When I visited Sapa in Vietnam, the guide told me the sad history of H'mong people. They were repeatedly and fearsly eliminated by Han people for thousands of years. In 1795 H'mong people rebeled against Qing dynasty: 80% of population was massacred, and the remaining people had to refuge to Laos and Northern Vietnam. During the Vietnam war, H'mong people was taken advantage of by the US to fight communism. But when the war turns in favor to Viet Cong, the Americans retreated from Laos and abadoned H'mong soldiers. 200,000 was killed for revenge. History of H'mong is a history of those who had been abused and exploited by great powers for so long. Even nowadays, H'mong people are very skeptive to outer people, and they scarecely go out from their village deep in mountains. When a village member dies, they build a wooden column as a representation of Han (or Viet) people: they whip it with rage and hatred. Very few history textbooks document these facts, for H'mong people have never had their own nation.
“They were repeatedly and fearsly eliminated by Han people for thousands of years.” that's a theory /lie created by miao scholars during 1970s . There was no such saying before that . The first kingdom which unite the whole middle and lower Yangtze River was built by Han chinese , hence all tribes allegiance to it identify themselves as Han like 2500 years ago already .And there is a story those scholars also created during 1970s is that Hmong originally come from north China but expeled by Han Chinese , and this story is also proved to be a fake by archeology evidence and genetic test .
@@kellyma2992 I don't really get it, my friend. Did they identify themselves as citizens of Han dynasty, or ethnically they called themselves Han? I guess most of nations in the history did treat surrounding people as barbarians and target of elimination, like Jews to Persian or the Natives to the Whites, so it's natural for Han people to H'mong, too. It seems that "Hmong people are originated in north China" is incorrect as far as I watch the video, anyway.
@@kellyma2992 wut. You must be Chinese and Han. Us Hmongs outside of China always said that the Han people repeatedly fought and took our land. In recorded history written from Han Chinese Dynasties, this still backs up what Hmong people believe even though they can't remember the years or events clearly anymore. For example, it is well known that the mythical Xia dynasty continuously fought with the San Miao people, the Hmong people's ancestors, until absorbing them under Emperor Shun. The last two wars that was fought between Hmong people and Han people in recent memories is the Miao Rebellion of 1795 (led by Wu BaiYue or Vwj Paj Yias) and the Miao Rebellion of 1854 (Led by Zhang XiuMei or Tsab Xyooj Mem).
Thank you for your excellent work! It is very helpful to learn about the evolution of HmongMien languages and peoples. Videos about HM languages are so rare now. You did a great job👍
Languages arise then a human population find a reliable food source. If the society is based on farming then the tend to be small and even more so if that area has a ton of little valleys. In the society building faze these cultures are extremely isolated from each other as they learn to use their resources for survival then give those resources names.
In the case of Southern China or even places like the Caucus or Ethiopia, a ton of languages develop in such a small area is because of all the valleys and mountains that isolate a culture from another.
Sheic branch of Hmongic and Biao Mon branch of Mienic are missing in this video. Plus, Iu Mien and Kim Mun branch are now seen as seperate branches. Here is the division: Hmongic: Bahengic, Sheic, West Hmongic, Hmu, and Xong. Mienic: Iu Mien, Biao Mon, Kim Mun, Biao Min, and Zaominic.
It's that one language family that moved to Southeast Asia but never thrived. Austronesian, Austroasiatic, Krai-Dai and Tibeto-Burman all moved south and became dominant at one point.
@@MzKEEKo. be careful to associate what occurs today as being the same thousands of years ago. History changes a lot throughout the millennia and centuries. The Sinitic speakers did not always cover the expanse of all of today's china, just as all other human groups in any part of the world. today's developments are simply a gradual change from centuries past, as natural as other parts of the world. The current findings today at least indicates that the sinitic speakers started out around the central yellow river basin and gradually expanded further downstream and later filled the central plains and later expanded further south. The current findings for Hmong-mien speakers is at least when they split off as Hmong groups and Mien groups, they came from central china or the northern areas of southern china near the central plains of northern china, tho there is also the question where their ancestors before them came from. All throughout, they have always historically been more northwards from the perspective of coastal southern china and southeast asia. the hmong-mien groups have their own unique genetic haplogroup marker at O-M7 that was an early split off to haplogroup O2 that produced the Sino-Tibetan peoples. The ancient ancestors of the Hmong-Mien peoples are likely the Daxi culture which before them mustve migrated from the central plains of northern china back then in ancient times before the expansion of sinitic peoples filling up and conquering all of today's northern china and later expanding further south to today's southern china. Thousands of years ago, they were all one people anyways carrying haplogroup O2 genetic markers, before they split off and lived separately for the next thousand years. In that aspect, we dont always look too similar with our distant cousins from generations ago as well.
The Hmong-Mien speakers are confined to a few hilly areas, small islands in a sea of Chinese. It is sad to see a language family losing so much terittory and being forcibly assimilated.
i think he hasnt done some around asia yet and the native american ones in north and south america and of course, the ones in australia and papua new guinea. for asian language families, theres still like dravidian, sinitic, mongolic, tungusic, koreanic, japonic, ainu, nivkh, etc.
In the first few minutes of the video, it is expected that Proto-Hmong-Mien urheimat is within the Middle Yangtze (Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi), but it's quite surprising that it somehow extended to parts of Jiangsu and Anhui (the Huai-Yangtze part, more specifically).
As an ethnic Miao, our people actually have two origins; those that came from Yellow River and those whose ancestors came from Yangtze. It's just like Han, whom some are from the north and south.
The O-M175 haplogroup origin were Yunnan-Burma border. Before separated into 2 branch, O1 (O-F265) and O2 (O-M122) O2 (O-M122) entered East Asia with the western route (Himalayan-Yunnan). And became to Sino-Tibetan O2a2b1 (M134) and Hmong-Mien O2a2a1a2 (M7). O1 (O-F265) They separated to 2 branch, O1a and O1b. O1a (M119) moved to Taiwan and became to Austronesians. O1b1a1a (M95) became to Austroasiatics who lived in Indo-China and O1b2 moved to Korea and Japan. O1b=O1b1（O1b1a1+O1b1a2）+O1b2 O1b1a1-PK4 is found among some (mostly tribal) populations of South and Southeast Asia, as well as among the Japanese of Japan, the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese of Indonesia and Southern China. O1b1a2-PAGE59 is relatively rare and mainly distributed in East Asia, especially in Han Chinese. Another subclade, Haplogroup O1b2-M176 , is found almost exclusively among the Japanese, Koreans, and some Manchurians. Genetic evidence points out Zhuang/ Kra-Dai possesses a very high frequency of Haplogroup O1b with most of them being subclade O1b1a1 making it the most dominant marker, one that they share with Austro-Asiatic. The other portion of O1b belongs to subclade O1b1a2. Zhuangs have prevalent frequencies of O1a which links them with Austronesian, but O1a is at much lower rate compared to O1b1a1 and only slightly higher than O1b1a2. Haplogroup O1b in Taiwan aborigines is almost completely non-existent, but they exhibit very high frequencies of O1a. The broad consensus on the Urheimat (homeland) of Austronesian languages as well as the Neolithic early Austronesian peoples is accepted to be Taiwan, as well as the Penghu Islands. Taiwanese aborigines 89.6%O1a Y-chromosome haplogroup O2-M122 is a common DNA marker in Han Chinese, as it appeared in China in prehistoric times.Other Y-DNA haplogroups that have been found with notable frequency in samples of Han Chinese includ 12,0%C2 K2a -13,0%O1a+ + 10,3%N1+ 7,2%O1b K2b - 4,2%Q1 Genetic studies have been done on the people and related groups. The Haplogroup O1 (Y-DNA)a-M119 genetic marker is frequently detected in Native Taiwanese, northern Philippines and Polynesians, as well as some people in Indonesia, Malaysia and non-Austronesian populations in southern China. A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in archaeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River in China also shows high frequencies of Haplogroup O1 in the Neolithic Liangzhu culture, linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples. The Liangzhu culture existed in coastal areas around the mouth of the Yangtze. Haplogroup O1 was absent in other archaeological sites inland. An important breakthrough in studies in Austronesian genetics was the identification of the "Polynesian motif" (Haplogroup B4a1a1) in 1989, a specific nine-base-pair deletion mutation in mtDNA. Several studies have shown that it is shared by Polynesians and Island Southeast Asians, with a sub-branch also identified in Madagascar, indicating shared maternal ancestry of Austronesians. Austronesian-speaking regions also have high to moderate frequencies of Haplogroup O1 of the Y-DNA (including Madagascar) indicating shared paternal ancestry, with the exception of Polynesia where the Papuan-derived Haplogroup C1b2a1a (P33) predominates (although lower frequencies of Austronesian Haplogroup O2-M122 also exist).
