Since this episode is out on Thanksgiving, I just wanted to say how thankful I am to the audience, the success of the channel this year and the warm welcome each episode has received has been truly wonderful, and while I know Thanksgiving is a principally American holiday and most of my audience is not, I'd still like to take a moment to wish everyone a Happy Thanksgiving!
And to you Mr.Arthur. The perspective this channel has offered me has started to transform my view on humanity and our collective future. For that, I am thankful.
Would certainly make shielding against incoming interstellar debris a lot easier than a regular spacecraft. Build your colonies in the southern hemispheres of the moons and let the northern ones serve as protective armour against the rocks you run into at 10% of light-speed.
R3D PH1573R I agree. I can’t think of anything cooler he’s said at the moment. One day, when the universe is about to end, we’ll drive it into another reality!
@@Roxor128 And the seismic effect of an impact what caused by a little rock rushing with 30,000 km/s would destroy the whole colonie. Maybe the debris that leave the moon after the impact would destroy the colonies on all other moons.
@@Zilahi-Branyi_Laszlo - Maybe. Depends on how the other defences are handled. Probably some room for dodging or vaporising stuff if you detect it far-enough out, and there would be a pretty large scope for absorbing impacts if you're using something as massive as a large moon for your armour. Might be a good idea to review the Interstellar Travel Challenges episode.
@@Roxor128 lol if your at a point where you are moving a miniature solar system as your civilizations personal colony ship, nothing you could hit that would be big enough to be a threat would even ever make contact, as you can just move the colony out of impact trajectory, or move the item in question that's being a threat, whichever is smaller
>3:36 >scientist lady doing absolutely nothing with tweezers >test tubes are boiling i guess >a bowl of olives for no apparent reason I love stock footage.
Haha! I was about to comment on that one as well. Because why _wouldn't_ a scientist bring snacks into the lab? xD Also note that she's wearing a protective mask. Supposedly because the stuff she's working on isn't exactly healthy to ingest.
Well... Those are olive stems, presumably in water. That is boiling olive oil. Those are olive fruits. God knows what experiment requires all three in one lab.
+William James Maybe she/he is a Japanese white guy? Or maybe just a human being? Yeah- human sounds better. Human... hm... yes. Still waiting for the union of all human beings... tbh- it's prob. more likely that a planet from another solar system crashes into earth than people uniting to one union. :P
Thezebraherd Well it does matter because I wanted to ask him about traveling to Tokyo and finding great places in Tokyo and other cities in Japan. Also, in Japan it's rare to find an English speaking native that will help a total stranger. Now, a white guy would not be suitable for this kind of job. If he was a white male, I would ask him were can I find English speakers in Japan. Now, I hope you understood the situation before you jump into conclusion. And this too applies to other people reading the comments section.
Good episode. Two points I'd like to make: -If you're processing billions of tons of hydrogen, you can simply lower the platforms to the deeper layer of Jupiter. The pressure is great enough that you can float even with small balloons. The hydrogen closer to the core is also more likely to contain fusion fuels (De, He3). -You can add mass to Jupiter by lifting it up from the Sun. Add 79 Jupiter-masses of hydrogen to the gas giant and it'll become a star.
*hears about the idea of moving gas giants around* "Wtf? That's completely insa-" *remembers watching other episodes about the possibility about moving entire star systems and galaxies across hundreds of millions of light years to counteract cosmic expansion*
You imagination out of this world but many of your concepts are not going to manifest in your lifetime and many to come. Have you run out of ideas to talk about?
Great, gravitationally destabilize the solar system. Look up Milankovitch cycles. Remove the comet deflector for the inner planets including Earth. Any one proposing things like this must be a Green Supporter. Some one who is congenitally incapable of analysing any problem in depth probably because they have had little to no science education.
@@donaldboughton8686 if you're moving Jupiter around at will, you are beyond being concerned with comets as an existential threat. Great "in depth" analysis bro 👌 I wonder which political party could possibly house your Jupiter mass brain
You have mentioned your speech impediment and the CC's to help remedy it in past vids, but to be really, really honest, your voice is not only crystal clear and 100% understandable, it also one of the most easiest and captivating on UA-cam. Thank you for your efforts, and your awesomeness!
I found it a little distracting when I first started the videos, but after watching many I don't even notice. Now everyday is Arthur's day. Happy Arthur's day!
There will be some overlapping concepts, but each episode is built to focus around a different set of methods and technqiues so we don't get repetitive, hence we wouldn't do one for each planet.
Imagine a civilisation in a different galaxy, only starting to go interplanetary suddenly detecting our intergalactic super-colony ship (the entire Jupiter system with several other gass giants picked up to use for more fuel) beginning its burn to decent from intergalactic velocity and “land” only a few 10s of thousands of lightyears away, Both civilisations know of the others existence soon enough, there is nothing the natives can do to stop the newcomers since they have already arrived, and contact would be inevitable, as both seek to expand and colonise the galaxy... that is food for literature right there
Yes indeed, at least on human historical timelines, if we saw a extra-galactic colony ship hit the galactic rim doing a slow down burn today (which we might, that would be very bright), we'd know they did so 25,000 years ago, and had civilizations living in the galaxy before we built our first basic cities, hard to call them invaders when they've been here longer and if they lived human lifetimes would be in their thousandth generation as natives :) Makes it ethically tricky to send a fleet to boot them out even if you know you could.
Dorssen Derhaeg When everyone saw the bright light for the first time, they thought there world was over. They had seen the first interstellar empire. They had seen, humans...
Then after the slow descent a few thousand asteroids, located in the outermost region of this solar system, will be dragged by the Jovian Ship and rain like hell on that civilization halting their intergalactic plans for a few thousand years :))
Homo sapiens has been and most likely always will be a species obsessed with a need to create/generate more power, more wealth. Not that that is a bad thing but many are still too immature and not yet enlightened. We all grope and struggle through the dark and into the light from one generation to the next. Blow it up...all gone. It is the human obsession. Something to contemplate.
So many cool ideas about how to colonize the Jupiter system that I personally never thought of. It's basically its own self-sustaining empire just waiting for the right moment to exist.
Many of these ideas have been science-fiction tropes for years now. Isaac does a great job at exploring how possible some of them are...and how ridiculous others are when you sit down and do the math for them. :) Still, it's awesome to see ideas like Dyson _____ and orbital rings reaching a kind of cultural awareness that is slowly seeping into the Joe Q Public's imagination.
