It is for that reason that he would not have been an advisor as ALL wars have been funded on both sides by Vatican etc.... God Bless Humanity when they realize & God Bless all victims of war including all those who served. 💜🙏
25 minutes of people listening to someone talking about important subjects in a polite manner. This would be impossible today, TV time is ruthless as it demands vacuous one liners.
My lord, it is incredibly gratifying to see wonderfully insightful, open and honest discussion of very deep and contentious issues facing the US society (and indeed the world) being aired on national television. No rancor, tribalism and insults. Just calm, reasoned dialogue and analysis. It deeply saddens me that such discussion is impossible in 2023's degraded version of America. How far we have fallen, to the profound detriment of all.
As a daughter of a 2 tour vietnam veteran who barely survived her upbringing and the combat zone called home(undiagnosed complex PTSD in dad)....the treachery of this conflict exceeded the battle grounds it was waged on by both, time and space.
I was in 7 grade when this war was going. My brother was 16 year's old and asked my father to allow him to go into the military 🪖 because he wanted to help our country. My father wouldn't do it. Said to my brother that there is no winning in war.
In 1935, Major General Smedley D. Butler wrote a short essay about the nature of war (all war), titled "War is a Racket". It is available to read online for free. Butler knew the topic well, having spent a career with it, becoming the most decorated military man until Chesty Puller later claimed the title.
My father was a drop out from a small high school (graduating class of 80). He was working on a ranch, and got in trouble after a fight. The police found a little pot on him and offered him the Army & likely Vietnam vs prison. My grandparents signed him over when he was only 17. He saw such horrible things as a Combat Engineer, leading him to indulge in the nearly pure Heroin in Vietnam. He came back to Colorado, after a year in Leavenworth (drug charges) a changed man. He would disappear for weeks into the hills. He was violent and disturbed. Poor guy - I never met him, as my mother met him whilst he was in Army school at Ft Belvoir for Engineering. He was a Cowboy turned PTSD hippie, with violent "episodes".
@@pegschwalbach2500 In the long run, war only takes away. We may "win" but you end up with "victorious" PTSD young people, and society having set a low bar for the future. Peace
My father was a huge Walter Lippman follower. Every Sunday in our eastern Pa. town he would purchase the N.Y. Times, largely to read a weekly Walter Lippman column. I think this very interview convinced him that this country was taking the wrong stance in Viet Nam. Little did he or his high school 1965 grad know that in 1966 I would be drafted and by 1968 find myself in Viet Nam and in the wasted morass of that war.
Reminder that Ho Chi Minh stayed and worked in the US and France as part of his journey to find a way to liberate Vietnam from the French colonialists. He helped the OSS mission in Vietnam to fight the Japanese during WW2 (Deer Team). He directly referenced the US constitution in the 1945 Vietnamese Declaration of Independence. He was obviously very much inspired by US ideals of decolonization and self-determination (seeing as the US liberated itself from Britain). The turning point came when in 1919, during the Versailles Treaty after WW1, he tried to argue for Vietnamese independence and was rebuked by the Western powers, including US President Woodrow Wilson. It was then that he realized the capitalist West had no intention of following up on their promises of Freedom and Equality, or at least not for people they considered "inferior". After this, he pivoted to Socialism and the USSR, considering it as the only way Vietnam could achieve independence. And the rest was history.
@@LCTesla But they DID achieve independence. Complete and total independence. So what, exactly are you talking about? And yes, there’re capitalist enterprises all over Vietnam today.
@@douglasjones2570 the USSR collapsed if you weren't aware. without that development any pandering to their ilk would have backfired in due time. The world averted that fate NO THANKS TO vietnam's submission.
This is a fascinating discussion between Walter Lippmann and the college students. I recall Senator Wayne Morse was one of two who voted against the Tonkin Gulf/Bay resolution which got us involved in the Vietnam conflict. The sad thing about our Vietnam policy is it cost the lives of more than 58,000 U.S. military members and 153,000 were wounded. Great write up in your description David Hoffman.
Once again David a needed to hear video. People have such short term memories today, people forget or don't know how similar things have always been. Well done my friend.
@@michaelcarbajal. lol don't know what pedestal you're talking about buddy. I'm included in that comment. I'm not special and have to check myself all the time. This why I love David's videos, I usually learn something.