Just want to share this to all of you that Chu DYNASTY was found by Hmong/Miao by Xiong Yu and Xiong Yi, and the decedents of them (Chu DYNASTY) is Miao and they are still living in Guangzhou province of China today Thanks
One of the first people to be invaded were the Miao Yao people. Some of the groups continue to call the Han people as guests. Many of them were also absorbed into the Han Empire.
The province where you will find all of these different Miao-Yao speakers is Guizhou. One of the poorest provinces, but the mountainous and rainy region is why the Miao were able to preserve many of their ancient clothes once found in Han Dynasty. Guizhou is known as the jewel for the Miao culture. It's heaven to many anthropologists.
Ευχαριστώ πολύ. Υπάρχουν κάποιες θεωρίες που συνδέουν την οικογένεια με τις Αυστρονησιακές γλώσσες και τις γλώσσες Κρα-Ντάι, αλλά παραμένουν αμφισβητούμενες θεωρίες.
@@CostasMelas Nah, She people in Zhejiang and Fujian originally spoke Hmong-Mien before adopting a form of Hakka. Today there's still a handful of She in Zhejiang that can still speak a Hmong-Mien language. From what I've read somewhere, the She in Zhejiang and Fujian were probably originally Kim Mun. The She in Guizhou are basically Hmong; they call themselves Ga Hmong and speak Hmong You also missed a Hmu group in Vietnam. Look up Na Meo/Mieu
@@CostasMelas I think you're getting confused. Actually, Shehua is an unclassified Sinitic language that possibly has Hakka influence and other southern Sinitic language influences and also possibly has She language influence. But, She language (or as the speaker called themselves Ho Ne/ Ho Le) is a Hmong-Mien language. Shehua and She languages are both different despite both speakers being under the name She people in China. In this video, you should have included the Sheic branch of the Hmong-Mien language family, but I can see the confusion of it.
Origin of Japanese: Haplogroup D1a2 and C1a1 are suggested to have arrived into Japan during the prehistory of Japan, during the Jōmon period. D has its highest diversity within Tibeto-Burmese groups and the oldest D lineage was found im western Tibet and one sample in the Altai region. Y-DNA haplogroup D1, making up 40% of the Japanese male lineages Haplogroup D1a2a is found among the Ryukyuans as well as the Ainus, and is t hought to have been the dominant paternal lineage of the Jōmon people. K2a/NO During the Yayoi period, haplogroup O1b2+O2a started to arrive and spreaded to every region of Japan. Just over half of Japanese men belong to haplogroup O. The vast majority belong to O1b2, a lineage found especially in Manchuria, Korea and Japan, and O2a, the main Han Chinese paternal li neage. A negligible percentage of the Japanese belong to the O1a and O1b1 The O-M175 haplogroup origin were Yunnan-Burma border，and separated into 2 branch, O1 (O-F265) and O2 (O-M122) O2 - Sino-Tibetan O1=O1a+O1b O1a Austronesians. O1b1 Austroasiatics O1b2 moved to Korea/Samhan people Approximately 3% of Japanese men belong to haplogroup N, a lineage that is thought to have originated in China some 35,000 years ago It is found at low frequencies in Korea and could have arrived with the Yayoi people. Alternatively, N1 could also have entered Japan via Sakhalin and Hokkaido, as it is present among eastern Siberia tribes Haplogroup N1 was found at high frequency in Neolithic and Bronze Age remains (4500-700 BCE) from the West Liao River valley in Northeast China (Manchuria) by Yinqiu Cui et al. Haplogroup N1 is found especially among Uralic and Turkic peoples nowadays, including among the Finns, Estonians and Sami in Northeast Europe K2b/Q Haplogroup Q is the dominant lineage of Native Americans, but originated in Siberia. it is possible that the tiny fraction of Japanese Q lineages came with Yayoi farmers. It is unlikely to have entered Japan through Hokkaido as it is not found among tribes at the eastern extremity of Siberia, nor among the Ainus. In conclusion, approximately 43% to 48% of modern Japanese men carry a Y-chromosome of Jōmon origin. The highest proportions of Y-DNA haplogroup C and D is found in northern Japan (over 60%) and the lowest in Western Japan (25%). This is concordant with the history of Japan; the Yayoi people of Sino-Korean origins having settled first and most heavily in Kyushu and Chūgoku, in Western Japan Haplogroup C is another extremely old lineage that left Africa approximately 60,000 years ago and spread over most of Eurasia. Two subclades of C are found in Japan: C1a1 and C2a. The first group to separate was C1, which colonized the Middle East and South Asia. One branch (C1a ) may have moved north to Central Asia and then split in two: One tribe moved to Europe (haplogroup C1a2,C1a2 is now nearly extinct in Europe.), while the other migrated to East Asia and survives today only in Japan (C1a1). Haplogroup C2a, representing also 3% of the population, is typically found among the Mongols and Siberians. It might have come with the Ainu through Sakhalin island and Hokkaido, or along with the Yayoi farmers from Korea. The second branch of C1 spread into South Asia, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, where it is found today at low frequencies (C1b1a1). During this time, other C strains continued their eastward migration into Southeast Asia, where they split into four main regional clusters: The first branch colonized Indonesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia (C1b2a). A second branch went south to Australia, where they became the Aborigines (C1b2b). Another settled in the highlands of New Guinea (haplogroup C-P55). The fourth branch went as far as Northeast Asia (haplogroup C-M217) and is now widespread mainly among the Mongols (Kalmyks, Buryats, and Oirats), the Turkic peoples of Central Asia (Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, Uzbeks, Dolgans), and the East Siberian tribes (Chukchi, Itelmen, Nivks, Tungus). Furthermore, it is also common in moderate amounts among Chinese (Han, Hui, Manchus), Koreans, but also among several indigenous peoples of North America, including some Na-Dené, Algonquian or Siouan-speaking populations. Origin of Koreans: Korea C12.9 D2.5 N3.8 O1a 3.1 O1b 33.4 O2 42.1 Q1.8 In the case of East Asian Y-DNA, it was already mutated from NO to N, O2, O1, O1a, O1b1, O1b2, etc. from 30,000 years ago, during the Ice Age. The tribes could be viewed as being of the same genetic group. Each of these gene groups walked through Sundaland and moved to various places such as East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Siberia to settle there. The gene that arrived on the Korean Peninsula about 20,000 years ago was O1b2. As the Ice Age ended 10,000 years ago and the Neolithic Age began, sea levels rose due to the melting glacier and the Yellow Sea was created, and O1b2 was isolated on the Korean Peninsula. This theory is supported by recently excavated bones from Gadeokdo(가덕도, 加德島) in South Korea. They turned out to be 7000 years old, and were found to be O1b2. Around 2000 BC, O1b2a2 and O1b2a1 were mutated from O1b2 in south-east part of South Korea. Around 1000 BC, for some reason a part of the O1b2a1 group migrated to Japan (first Yayoi migration), where the population increased over hundreds of years. Around 200 BC, lots of Dongyi people from the north (Gojoseon, O2) migrated to southern part of K peninsula and founded a nation (Mahan). [Evidence: According to [後漢書], “King Jun of Joseon(Gojoseon) was defeated by Weiman, and led the remaining thousands of people through the sea, attacked Mahan, defeated Mahan, and established himself as the king of Han(韓).” According to [三國志], “With every dawn, many refugees flowed into Mahan's homeland, and Mahan was founded.”] Those migrated Dongyi (O2) mixed with the natives (O1b2). From that time, many peoples (O1b2 + O2) of K peninsula have begun to migrate to Japan (second Yayoi migration) until 660 AD when Baekjae was destroyed. Then, Qin migrants (O2) arrived in K peninsula and found a nation (Jinhan). [Evidence: According to [魏書 東夷傳, 後漢書], “Jinhan (辰韓) people were refugees from Qin (秦) to avoid hard labor (苦役), and Mahan allocated the eastern border (Jinhan).” According to [三國遺事], “辰韓(Jinhan) is also called 秦韓.”] Then, after AD, another northern Dongyi (Buyeo, O2 + C2) arrived in K peninsula and founded Goguryo and Baekje. [Evidence: According to [魏書 東夷傳], “Goguryeo was an another kind of