"When we talk about the solar system, and all the planets and distance between them, it is very easy to forget that most of the solar system is actually Jupiter and its dozens of moons." 0:01 500 years from now, as the other planets and moons belatedly and desperately try to unite, some Jovian warlord will use this as his rally cry to crush all resistance of his crusade for system wide domination. Good job, Isaac.
Those next few episodes sound like they will be particularly amazing! Colonizing the sun, machine rebellion, hive minds. Can't wait! Best channel ever.
The comic Schlock Mercenaries Had some alien's use the gas giant fusion candle trick. They somehow managed to crash it into another gas giant by accident and created a beautiful little nebula.
That reminds me of the old joke: "Have you heard that (small nation)'s space agency landed a man on the Sun?" "That sounds dangerous!" "Don't worry, they landed at night."
I find that most of the people I encounter assume a static stance on what the future will be like and cannot fathom the change that is imminently approaching our society. When you talk to people about immortality, robots working for us, fusion, colonisation of the solar system etc, you find out that they either have not given thought to it or simply think it's impossible( outside this circle). Do you think there will be social unrest or resistance to change from the average human?? Besides i think we focus so much on the inner planets because they are so much similar to earth at least in concept.
You only have to go back to the 50's and not everybody had an indoors toilet. Shit changes all the time. You only have to go back to 2005 and everybody had desktops, and only nerds were even using them on a regular basis.
well resistance to change is very prominent its completely irrational but it still happens and dont even get me started on the governments one of the major factors we should be looking for in a president is someone who is not conservative at all it would benefit us in so many ways.
I would argue that conservatives have valid points (By the way Trump isn't conservative he,s just a surfer riding the anger wave for personal interests), i would also argue that not all change is good simply because it's change, I agree that that people will irrationally dislike change, and as technology advances exponentially i fear that this hatred will also increase exponentially, that is why people should be educated now in the sciences and why this channel is so important
I understand exactly what your talking about. I currently go to high school and so many of my class mates are as you described. They could not for their life, understand basic ideas about space and expansion in the future. I could forgive them for not knowing about much more complex topics in these videos, but most times it looks like they don't have a care in the world about human existence and our future. Its sad, but that is why we should have channels like these!
I initially was looking up videos on Venusian colonization, but now I’ve been sucked into the gravitational pull of your channel. I love the way you think. Excellent content.
What I love about this channel, is that assuming we don't destroy ourselves, eventually this is the reality some people will indeed experience. I feel lucky that, although I won't personally look up at Jupiter, not many humans in history have been able to even imagine such concepts.
Ever since I read 2061: Odyssey 3 by Arthur C. Clarke I've always been fascinated by the idea of colonizing the Jovian system. Very underrated book, I really hope someone does a movie adaptation of it. It's got it all - science, technology, aliens, terrorists, monsters, political intrigue...
planetary fusion candles are an "OLD" idea, Larry Niven's novel "A World Out of Time" (1976) used a fusion candle to move Uranus around the solar system. www.fictiondb.com/author/larry-niven~a-world-out-of-time~103325~b.htm
I’ve never commented before, but I just wanted to state my extreme fanship of your UA-cam series. You take Speculative Engineering to the ultimate degree and then beyond! I feel you’ve outdone yourself yet again with your episode on colonizing the Jovian system. Your command of the subject matter is inspiring, as is the way you communicate the immense possibilities. You constantly wow me and all the friends with whom i share your videos. Thank you for expanding popular awareness of what might be possible in our future. I can’t wait to be like your “Traveler”, experiencing firsthand the endless potential of our species.
I have an idea. as a community, we write a hard sci-fi novel. starting from the start of the space race, we do an alternate history scenario. then, we create a universe and add short stories to the universe!
Possibly, but once you get down even a few meters the radiation isn't an issue, it's just that we don't know if a non-radiation-soaked surface might be critical to getting life in the first place.
M, I guess Ganymede would be the best Jovian moon to terraform. For starters, the surface of Ganymede is made of both ice and rock, so if we gave Ganymede the right kind of atmosphere, it would probably gain continents, or at least islands and an ocean. And because Ganymede has a magnetic field, radiation probably wouldn't be a big problem, thus Ganymede could hold on to it's new atmosphere for quite a while, millions of years! Even without terraforming, Ganymede is probably the best of Jupiter's Galilean moons to colonze
I have the latest tech in solar panels and rely on it as I am off grid. My panels produce good power in very low light conditions. I even pull 100 watts (2500watt array) just after the sun has set which amazes me and makes me think solar will still be very useable on these moons and planets as the tech gets even better. Thanks for the thought inspiring vids :)
I've got solar panels, too (not off-grid, though), and I can report similar results. As for how good solar can get, I've heard about devices which use concentration mechanisms and space-grade cells which can generate useful amounts of power from moonlight. I doubt they're commercial yet, though.
Roxor128 Space grade solar are based on different materials than what is widely used down on earth. The most common terrestrial solar tech is based on silicon. Afaik, space grade are mostly based on GaAs (gallium arsenide) which allows for vastly more efficient modules. But they are waay more expensive to produce and also GaAs is waaaaay toxic. These are not feasible for earth side applications, at least not currently. The tech, both based on silicon and other materials, still has room for improvement, fortunately. We haven't reached the limits yet.
I think these concentration systems are working on the increased efficiency allowing fewer cells to be used for a given power output, and hoping that will cut the number of cells enough to keep costs competitive with silicon arrays. The toxicity problem you mentioned is a big obstacle, though. Just think how many batteries must be getting tossed into landfill instead of recycled. I can imagine many lazy renovators just sending their old panels off to landfill when they degrade after 25 years service. Nasty if there's GaAs cells in there...
Roxor128 Now that you mention it, I think I did hear about a manufacturer including a tax in the upfront price, that was meant to fund a recycling program. But I think that most of the non silicon technologies rely on some or other rare element, like indium, which would keep the price high. People are researching replacements, I imagine.
Along with civilization at the end of time episode and the kardacheff scale one ( not sure I've written the name of that Russian guy correctly ) , colonizing the sun will be ( in my opinion ) one of the greatest and most extreme things discussed on this channel. Sci-fi and futurism regularly break scales , but staying alive after black holes have died and colonizing the sun are high above anything i've seen. Great work , this channel should get way more attention , and It would be great you talk about self-replication and artificial and enhanced intelligence more. looking forward to the next year for this channel , and Happy thanksgiving day !