12:26 This is a good reminder that people often think they're living through a terrible time in history. But now when we look at 1967 it seems just like any other year.
Kate: Thank you for your comment. I am pleased that your granddaughter and you will use this for conversation. If your resources allow, I would sure appreciate your using the THANKS button under any of my videos including the one you have commented on. It is something new that UA-cam is beta testing and would mean a great deal for my continuing efforts. David Hoffman filmmaker
Amazing. Thanks for posting. He's so right about the attitude of the nation coming from the top, scary to see what happens when it's mixed with populism (see Jan 6).
Bravissimo, Mr. Hoffman! Thank you so much for posting this treasure. Lippmann is the kind of a voice we need today. Was this by any chance a part of that marvelous, short-lived program “Public Broadcast Laboratory”? Not long after this exchange of views, Robert Kennedy -- then equivocating about whether to run for President in 1968 -- came to Lippmann and laid out his case. Lippmann replied to him, “It’s none of my business to give advice to potential candidates for public office. But let me say this: you say that the re-election of Johnson would be a catastrophe. You say that the election of Nixon would be a catastrophe. I agree with you on both points. The thing you must live with is whether you did everything you could to avert that catastrophe.”
Domino effect: Financing the the Vietnam war created deficit spending. 1971 President Nixon took us off the gold standard, which allowed the US Government to engage in reckless deficit spending. Here we are in 2023, with an excess of 130% debt to GDP ratio (this is Warren Buffets ratio) where instability starting to set in. My mom said my job was to take my younger brother to Canada if he got drafted. I was a little older, and my age fell in the a couple of years where there was no draft in US..
"Television brought the brutality of war into the comfort of the living room. Vietnam was lost in the living rooms of America - not on the battlefields of Vietnam." -Marshall McLuhan
We in the U.S. have always talked about democracy and human rights (a government system), but when you look at what countries we get along with and don't, it has always aligned instead with whether they are communist or capitalist (an economic system). We regularly get along with dictators that let our corporations in, and are hostile to communist countries even when they are democracies. In other words, what we REALLY care about is not democracy or human rights - but whether or not our corporations can make money there.
So incredibly ACTUAL ! I am French, 65 years old. I wish I could have been taught so much earlier in my life that all of History learned in school and further was just fairy tales when not pure Lies. I wish to have been taught that "History" is always written by the so-called "winners". And when I see this video, I just remember the quality of the TV broadcasts (programs?) of my youth. Good for me I just threw away my TV set almost 40 years ago. @Megaghost says the rest. Help us God.
In November 1961 (yes, 1961) I warned that the USA Government was hellbent on escalating to a full-scale war in Vietnam, taking over from the French, to achieve permanent US political control there. I had requested, and the US Embassy in London sent me extensive technical and disarmament information concerning nuclear weaons policy; and in the same large envelope was detailed information advancing a policy of US military control in Vietnam, beginning with placing of so-called "military advisers". At my university, I advised everyone to "read between the lines" of (what we now call) the mainstream media. I also recommended, that to be politically well-informed, one should listen to the media no more often than once per six months. But the response was that my warning was fantasy. By 1967, Walter Lippmann was about the only American mainstream journalist with the moral and intellectual honesty to disown his Government's militarism in Vietnam. But why did he and the anti-war protest movement need to wait until 1967 or later to recognise the obvious ? The US war plan for Vietnam had started and was already visible in 1961. The lesson, as ever, is for every single person to ignore the mainstream media, to think critically - however painful that may be, and no longer to wait belatedly for the appearance of another Walter Lippmann.
Mr. Walter Lippmann has long been deceased. He mentioned that he was very concerned about the country losing hope in 1967. If he was alive today, I wonder what his view of the country would be on 9/22/2023.
I wrote about Bernays versus Schwarz's usage of propaganda, and the insight from Lippmann is incredible. I heard Bernays was so good at propaganda that most people don't know he nearly completely copied Lippmann's books such as Public Opinion.
Walter Lippmann (September 23, 1889 - December 14, 1974) WW1 veteran During the war, Lippmann was commissioned a captain in the Army on June 28, 1918, and was assigned to the intelligence section of the AEF headquarters in France. He was assigned to the staff of Edward M. House in October and attached to the American Commission to negotiate peace in December. He returned to the United States in February 1919 and was immediately discharged.