Buyeo.” According to [後漢書], “Baekje was an another kind of Buyeo.”] That's why modern Koreans have O2(45%, Dongyi migrants from the north), O1b2(35% ~ 40%, natives), C(15%, migrants from the north). However, in Japan, the first Yayoi migrants were O1b2 and the second Yayoi migrants were (O1b2 + O2) (both from K peninsula). Thus, O1b2 population is two times higher than O2 (O2 arrived late on the K Peninsula). Yayoi migrants mixed with Jomon and became today’s Japanese. Origin of the Tungusic： C2b+K2a（N1a+O2+O1） 1，C2b/Northern Tungusic The Tungusic people are closely related to other Northern Asian populations and to the Mongols. The main haplogroup of the Ewenic peoples (Evenks, Evens, Oroqens, and Negidals) is the C2b1a2（M48）subclade (and especially its C-M86 subclade) of Haplogroup C2b. Besides the Ewenic peoples, C-M86 is also common among Mongols C2 Highest frequencies Oroqen 61%-91%C2b Evenks 12.9%- 71%C2b Ulchi 69%C2b Nivkhs 38%-71%C2b 2，K2a-NO (M214)=N+O=N1a+O2+O1 N1a/Northern Tungusic Haplogroup N Y-DNA is also found among Ewenic peoples with varying frequency. Haplogroup N Y-DNA among Evenks in the basin of the Yenisei River and the Taimyr Peninsula most often belongs to the N1a2b-P43 subclade, which they share mainly with the Samoyedic and Ugric peoples of Western Siberia. Haplogroup N among Evenks, Evens, and Negidals in Eastern Siberia (the basin of the Lena River and parts to its south or east) belongs mainly to the N1a1-Tat subclade, haplotypes of which they often share either with Yakut or with Buryat. N1 Highest frequencies Nenets people 56.8%N1a2b-P43，40.5% N1a1-Tat Nganasan people 92.11%N1a2b-P43 ，5%C，3%O Yakut people 94% N1a1-Tat (N1a1a1a1a4-M2019>N-M1993） O2+O1/ Southern Tungusic The modern Manchu people show relatively high amounts of Haplogroup O2, which is common among Chinese and Koreans, and Haplogroup O1b2, which is common among Japanese and Koreans. Korean=20%-37%O1b2+(40%O2 +15%C2) Japanese=35-40%D1+(30%-35%O1b2+15-20%O2) Sino-Tibetan Tibetan=51.6% D1 + 33.9% O2+ 2.6% C2 Y-chromosome haplogroup O2-M122 is a common DNA marker in Han Chinese, as it appeared in China in prehistoric times. It is found in at least 36.7% to over 80% of Han Chinese males in certain regions.Other Y-DNA haplogroups that have been found with notable frequency in samples of Han Chinese include 13,0%O1a+ 12,0%C2+ 10,3%N1+ 7,2%O1b + 4,2%Q1
unfortunately, many peoples who once inhabited central, eastern and western China had to migrate due to the expansion of the Chinese and assimilation, which continues to this day
Asian genetics “Proto-Altaic” language=Turkic+Mongolic+Tungusic+Uralic +Koreanic+Japonic The most frequent paternal haplogroup in “Proto-Altaic” was “K” K is thought to originate from the Central Asia or South Asia.K=K2a+K2b Haplogroup N and O originated from Haplogroup K2a Haplogroup R1 and Q originated from Haplogroup K2b/P The origin of Mongoloid (East-Eurasian) populations： The first settlers C1C2+D1 The second group of settlers Q+R1a The third group of settlers N1a+O2a Martine Robbeets suggests that the Turkic peoples were descended from a Transeurasian agricultural community based in northeast China, which is to be associated with the Xinglongwa culture（Y-DNA: N1a） and the succeeding Hongshan culture（Y-DNA: N1a O2a C2b） K2a/NO is roughly the ancient North Asian-East Asian gene. It is believed to have originated in Indochina or southern China The O-M175 haplogroup origin were Yunnan-Burma border. It has two primary branches: O1 and O2 O1b2 moved to Korea and Japan O2 entered East Asia with the western route (Himalayan-Yunnan). And became to Sino-Tibetan Tibetan=33.9% O2+（51.6% D1 + 2.6% C2） 1，O2→Tibet/Qiang tribes/Tibeto-Burman/ydna D+C→Tibetan D has its highest diversity within Tibeto-Burmese groups 2，O2→North China, Manchuria/ydna C2→Northern Han Chinese/ Liao River/north East Asia (O2a+C2) Origin of Koreans: Liao River/north East Asia (O2a+C2) + Korean peninsula natives (O1b2) Modern Koreans have O2(45%, Dongyi migrants from the north), O1b2(35% ~ 40%, natives), C(15%, migrants from the north). During the Yayoi period, haplogroup O1b2+O2a started to arrive and spreaded to every region of Japan. Origin of Japanese: Jomon (D1a2+C1a1) + Korean peninsula /Yayoi (O2a+O1b2). Haplogroups C and D represents an extremely ancient lineage of modern humans in East Asia C1a+D1a2→Hokkaido，Sakhalin→Ainu people and Japanese（Jomon people） C1b+D1a1→ Pacific Islands→Polynesia Melanesia Australian Aborigines Proto-Mongolian and Tungusic may have originally been C2b, inhabiting modern Mongolia and northeast China An point made by academic is that Y-Haplogroup C2 is original Haplogroup of Northeast Asia which get replaced by Y-Haplogroup N1a O2a from Southern China. N1+O2→Manchuria C2/C1a1→Liao River Civilization N1+O2→Mongolia，Manchuria C2b→Mongolian+Tungusic people The N-M231 haplogroup became West-Liaohe agricultural people-Proto-Altaic，Northern Asian groups-Uralic+Yakut ，Eurasian steppe nomads-Turkic The N hg has appeared various times in Eurasian history: Xinglongwa culture> major Y-DNA: N The ancient Finn-Uralians perhaps may represent the first wave of migrants from the east long ago (maybe 5-12kya). The Finnish-Uralic are the result of the mixture of I (old populations of Europe) and N (Uralic) Southern china N1→N1a+N1b N1a→Siberia/replace Q1→ Eastern Europe/Northern Europe=Tatars N+R1a (R-M458)，Finnish N+I，some Slavs R1a (R-M458) I2+N：Latvians，Estonians，Baltic haplogroup K2b/P split off somewhere around the nexus of China, the Altai mountains, and Siberia. Broadly speaking Q migrated east across the bering bridge into the Americas, and R1a migrated west into what is now Iran India and Eastern Europe. Native American/ancient siberian/Xiongnu/ gene Q+R1a 1，Central Asia Q,R1a→Mongolia→Xiongnu 2，Mongolia C2b+QR→ Bering Strait→ North America→ Native American Y DNA tests show that haplogroups Q1 and C2b are believed to be indigenous to the Americas. (R1a haplotypes may also have been brought to the Americas by the proto-Native American migrants but are more disputed since they exist elsewhere). 3，South China N1a O2a→Mongolia→Proto-Altaic/The Liao River Civilization（Xinglongwa+Hongshan） Mongolian= 1，53.8％C2b 2，K2a（10.8％O2+10.8％N1） 3，4.6%P* (xQ,R)+9.2%R1a Kazakh 1，50.85%C2b+0.46%D 2，K2a（10.82%O2a+5.33%N1a） 3，K2b（12.13%R+3.17%Q） 4，8.19%J, 4.95%G, 1.78%E Kyrgyz 1，33,1%C 2，K2b（R1az93 42,1%+R1b 3,3%+Q1 1,2%） 3，K2a（N1a 12,1%+3,7%O） 4，1,2%G-M201 Mongolia C2N1O2→Central Asia/Indo-European/R1a+CaucasusJ2a=Eurasian/The modern Turkic people The modern Turkic people→Middle East /JGER1b=Anatonian Turks Q1 went to Siberia and America R1a tribes stayed in Central Asia and later migrated the Iran India and Eastern Europe. Based genetic material obtained from outlying Indus Civilization sites, the male inhabitants mostly belonged to YDNA Haplogroups L (Elamo Dravidian) and H (Adivasi). From this one of the theories that The Indus people were a mixture of groups native to South Asia and migrants from the Central Asia R=R1a+R1b R1b→Western Europe R1a→R1a1a1b1+R1a1a1b2 R1a1a1b1→Eastern Europe→Slavs R1a1a1b2（z93）→Central Asia→Aryan Persians ←R1a1a1b2 →Indian india Brahmins Afghanistan/Pashtun，Iranian people，Tajik，Tocharians/Xinjiang's Indigenous R1a1a1b2 →Indus Civilization LH→indian
@@alexangelo1998 In addition, for some reason, there is not even the slightest numerical similarity in this so-called language family. For example, there is numerical similarity in Indo-European languages :)