I'm a science teacher in Portland, OR - I'm always looking for ways to incorporate more science fiction into my curriculum. I love your channel - so well done.
Isaac, not only your videos get better and better, but this one has the best text so far. You've been developing some writer skills, man! Thank you for your amazing, beautiful and well narrated work.
Have you ever considered writing a book series, following the outward bounds series traveler, with more detail on the science, and story elements? I think it could make for an interesting Science Fi read, whilst also taking a more realistic eye when considering the future...
These always come out for me while I'm asleep. I wake up to an email of "Isaac Arthur just uploaded a video!" and know I'll have good lunchtime viewing material for today.
@@tspoon772 I'm not religious but its intriguing to think it (religion) shares a core concept with science. God supposedly was not created but always there. Many scientists anrent religious but all agree matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed. 🤔 I only dislike those religious people who dont want to ask questions. Whether we are simple matter or of divine creation shouldn't matter, we should all strive for a greater understanding of things. Even if people like me contribute very litte lol.
How many times you can keep blowing my mind with new concepts I hear only from you! Like Callisto is the best option to colonize in the Jupiter system and remaking Jupiter and/or moving it with fusion candles! Man, I love this!
Why does Hollywood have to give him one? Why not make an independent production? I bet some of the people here would be willing to invest in that via crowdfunding.
Not only are these videos amazing, but the comments section is actually really fun to read too. There's a great little crowd over here, I'll have to spend more time on this channel. I'm sure there's loads more great stuff judging by the few videos I've seen!
Starts the episode talking about the first colonized base on the Galilean moons of Jupiter; ends it with making the entire planet and it's moons a massive spaceship picking up new Exo-Jupiters and travel across the universe for millions of years and make a new star. I freaking love this channel.
Thank you Isaac for expanding my mind to fantastic possibilities, even though I am saddened that I will not see the human species' colonization of space. As a child I knew the journey to get there was exiting as my father who worked for NASA and would bring home information about different missions, but I was too young to really understand. Now that I am an old lady (haha) I have found a new appreciation of space and what hopefully will be our continued exploration of and expansion into it.
In the recent Kurzgesagt video on moving stars, they have fusion candles, albeit they called them caplan engines. Finally this channel is not the only source of animations of this concept.
Thank you thank you thank you . Great episode I loved the part about fusion candles . I can't wait for the Intergalactic colonization episode. keep up the great work .
28:08 Isaac: "And I prefer the more exciting option of making the Juvian system into an interstellar spacecraft, taking the whole planet and its moons on an interstellar journey to another solar system." "What I want, Cloud....is to sail the darkness of this cosmos with this planet as my vessel." -Sephiroth, FFVII: Advent Children Dear God.....that Mama's Boy was, er, slightly less crazy after all!
YES!!! HE'S DOING IT! COLONIZE THE SUN! LOL I really enjoyed how this episode dispelled the belief that I had about the certainty of colonizing Europa and the way I wrote off Callisto. Thanks for enlightening me on the logistics!
The series "The Expanse" (novels and TV show now) has Ganymede colonized as an agricultural colony that provides for the outer colonies that are too far from Earth/Mars/Ceres farms to be economical for shipping. They use a giant geostationary mirror in orbit to reflect extra sunlight to the surface. No mention of the other moons unfortunately, but I assumed they would be just as colonized since one of Saturn's moons is also colonized.
tomorrow is my birthday but i consider this video as a gift, haven't watched if yet, but based on your track record, I KNOW its good. im enjoying outward bound
wow this fills me with such endearment, it strange I am a 'reject' in the group of people that I interact with physically an a day to day bases the 'weird' one. it is very comforting to know that people at varying points on this pale blue dot of ours must of which I will never meet in person,can be so decent and humane, Thanks! Why cant the people of my homeland be that way? I guess we are a third-world country for a reason. It seems I was born to late to explore the world and to early to explore the stars, but I hope I'm wrong for the second part, or at least to explore the solar system.
Thank you Isaac, for the weekly dose of hope you give me... I am someone who (sadly) sees many connections where most people see none, combined with a depressed nature, it makes me lose hope for mankind several times a week. But there is one day every week where I go to sleep filled with hope, that day is Arthursday...
As per usual, you do not fail to impress, expanding on our sense of scale. Also, January. Colonizing the sun. I was already on the fence when I first saw this episode coming up, so after today I am very much expecting to change my mind when I see that one.
Isaac, the biggest 'resource' on and around Jupiter is radiation. What kind of power production can be developed that uses radiation itself for energy?
Brownsche Zellen can do that (I don't know the English name for them). When small they look like diodes and generate a few nA or µA for very small electronics from ambient heat (movement of molecules really), but can be repurposed for high-flux radiation. Low-yield though, except perhaps you place them in a neutron star's jet, where in turn their lifetime will be very short.
I'm wondering if a form of solar could be used. I work in CT, to make images from radiation we place a scintillator material between the radiation source and the detectors. The scintillator material converts a high energy x-ray photons into several low energy photons in the visible light spectrum which are then converted to electrical signals by a standard photo detector. I'll have to ask the physicists at work :)
Dear Isaac Arthur, I love you, Sir. You're the best thing to happen to my art since I read Moebius, and just as fascinatingly beautiful by your sheer concepts. Thank you.
I was saving this new show like a secret candy in my closet, until the time was perfect. Yesterday after 14 hour workday and a great bath I could resist no more, and what joy to watch and so interesting.. I wonder why I did not think of that😂😂😂 Its brilliant and beautiful. Thanks Isaac Arthur (Dent?) Stay frosty. No expectations and please dont over tax your self. Peace!🍀🎓🌏❤🍕
Isaac, have you considered writing speculative science fiction? These videos of yours are great for the imagination; I'm thinking a Jupiter System colony vessel driven by a collection of nuclear candles could make for a science rich, entertaining read.
Fun fact about the moons of jupiter, since they have magnetic fields from tectonics, they act like massive generators as a orbit jupiter by passing through it's magnetic field. We won't have to rely on weak solar power or nuclear power when we have such a source of energy. Heck if we can find a way to send it back to Earth...
Have you ever read or watched Planetes? It's a Japanese realistic sci-fi series that shows the early steps of human colonization of the solar system. The moon has been colonized for some time, outposts exist on Mars, and there are first efforts being made to send an expedition to the Jupiter system. Here's the interesting twist: the series focuses on space-garbage-men, people who deal with wreckage in orbit around earth and the moon. I think you would like it. The anime and the manga have some significant differences, the manga being the original, but both are worth checking out.