As a young man, House and his companions harassed recently-freed slaves verbally and with slingshots. His diary entries "consistently reveal a deeply felt racism" and a belief in white supremacy.
This is an excellent video to bad the advice wasn't followed to many lives lost and to much blood shed a good friend of mine lost a brother my brother almost had to go as did I
He is not the host. He is just one of the students who was invited to interview Walter Lippmann. There was no host to the program. David Hoffman filmmaker
The Vietcong's resilience is so admirable, they held on & handed the enemy its own @$$ & drove them back to Alabama just like they should, slava Vietnam!
I would be interested in seeing this panel converse about the state of america now. No way could these people have imagined that america would turn towards communism. They may have imagined that corruption would attempt to grow to the massive state that it has, but I doubt they would have believed that the corruption would be accepted
The most fascinating thing about this discussion is how everyone LISTENED to each others points of view, noboby interrupting or insulting one another. It's sad how we've taken 2 steps foward and 5 steps backwards in how society treats each other in today's world.
He’s forgetting about the example from the previous decade where South Korea did survive the attempt by communists to conquer the entire nation. The British also succeeded in Malaya. South Korea became a wealthy industrialized democracy and part of the Western alliance which is now producing huge amounts of high tech artillery and rockets and tanks and jet fighters for our NATO allies such as Poland. South Vietnam could have developed along similar lines with smarter and more consistent policies by the U.S. It was the left, acting through the Democrat Party, which cut off aid to South Vietnam post 1973. Lots of blame to go around for the mismanagement of the war prior to 1970. The Viet Cong were eviscerated and defeated by the change in the counter insurgency strategy prior to the 1973 peace agreement between North and South Vietnam.
The difference between Korea and Vietnam was simply geography. As a peninsula, we could “circle the wagons” and defend South Korea. This is “combat 101” stuff, plain common sense, which was obviously lost on the “geniuses” making those decisions.
This man would have made an incredible adviser and saved so many unnecessary bloodshed.
It is for that reason that he would not have been an advisor as ALL wars have been funded on both sides by Vatican etc.... God Bless Humanity when they realize & God Bless all victims of war including all those who served. 💜🙏
25 minutes of people listening to someone talking about important subjects in a polite manner. This would be impossible today, TV time is ruthless as it demands vacuous one liners.
Thank god for podcasting!
If you like Walter Lippman, you'll love Edwards Bernays 😅.
My lord, it is incredibly gratifying to see wonderfully insightful, open and honest discussion of very deep and contentious issues facing the US society (and indeed the world) being aired on national television. No rancor, tribalism and insults. Just calm, reasoned dialogue and analysis. It deeply saddens me that such discussion is impossible in 2023's degraded version of America. How far we have fallen, to the profound detriment of all.
Wow
I concur
Degraded version of the World
As a daughter of a 2 tour vietnam veteran who barely survived her upbringing and the combat zone called home(undiagnosed complex PTSD in dad)....the treachery of this conflict exceeded the battle grounds it was waged on by both, time and space.
National Security Order 263.
I was in 7 grade when this war was going. My brother was 16 year's old and asked my father to allow him to go into the military 🪖 because he wanted to help our country. My father wouldn't do it. Said to my brother that there is no winning in war.
No winning THAT war anyway.
@@suzukibn1131 no winning in ANY war.
In 1935, Major General Smedley D. Butler wrote a short essay about the nature of war (all war), titled "War is a Racket". It is available to read online for free. Butler knew the topic well, having spent a career with it, becoming the most decorated military man until Chesty Puller later claimed the title.
My father was a drop out from a small high school (graduating class of 80). He was working on a ranch, and got in trouble after a fight. The police found a little pot on him and offered him the Army & likely Vietnam vs prison. My grandparents signed him over when he was only 17. He saw such horrible things as a Combat Engineer, leading him to indulge in the nearly pure Heroin in Vietnam. He came back to Colorado, after a year in Leavenworth (drug charges) a changed man. He would disappear for weeks into the hills. He was violent and disturbed. Poor guy - I never met him, as my mother met him whilst he was in Army school at Ft Belvoir for Engineering. He was a Cowboy turned PTSD hippie, with violent "episodes".