@@alexangelo1998 “Proto-Altaic” language=Turkic+Mongolic+Tungusic+Uralic +Koreanic+Japonic The most frequent paternal haplogroup in “Proto-Altaic” was “K” K is thought to originate from the Central Asia or South Asia.K=K2a+K2b Haplogroup N and O originated from Haplogroup K2a Haplogroup R1 and Q originated from Haplogroup K2b/P The origin of Mongoloid (East-Eurasian) populations： The first settlers C1C2+D1 The second group of settlers Q+R1a The third group of settlers N1a+O2a Martine Robbeets suggests that the Turkic peoples were descended from a Transeurasian agricultural community based in northeast China, which is to be associated with the Xinglongwa culture（Y-DNA: N1a） and the succeeding Hongshan culture（Y-DNA: N1a O2a C2b） K2a/NO is roughly the ancient North Asian-East Asian gene. It is believed to have originated in Indochina or southern China The O-M175 haplogroup origin were Yunnan-Burma border. It has two primary branches: O1 and O2 O1b2 moved to Korea and Japan O2 entered East Asia with the western route (Himalayan-Yunnan). And became to Sino-Tibetan Tibetan=33.9% O2+（51.6% D1 + 2.6% C2） 1，O2→Tibet/Qiang tribes/Tibeto-Burman/ydna D+C→Tibetan D has its highest diversity within Tibeto-Burmese groups 2，O2→North China, Manchuria/ydna C2→Northern Han Chinese/ Liao River/north East Asia (O2a+C2) Origin of Koreans: Liao River/north East Asia (O2a+C2) + Korean peninsula natives (O1b2) Modern Koreans have O2(45%, Dongyi migrants from the north), O1b2(35% ~ 40%, natives), C(15%, migrants from the north). During the Yayoi period, haplogroup O1b2+O2a started to arrive and spreaded to every region of Japan. Origin of Japanese: Jomon (D1a2+C1a1) + Korean peninsula /Yayoi (O2a+O1b2). Haplogroups C and D represents an extremely ancient lineage of modern humans in East Asia C1a+D1a2→Hokkaido，Sakhalin→Ainu people and Japanese（Jomon people） C1b+D1a1→ Pacific Islands→Polynesia Melanesia Australian Aborigines Proto-Mongolian and Tungusic may have originally been C2b, inhabiting modern Mongolia and northeast China An point made by academic is that Y-Haplogroup C2 is original Haplogroup of Northeast Asia which get replaced by Y-Haplogroup N1a O2a from Southern China. N1+O2→Manchuria C2/C1a1→Liao River Civilization N1+O2→Mongolia，Manchuria C2b→Mongolian+Tungusic people The N-M231 haplogroup became West-Liaohe agricultural people-Proto-Altaic，Northern Asian groups-Uralic+Yakut ，Eurasian steppe nomads-Turkic The N hg has appeared various times in Eurasian history: Xinglongwa culture> major Y-DNA: N The ancient Finn-Uralians perhaps may represent the first wave of migrants from the east long ago (maybe 5-12kya). The Finnish-Uralic are the result of the mixture of I (old populations of Europe) and N (Uralic) Southern china N1→N1a+N1b N1a→Siberia/replace Q1→ Eastern Europe/Northern Europe=Tatars N+R1a (R-M458)，Finnish N+I，some Slavs R1a (R-M458) I2+N：Latvians，Estonians，Baltic haplogroup K2b/P split off somewhere around the nexus of China, the Altai mountains, and Siberia. Broadly speaking Q migrated east across the bering bridge into the Americas, and R1a migrated west into what is now Iran India and Eastern Europe. Native American/ancient siberian/Xiongnu/ gene Q+R1a 1，Central Asia Q,R1a→Mongolia→Xiongnu 2，Mongolia C2b+QR→ Bering Strait→ North America→ Native American Y DNA tests show that haplogroups Q1 and C2b are believed to be indigenous to the Americas. (R1a haplotypes may also have been brought to the Americas by the proto-Native American migrants but are more disputed since they exist elsewhere). 3，South China N1a O2a→Mongolia→Proto-Altaic/The Liao River Civilization（Xinglongwa+Hongshan） Mongolian= 1，53.8％C2b 2，K2a（10.8％O2+10.8％N1） 3，4.6%P* (xQ,R)+9.2%R1a Kazakh 1，50.85%C2b+0.46%D 2，K2a（10.82%O2a+5.33%N1a） 3，K2b（12.13%R+3.17%Q） 4，8.19%J, 4.95%G, 1.78%E Kyrgyz 1，33,1%C 2，K2b（R1az93 42,1%+R1b 3,3%+Q1 1,2%） 3，K2a（N1a 12,1%+3,7%O） 4，1,2%G-M201 Mongolia C2N1O2→Central Asia/Indo-European/R1a+CaucasusJ2a=Eurasian/The modern Turkic people The modern Turkic people→Middle East /JGER1b=Anatonian Turks Q1 went to Siberia and America R1a tribes stayed in Central Asia and later migrated the Iran India and Eastern Europe. Based genetic material obtained from outlying Indus Civilization sites, the male inhabitants mostly belonged to YDNA Haplogroups L (Elamo Dravidian) and H (Adivasi). From this one of the theories that The Indus people were a mixture of groups native to South Asia and migrants from the Central Asia R=R1a+R1b R1b→Western Europe R1a→R1a1a1b1+R1a1a1b2 R1a1a1b1→Eastern Europe→Slavs R1a1a1b2（z93）→Central Asia→Aryan Persians ←R1a1a1b2 →Indian india Brahmins Afghanistan/Pashtun，Iranian people，Tajik，Tocharians/Xinjiang's Indigenous R1a1a1b2 →Indus Civilization LH→indian
This is another misrepresentation of the Hmong / Mong people. Hmong/Mong and Mien are separated culturally and linguistically. The Mien language is more closely related to the Thai, and Dai, people than the Hmong/Mong. I'm Hmong/Mong and it is just not true regardless of what popular histories said about us Hmong/Mong people. The Yao in Mong/Hmong we call Cos is the one who has high intermarriage with the Hmong/Mong people. Cos or Yao is also the group that tends to follow the Hmong/Mong from China to South East Asia. They are a hybrid culturally and linguistically. The traditional Mien is far from the Mong/Hmong culturally and linguistically. I bet this author never lived with Us Mong/Hmong people and then lived with the Mien people but just pulled information out of books. Labeling us Hmong-Mien is like labeling German-French. Loan words does not equal the same people, origin, and history. This is European-centric ignoring by misunderstood the Hmong/Mong people. Ask any Hmong/Mong to see if they call themselves Hmong-Mien. I would love an open debate with this Author Costas Melas.
![Lp. Сердце Вселенной #60 РОЖДЕНИЕ ЛОЛОЛОШКИ [Финал] • Майнкрафт](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/YoR0pAV9FVQ/mqdefault.jpg)
When I visited Sapa in Vietnam, the guide told me the sad history of H'mong people. They were repeatedly and fearsly eliminated by Han people for thousands of years. In 1795 H'mong people rebeled against Qing dynasty: 80% of population was massacred, and the remaining people had to refuge to Laos and Northern Vietnam.
During the Vietnam war, H'mong people was taken advantage of by the US to fight communism. But when the war turns in favor to Viet Cong, the Americans retreated from Laos and abadoned H'mong soldiers. 200,000 was killed for revenge.
History of H'mong is a history of those who had been abused and exploited by great powers for so long. Even nowadays, H'mong people are very skeptive to outer people, and they scarecely go out from their village deep in mountains. When a village member dies, they build a wooden column as a representation of Han (or Viet) people: they whip it with rage and hatred.
Very few history textbooks document these facts, for H'mong people have never had their own nation.
H'Mong are part of bigger Miao nation.
The strong eat the weak, and so did the Native Americans
“They were repeatedly and fearsly eliminated by Han people for thousands of years.” that's a theory /lie created by miao scholars during 1970s . There was no such saying before that . The first kingdom which unite the whole middle and lower Yangtze River was built by Han chinese , hence all tribes allegiance to it identify themselves as Han like 2500 years ago already .And there is a story those scholars also created during 1970s is that Hmong originally come from north China but expeled by Han Chinese , and this story is also proved to be a fake by archeology evidence and genetic test .
@@kellyma2992 I don't really get it, my friend. Did they identify themselves as citizens of Han dynasty, or ethnically they called themselves Han?
I guess most of nations in the history did treat surrounding people as barbarians and target of elimination, like Jews to Persian or the Natives to the Whites, so it's natural for Han people to H'mong, too.
It seems that "Hmong people are originated in north China" is incorrect as far as I watch the video, anyway.
@@kellyma2992 wut. You must be Chinese and Han. Us Hmongs outside of China always said that the Han people repeatedly fought and took our land. In recorded history written from Han Chinese Dynasties, this still backs up what Hmong people believe even though they can't remember the years or events clearly anymore. For example, it is well known that the mythical Xia dynasty continuously fought with the San Miao people, the Hmong people's ancestors, until absorbing them under Emperor Shun. The last two wars that was fought between Hmong people and Han people in recent memories is the Miao Rebellion of 1795 (led by Wu BaiYue or Vwj Paj Yias) and the Miao Rebellion of 1854 (Led by Zhang XiuMei or Tsab Xyooj Mem).
Thank you for your excellent work! It is very helpful to learn about the evolution of HmongMien languages and peoples. Videos about HM languages are so rare now. You did a great job👍
Thank you very much
Do history of Mongolia languages next. It’d be interesting to know when and how the Kalmyks used their language and to what extent
Hmong mien ,kra dai ,sino tibetan ,austrinesian, austroasiatic all born in same area. Why so many language families born in southern china
Rice for food, rivers for transport, and mountains for defense. Just my guess.