Listening to you narrate is a pleasure, sir. Your topics are thought provoking, and I enjoy the information you provide. I've often considered the economic impacts of trying to have colonies throughout the solar system, but you put it into perspective very nicely. Given the distances to travel alone, transportation of people or materials/products becomes intensely expensive between planets. To create a viable economy, several such planetary colonization efforts would necessary if a system-wide human existence were the goal. Integrating the concept of the fusion candle as a means of planetary movement was a nice touch.
I think this is in the top 10 of all my favorites on your channel. Very thought provoking and innovative. I am delighted and thankful for all you share. Happy Thanksgiving!
I love these videos, the only trouble is every time I watch my I get that itch to study again. So I often take a few tries to finish each video as I spin off to study chemistry and nuclear studies. Thank you for that, by the way, these are excellent motivators!
The content of this channel is beyond good, im not sure if Isaac has his own production company or what but damn, it is good very very good. Thanks Isaac for this Amazing channel.
Since this episode is out on Thanksgiving, I just wanted to say how thankful I am to the audience, the success of the channel this year and the warm welcome each episode has received has been truly wonderful, and while I know Thanksgiving is a principally American holiday and most of my audience is not, I'd still like to take a moment to wish everyone a Happy Thanksgiving!
And to you Mr.Arthur. The perspective this channel has offered me has started to transform my view on humanity and our collective future. For that, I am thankful.
1:45 Dat planet Pluto
My favorite channel. Thank you!
You too Isaac! :)
Happy Thanksgiving! Your videos are my highlight of the week when they come out. Stay strong!
The entire Jovian System as a gravitationally bound spacecraft!? That is the most awesome thing you've ever talked about Isaac.
Would certainly make shielding against incoming interstellar debris a lot easier than a regular spacecraft. Build your colonies in the southern hemispheres of the moons and let the northern ones serve as protective armour against the rocks you run into at 10% of light-speed.
R3D PH1573R I agree. I can’t think of anything cooler he’s said at the moment. One day, when the universe is about to end, we’ll drive it into another reality!
@@Roxor128 And the seismic effect of an impact what caused by a little rock rushing with 30,000 km/s would destroy the whole colonie. Maybe the debris that leave the moon after the impact would destroy the colonies on all other moons.
@@Zilahi-Branyi_Laszlo - Maybe. Depends on how the other defences are handled. Probably some room for dodging or vaporising stuff if you detect it far-enough out, and there would be a pretty large scope for absorbing impacts if you're using something as massive as a large moon for your armour. Might be a good idea to review the Interstellar Travel Challenges episode.
@@Roxor128 lol if your at a point where you are moving a miniature solar system as your civilizations personal colony ship, nothing you could hit that would be big enough to be a threat would even ever make contact, as you can just move the colony out of impact trajectory, or move the item in question that's being a threat, whichever is smaller
>3:36
>scientist lady doing absolutely nothing with tweezers
>test tubes are boiling i guess
>a bowl of olives for no apparent reason
I love stock footage.
Haha! I was about to comment on that one as well. Because why _wouldn't_ a scientist bring snacks into the lab? xD
Also note that she's wearing a protective mask. Supposedly because the stuff she's working on isn't exactly healthy to ingest.
Clearly she’s an olivologist.
She is developing fusion with olives as the power source!
hahahaha I didn't see that part. Very funny tho
Well...
Those are olive stems, presumably in water.
That is boiling olive oil.
Those are olive fruits.
God knows what experiment requires all three in one lab.
アーサーの動画、日本語に翻訳しようとしています。日本の皆さんにも、アーサー流行って欲しいのです！
Hey I'm translating your videos to Japanese. I hope that they spread and get popular here too!
Gabriel Harter Are you Japanese or a white guy?
william James it doesn't matter although he is most likely Japanese
+William James
Maybe she/he is a Japanese white guy?
Or maybe just a human being?
Yeah- human sounds better.
Human... hm... yes.
Still waiting for the union of all human beings...
tbh- it's prob. more likely that a planet from another solar system crashes into earth than people uniting to one union. :P
Hi Gabriel,
I am just curious, which videos did you already translate? :)
Thezebraherd Well it does matter because I wanted to ask him about traveling to Tokyo and finding great places in Tokyo and other cities in Japan. Also, in Japan it's rare to find an English speaking native that will help a total stranger. Now, a white guy would not be suitable for this kind of job. If he was a white male, I would ask him were can I find English speakers in Japan. Now, I hope you understood the situation before you jump into conclusion. And this too applies to other people reading the comments section.
"It is the biggest object in our solar system with the *_sol_* exception of our sun."
bad joke
Unintentional joke?
If you're pronouncing those words the same you're failing at English and Latin both.
@@bashkillszombies r/wooosh
Sol and sun are the same thing lol
Good episode. Two points I'd like to make:
-If you're processing billions of tons of hydrogen, you can simply lower the platforms to the deeper layer of Jupiter. The pressure is great enough that you can float even with small balloons. The hydrogen closer to the core is also more likely to contain fusion fuels (De, He3).
-You can add mass to Jupiter by lifting it up from the Sun. Add 79 Jupiter-masses of hydrogen to the gas giant and it'll become a star.
*hears about the idea of moving gas giants around* "Wtf? That's completely insa-" *remembers watching other episodes about the possibility about moving entire star systems and galaxies across hundreds of millions of light years to counteract cosmic expansion*
"Welcome to SFIA. Over the top is kind of our thing here."
You imagination out of this world but many of your concepts are not going to manifest in your lifetime and many to come. Have you run out of ideas to talk about?
Great, gravitationally destabilize the solar system. Look up Milankovitch cycles. Remove the comet deflector for the inner planets including Earth. Any one proposing things like this must be a Green Supporter. Some one who is congenitally incapable of analysing any problem in depth probably because they have had little to no science education.
@@donaldboughton8686 if you're moving Jupiter around at will, you are beyond being concerned with comets as an existential threat. Great "in depth" analysis bro 👌 I wonder which political party could possibly house your Jupiter mass brain
You have mentioned your speech impediment and the CC's to help remedy it in past vids, but to be really, really honest, your voice is not only crystal clear and 100% understandable, it also one of the most easiest and captivating on UA-cam. Thank you for your efforts, and your awesomeness!
I find it distracting.
I didn't know there was a speech impediment, I thought it was some unusual, almost "localized," accent.