@@pegschwalbach2500 In the long run, war only takes away. We may "win" but you end up with "victorious" PTSD young people, and society having set a low bar for the future. Peace
My father was a huge Walter Lippman follower. Every Sunday in our eastern Pa. town he would purchase the N.Y. Times, largely to read a weekly Walter Lippman column. I think this very interview convinced him that this country was taking the wrong stance in Viet Nam.
Little did he or his high school 1965 grad know that in 1966 I would be drafted and by 1968 find myself in Viet Nam and in the wasted morass of that war.
What happened to your father---did he survive the war?
"WAR IS A RACKET", a book by USMC General Smedley Butler, is a must read for all rational human beings.
Yes!
I'm reading it now at your suggestion. I haven't disagreed with a single thing said so far.
Reminder that Ho Chi Minh stayed and worked in the US and France as part of his journey to find a way to liberate Vietnam from the French colonialists. He helped the OSS mission in Vietnam to fight the Japanese during WW2 (Deer Team). He directly referenced the US constitution in the 1945 Vietnamese Declaration of Independence. He was obviously very much inspired by US ideals of decolonization and self-determination (seeing as the US liberated itself from Britain). The turning point came when in 1919, during the Versailles Treaty after WW1, he tried to argue for Vietnamese independence and was rebuked by the Western powers, including US President Woodrow Wilson. It was then that he realized the capitalist West had no intention of following up on their promises of Freedom and Equality, or at least not for people they considered "inferior". After this, he pivoted to Socialism and the USSR, considering it as the only way Vietnam could achieve independence. And the rest was history.
Yupp the US was foolish for following what the French desired, such a fumble the US could have influenced them but France wanted it for itself.
Pivoted towards the USSR to achieve independence
200 IQ move
@@LCTesla
But they DID achieve independence.
Complete and total independence.
So what, exactly are you talking about?
And yes, there’re capitalist enterprises all over Vietnam today.
@@douglasjones2570 the USSR collapsed if you weren't aware. without that development any pandering to their ilk would have backfired in due time. The world averted that fate NO THANKS TO vietnam's submission.
This is a fascinating discussion between Walter Lippmann and the college students. I recall Senator Wayne Morse was one of two who voted against the Tonkin Gulf/Bay resolution which got us involved in the Vietnam conflict. The sad thing about our Vietnam policy is it cost the lives of more than 58,000 U.S. military members and 153,000 were wounded. Great write up in your description David Hoffman.
Once again David a needed to hear video. People have such short term memories today, people forget or don't know how similar things have always been. Well done my friend.
Get off your moral pedestal buddy
@@michaelcarbajal. lol don't know what pedestal you're talking about buddy. I'm included in that comment. I'm not special and have to check myself all the time. This why I love David's videos, I usually learn something.
@@cosmicgregg sorry man. Wasn’t in the best of moods yesterday
@@michaelcarbajal. no worries, I've been there lol. Hope you're better off today man
Thank you, David. I don't think I've ever read or watched Lippmann - what an amazingly sharp and prescient guy.
Thought provoking discussions, thanks for posting this David ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
Your uploads are always gems!
💯💯 his work is a treasure. I love his videos
*David Hoffman Vietnam War appreciate your videos Listening 🌟 from Mass USA TYVM 💙 🇺🇸*
I find this very interesting and somewhat educational. Thank you David ❤️
This guy is brilliant. What I would give, to have him here now. Advising the monstrosity known as the Federal government
LBJ gave Walter Lippmann (who coined the term Great Society) the Presidential Medal of Freedom. I just wish he'd listened to him on Vietnam
Love this, so interesting especially in the context of the World today
I wish people like this were here to help us now. Good post. THX
Every point discussed in 1967, correlates exactly to today. People need to wake the hell up.
The film is in excellent shape. This episode takes me right back to "the Day."
12:26 This is a good reminder that people often think they're living through a terrible time in history. But now when we look at 1967 it seems just like any other year.
4:56 well, now we’ve got that kind of man.
This is such an important well thought out interview. My granddaughter and I will watch this together and then have a conversation about it.
Kate: Thank you for your comment. I am pleased that your granddaughter and you will use this for conversation. If your resources allow, I would sure appreciate your using the THANKS button under any of my videos including the one you have commented on. It is something new that UA-cam is beta testing and would mean a great deal for my continuing efforts.
David Hoffman filmmaker
Great commentary. Thank you, David..