I don't know.
Languages arise then a human population find a reliable food source. If the society is based on farming then the tend to be small and even more so if that area has a ton of little valleys. In the society building faze these cultures are extremely isolated from each other as they learn to use their resources for survival then give those resources names.
In the case of Southern China or even places like the Caucus or Ethiopia, a ton of languages develop in such a small area is because of all the valleys and mountains that isolate a culture from another.
the yangtze river was the cradle of many cultures
Sheic branch of Hmongic and Biao Mon branch of Mienic are missing in this video. Plus, Iu Mien and Kim Mun branch are now seen as seperate branches.
Here is the division:
Hmongic: Bahengic, Sheic, West Hmongic, Hmu, and Xong.
Mienic: Iu Mien, Biao Mon, Kim Mun, Biao Min, and Zaominic.
you're the best. I really like these divisions and the smooth color transitions
Thank you very much
Thanks, very interesting!
Ideas: History of:
-Japonic
-Koreanic
-Sino Tibetan
i think hes already done the tibetan half of the sino tibetan family so i would say he should do sino next
He did it: ua-cam.com/video/ZfWFjhEf74A/v-deo.html, ua-cam.com/video/ahoQ5DDE1mI/v-deo.html
Was looking out for this one! Thanks!!
It's that one language family that moved to Southeast Asia but never thrived. Austronesian, Austroasiatic, Krai-Dai and Tibeto-Burman all moved south and became dominant at one point.
they were the last one out since they started more from the north. they only moved to laos and vietnam in recent centuries
@@xXxSkyViperxXx Yeah you’re right
The Hmong entered SEA approximately 200 to 300 years ago during Qing following the Haw Muslims of Yunnan in SEA.
Despite originating from the north, they don't look very northern in their appearancs@@xXxSkyViperxXx
@@MzKEEKo. be careful to associate what occurs today as being the same thousands of years ago. History changes a lot throughout the millennia and centuries. The Sinitic speakers did not always cover the expanse of all of today's china, just as all other human groups in any part of the world. today's developments are simply a gradual change from centuries past, as natural as other parts of the world. The current findings today at least indicates that the sinitic speakers started out around the central yellow river basin and gradually expanded further downstream and later filled the central plains and later expanded further south. The current findings for Hmong-mien speakers is at least when they split off as Hmong groups and Mien groups, they came from central china or the northern areas of southern china near the central plains of northern china, tho there is also the question where their ancestors before them came from. All throughout, they have always historically been more northwards from the perspective of coastal southern china and southeast asia. the hmong-mien groups have their own unique genetic haplogroup marker at O-M7 that was an early split off to haplogroup O2 that produced the Sino-Tibetan peoples. The ancient ancestors of the Hmong-Mien peoples are likely the Daxi culture which before them mustve migrated from the central plains of northern china back then in ancient times before the expansion of sinitic peoples filling up and conquering all of today's northern china and later expanding further south to today's southern china. Thousands of years ago, they were all one people anyways carrying haplogroup O2 genetic markers, before they split off and lived separately for the next thousand years. In that aspect, we dont always look too similar with our distant cousins from generations ago as well.
Wonderful job. Could you please make korean language video next?
Thank you
interesting, this is why I like your channels
Thank you very much
@@CostasMelas you're welcome
The Hmong-Mien speakers are confined to a few hilly areas, small islands in a sea of Chinese. It is sad to see a language family losing so much terittory and being forcibly assimilated.
Never running out of language families are we ?
Especially if he does a separate video for every language family in New Guinea...
i think he hasnt done some around asia yet and the native american ones in north and south america and of course, the ones in australia and papua new guinea.
for asian language families, theres still like dravidian, sinitic, mongolic, tungusic, koreanic, japonic, ainu, nivkh, etc.
I am suprised this language family is still alive
This is China so it still 10 milions people, more than Kmers or Bulgarians, but no one is suprised that their still alive and have own country.
@@Darwidx And maybe by the fact that there live in mountain areas
just shows how racist chinese were
@@Darwidx Khmers are 17 millions.
@@Abdc12344 Yeah, probably a mistake in internet,
In the first few minutes of the video, it is expected that Proto-Hmong-Mien urheimat is within the Middle Yangtze (Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi), but it's quite surprising that it somehow extended to parts of Jiangsu and Anhui (the Huai-Yangtze part, more specifically).
As an ethnic Miao, our people actually have two origins; those that came from Yellow River and those whose ancestors came from Yangtze. It's just like Han, whom some are from the north and south.
Very well done.
Thank you
please do history of Confusinism and Taoism
Condolences to the Hmong. May you receive your own nation one day.
Where? Minnesota?
@@Banana_Split_Cream_Buns I was thinking more Yunan but Minnesota works too.
Just pray to the nation fairy.
@@Banana_Split_Cream_Bunsbahahaha
The O-M175 haplogroup origin were Yunnan-Burma border. Before separated into 2 branch, O1 (O-F265) and O2 (O-M122)
O2 (O-M122) entered East Asia with the western route (Himalayan-Yunnan). And became to Sino-Tibetan O2a2b1 (M134) and Hmong-Mien O2a2a1a2 (M7).
O1 (O-F265) They separated to 2 branch, O1a and O1b. O1a (M119) moved to Taiwan and became to Austronesians. O1b1a1a (M95) became to Austroasiatics who lived in Indo-China and O1b2 moved to Korea and Japan.
O1b=O1b1（O1b1a1+O1b1a2）+O1b2
O1b1a1-PK4 is found among some (mostly tribal) populations of South and Southeast Asia, as well as among the Japanese of Japan, the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese of Indonesia and Southern China.
O1b1a2-PAGE59 is relatively rare and mainly distributed in East Asia, especially in Han Chinese.
Another subclade, Haplogroup O1b2-M176 , is found almost exclusively among the Japanese, Koreans, and some Manchurians.
Genetic evidence points out Zhuang/ Kra-Dai possesses a very high frequency of Haplogroup O1b with most of them being subclade O1b1a1 making it the most dominant marker, one that they share with Austro-Asiatic. The other portion of O1b belongs to subclade O1b1a2.
Zhuangs have prevalent frequencies of O1a which links them with Austronesian, but O1a is at much lower rate compared to O1b1a1 and only slightly higher than O1b1a2.
Haplogroup O1b in Taiwan aborigines is almost completely non-existent, but they exhibit very high frequencies of O1a.
The broad consensus on the Urheimat (homeland) of Austronesian languages as well as the Neolithic early Austronesian peoples is accepted to be Taiwan, as well as the Penghu Islands.
Taiwanese aborigines 89.6%O1a
Y-chromosome haplogroup O2-M122 is a common DNA marker in Han Chinese, as it appeared in China in prehistoric times.Other Y-DNA haplogroups that have been found with notable frequency in samples of Han Chinese includ
12,0%C2
K2a -13,0%O1a+ + 10,3%N1+ 7,2%O1b
K2b - 4,2%Q1
Genetic studies have been done on the people and related groups. The Haplogroup O1 (Y-DNA)a-M119 genetic marker is frequently detected in Native Taiwanese, northern Philippines and Polynesians, as well as some people in Indonesia, Malaysia and non-Austronesian populations in southern China.
A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in archaeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River in China also shows high frequencies of Haplogroup O1 in the Neolithic Liangzhu culture, linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples. The Liangzhu culture existed in coastal areas around the mouth of the Yangtze. Haplogroup O1 was absent in other archaeological sites inland.
An important breakthrough in studies in Austronesian genetics was the identification of the "Polynesian motif" (Haplogroup B4a1a1) in 1989, a specific nine-base-pair deletion mutation in mtDNA. Several studies have shown that it is shared by Polynesians and Island Southeast Asians, with a sub-branch also identified in Madagascar, indicating shared maternal ancestry of Austronesians.
Austronesian-speaking regions also have high to moderate frequencies of Haplogroup O1 of the Y-DNA (including Madagascar) indicating shared paternal ancestry, with the exception of Polynesia where the Papuan-derived Haplogroup C1b2a1a (P33) predominates (although lower frequencies of Austronesian Haplogroup O2-M122 also exist).
hundreds of thousands of H'mong peoples have migrated to the Central Highlands in southern half of Vietnam in the past few decades.
Zoo nkauj video phooj ywg)
Just want to share this to all of you that Chu DYNASTY was found by Hmong/Miao by Xiong Yu and Xiong Yi, and the decedents of them (Chu DYNASTY) is Miao and they are still living in Guangzhou province of China today
Thanks
Placed right in the heart of China. What could go wrong?
One of the first people to be invaded were the Miao Yao people. Some of the groups continue to call the Han people as guests. Many of them were also absorbed into the Han Empire.