I found it a little distracting when I first started the videos, but after watching many I don't even notice. Now everyday is Arthur's day. Happy Arthur's day!
It's going to be hard for me to get use to it.
I think that colonising the moons of Jupiter is like colonising the planets of the sun, but on easy mode.
There will be some overlapping concepts, but each episode is built to focus around a different set of methods and technqiues so we don't get repetitive, hence we wouldn't do one for each planet.
As i understand nothing particularly special in Uranus and Neptune.
If easy mode has enormous radiation belts.
At least you know where they as they are somewhat stable, the sun does as it pleases : P
Seems like thats hard mode... Or am i missing something?
Leda having extreme low gravity , temperature and size: *Hello There*
Imagine a civilisation in a different galaxy, only starting to go interplanetary suddenly detecting our intergalactic super-colony ship (the entire Jupiter system with several other gass giants picked up to use for more fuel) beginning its burn to decent from intergalactic velocity and “land” only a few 10s of thousands of lightyears away,
Both civilisations know of the others existence soon enough, there is nothing the natives can do to stop the newcomers since they have already arrived, and contact would be inevitable, as both seek to expand and colonise the galaxy... that is food for literature right there
Yes indeed, at least on human historical timelines, if we saw a extra-galactic colony ship hit the galactic rim doing a slow down burn today (which we might, that would be very bright), we'd know they did so 25,000 years ago, and had civilizations living in the galaxy before we built our first basic cities, hard to call them invaders when they've been here longer and if they lived human lifetimes would be in their thousandth generation as natives :) Makes it ethically tricky to send a fleet to boot them out even if you know you could.
Dorssen Derhaeg When everyone saw the bright light for the first time, they thought there world was over. They had seen the first interstellar empire. They had seen, humans...
We need to build a wall around the Milky Way, and make the intergalactic aliens pay for it.
Then after the slow descent a few thousand asteroids, located in the outermost region of this solar system, will be dragged by the Jovian Ship and rain like hell on that civilization halting their intergalactic plans for a few thousand years :))
@@ZayanK aliens are abducting our people, killing our cattle, but, some of them, I assume, are good aliens.
Traveler: "So long cancer-ridden crappy body!"
Computer: "Upload completed..."
Copy of traveler: "So long cancer-ridden crappy body!"
Traveler: "Well s**t!"
@Walter Melon Better for whom exactly? The Crappy, cancer-ridden body would likely object...
chekov's upload though. there's two travelers now
This traveller has not been all over the system with every colony, as it was the uploaded version that went to Titan.
@@annoyed707 Factually correct, but makes little functional difference, because the copy still posesses the knowledge.
yea, SOMA dealt with this in a fun way. Good game
Okay, I'm familiar with a lot of scifi tropes... But using a fusion candle to turn the Jovian system into a vessel?
32 megaton mind bomb.
Homo sapiens has been and most likely always will be a species obsessed with a need to create/generate more power, more wealth. Not that that is a bad thing but many are still too immature and not yet enlightened. We all grope and struggle through the dark and into the light from one generation to the next. Blow it up...all gone. It is the human obsession. Something to contemplate.
Derek Burge "cnmcn
It would probably be a lot more than 32 megatons (either by mass or explosive yield.
wait till you find about stellar engines....
yes. but like why not fly the hole sun, with all the planets :D Ultimate flex!
So many cool ideas about how to colonize the Jupiter system that I personally never thought of. It's basically its own self-sustaining empire just waiting for the right moment to exist.
@DuncanAndFriends Pranks I have many novel ideas but never any time to write. Late stage capitalism insists on keeping me tired so I can't dissent.
@@aircraftcarrierwo-class mixed-economy**, also you're being lazy making up excuses.
@@TS-jm7jm Don't assume you know the details of my situation, thank you.
@@aircraftcarrierwo-class Don't assume you know the specifics of what i presumed about you, thank you.
@@aircraftcarrierwo-classbrokie 😢
Am I the only one who wants someone to novelise these?
:) No, folks ask sometimes, I consider the material here to all be mostly free game for authors to expand on though, so feel free to do so.
if we tried to write a book about what subject we choose we would have a thousand pages from just one vid
+Tahnee Thompson
seriously. after every video I watch I need at least 5 min to calm down my imagination.
Many of these ideas have been science-fiction tropes for years now. Isaac does a great job at exploring how possible some of them are...and how ridiculous others are when you sit down and do the math for them. :) Still, it's awesome to see ideas like Dyson _____ and orbital rings reaching a kind of cultural awareness that is slowly seeping into the Joe Q Public's imagination.
I really like the idea. We live in a time where so much is possible right around the corner.
"When we talk about the solar system, and all the planets and distance between them, it is very easy to forget that most of the solar system is actually Jupiter and its dozens of moons." 0:01
500 years from now, as the other planets and moons belatedly and desperately try to unite, some Jovian warlord will use this as his rally cry to crush all resistance of his crusade for system wide domination. Good job, Isaac.
Rofl
read "eclipse phase"
"... most massive object in our solar system with the SOLe exception of the Sun" Nice one, Arthur. I saw what you did there.
Those next few episodes sound like they will be particularly amazing! Colonizing the sun, machine rebellion, hive minds. Can't wait! Best channel ever.
Using gas giants as an intergalactic vehicle and fuel source. Damn, that's a new one.
And horrible idea..at least for our solar system
No not new sci-fi has been recommending that for decades
@xc5647321 xc5647321 Jupiter's gravity protects us from asteroids passing by
@@monkey111871 why?
The comic Schlock Mercenaries Had some alien's use the gas giant fusion candle trick. They somehow managed to crash it into another gas giant by accident and created a beautiful little nebula.
"After that, we will turn inward and talk about colonizing the sun... the actual Sun itself."
The fucking madman.
Sometimes imagination can go too far.
That reminds me of the old joke: "Have you heard that (small nation)'s space agency landed a man on the Sun?" "That sounds dangerous!" "Don't worry, they landed at night."
Nothing in the human imagination goes to far just to fast sometimes
Didn't you see the black hole civilisation episode?
A couple million degrees isn't much if you use a bit of Flextape and magnets
wtfomgstudios HAHAHA!!!
It's like once a week I get to visit the future :)
I find that most of the people I encounter assume a static stance on what the future will be like and cannot fathom the change that is imminently approaching our society. When you talk to people about immortality, robots working for us, fusion, colonisation of the solar system etc, you find out that they either have not given thought to it or simply think it's impossible( outside this circle). Do you think there will be social unrest or resistance to change from the average human??