You must have a lot of videos on that subject about Vietnam lol thanks for sharing the video Mr. Hoffman film maker 🎥🎞️
Public Opinion is a must read. His concepts of "stereotype" and "pseudo environment/pseudo reality" are incredibly relevant
I seem to remember my parents watching Mr. Lippmann on TV. Interesting interview.
What an insightful conversation from start to finish
Thanks! From a fellow Long Islander who lived through this era.
Thank you fellow Long Islander. That is much appreciated.
David Hoffman filmmaker
Amazing. Thanks for posting. He's so right about the attitude of the nation coming from the top, scary to see what happens when it's mixed with populism (see Jan 6).
Bravissimo, Mr. Hoffman! Thank you so much for posting this treasure. Lippmann is the kind of a voice we need today. Was this by any chance a part of that marvelous, short-lived program “Public Broadcast Laboratory”? Not long after this exchange of views, Robert Kennedy -- then equivocating about whether to run for President in 1968 -- came to Lippmann and laid out his case. Lippmann replied to him, “It’s none of my business to give advice to potential candidates for public office. But let me say this: you say that the re-election of Johnson would be a catastrophe. You say that the election of Nixon would be a catastrophe. I agree with you on both points. The thing you must live with is whether you did everything you could to avert that catastrophe.”
Domino effect: Financing the the Vietnam war created deficit spending. 1971 President Nixon took us off the gold standard, which allowed the US Government to engage in reckless deficit spending. Here we are in 2023, with an excess of 130% debt to GDP ratio (this is Warren Buffets ratio) where instability starting to set in.
My mom said my job was to take my younger brother to Canada if he got drafted. I was a little older, and my age fell in the a couple of years where there was no draft in US..
Lippmann nailed the issue of Vietnam from the beginning. It’s just a shame that Johnson did not follow his advice.
"Television brought the brutality of war into the comfort of the living room. Vietnam was lost in the living rooms of America - not on the battlefields of Vietnam." -Marshall McLuhan
We in the U.S. have always talked about democracy and human rights (a government system), but when you look at what countries we get along with and don't, it has always aligned instead with whether they are communist or capitalist (an economic system). We regularly get along with dictators that let our corporations in, and are hostile to communist countries even when they are democracies. In other words, what we REALLY care about is not democracy or human rights - but whether or not our corporations can make money there.
why can't our government have conversations like this. Man did he nail the head on the loss of hope. Our government has fallen so far for nothing.
I remember people like these. I miss them.
"We will lose 10 men to your 1, but you will tire of the war first." Ho Chi Minh
Clearly a very wise man.
This is fantastic. Anybody can go over the past, but few can explain the likely future.
And who's the blond lady? Very nice.
Best video since Murray King's video! Interesting.
Be a part of the solution to your own problems. Wish there were more people who could follow that advice these days.
So incredibly ACTUAL ! I am French, 65 years old. I wish I could have been taught so much earlier in my life that all of History learned in school and further was just fairy tales when not pure Lies. I wish to have been taught that "History" is always written by the so-called "winners". And when I see this video, I just remember the quality of the TV broadcasts (programs?) of my youth. Good for me I just threw away my TV set almost 40 years ago. @Megaghost says the rest. Help us God.
How Lippmann isn't mentioned in primary education is absolutely 🧠🤯
Great footage
Beautiful to see such young people interested in politics
Very intelligent man
In November 1961 (yes, 1961) I warned that the USA Government was hellbent on escalating to a full-scale war in Vietnam, taking over from the French, to achieve permanent US political control there. I had requested, and the US Embassy in London sent me extensive technical and disarmament information concerning nuclear weaons policy; and in the same large envelope was detailed information advancing a policy of US military control in Vietnam, beginning with placing of so-called "military advisers".
At my university, I advised everyone to "read between the lines" of (what we now call) the mainstream media. I also recommended, that to be politically well-informed, one should listen to the media no more often than once per six months. But the response was that my warning was fantasy.
By 1967, Walter Lippmann was about the only American mainstream journalist with the moral and intellectual honesty to disown his Government's militarism in Vietnam. But why did he and the anti-war protest movement need to wait until 1967 or later to recognise the obvious ? The US war plan for Vietnam had started and was already visible in 1961.