One of the most endangered language families in the world
Not really. Definitely not thriving, but there are several families in the Americas and Australia that have less than 1k speakers in total.
they did not stray too far from their birthplace, but it might also be why they could not proliferate with their own nation
Nice video my greek brother grettings from an Albanian
Thank you
We can be brothers if you give Northern Epirus back and recognise Kosovo as Serbian.
@@stephmod7434 yeah but hes a real greek
@@qerqiztopulli1708 I am also a Greek.
@@stephmod7434 youre fake lol
I believe it’s “iu mien” (Eew Mien) not “lu mien” (Loo Mien)
Almost all of them got Sinicized 😳
You again 😃
Please do one for Uralo-Siberian
Hello, what about the idea of Dravidian languages?
I hope to make it soonly
Do history on limbuwan and limbu language. George Van Driem says the Old Chinese language may have been cognate to Kiranti language.( limbu )
Would love to see Sinic
The poor Hmong-Mien people still do not have a country of their own
The province where you will find all of these different Miao-Yao speakers is Guizhou. One of the poorest provinces, but the mountainous and rainy region is why the Miao were able to preserve many of their ancient clothes once found in Han Dynasty. Guizhou is known as the jewel for the Miao culture. It's heaven to many anthropologists.
Nice video.
Thank you
Why do all these languages originate in that one place in China?
oh nooo! you missed Mien spoken on Hainan Island!!!
Nice video
Thank you
Συγχαρητήρια για το βίντεο! Ήταν πολύ ενδιαφέρον. Θα ήθελα να ρωτήσω, με ποια γλωσσική οικογένεια "συγγενεύει" αυτή που πραγματεύεται το βίντεο;
Με την σινοθιβετική οικογένεια γλωσσών κυρίως, και σε δεύτερο βαθμό με τις ται-κανται και τις αυστρονησιακές.
Ευχαριστώ πολύ. Υπάρχουν κάποιες θεωρίες που συνδέουν την οικογένεια με τις Αυστρονησιακές γλώσσες και τις γλώσσες Κρα-Ντάι, αλλά παραμένουν αμφισβητούμενες θεωρίες.
@@CostasMelas Δηλαδή θεωρούνται "απομονωμένες" γλώσσες;
Why do you forget She people in Zhenjiang and Fujian Provinces?
It is doubtful whether Shehua belongs to the Hmong-Mien family
@@CostasMelas Nah, She people in Zhejiang and Fujian originally spoke Hmong-Mien before adopting a form of Hakka. Today there's still a handful of She in Zhejiang that can still speak a Hmong-Mien language. From what I've read somewhere, the She in Zhejiang and Fujian were probably originally Kim Mun. The She in Guizhou are basically Hmong; they call themselves Ga Hmong and speak Hmong
You also missed a Hmu group in Vietnam. Look up Na Meo/Mieu
@@CostasMelas I think you're getting confused. Actually, Shehua is an unclassified Sinitic language that possibly has Hakka influence and other southern Sinitic language influences and also possibly has She language influence. But, She language (or as the speaker called themselves Ho Ne/ Ho Le) is a Hmong-Mien language. Shehua and She languages are both different despite both speakers being under the name She people in China. In this video, you should have included the Sheic branch of the Hmong-Mien language family, but I can see the confusion of it.
@@CostasMelas But the Shehua-speaking population was sinicized and used to speaking Hmong-Mien language in ancient times
Was it always basically a minority language?
They were a majority in some areas south of the Yangtze until the Ming Dynasty
Origins of Brenda Song
Pretty good.
Thank you
oo goodee
😃😃😃😃😃😃
Origin of Japanese:
Haplogroup D1a2 and C1a1 are suggested to have arrived into Japan during the prehistory of Japan, during the Jōmon period.
D has its highest diversity within Tibeto-Burmese groups and the oldest D lineage was found im western Tibet and one sample in the Altai region.
Y-DNA haplogroup D1, making up 40% of the Japanese male lineages
Haplogroup D1a2a is found among the Ryukyuans as well as the Ainus, and is t hought to have been the dominant paternal lineage of the Jōmon people.
K2a/NO
During the Yayoi period, haplogroup O1b2+O2a started to arrive and spreaded to every region of Japan.
Just over half of Japanese men belong to haplogroup O. The vast majority belong to O1b2, a lineage found especially in Manchuria, Korea and Japan, and O2a, the main Han Chinese paternal li neage. A negligible percentage of the Japanese belong to the O1a and O1b1
The O-M175 haplogroup origin were Yunnan-Burma border，and separated into 2 branch, O1 (O-F265) and O2 (O-M122)
O2 - Sino-Tibetan
O1=O1a+O1b
O1a Austronesians.
O1b1 Austroasiatics
O1b2 moved to Korea/Samhan people
Approximately 3% of Japanese men belong to haplogroup N, a lineage that is thought to have originated in China some 35,000 years ago
It is found at low frequencies in Korea and could have arrived with the Yayoi people. Alternatively, N1 could also have entered Japan via Sakhalin and Hokkaido, as it is present among eastern Siberia tribes
Haplogroup N1 was found at high frequency in Neolithic and Bronze Age remains (4500-700 BCE) from the West Liao River valley in Northeast China (Manchuria) by Yinqiu Cui et al.
Haplogroup N1 is found especially among Uralic and Turkic peoples nowadays, including among the Finns, Estonians and Sami in Northeast Europe
K2b/Q
Haplogroup Q is the dominant lineage of Native Americans, but originated in Siberia.
it is possible that the tiny fraction of Japanese Q lineages came with Yayoi farmers. It is unlikely to have entered Japan through Hokkaido as it is not found among tribes at the eastern extremity of Siberia, nor among the Ainus.
In conclusion, approximately 43% to 48% of modern Japanese men carry a Y-chromosome of Jōmon origin. The highest proportions of Y-DNA haplogroup C and D is found in northern Japan (over 60%) and the lowest in Western Japan (25%). This is concordant with the history of Japan; the Yayoi people of Sino-Korean origins having settled first and most heavily in Kyushu and Chūgoku, in Western Japan
Haplogroup C is another extremely old lineage that left Africa approximately 60,000 years ago and spread over most of Eurasia. Two subclades of C are found in Japan: C1a1 and C2a.
The first group to separate was C1, which colonized the Middle East and South Asia. One branch (C1a ) may have moved north to Central Asia and then split in two: One tribe moved to Europe (haplogroup C1a2,C1a2 is now nearly extinct in Europe.), while the other migrated to East Asia and survives today only in Japan (C1a1).
Haplogroup C2a, representing also 3% of the population, is typically found among the Mongols and Siberians. It might have come with the Ainu through Sakhalin island and Hokkaido, or along with the Yayoi farmers from Korea.
The second branch of C1 spread into South Asia, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, where it is found today at low frequencies (C1b1a1). During this time, other C strains continued their eastward migration into Southeast Asia, where they split into four main regional clusters: The first branch colonized Indonesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia (C1b2a). A second branch went south to Australia, where they became the Aborigines (C1b2b). Another settled in the highlands of New Guinea (haplogroup C-P55).
The fourth branch went as far as Northeast Asia (haplogroup C-M217) and is now widespread mainly among the Mongols (Kalmyks, Buryats, and Oirats), the Turkic peoples of Central Asia (Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, Uzbeks, Dolgans), and the East Siberian tribes (Chukchi, Itelmen, Nivks, Tungus). Furthermore, it is also common in moderate amounts among Chinese (Han, Hui, Manchus), Koreans, but also among several indigenous peoples of North America, including some Na-Dené, Algonquian or Siouan-speaking populations.
Origin of Koreans:
Korea C12.9 D2.5 N3.8 O1a 3.1 O1b 33.4 O2 42.1 Q1.8
In the case of East Asian Y-DNA, it was already mutated from NO to N, O2, O1, O1a, O1b1, O1b2, etc. from 30,000 years ago, during the Ice Age. The tribes could be viewed as being of the same genetic group. Each of these gene groups walked through Sundaland and moved to various places such as East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Siberia to settle there. The gene that arrived on the Korean Peninsula about 20,000 years ago was O1b2.
As the Ice Age ended 10,000 years ago and the Neolithic Age began, sea levels rose due to the melting glacier and the Yellow Sea was created, and O1b2 was isolated on the Korean Peninsula. This theory is supported by recently excavated bones from Gadeokdo(가덕도, 加德島) in South Korea. They turned out to be 7000 years old, and were found to be O1b2.
Around 2000 BC, O1b2a2 and O1b2a1 were mutated from O1b2 in south-east part of South Korea. Around 1000 BC, for some reason a part of the O1b2a1 group migrated to Japan (first Yayoi migration), where the population increased over hundreds of years.