Besides i think we focus so much on the inner planets because they are so much similar to earth at least in concept.
You only have to go back to the 50's and not everybody had an indoors toilet. Shit changes all the time. You only have to go back to 2005 and everybody had desktops, and only nerds were even using them on a regular basis.
well resistance to change is very prominent its completely irrational but it still happens and dont even get me started on the governments one of the major factors we should be looking for in a president is someone who is not conservative at all it would benefit us in so many ways.
I would argue that conservatives have valid points (By the way Trump isn't conservative he,s just a surfer riding the anger wave for personal interests), i would also argue that not all change is good simply because it's change, I agree that that people will irrationally dislike change, and as technology advances exponentially i fear that this hatred will also increase exponentially, that is why people should be educated now in the sciences and why this channel is so important
I understand exactly what your talking about. I currently go to high school and so many of my class mates are as you described. They could not for their life, understand basic ideas about space and expansion in the future. I could forgive them for not knowing about much more complex topics in these videos, but most times it looks like they don't have a care in the world about human existence and our future. Its sad, but that is why we should have channels like these!
Yes and no. If parents of average human get to be open to change so will be the average human.
Calling it now - 1 million subs in 2018. Share this content and make it happen folks
Now here is a post that raises an interesting question to the channel owner. Why does this channel not have more subscribers?
Always wandered if one day moving entire planets around would be possible and now I have my answer, thanks Isaac!
I initially was looking up videos on Venusian colonization, but now I’ve been sucked into the gravitational pull of your channel. I love the way you think. Excellent content.
What I love about this channel, is that assuming we don't destroy ourselves, eventually this is the reality some people will indeed experience.
I feel lucky that, although I won't personally look up at Jupiter, not many humans in history have been able to even imagine such concepts.
Ever since I read 2061: Odyssey 3 by Arthur C. Clarke I've always been fascinated by the idea of colonizing the Jovian system. Very underrated book, I really hope someone does a movie adaptation of it. It's got it all - science, technology, aliens, terrorists, monsters, political intrigue...
"Turn jupiter into a spacecraft"
*head explodes LOL
Jupitorrr
Not nearly as much as "colonizing sun". So much bogus in here, it hurts.
Eo Tunun Why is it bogus?
Remember signal all turns well in advance. This is a big vehicle.
Great, now I'm just imagining Jupiter making a loud beeping sound just before it backs up.
@@rayanderson5797 Jovian whistlers are a reversing beep
Great episode as usual! The fusion candles are an amazingly audacious concept.
planetary fusion candles are an "OLD" idea, Larry Niven's novel "A World Out of Time" (1976) used a fusion candle to move Uranus around the solar system.
www.fictiondb.com/author/larry-niven~a-world-out-of-time~103325~b.htm
I’ve never commented before, but I just wanted to state my extreme fanship of your UA-cam series. You take Speculative Engineering to the ultimate degree and then beyond! I feel you’ve outdone yourself yet again with your episode on colonizing the Jovian system. Your command of the subject matter is inspiring, as is the way you communicate the immense possibilities. You constantly wow me and all the friends with whom i share your videos. Thank you for expanding popular awareness of what might be possible in our future. I can’t wait to be like your “Traveler”, experiencing firsthand the endless potential of our species.
I have an idea. as a community, we write a hard sci-fi novel. starting from the start of the space race, we do an alternate history scenario. then, we create a universe and add short stories to the universe!
You ha basically described the Orions arm community
I LOVE how he doesn't falsely use clickbait.
I adore this channel.
Happy Arthursday everybody! Marvelous videos, always giving energy to have a great week!
Just that little nudge so you can get to the weekend, another good thing about these videos xD
I've been feeling a little down these past few weeks, but these videos and these comments give me something to look forward to.
Thank you. God bless you 💜
ALL THESE WORLDS ARE YOURS - EXCEPT EUROPA.
haha i love that film - but doesn't that just make you want it MORE? :D
ATTEMPT NO LANDING THERE
Beat me to it
You Beat me to it "Dave" ... HAHAAHAHA
USE THEM TOGETHER
USE THEM IN PEACE
I know I know - book good, movie bad. Sorry.
Ganymede has a magnetic field on it so i guess it can sustain life much better than any other place over there with an undersurface ocean
Possibly, but once you get down even a few meters the radiation isn't an issue, it's just that we don't know if a non-radiation-soaked surface might be critical to getting life in the first place.
M, I guess Ganymede would be the best Jovian moon to terraform. For starters, the surface of Ganymede is made of both ice and rock, so if we gave Ganymede the right kind of atmosphere, it would probably gain continents, or at least islands and an ocean. And because Ganymede has a magnetic field, radiation probably wouldn't be a big problem, thus Ganymede could hold on to it's new atmosphere for quite a while, millions of years! Even without terraforming, Ganymede is probably the best of Jupiter's Galilean moons to colonze
@@theutopianoutopioan464 NASA says its Callisto, in their H.O.P.E. study. They think they might install a base there in the 2040s
I have the latest tech in solar panels and rely on it as I am off grid. My panels produce good power in very low light conditions. I even pull 100 watts (2500watt array) just after the sun has set which amazes me and makes me think solar will still be very useable on these moons and planets as the tech gets even better. Thanks for the thought inspiring vids :)
I've got solar panels, too (not off-grid, though), and I can report similar results.
As for how good solar can get, I've heard about devices which use concentration mechanisms and space-grade cells which can generate useful amounts of power from moonlight. I doubt they're commercial yet, though.
Roxor128 Space grade solar are based on different materials than what is widely used down on earth. The most common terrestrial solar tech is based on silicon. Afaik, space grade are mostly based on GaAs (gallium arsenide) which allows for vastly more efficient modules. But they are waay more expensive to produce and also GaAs is waaaaay toxic. These are not feasible for earth side applications, at least not currently. The tech, both based on silicon and other materials, still has room for improvement, fortunately. We haven't reached the limits yet.
I think these concentration systems are working on the increased efficiency allowing fewer cells to be used for a given power output, and hoping that will cut the number of cells enough to keep costs competitive with silicon arrays.
The toxicity problem you mentioned is a big obstacle, though. Just think how many batteries must be getting tossed into landfill instead of recycled. I can imagine many lazy renovators just sending their old panels off to landfill when they degrade after 25 years service. Nasty if there's GaAs cells in there...