The lesson, as ever, is for every single person to ignore the mainstream media, to think critically - however painful that may be, and no longer to wait belatedly for the appearance of another Walter Lippmann.
Mr. Walter Lippmann has long been deceased. He mentioned that he was very concerned about the country losing hope in 1967. If he was alive today, I wonder what his view of the country would be on 9/22/2023.
I wrote about Bernays versus Schwarz's usage of propaganda, and the insight from Lippmann is incredible. I heard Bernays was so good at propaganda that most people don't know he nearly completely copied Lippmann's books such as Public Opinion.
Walter Lippmann (September 23, 1889 - December 14, 1974)
WW1 veteran
During the war, Lippmann was commissioned a captain in the Army on June 28, 1918, and was assigned to the intelligence section of the AEF headquarters in France. He was assigned to the staff of Edward M. House in October and attached to the American Commission to negotiate peace in December. He returned to the United States in February 1919 and was immediately discharged.
As a young man, House and his companions harassed recently-freed slaves verbally and with slingshots. His diary entries "consistently reveal a deeply felt racism" and a belief in white supremacy.
Wow! Thank you
holy!
everything this guy says is right on point.
whats the full tv show anyway we can get a link? i could watch the entire show
I have not posted the entire show.
David Hoffman filmmaker
This is an excellent video to bad the advice wasn't followed to many lives lost and to much blood shed a good friend of mine lost a brother my brother almost had to go as did I
He wasn't lying about the backlash for the Black panthers 😢
What an intelligent man
this guy knows his history
Who is the first guy talking (the guy who is seemingly the host of the show)?
He is not the host. He is just one of the students who was invited to interview Walter Lippmann. There was no host to the program.
David Hoffman filmmaker
I was born in 1967 this is definitely interesting 🧐
Some of those young people asking those important guestions have a doppelganger.
So damn smart
The Vietcong's resilience is so admirable, they held on & handed the enemy its own @$$ & drove them back to Alabama just like they should, slava Vietnam!
I would be interested in seeing this panel converse about the state of america now. No way could these people have imagined that america would turn towards communism. They may have imagined that corruption would attempt to grow to the massive state that it has, but I doubt they would have believed that the corruption would be accepted
What is our exit strategy, on Ukraine?
Anybody here know who the other(s) folks are in this group..? I don’t, just curious. The black man looks familiar.
yea
There is little debate about this anymore. Yet we ended up invading another foreign country, and stayed much longer than we did in Vietnam.
Wow, where did this brand of measured political discourse go?
The most fascinating thing about this discussion is how everyone LISTENED to each others points of view, noboby interrupting or insulting one another. It's sad how we've taken 2 steps foward and 5 steps backwards in how society treats each other in today's world.
These reporters look 18 and 50 at the exact same time
Imagine if this man had been in charge of .. Anything? Everything?
WAR ????
McNamara's War.
19:17 - Interesting, at time the Latin "n" word can be used.
All years later and humanity didn't learn anything. Ru-Ua no winners in this war apart from the "Military complex"
And it’s all about to happen again in Europe…
He’s forgetting about the example from the previous decade where South Korea did survive the attempt by communists to conquer the entire nation. The British also succeeded in Malaya. South Korea became a wealthy industrialized democracy and part of the Western alliance which is now producing huge amounts of high tech artillery and rockets and tanks and jet fighters for our NATO allies such as Poland. South Vietnam could have developed along similar lines with smarter and more consistent policies by the U.S. It was the left, acting through the Democrat Party, which cut off aid to South Vietnam post 1973. Lots of blame to go around for the mismanagement of the war prior to 1970. The Viet Cong were eviscerated and defeated by the change in the counter insurgency strategy prior to the 1973 peace agreement between North and South Vietnam.
@@yeldarb4245 Or they could have ended up like Thailand, Malaysia, Taiwan, South Korea or even Indonesia. Who knows?
The difference between Korea and Vietnam was simply geography. As a peninsula, we could “circle the wagons” and defend South Korea. This is “combat 101” stuff, plain common sense, which was obviously lost on the “geniuses” making those decisions.
Man I thought that was a younger Gerorge Soros !
National Security Order 263.
America last, as usual.
All like-minded liberal students.
He's Wong
Leaders like Kennedy and Reagan brought out the best in us. Those are real leaders, the ones that have that effect on all as a Nation.