Around 200 BC, lots of Dongyi people from the north (Gojoseon, O2) migrated to southern part of K peninsula and founded a nation (Mahan). [Evidence: According to [後漢書], “King Jun of Joseon(Gojoseon) was defeated by Weiman, and led the remaining thousands of people through the sea, attacked Mahan, defeated Mahan, and established himself as the king of Han(韓).” According to [三國志], “With every dawn, many refugees flowed into Mahan's homeland, and Mahan was founded.”] Those migrated Dongyi (O2) mixed with the natives (O1b2). From that time, many peoples (O1b2 + O2) of K peninsula have begun to migrate to Japan (second Yayoi migration) until 660 AD when Baekjae was destroyed.
Then, Qin migrants (O2) arrived in K peninsula and found a nation (Jinhan). [Evidence: According to [魏書 東夷傳, 後漢書], “Jinhan (辰韓) people were refugees from Qin (秦) to avoid hard labor (苦役), and Mahan allocated the eastern border (Jinhan).” According to [三國遺事], “辰韓(Jinhan) is also called 秦韓.”]
Then, after AD, another northern Dongyi (Buyeo, O2 + C2) arrived in K peninsula and founded Goguryo and Baekje. [Evidence: According to [魏書 東夷傳], “Goguryeo was an another kind of Buyeo.” According to [後漢書], “Baekje was an another kind of Buyeo.”] That's why modern Koreans have O2(45%, Dongyi migrants from the north), O1b2(35% ~ 40%, natives), C(15%, migrants from the north).
However, in Japan, the first Yayoi migrants were O1b2 and the second Yayoi migrants were (O1b2 + O2) (both from K peninsula). Thus, O1b2 population is two times higher than O2 (O2 arrived late on the K Peninsula). Yayoi migrants mixed with Jomon and became today’s Japanese.
Origin of the Tungusic：
C2b+K2a（N1a+O2+O1）
1，C2b/Northern Tungusic
The Tungusic people are closely related to other Northern Asian populations and to the Mongols. The main haplogroup of the Ewenic peoples (Evenks, Evens, Oroqens, and Negidals) is the C2b1a2（M48）subclade (and especially its C-M86 subclade) of Haplogroup C2b.
Besides the Ewenic peoples, C-M86 is also common among Mongols
C2 Highest frequencies
Oroqen 61%-91%C2b
Evenks 12.9%- 71%C2b
Ulchi 69%C2b
Nivkhs 38%-71%C2b
2，K2a-NO (M214)=N+O=N1a+O2+O1
N1a/Northern Tungusic
Haplogroup N Y-DNA is also found among Ewenic peoples with varying frequency. Haplogroup N Y-DNA among Evenks in the basin of the Yenisei River and the Taimyr Peninsula most often belongs to the N1a2b-P43 subclade, which they share mainly with the Samoyedic and Ugric peoples of Western Siberia.
Haplogroup N among Evenks, Evens, and Negidals in Eastern Siberia (the basin of the Lena River and parts to its south or east) belongs mainly to the N1a1-Tat subclade, haplotypes of which they often share either with Yakut or with Buryat.
N1 Highest frequencies
Nenets people 56.8%N1a2b-P43，40.5% N1a1-Tat
Nganasan people 92.11%N1a2b-P43 ，5%C，3%O
Yakut people 94% N1a1-Tat (N1a1a1a1a4-M2019>N-M1993）
O2+O1/ Southern Tungusic
The modern Manchu people show relatively high amounts of Haplogroup O2, which is common among Chinese and Koreans, and Haplogroup O1b2, which is common among Japanese and Koreans.
Korean=20%-37%O1b2+(40%O2 +15%C2)
Japanese=35-40%D1+(30%-35%O1b2+15-20%O2)
Sino-Tibetan
Tibetan=51.6% D1 + 33.9% O2+ 2.6% C2
Y-chromosome haplogroup O2-M122 is a common DNA marker in Han Chinese, as it appeared in China in prehistoric times. It is found in at least 36.7% to over 80% of Han Chinese males in certain regions.Other Y-DNA haplogroups that have been found with notable frequency in samples of Han Chinese include
13,0%O1a+ 12,0%C2+ 10,3%N1+ 7,2%O1b
+ 4,2%Q1
Interesting! Which book did you get these sources from? I’m also interested in tracking genetic lineages of different people groups.
unfortunately, many peoples who once inhabited central, eastern and western China had to migrate due to the expansion of the Chinese and assimilation, which continues to this day
Greetings frum german occupied west-kurdistan =DD
Asian genetics
“Proto-Altaic”
language=Turkic+Mongolic+Tungusic+Uralic +Koreanic+Japonic
The most frequent paternal haplogroup in “Proto-Altaic” was “K”
K is thought to originate from the Central Asia or South Asia.K=K2a+K2b
Haplogroup N and O originated from Haplogroup K2a
Haplogroup R1 and Q originated from Haplogroup K2b/P
The origin of Mongoloid (East-Eurasian) populations：
The first settlers C1C2+D1
The second group of settlers Q+R1a
The third group of settlers N1a+O2a
Martine Robbeets suggests that the Turkic peoples were descended from a Transeurasian agricultural community based in northeast China, which is to be associated with the Xinglongwa culture（Y-DNA: N1a） and the succeeding Hongshan culture（Y-DNA: N1a O2a C2b）
K2a/NO is roughly the ancient North Asian-East Asian gene.
It is believed to have originated in Indochina or southern China
The O-M175 haplogroup origin were Yunnan-Burma border. It has two primary branches: O1 and O2
O1b2 moved to Korea and Japan
O2 entered East Asia with the western route (Himalayan-Yunnan). And became to Sino-Tibetan
Tibetan=33.9% O2+（51.6% D1 + 2.6% C2）
1，O2→Tibet/Qiang tribes/Tibeto-Burman/ydna D+C→Tibetan
D has its highest diversity within Tibeto-Burmese groups
2，O2→North China, Manchuria/ydna C2→Northern Han Chinese/ Liao River/north East Asia (O2a+C2)
Origin of Koreans: Liao River/north East Asia (O2a+C2) + Korean peninsula natives (O1b2)
Modern Koreans have O2(45%, Dongyi migrants from the north), O1b2(35% ~ 40%, natives), C(15%, migrants from the north).
During the Yayoi period, haplogroup O1b2+O2a started to arrive and spreaded to every region of Japan.
Origin of Japanese: Jomon (D1a2+C1a1) + Korean peninsula /Yayoi (O2a+O1b2).
Haplogroups C and D represents an extremely ancient lineage of modern humans in East Asia
C1a+D1a2→Hokkaido，Sakhalin→Ainu people and Japanese（Jomon people）
C1b+D1a1→ Pacific Islands→Polynesia Melanesia Australian Aborigines
Proto-Mongolian and Tungusic may have originally been C2b, inhabiting modern Mongolia and northeast China
An point made by academic is that Y-Haplogroup C2 is original Haplogroup of Northeast Asia which get replaced by Y-Haplogroup N1a O2a from Southern China.
N1+O2→Manchuria C2/C1a1→Liao River Civilization
N1+O2→Mongolia，Manchuria C2b→Mongolian+Tungusic people
The N-M231 haplogroup became West-Liaohe agricultural people-Proto-Altaic，Northern Asian groups-Uralic+Yakut ，Eurasian steppe nomads-Turkic
The N hg has appeared various times in Eurasian history:
Xinglongwa culture> major Y-DNA: N
The ancient Finn-Uralians perhaps may represent the first wave of migrants from the east long ago (maybe 5-12kya).
The Finnish-Uralic are the result of the mixture of I (old populations of Europe) and N (Uralic)
Southern china N1→N1a+N1b
N1a→Siberia/replace Q1→ Eastern Europe/Northern Europe=Tatars N+R1a (R-M458)，Finnish N+I，some Slavs R1a (R-M458) I2+N：Latvians，Estonians，Baltic
haplogroup K2b/P split off somewhere around the nexus of China, the Altai mountains, and Siberia. Broadly speaking Q migrated east across the bering bridge into the Americas, and R1a migrated west into what is now Iran India and Eastern Europe.
Native American/ancient siberian/Xiongnu/ gene Q+R1a
1，Central Asia Q,R1a→Mongolia→Xiongnu
2，Mongolia C2b+QR→ Bering Strait→ North America→ Native American
Y DNA tests show that haplogroups Q1 and C2b are believed to be indigenous to the Americas. (R1a haplotypes may also have been brought to the Americas by the proto-Native American migrants but are more disputed since they exist elsewhere).