Roxor128 Now that you mention it, I think I did hear about a manufacturer including a tax in the upfront price, that was meant to fund a recycling program. But I think that most of the non silicon technologies rely on some or other rare element, like indium, which would keep the price high. People are researching replacements, I imagine.
An overcast day on Earth is a great deal more brighter than the 5% luminosity at that distance.
Along with civilization at the end of time episode and the kardacheff scale one ( not sure I've written the name of that Russian guy correctly ) , colonizing the sun will be ( in my opinion ) one of the greatest and most extreme things discussed on this channel. Sci-fi and futurism regularly break scales , but staying alive after black holes have died and colonizing the sun are high above anything i've seen. Great work , this channel should get way more attention , and It would be great you talk about self-replication and artificial and enhanced intelligence more. looking forward to the next year for this channel , and Happy thanksgiving day !
It's Kardashev.
I'm a science teacher in Portland, OR - I'm always looking for ways to incorporate more science fiction into my curriculum. I love your channel - so well done.
One of the most interesting in the Outward Bound series so far, i'd say. Enjoyed it while doing the dishes :) Greetings from Belgium!
Yep, Arthur is known on the european mainland too :)
oh. ohhhhhhh
Isaac, not only your videos get better and better, but this one has the best text so far. You've been developing some writer skills, man! Thank you for your amazing, beautiful and well narrated work.
Thanks Isaac! You are one cool dude and keep pumping out these videos!
Isaac. Your channel has the greatest collection of heavily-informed, succinct videos that I have watched so far.
My new most favorite channel.
Have you ever considered writing a book series, following the outward bounds series traveler, with more detail on the science, and story elements? I think it could make for an interesting Science Fi read, whilst also taking a more realistic eye when considering the future...
This is probably one of the most fascinating UA-cam channels
*YOU ARE BY FAR ONE OF THE BEST CHANNELS ON UA-cam ...*
Just thought you should know :)
Thanks!
Man, I've got to say, the art for this episode is astounding. looks like something from a movie.
*browsers youtube*
-Sector is clear, prepare to sleep.
*notification*
-NOT CLEAR, NOT CLEAR.
i know right was about to goto bed :'(
These always come out for me while I'm asleep. I wake up to an email of "Isaac Arthur just uploaded a video!" and know I'll have good lunchtime viewing material for today.
*DEW IT!* [Clicks thumbnail]
Good, good, let the power of the Arthurside flow through you!
Talis - da - Man unsub from me now, and I'll become more powerful than you could ever imagine.
I was just about to sleep playing this video in the background and am now totally alert because of hearing his pronunciation of Oath and Jupitaw 😂
Who in the cosmos dislikes an Isaac Arthur video? This is more confounding that the Fermi Paradox.
Evolution doesn't explain the origin of life. It explains how existing life evolves.
jodudeit, “It explains how existing life (might) evolves.
And this is why (so far) Religion and Science can coexist
@@tspoon772 I'm not religious but its intriguing to think it (religion) shares a core concept with science. God supposedly was not created but always there. Many scientists anrent religious but all agree matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed. 🤔 I only dislike those religious people who dont want to ask questions. Whether we are simple matter or of divine creation shouldn't matter, we should all strive for a greater understanding of things. Even if people like me contribute very litte lol.
@@ldinti03 It explains how existing life *definitely evolves. It is not under any dispute in the scientific community.
at any second of evolution there is only one process - Ruin.
How many times you can keep blowing my mind with new concepts I hear only from you! Like Callisto is the best option to colonize in the Jupiter system and remaking Jupiter and/or moving it with fusion candles! Man, I love this!
Hey Hollywood, give Isaac a job already!
SPACETV Isaac Arthur should have his own sci-fiction show as well as a reality science show.
Why does Hollywood have to give him one? Why not make an independent production? I bet some of the people here would be willing to invest in that via crowdfunding.
Twilight City Studios I'd throw some coin at that. I don't watch anything hollywaste spews forth though.
No, dont! Holywood would ruin Isaac!
our buddy dont want to get mixed up with those rejects he just needs his own TV show !!!
Not only are these videos amazing, but the comments section is actually really fun to read too. There's a great little crowd over here, I'll have to spend more time on this channel. I'm sure there's loads more great stuff judging by the few videos I've seen!
And i thought that colonizing titan was difficult enough.....
im loving Outward Bound!
Starts the episode talking about the first colonized base on the Galilean moons of Jupiter; ends it with making the entire planet and it's moons a massive spaceship picking up new Exo-Jupiters and travel across the universe for millions of years and make a new star. I freaking love this channel.
Thank you Isaac for expanding my mind to fantastic possibilities, even though I am saddened that I will not see the human species' colonization of space. As a child I knew the journey to get there was exiting as my father who worked for NASA and would bring home information about different missions, but I was too young to really understand. Now that I am an old lady (haha) I have found a new appreciation of space and what hopefully will be our continued exploration of and expansion into it.
In the recent Kurzgesagt video on moving stars, they have fusion candles, albeit they called them caplan engines. Finally this channel is not the only source of animations of this concept.
Thank you thank you thank you . Great episode I loved the part about fusion candles . I can't wait for the Intergalactic colonization episode. keep up the great work .
One of my favorite things to watch on youtube
28:08 Isaac: "And I prefer the more exciting option of making the Juvian system into an interstellar spacecraft, taking the whole planet and its moons on an interstellar journey to another solar system."
"What I want, Cloud....is to sail the darkness of this cosmos with this planet as my vessel."
-Sephiroth, FFVII: Advent Children
Dear God.....that Mama's Boy was, er, slightly less crazy after all!
This is the best channel on youtube! Thank you, Isaac!
Great work as always, keep it up you amazing Human being you.
YES!!! HE'S DOING IT! COLONIZE THE SUN! LOL
I really enjoyed how this episode dispelled the belief that I had about the certainty of colonizing Europa and the way I wrote off Callisto. Thanks for enlightening me on the logistics!
*HAPPY THANKSGIVING ARTHURSDAY!!*
The series "The Expanse" (novels and TV show now) has Ganymede colonized as an agricultural colony that provides for the outer colonies that are too far from Earth/Mars/Ceres farms to be economical for shipping. They use a giant geostationary mirror in orbit to reflect extra sunlight to the surface. No mention of the other moons unfortunately, but I assumed they would be just as colonized since one of Saturn's moons is also colonized.
Colonising the sun? You blow my mind yet again, Isaac!
