she meant that as a joke!! Makes sense though.
Loved this episode. The medieval pick up lines were hilarious.
I wonder how well they would be received by women today? They may not understand them.
@@danielcobbins9050 if a guy said those to me, I probably would give them a funny look but as entertainment value they are funny.
Nowdays is easy , you want a fu*k !!
This was an exceptionally interesting video!
I suspect the slang “lavender” for “prostitute” had more to do with the Latin word “lavare” - from which we get lave (English) and lavar (Spanish) and other similar words - which means “to wash”. (Also where we get “lavatory” in English). Sure, they might have used lavender in the soaps, but they were basically saying “the lady who comes in to scrub your back at the public bathhouse is also a prostitute.”
The high shoe was called a chopine shoes, they were also used to protect the ladies dresses from mud and dirt, it was also of status so the higher they were the higher the status of the woman. Basically they were platform shoes.
In Bogota, Colombia there is one neighborhood called "Chapinero" because in the 19th Century the Chopines, or "Chapines" in Spanish, became a fashion statement through the shoemaker Anton Hero Cepeda de Cadiz.
I'm addicted to pigger nussy 🤠
I do believe women should be allowed to walk though.
@@glennduke5853 I know, right? I I hate the modern expectation that she should be wearing stilettos while he - the comfiest of shoes.
By early 1800s, there were separate "shoes" with metal frame supports that
held up real shoes, called patins(also
French for ice skates), seen in Jane Austen novel films.
I thought with this title, it would be hard to live up my expectations but it did! Very interesting and well done :)
I love watching her. She brings history to life. Where can I find more of her content?
Omg!! This was amazing!! Well done, i was entertained and educated. This was so well done! 👍🏻 Cheers to you!
Hi Soncerea how are you. Greetings from Ireland 🇮🇪 to USA 🇺🇸. It’s a good video. Best wishes for a lovely day 😊🙏 Michael