3，South China N1a O2a→Mongolia→Proto-Altaic/The Liao River Civilization（Xinglongwa+Hongshan）
Mongolian=
1，53.8％C2b
2，K2a（10.8％O2+10.8％N1）
3，4.6%P* (xQ,R)+9.2%R1a
Kazakh
1，50.85%C2b+0.46%D
2，K2a（10.82%O2a+5.33%N1a）
3，K2b（12.13%R+3.17%Q）
4，8.19%J, 4.95%G, 1.78%E
Kyrgyz
1，33,1%C
2，K2b（R1az93 42,1%+R1b 3,3%+Q1 1,2%）
3，K2a（N1a 12,1%+3,7%O）
4，1,2%G-M201
Mongolia C2N1O2→Central Asia/Indo-European/R1a+CaucasusJ2a=Eurasian/The modern Turkic people
The modern Turkic people→Middle East /JGER1b=Anatonian Turks
Q1 went to Siberia and America
R1a tribes stayed in Central Asia and later migrated the Iran India and Eastern Europe.
Based genetic material obtained from outlying Indus Civilization sites, the male inhabitants mostly belonged to YDNA Haplogroups L (Elamo Dravidian) and H (Adivasi). From this one of the theories that
The Indus people were a mixture of groups native to South Asia and migrants from the Central Asia
R=R1a+R1b
R1b→Western Europe
R1a→R1a1a1b1+R1a1a1b2
R1a1a1b1→Eastern Europe→Slavs
R1a1a1b2（z93）→Central Asia→Aryan
Persians ←R1a1a1b2 →Indian
india Brahmins Afghanistan/Pashtun，Iranian people，Tajik，Tocharians/Xinjiang's Indigenous
R1a1a1b2 →Indus Civilization LH→indian
𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙨𝙢
Make about Transeurasian (Altaic) languages according to latest data (2021)
Is sprachbund not an actual language family
@@papazataklaattiranimam there was research in 2021 that proved relationship of these languages
@@alexangelo1998 It doesn't matter that it's 2021, still most of the scholars don't accept it.
@@alexangelo1998 In addition, for some reason, there is not even the slightest numerical similarity in this so-called language family. For example, there is numerical similarity in Indo-European languages :)
@@alexangelo1998 “Proto-Altaic”
language=Turkic+Mongolic+Tungusic+Uralic +Koreanic+Japonic
The most frequent paternal haplogroup in “Proto-Altaic” was “K”
K is thought to originate from the Central Asia or South Asia.K=K2a+K2b
Haplogroup N and O originated from Haplogroup K2a
Haplogroup R1 and Q originated from Haplogroup K2b/P
The origin of Mongoloid (East-Eurasian) populations：
The first settlers C1C2+D1
The second group of settlers Q+R1a
The third group of settlers N1a+O2a
Martine Robbeets suggests that the Turkic peoples were descended from a Transeurasian agricultural community based in northeast China, which is to be associated with the Xinglongwa culture（Y-DNA: N1a） and the succeeding Hongshan culture（Y-DNA: N1a O2a C2b）
K2a/NO is roughly the ancient North Asian-East Asian gene.
It is believed to have originated in Indochina or southern China
The O-M175 haplogroup origin were Yunnan-Burma border. It has two primary branches: O1 and O2
O1b2 moved to Korea and Japan
O2 entered East Asia with the western route (Himalayan-Yunnan). And became to Sino-Tibetan
Tibetan=33.9% O2+（51.6% D1 + 2.6% C2）
1，O2→Tibet/Qiang tribes/Tibeto-Burman/ydna D+C→Tibetan
D has its highest diversity within Tibeto-Burmese groups
2，O2→North China, Manchuria/ydna C2→Northern Han Chinese/ Liao River/north East Asia (O2a+C2)
Origin of Koreans: Liao River/north East Asia (O2a+C2) + Korean peninsula natives (O1b2)
Modern Koreans have O2(45%, Dongyi migrants from the north), O1b2(35% ~ 40%, natives), C(15%, migrants from the north).
During the Yayoi period, haplogroup O1b2+O2a started to arrive and spreaded to every region of Japan.
Origin of Japanese: Jomon (D1a2+C1a1) + Korean peninsula /Yayoi (O2a+O1b2).
Haplogroups C and D represents an extremely ancient lineage of modern humans in East Asia
C1a+D1a2→Hokkaido，Sakhalin→Ainu people and Japanese（Jomon people）
C1b+D1a1→ Pacific Islands→Polynesia Melanesia Australian Aborigines
Proto-Mongolian and Tungusic may have originally been C2b, inhabiting modern Mongolia and northeast China
An point made by academic is that Y-Haplogroup C2 is original Haplogroup of Northeast Asia which get replaced by Y-Haplogroup N1a O2a from Southern China.
N1+O2→Manchuria C2/C1a1→Liao River Civilization
N1+O2→Mongolia，Manchuria C2b→Mongolian+Tungusic people
The N-M231 haplogroup became West-Liaohe agricultural people-Proto-Altaic，Northern Asian groups-Uralic+Yakut ，Eurasian steppe nomads-Turkic
The N hg has appeared various times in Eurasian history:
Xinglongwa culture> major Y-DNA: N
The ancient Finn-Uralians perhaps may represent the first wave of migrants from the east long ago (maybe 5-12kya).
The Finnish-Uralic are the result of the mixture of I (old populations of Europe) and N (Uralic)
Southern china N1→N1a+N1b
N1a→Siberia/replace Q1→ Eastern Europe/Northern Europe=Tatars N+R1a (R-M458)，Finnish N+I，some Slavs R1a (R-M458) I2+N：Latvians，Estonians，Baltic
haplogroup K2b/P split off somewhere around the nexus of China, the Altai mountains, and Siberia. Broadly speaking Q migrated east across the bering bridge into the Americas, and R1a migrated west into what is now Iran India and Eastern Europe.
Native American/ancient siberian/Xiongnu/ gene Q+R1a
1，Central Asia Q,R1a→Mongolia→Xiongnu
2，Mongolia C2b+QR→ Bering Strait→ North America→ Native American
Y DNA tests show that haplogroups Q1 and C2b are believed to be indigenous to the Americas. (R1a haplotypes may also have been brought to the Americas by the proto-Native American migrants but are more disputed since they exist elsewhere).
3，South China N1a O2a→Mongolia→Proto-Altaic/The Liao River Civilization（Xinglongwa+Hongshan）
Mongolian=
1，53.8％C2b
2，K2a（10.8％O2+10.8％N1）
3，4.6%P* (xQ,R)+9.2%R1a
Kazakh
1，50.85%C2b+0.46%D
2，K2a（10.82%O2a+5.33%N1a）
3，K2b（12.13%R+3.17%Q）
4，8.19%J, 4.95%G, 1.78%E
Kyrgyz
1，33,1%C
2，K2b（R1az93 42,1%+R1b 3,3%+Q1 1,2%）
3，K2a（N1a 12,1%+3,7%O）
4，1,2%G-M201
Mongolia C2N1O2→Central Asia/Indo-European/R1a+CaucasusJ2a=Eurasian/The modern Turkic people
The modern Turkic people→Middle East /JGER1b=Anatonian Turks
Q1 went to Siberia and America
R1a tribes stayed in Central Asia and later migrated the Iran India and Eastern Europe.
Based genetic material obtained from outlying Indus Civilization sites, the male inhabitants mostly belonged to YDNA Haplogroups L (Elamo Dravidian) and H (Adivasi). From this one of the theories that
The Indus people were a mixture of groups native to South Asia and migrants from the Central Asia
R=R1a+R1b
R1b→Western Europe
R1a→R1a1a1b1+R1a1a1b2
R1a1a1b1→Eastern Europe→Slavs
R1a1a1b2（z93）→Central Asia→Aryan
Persians ←R1a1a1b2 →Indian
india Brahmins Afghanistan/Pashtun，Iranian people，Tajik，Tocharians/Xinjiang's Indigenous
R1a1a1b2 →Indus Civilization LH→indian
hmong language is endangered language
Gran Turino
This is another misrepresentation of the Hmong / Mong people. Hmong/Mong and Mien are separated culturally and linguistically. The Mien language is more closely related to the Thai, and Dai, people than the Hmong/Mong. I'm Hmong/Mong and it is just not true regardless of what popular histories said about us Hmong/Mong people. The Yao in Mong/Hmong we call Cos is the one who has high intermarriage with the Hmong/Mong people. Cos or Yao is also the group that tends to follow the Hmong/Mong from China to South East Asia. They are a hybrid culturally and linguistically. The traditional Mien is far from the Mong/Hmong culturally and linguistically. I bet this author never lived with Us Mong/Hmong people and then lived with the Mien people but just pulled information out of books. Labeling us Hmong-Mien is like labeling German-French. Loan words does not equal the same people, origin, and history. This is European-centric ignoring by misunderstood the Hmong/Mong people. Ask any Hmong/Mong to see if they call themselves Hmong-Mien. I would love an open debate with this Author Costas Melas.
I am Hmong and this video has nothing to do with culture but how the Hmong-Mien language family spreads. Don't be a fool
Hmong-Mien are daughter languages that share a common root (mother language). I hope that makes more sense to you.
Yeej Lauj What horse shit is coming out of your mouth? A wall of text with no facts.
This is Miao suave history. Not Mong Hmong history.