What a beautiful vison of the future.. enjoying a low warm glow of Jupiter while sipping some coffee..contemplating how to stop heat death
tomorrow is my birthday but i consider this video as a gift, haven't watched if yet, but based on your track record, I KNOW its good. im enjoying outward bound
Happy Birthday!
can confirm it's superb
Happy birthday! Go easy on the jelly and ice cream.;)
Happy birthday, I hope tomorrow will be as good for you as this episode was for me 😉
wow this fills me with such endearment, it strange I am a 'reject' in the group of people that I interact with physically an a day to day bases the 'weird' one. it is very comforting to know that people at varying points on this pale blue dot of ours must of which I will never meet in person,can be so decent and humane, Thanks! Why cant the people of my homeland be that way? I guess we are a third-world country for a reason.
It seems I was born to late to explore the world and to early to explore the stars, but I hope I'm wrong for the second part, or at least to explore the solar system.
Thank you Isaac, for the weekly dose of hope you give me...
I am someone who (sadly) sees many connections where most people see none, combined with a depressed nature, it makes me lose hope for mankind several times a week. But there is one day every week where I go to sleep filled with hope, that day is Arthursday...
wow, this episode was... ... Really really awesome and well done. Thanks you for that Isaac.
As per usual, you do not fail to impress, expanding on our sense of scale. Also, January. Colonizing the sun. I was already on the fence when I first saw this episode coming up, so after today I am very much expecting to change my mind when I see that one.
Thanks Isaac for the new concept for my brain to ponder on "Fusion Candles" if i didn't have enough with Star Lifting and Dyson Swarms :)
The last third of this episode is totally over the top, but well, dreaming never hurt anyone. Inspiring ideas as usual. Thank you for these videos.
Gonna cook my turkey while listening to this. Dream of a synthturkey dinner on Jupiter somewhere in the future
I'm watching your videos in chronological order. This one, must be one of the very best ones so far.
Issac you are fucking amazing and the only good thing that happens to me on most arthursdays.
Man, sometimes I just don't have words for how cool some of these ideas are. I've always been a "what if" thinker, but never to this level lol.
Isaac, the biggest 'resource' on and around Jupiter is radiation. What kind of power production can be developed that uses radiation itself for energy?
There's a few approaches, like electrodynamic tethering, I think I discussed that one more in the Skyhooks episode
dude where do you find these concepts i cant find any sites even wikipedia fails me
Thank you. I am going to check it out as I am a newbie here. Your channel is like a novelist's paradise, too.
Brownsche Zellen can do that (I don't know the English name for them). When small they look like diodes and generate a few nA or µA for very small electronics from ambient heat (movement of molecules really), but can be repurposed for high-flux radiation. Low-yield though, except perhaps you place them in a neutron star's jet, where in turn their lifetime will be very short.
I'm wondering if a form of solar could be used. I work in CT, to make images from radiation we place a scintillator material between the radiation source and the detectors. The scintillator material converts a high energy x-ray photons into several low energy photons in the visible light spectrum which are then converted to electrical signals by a standard photo detector. I'll have to ask the physicists at work :)
Dear Isaac Arthur,
I love you, Sir.
You're the best thing to happen to my art since I read Moebius, and just as fascinatingly beautiful by your sheer concepts.
Thank you.
This series and your channel are gorgeous!
I like that Jupiter Earth wrap, and the up coming Jupiter Exodus/flight ideas.
Thanks for another interesting video.
So you wanna take the bus to to the Jovian system and then catch the subway to Proxima Centauri?
I was saving this new show like a secret candy in my closet, until the time was perfect. Yesterday after 14 hour workday and a great bath I could resist no more, and what joy to watch and so interesting.. I wonder why I did not think of that😂😂😂 Its brilliant and beautiful. Thanks Isaac Arthur (Dent?) Stay frosty. No expectations and please dont over tax your self. Peace!🍀🎓🌏❤🍕
I think the interstellar Jupiter has taken the place of Gardener ships in my mind as favorite concept from this channel.
What is this guy's accent? I quite like it, but it baffles me. Every time I think I have it pinned down, it surprises me again.
I love this video series! Its exciting to speculate how the future might be :)
Happy Arthanksgiving!
Isaac, have you considered writing speculative science fiction? These videos of yours are great for the imagination; I'm thinking a Jupiter System colony vessel driven by a collection of nuclear candles could make for a science rich, entertaining read.
Fun fact about the moons of jupiter, since they have magnetic fields from tectonics, they act like massive generators as a orbit jupiter by passing through it's magnetic field. We won't have to rely on weak solar power or nuclear power when we have such a source of energy. Heck if we can find a way to send it back to Earth...
Have you ever read or watched Planetes? It's a Japanese realistic sci-fi series that shows the early steps of human colonization of the solar system. The moon has been colonized for some time, outposts exist on Mars, and there are first efforts being made to send an expedition to the Jupiter system. Here's the interesting twist: the series focuses on space-garbage-men, people who deal with wreckage in orbit around earth and the moon. I think you would like it. The anime and the manga have some significant differences, the manga being the original, but both are worth checking out.
Thanks for this tip, I'll go look up Planetes!
Listening to you narrate is a pleasure, sir. Your topics are thought provoking, and I enjoy the information you provide. I've often considered the economic impacts of trying to have colonies throughout the solar system, but you put it into perspective very nicely. Given the distances to travel alone, transportation of people or materials/products becomes intensely expensive between planets. To create a viable economy, several such planetary colonization efforts would necessary if a system-wide human existence were the goal. Integrating the concept of the fusion candle as a means of planetary movement was a nice touch.
Happy Arthursday!!!!!!!
I think this is in the top 10 of all my favorites on your channel. Very thought provoking and innovative. I am delighted and thankful for all you share. Happy Thanksgiving!
Thank you for consistently putting out this amazing content. You are a true treasure. Keep up the great work. Have a great Arthursday everyone c::
I love these videos, the only trouble is every time I watch my I get that itch to study again. So I often take a few tries to finish each video as I spin off to study chemistry and nuclear studies. Thank you for that, by the way, these are excellent motivators!
"Jupiter has 69 moons" nice.
Best to watch when going to bed. I always have good dreams after your vids. Thank you,Isaac Arthur!
The last time I was this early it was literally a week ago
I am continually impressed by your out-of-the-box thinking. Another great episode. Thank you.
Callisto is often overlooked, but it could easily be the most important moon of the bunch.
The content of this channel is beyond good, im not sure if Isaac has his own production company or what but damn, it is good very very good.
Thanks Isaac for this Amazing channel.